ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY LAB

A GUIDE TO ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY LAB2nd Edition THOMAS G. RUST. M.Ed., M.A.

TABLE OF CONTENTSSubject Page

....................................... 1 Epithelium .................................. 2-4 Connective Tissue .......................... 4-14 Skeletal System ........................... 15-24 Muscle Tissue ............................. 25-27 Nervous System ........................... 28-38 Cardiovascular System ..................... 39-41 Lymphatic Organs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41-45 Integument ............................... 46-49 Digestive System .......................... 50-72 Respiratory System ........................ 73-75 Urinary System ............................ 76-78Mitosis

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79-91 Embryology .................................. 92Reproductive System

...................................... 93-94 Eye ...................................... 95-96 Endocrine System ........................ 97-100 Cat Dissection ...........................101-1 13 Fetal Pig Dissection ...................... 1 14-119EarCopyright. @ Thomas G. Rust. 1986 ISBN 0-937029-00-9'

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1

MITOSIS

----;-

Fig. l a Mitosis in cells of the Whitefish blastula x.s. x430. A blastula is a hollow ball of cells formed by successive mitotic divisions of a zygote (fertilized egg). (See Fig. 92g.)

lb FVophase x1000.

Fig. l c Metaphase x1000.

Fig. Id Anaphase x1000.

Fig. l e Telophase

EPITHELIUM

2

Fig. 2a Simple squamous epithelium lining Bowman's capsule. Simple cuboidal epithelium in t h e macula densa (kidney) X.S. x430. Also see F i . 4b & 40d.

Fig. 2b Stratified squarnous epithelial cells (human), scraping from t h e lining of the oral cavity w.m. x100.

Fig. 2c Stratified squamous epithelial cells (human), scraping from the lining of the oral cavity w.m. x430.

aas o w ) ' o g ~ x eaqae.13aq? Su!ql 's'x (TPL urn!laql!da ~8umnlo3 pa!Jg~irqsopnasd pa78!~3 pg 'B!d

'ogpx 's-x snS8qdosa aq3 %u!u![ mn!~aq~!da snomenbs pa!j!?eqS qg .S!d

' 0 0 1 ~s x snaeqdosa ' aqa %u!u!l mn!laql!da snomenbs pa!$!ae.13~ e g '

s ~

EPITHELIUM - CONNECTIVE TISSUE

4

Fg 4a Transitional epithelium from the lining of an i. empty urinary bladder x.s. x430. Surface cellsare usually dome shaped and often binucleate. (Also see Figs. 7& 8r 78d.)

Fig. 4b Simple cuboidal epithelium lining the distal convoluted tubules of the kidney X.S. x430. (Also see Fig. 2a.)

Fig. 4c Reticular fibers in and around the germinal center of a cortical nodule in a lymph node (providing a supporting network) x.s. xlOO (silver stain). (Also see Figs. 5a, 5b, 43a & 43b.)

'OEPX -s-1uopual aq? wroq anssg aA!?aauuoa (asuap) snodq!d pg

-m

( ' ~ E B VEP 'av .sad ass P o w ) 'ogfx 'sxapou q d u ~ A ~ aaInpou ~aa!l-ro~ u! e punode sIIaD JeInayaJ pue sdaqg JreIna!laa qg

-~IJ

'qV 18 eP ' w ' s % ! aas osw) 'ogpx 's'xapou q d a a~u! alnpou ~ ~ea!?doae punom pue u! sdaq!j deIna!laa eg

Fi& 6a

Dense irregular connective tissue in the dermis of skin X.S.x430.

Fig. 6b Adipose tissue

X.S.

xl0.

Fig. 6c Elastic connective tissue in a monkey aorta X.S. x100. (Also see Figs. 40c & 40d.) ,

Fig. 6d Elastic connective tissue in a monkey aorta X.S. x430. (Also seeFigs. 40c & 40d.)

Capsule

1

matrix

Collagen

mFi 8a Fibrocartilage X.S. x430. Fg 8b Fibrocartilage from an intervertebral disc X.S.x200. i.

.*----.. in lacunae" W J

"-.I

Fig. 8c Elastic cartilage X.S. x100. (Also see Fig. 94c.)

Fg 8d Elastic cartilage X.S. x430. (Also see Fig. 94c.) i.

a

'0001X 'sx auoq 3mdwos u! (uoagso) ura3s-A~ UR!SJ~ARH

36

'a

'o&px ' S X auoq ~ 3 8 d w 0 3U (suoagso) swa~sksU~!S.I~ARH q .! 6

CONNECTIVE TISSUE - BONE

Fig. 10a Bone marrow and compact bone X.S. x100.

