A GUIDE TO BUYING ANDMAINTAINING BINOCULARS

A subject often overlooked when discussing equipmentneeded in eficient management of parks and wildlife isthe buying, use and maintenance of binoculars.

Brian Morin, planning officer with Parks Canada inOttawa wrote the following article which gives a clear,concise description of the subject.

The article appeared in Volume 3 Number 2 of "Parks"

an international journal for managers of NationalParks, Historic Sites and other plotected areas.

For resoutce managers and park oflicers who areinvolved in the study of wildlife, or who need to viewdistant features or activities in greater detail, binocularsare a vital component of every field trip.

Often vou will hear the terms lield glasses and binocu-lars used interchangeable, but there is actually a sub-stantial difference between the two. Field glassesfunc t ion by means o Ig lass lenses on ly . whereas b inocu la rsha\e bo th g lass lenses and pr isms. The lo rmer a reusually smaller and lighter, with smaller nagnificationald are also rather inexpensive. However, the lowerpower makes field gla\ses large15 unsuitable for parkwork . In add i t ion , f ie ld g lasses are no t a \ durab le asmost binoculars. A stiffjolt may well set them out ofa l ignment , necess i ta t ing a t r ip to the repa i r shop l t ' sheJr to s tav c lear o f them. Th is a r t i c le $ i l l dea l ex-clusively with binoculars, or more specifically, prismbinoculars.

There is a wide range of models, styles and brands ot.tthe market to choose ftom, with prices ranging liom lessthan U.S. $20 to many hundreds of dollars. Thequa l i t y o l rhe op t ics . i s equa l ly var iab le . mak ing se lec t iona potentralty conluslng rasK.

This need not be the case. Before purchasing yourbinocular, consider the following fundan.rental points ofbinocular design and use and compare them with youroun needs. Then re rnember tha t to p ro tec t your inves t -ment it is essential to take care in the handling of yourbinocular and to observe a routine schedule of main-tenance. Quality optics can potentially last manydecades if they receive the proper attention.

What do the numbers mean?

There is no great mystery to the numbering systemaoplied to binoculars. The numbers are simply a codethat is used to classify the various optical features.Once decoded, the information provides essential criteriathat should be used in selecting the set that best suits yourneeds.

First of all. each model has two numbers (i.e., 8 x 40)The number preceding the "x" denotes the power ofmagn i f i ca t ion ; 7 pouer b r ings an ob jec t T l imes c loserrhan the nakcd eye; 8 po$er . 8 t imes. e1c . The secondnumber is an expression, in millimetres, ofthe diameter ofthe obiective lens. The larger the objective lens, thegreatei the quantity of light that enters. This is animportant consideration for viewing under iow lightcondltl0ns.

A binocular's .fel/ oJ view rcfers to the width of thearea p ic tu red as you look th rough i t . Most op l i ca lcompan ies quote lhc d is tance in re fe rencc to | 000 5ards(914: 4 m) i.e., 386 ft. (1 l8 m) at 1 000 yds. The narrowerihe field, the smaller the area viewed.

Contlnued on Page 26

BIRD BANDING SCHEMEThe Australian Bird Banding Scheme began in 1953

and is organized by the Division of Wildlife Research,C.S.I.R.O. The scheme has contributed to investi-gations into the movements and habits of birds, thefactors affecting such movements and habits, and theirrelation to ecology and conservation. Application ofinformation compiled aids the conservation of nativespecies, the management of game birds and programmesfor the control of declared pest species. The project hasrevealed bird migratory patterns, diseases, life spans,teritorial behaviour, etc. ard it has called for inquiryinto factors determining these developments.

Birds may be banded in variety of ways, the usualmanner being a light metallic strip placed around theleg, which causes no inconvenience to the carrier. Thebands can be made from aluminium. stainless steel.monel (a less abrasive metal) or from synthetic sub-stances and are in the form of split rings which may beopened or closed accordingly. The information record-ed on a band is a serial number and the words "WRITE

C.S.I.R.O., CANBERRA". This serial number relatesto a triplicated form titled "Bird Species Schedule".A log book record is kept of all serial numbers, the bird'sage, species, sex, date and place of banding and thebander, The serial number is unique. in that once ithas been issued i t can never be issued aga in . Lp lo tenbillion individuals can be recorded with this system andby introducing letters into the serial code, a muchgreater number of birds may be allocated a code. Theband sizes may vary, depending on size and species ofDIIOS.

Often special bands are made for specific species, thisalleviates complications and aids those people carryingout research. When colour bands are used, they are in acode of three different coloured rings, each bird carryinga different colour code. This type of banding is mosthelpful in that it allo\rs an observer to visually checkin the field, and follow the territorial or habitat be-havioural patterns.

Birds that are banded pdvately carry a closed ringband which is usually applied whel the bird is young.This band cannot be opened and carries information ofno research value to the C.S.I.R.O. programtrre.

Birds are trapped or banded as nestlings by researchworkers and when they are recovered fron the wild,information from their bands is submitted to C.S.I.R.O.and collated to evenlually form valuable data patterns.

For the programmc to be totally efficient, global co-operation from all peoples is important. The use ofdigits on bands has enabled international usage of codesand data and at the sane time enables the various neoolesthroughou l rhe wor ld Io spot and unders(and lhem.

'

Some information recovered has enabled ornitho-logists to determine species that have strayed andwhether those species have been able to exist in hosti le orforeign environments,

In recovering birds that are seen carrying bands, therequirement of the Australian Bird Banding Scheme isthat they aren't harned. Consequently most bands arerecovered from birds that have died although researchworkers using special equipment are able to retrap livebirds on occasions. Bands should be returned so thatC.S,LR.O. can carry out research to eventually achieve asuccessful programme. ln Western Australia, for thosewho have information to return, please ring 299 6477 orcontact C.S.I.R.O., Division of Wildlife Research, FyfeStreet. Helena ValLev. 6056.

24

O Three examples of recorded movements of species involving Australia are as follows.

Species Date and Place Banded Date and Place Recovered

Sharp-tailed SandpiperStraw-necked lbisGrey Teal

5/ 1/61 Pertb, W.A.20/10/61 Muchea, W.A. ..2217/58 Swansea, Tas. ..

2815/61 Batagaj, Siberia10/11/62 Orange, N.S.W.29 /7 /62 Lake Austin, W.A.

a The longest elapsed times between banding and recovery up to November 1973 for some species.

SpeciesDate

BandedDate

Recovered Elapsed Time

Cres ted Tern . . . .Grey Teat

26/1t/5s24/9 /s726/1/s99/r /60

24/3/621/6/60

18/8/7319 /2/7329 /4/72

t4/r1/ '7r1,7 /r /7319 /9 /69

t 71 5l 31 tl l9

years, 8 months, 23 daysyears, 4 molltlrs, 24 daysy e a r s , 3 m o n t h s , 3 d a y syears, l0 months, 5 daysyears, 7 months, 24 daysyears, 3 months, 19 days

Fuscous HoneyeaterRufous WhistlerStriated ThornbillEastern Silvereye

O Sorne reco \er ies in A s t ra l ia o f b i rds banded overseas .

Species Date and Place Banded Date and Place Recovered

Common TernArctic TernCape PetrelGannet

9/7/55 Marum, Sweden5/7/55 Murmansk, Russia ....

23 /2/66 Adelie Land, Antarctica7/l/56 Horuhoru, N. Zealand

7/l/56 Frenantle, W.A.l615/56 Fremantle, W.A.12/9 /68 Cape Byron, N.S.W.

l2111/56 Rot tnest 1. , W.A.

! The Department's Wildlife Officer at Busselton, Bernard Masters has provided the following statistics on speciesand bands recovered in that district.

Bird SpeciesBanded

DateRecovered

DateDistanceTravelledPIacc Placc

Southern Giant Petrel

{'Black Duck (male)Southern Giant Petrel

*Grey Teal (male) ..'r Black Duck (female)"Black Duck (female)*Grey Teal (male) ....'rBlack Duck (female)Southern Giant Petrel

Sitver Gull

Western Silvereye ....

Signy Is. in Sor-rthOrkney Group

Woodanil i ingSigny Is. in Sor"rth Ork-

ney Group

M o o r a . .Woodanil l ingWoodanil l ingM o o r a . . .Soulh Perth ZooSigny Is. in South Ork-

ney Group

Carnac Island

Manjimup

8 450 km; 84km/day

145 km8 450 km in

less than150 days

330 km220 knt150 km300 km225 km8 450 km in

less than120 days

1',72 km

99 km

23 /3 /13

t3 /2/72t0/3/74

7 l t2 /6729 /4/7113 /t / ',70

t'7 / 12/73) / 1 14 .

14/3 /',7 s

6 /t1 /',1',1

23 /4/17

10 /7 /73

t'7 /8 /7 3s/8/'74

18/12/7112/2/72

l e / t 2 / 7 r22/11/',1616/1/'761/1 /7s

Less than3 weekslater8/4/',78

Wonnerup

FergusonBusselton

LudlowBlackwoodBoyanupTarlabin ...WitchcliffeWonnerup

Busselton

Karridale

River

+ These birds were banded by The Department of Fisheries and Wildlife under a departmental Scheme unrelated toC.S.I.R.O. Australian Bird Bandine Scheme.

25

Continued from page 24In addition to these basic points, consideration should

be given to the size of the exit pLtpil. Expressed inmillimetres, the exit pupil is the diameter of the area ofl igh t reach ing lhe eye . l t ccn read i l y be ' ce t t as thebr igh t d i .c emi t ted f rom t l te \ iew ing e lcp ieces or ocu la rlenses. The diameter is calculated by dividing themagnification jnto the diameter of the objective Iens (i.e.,an 8 x 40 mm binocular has a 5 mm exit pupil). Thewider the exit pupil, the brighter and clearer the image.

Additional features

There are several other features that should be lookedfor in binoculars. Most models, nowadays, lrave atransparent optiqal coating to reduce reflections of lightfrom the glass surfaces. This not only reduces glare,but also increases the amount of light reaching the eye.To maximize the effect, all lens and prism surfaces shonldbe coated. Lesser quality binoculars may have only anexterior surface coating, letting in a much smaller per-centage of light. Older un-coated lenses and prisms canbe coated only at expert repair facil i t ies.