Hemopolet~c tissue

Fig. 10b Bsne n ~ a ~ ~ r o wcompact bone X.S. x430. and

Fig. 10c Attachment site of a tendon to bone x.s. x40.

~ 0 1 *ST ( a w l s )sa3s1) luaudolamp auoq papuoq30pu~ 311 '& x

-0px 's'l (ahas Xysa) aualudolanap auoq ~ ~ ~ p u o q a o p u a1 -%u 81'00 1x 's'l (a%sls X1)sva) luamdola~apauoq IBapuoqJopua q11

'm

CONNECTIVE TISSUE - BONE

'opx 'sx (~aa81) l n y s ~ aql u! uo!~em.~oj auoq snouelqmauxsrauI ~ ' 511 ! ~ J

'ogpx 'KX (Alma) [[nys aqa u! u o ! ~ e u r ~ o ~ snouejrquxamelJu1 qt.1 'S!d auoq

'opx 'sx (4.rea) llnqs aqa u! UO!~ULUJOJauoq snousaquramelauI

egI . 8 ~

N t ~ u rol)hil w.m. x 1000. Ttrc n u c ~ l t ~ r ~ s t traa n1;lny 1ot)t.s arrd is ~)olynlorptricin tht~sc, cclls. ('ytol)la.sn~icg r a r ~ u I ( arcx f a i ~ r t l y i s ~ t ) l ( ~ . ~s v

Fig. l 3 t )

Fig. 1 4 a

H u m a n hlootl w.ni. ~ 1 0 0 0'Thv c y t o l ~ l a s m the, nc,rltrol)hil . of s t a i n s only I'aintly a n d is clifficult to srr in t his 1)hoto.

Fig. 13c

1,yrnl)hoc.yt c w . m . s 1000. T h c nrlc,lor~\ ~ i s u a l l )t a k v s 11p80 :)Out, 01'thc~(.(lII.

.Eosinophil w.m. ~ 1 0 0 0 . 'I'tlc. g r ; ~ n u l ( ~ n t hc, is cytopl;~snrwill s t a i n r d . Fig. 13d Fig. 13c H a s o p h i l w.m x 1 0 0 0 . Thcl d a r k g r : ~ n u l c ~ s in the* c.ytoplasn1 will s t a i n a d a r k hlrle~ r nr~rt)lc*. o

1F ~ KI.+ I

,

-

,.*

r ~ ~ . o r r il(y n i p t ~ o c y it( , l ( ~ r ~ k c ~ n rT : ~t.~ , i tr pat ic'rrt dicvi 4 tl;rys ;iI't(.r t h i s s ; ~ r r ~ r ) l ( sW ; I ~

Fig. 14g

M o n o c y t r w.m. ~ 1 0 0 0 . Monoc,ytc,s a r c often 111) t o 2x t trc. size o f o t h e r WTK"s a n d c.onlmonly trav(s :I horse* shot, sh;ipt,tl nuclcus.

F g 14h E r y t h r o c y t e s (live) i.w.m. x430. The biconcave shape is easily seen.

Blood typing illustration. (This person had type "A" blood.) "A" antibody (typing serum) was added to the drop of blood on the left side and "B" antibody was added to the right. Agglutination occurred on the left side between the "A" antibodies and the "A" antigens on the person's RBC's.

Fig. 14i

SKE1,E:'I'AL SYSTEM

Fig. 16a Rr lfih Human skull. A c'oronal s u t u r e H Coronoid process C Kthmoid I ) Kxternal acoustic, ~nc'atus I< Frontal F Sphenoid ( 1,acrirnal-

H I .I K I. M h '

-

-

-

Mandible Mandibular rondyle Mandibular (Glenoid) fossa Maxilla Mastoid process Nasal Parirt :t1

C) Squamosal suturcL-

1'-

St yloid proccss

Q Superior orhital lissr~re

R Tvmporal S Zygomat ic ( Malwr ) T Zygornat ic procc,ss of ten~y)or;~l

SKELETAL SYSTEM18

1

SKELETAL SYSTEM

20

1Dens

l ndnqtoid

LforamenTransverac process

process

1

Superior

Fig. 20a Cervical vertebrae: A-Atlas, B-Axis, C-typical cervical vertebra, inferior surface, D-typical cervical vertebra, superior surface. (The two small holes in the body held wires in the articulated skeleton.)

'

Inferior

--ticula~ facet

-

1Dmi-facet f o r head of r i b

,emi-facet f o r head of r i b

1Transverse process

articular

1Vertebralforamen

. r t i c u l a r facet

I

Fig. 20b Thoracic vertebrae: A-lateral surface, B-inferior surface, C-superior surface.

& x u arr or-

articular face1

nd phalar Im"" -'

process

I3rdI dphalanx istan

Fig. 21b

Left hand, dorsal aspect.

li.9 '..malleolus

u

i . l r .Fig. 21c S e c t i o ~ ~ r u U I ~ ~ ~ I I I LFILLUI.