Convenience in handling is every bit as inportant asthe optical features. The equipnert should suit yourown personal requirenents for bulk, ease of focusing andweight, just as most people buy a car based not only onits mechanical points, but on how it rides and drives.

Next to optical qualit ies, more binoculars are chosenon the basis of size and weight than any other fealures.The key here is personal suitabil ity. Some people l ike amedium sized binocular that l i ts their hands well, whilefor others, the smaller the better. Weight can rangcfrom little more than halfa pound (0 23 kg) for compact,iow-power nodels, 1o over 3 pounds (1 36 kg). Re-member tbat for extensive viewing, heavier bincculars aremore tir ing to handle and can add umrec€ssary weight onlong walkirg trips.

Unless you always view your subjects at great distances,pick a glass with a celter-focusing wheel rather than onethat has individual eyepiece focusiltg. Howevet, even onthe center-focr-rsing models, the right eyepiece should beadjustable to fit the precise focns adjustment thnt youreyes require. Once set, note the positiori of the cali-brations for future reference in the event that the eye-piece is moved. Most binoculars also have a hilge atthe center post for adjustment to the distance between anindividual's eyes.

The ability to "pick up" moving subjects requires afocusing mechanism that responds quickly to the move-ment oi your finger. Rapid focusing models have anarn extending from the right eyepiece that respondsinstantly to your riglrt thumb and focuses both lenses,However, the better quality bi$oculars with centerfocus i rg r rse l lubr ican t tha t a l lou . mat , imum ease infocusing, so you need not look for one of the "insta-

focus" type.

If you wear eyeglasses, look for models with eithercollapsible or retractible rubber eyecups to ensure maxl-mum field of view.

Choosing your binocular

Having given thought to these points, you should beabout ready to select the model you need. I wouldrecommend using the following criteria as a guide formeeti[g the requirements of park persolnel and wildlifeofficers.

Field Glasses or Binoculars'! Binoculars. Some pop-u la rmode ls a re 7 x 35 , 7 x 50 , 8 x 36 , 8 x40, 9 x 36 .

MLlgtrilication Within the 6-10 power rarge, butpreferably 7, 8 or 9 power. Six power tends to be toosmall a magnification and 10 power binoculars are usuallyheavy and bulky, with a narrower lield of view. Verysteady hands are required to use maglifications over 8power.

Field ol View-Choose a model that allows the maximulllfield possible in combination with thc magnification. Itshould be at least 380 feet at 1 000 yards.

Exit Pupil The diameter should be 4 mm or greater.

Coated or Uncoqted Lenses Unquestionably coated.

Weight Not more than 2l pounds (1 14 kg.), I to 2pounds (0 5-0 9 kg.) is ideal.

Brands-Therc are many high quality brand lames onthe market Bausch and Lomb, Leitz, Zeiss, Bushnell,Canon, and Nikon, to mention just a few. Pick areliable brand, one that is backed up by an acceptablewarranty, and for which repair facilities are available toyou.

Price Range There is no set price that must be paid toobtain a good binocular, but generally you get what youpay for. Prices wil l of course vary, depending olgeographic location, but I would suggest investingbetween U.S. $60-$200. You can pay over and overagain at the repair shop for cheap models.

Ilandling and maintenance

Ifyou want to ensure longevity for your binocular, it isimportant that it be treated with care. Common sensehandling procedures suggest that you avoid burnping ordropping the i lstrunent to prevent disaligmnent of theoptics. When hiking in rough terrain, slip the binoculari lside your shirt or jacket or hold tightly beneath yourarm, with the strap securely over your neck,

If you l ive in an arid region where blowing dust andsand are a factor, keep the binocular inside the case unti lneeded. In marine localit ies, where the equipmentmight be exposed to salt spray, a similar procedure mightbe followed, or you could use your outer apparel or aplastic bag as a shield. Should salt water fall on thebinocular, wipe it off thororlghly as soon as possible toavoid corrosion.

Rain sliields are available for many models to protectthe exposed eyepieces when not in use on field trips. Ifyou must use the glasses under such conditions, you canavoid getting water on the objective lenses bycupping yourhands around the outer surface, like blinders. Avoid usein a downpour and be sure to dry the equipmelt onceyou are out of the rain.

If you have the misfortune to drop your binocular infresh water, allow these procedures: (1) Remove thebinocular from the water, but do not dry. Leavilg thebinocular wet will inhibit the growth of fungus that candamage the lens coating. Place in a plastic bag and,within 36 hours, take to the nearest depot that servicesbinoculars. If this is not possible, dry off as muchwater as possible and expose the binocular to a stream ofvery dry air, as from an air conditioning unit. (2) If thebinocular falls in salt watet, tinse with fresh water assoon as possible and follow the sarne procedure as in (1)above, Some people prefer not to take binoculars alongon boat or canoe trips. Sealed plastic bags can be usedto store equipment safely in such circumstances.

26

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