Fig. 21d

Right foot, dorsal aspect.

SKELETAL SYSTEM

22

a d i a1

Fnoidavitv

ossa

1( internal)l e- ~ ~i o n d v c-X.u*~*

Superior

I(lateral

Head

11nf erior angl. . -

Fig. 22a Scapula.

Fig. 22b Right elbow region, articulated, anterior view.

Less

t-,ilCero

w

Fig. 22c Right shoulder region.

F I ~zza .

~ ~ g elbow region, aisart~culated. h t

uperior

Fig. 23a Right elbow region, posterior.

Fig. 23c Right knee region, anterior.

i l i a c crest

Ilium

A

r'lg. z4a Male pelvis, anterior view. (Coccyx missing o n t h ~ specimen.) s

r'lg. Z 4 D YelvIs, posterlor mew. Anterior superior spine

. i n f Arnitoerr i so r~ i n t 1 e

schial spine Fosterior superior spineFig. 24c Female pelvis, anterior view. Notice the flared crest of the ilium, and the larger opening in the center of the pelvis.

1i n f e r i o r s ~ i n lFig. 24d 0 s Coxa.

MUSCLE TISSUE26

I:,

'opx 's'x uo!l8ue8 ~ O O J ~ssrop pus p ~ o ~su!ds qf3Z 3!,4 J

' i r

r

NERVOUS SYSTEM

Fg 30a Motor neurons in gray matter of spinal cord x.s. x430. (See Fig. 29b.) i.

Fig. 30b Dorsal root ganglion X.S.x430. (See Fig. 29b.)

-!2cn'E 5a Ld ' a a'

a '

a

r n

C f n"

C

8"

EE * a'

2g

E .-

5$ a vl '

u m Lda'

Sii

NERVOUS SYSTEM

NERVOUS SYSTEM

Fig. 33a Myelmated nerve fiber, teased w.m. x430.

Fi. 33c Pacinian corpuscle in thick skin

X.S. x40. Pacinian corpuscles are also present in viscera.

Fig. 33d Pacinian corpuscle X.S. x100. This receptor is sensitive to pressure.

NERVOUS SYSTEM

34

- -

rmal

papillae

0

Fig. 34b Meissner's corpuscle 1.s. x430. (Also see Fig. 47c.)

)If ory bull act

P I 'Optic tract varolii

Inerve

iriuumsvs-y

t YT I

I

Spinal cord

6Fig. 34d Sheep brain, ventral view.

NERVOUS SYSTEM

' 0 0 1 ~ (usmnq) xa1.103 lolqala3 'sx

3 ~ .%M g

' 0 0 1 ~ (usmnq) x w o 3 lsrqala=) s ~ 'Q 'sx g

NERVOUS SYSTEM

38

(la) From

( 4a) Toright lung

(40)

Toleft lung

From l e f t

body

Fig. 39a Diagram of human heart circulation. (Use the numbers and follow the path of circulation through the heart.)

Fig. 39b Sheep heart dissection 1.s. x l .

CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEManterior)LnnOPLDBS art ibry

40

arteries-

I

veiris

I

I

v eRight l e ntric

L

-

Fig. 40a Sheep heart, ventral view.

Fig. 40b Sheep heart, dorso-lateral view.

k:yv-

Lumen

~ternal elastic membraneI (laminae)2i

IIFig. 40c Aorta (elastic artery) wall X.S.x100.

E itic l membranes

Fig. 4Od Aorta (elastic a r t e r y ) wall X.S. x430. The elasticity enables the artery to withstand the higher blood pressures coming directly from t h e ventricle. The endothelium is simple squamous epithelium.

CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM - LYMPHATIC ORG

LYMPHATIC ORGANS

nermlnal

cente-

I

I

Fig. 42a Lymph node x.s. x40.

I

Germinal cente-

Fig. 42b Lymph node, cortex x.s. x100.

Fig. 42c

Lymph node, detail of cortical nodule and peripheral zone X.S. x430.

LYMPHATIC ORGANS

vtes

'"""I

Fig. 44b Spleen (dog)I

X.S.

x40.

.

l m ~ h a t l c heath) s

Tartery

Fig. 44d Spleen (human) x.s. x100.

INTEGUMENT

46

gland

I

Fig. 46b Skin and hair 1.s. x100. The Arrector pili muscle "erects" the hair in animals for insulation against cold and/or to appear larger during fights. In humans, the erected hair produces a fold of skin in front of it - the "goose bump."

Fig. 46c Thin akin, layers of the epidermis X.S. x430.

t-y!!;,,:. .I .

+, ?%\

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