a great migration / a great degradation obj: to determine the role of the u.s. government in western...
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A GREAT MIGRATION / A GREAT DEGRADATIONObj: To determine the role of the U.S. Government in western settlement by looking at Indian Policy and Congressional Legislation
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ALL THAT GLITTERS IS NOT GOLD• WAVING THE BLOODY SHIRT: 1868• ROOT, HOG OR DIE: SELF RELIANCE• DARWIN’S THEORY MANIPULATED
TO APPLY TO SOCIETY• WM. SUMNER & SOCIAL DARWINISM• INDIVIDUALISM & SECTIONALISM-
WAR OVER BUT NOT FEELINGS• MAJOR ISSUES GO UNADDRESSED
– BLACKS – CIVIL RIGHTS CASES 1883 DECLARE CIVIL RIGHS ACT 1875 UNCON-STITUTIONAL. BLACKS REMAIN MIRED IN POVERTY DUE TO RECONSTRUCTION & JIM CROW
– CURRENCY : RETURN TO GOLD STANDARD
– CIVIL SERVICE: GRANT SCANDALS & PENDELTON ACT 1883
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THE GREAT AMERICAN DESERT 1825-1865• 1ST ½ 19TH CENTURY AMERICANS
BELIEVED AREA UNINHABITABLE• BUFFALO, SOD, INDIANS MADE IT
UNATTRACTIVE• EVE OF CIVIL WAR INDIANS ½ THE
POPULATION & ¼ MILLION ROAMED THE GREAT PLAINS
• CONTACT WITH WHITES ALREADY MADE – HORSE MOST TRANSFOR-MING ADAPTATION FOR INDIANS
• PLAINS INDIANS NOMADIC, FOLLOWED BUFFALO, SOME INTER TRIBAL WARFARE
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INDIAN POLICY• EXPANSION WITH HONOR 1784• INDIAN REMOVAL 1834• CONCENTRATION 1851 –
DEFINITE BOUNDARIES, INDIVIDUAL TRIBAL TREATIES
• HUNTING/ROAMING GROUNDS LIMITED
• DISCOVERY OF GOLD FORCES NEW POLICY
• 1860 8 MAJOR RESERVATIONS• 1870 NO LONGER
CONGRESSIONAL ACTS BUT EXECUTIVE ORDER DUE TO CORRUPTION
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INDIAN WARS• COLORADO GOLD – INDIANS
CHOOSE WARFARE OVER NEGOTIATIN – SAND CREEK
• SIOUX WARS 1865-67 & TREATY OF FORT LARAMIE
• PANIC 1873 – NEED SPECIE• BATTLE OF LITTLE BIG HORN• BUFFALO SOLDIERS 2K FROM
1867-90• ASSIMILATION 1871• CARLISLE INDIAN SCHOOL, PA
1879 “KILL THE INDIAN, SAVE THE MAN”
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DAWES SEVERALTY ACT 1887• TREAT INDIANS AS INDIVIDUALS
NOT TRIBES, GROUPS• DIVIDE TRIBAL LAND,
CITIZENSHIP AVAILABLE• FOR WHITES ECONOMIC
ACHIEVEMENT TIED TO INDIVIDU-ALISM. DESTRUCTION PRICE FOR CIVILIZATION
• HELEN HUNT JACKSON & 1881 CENTURY OF DISHONOR – OUT OF REFORMER TRADITION, LITTLE IMPACT
• GHOST DANCE & WOUNDED KNEE – LAST ARMED RESISTANCE 1890
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MOVING WEST
• MORE LAND OPEN TO AGRICULTURE THAN LAST 250 YRS. COMBINED• HOMESTEAD ACT 1862: 160 ACRES, $10, STAY 5 YEARS & IMPROVE THE LAND OR
$1.25/ACRE & STAY 6 MONTHS; GOV’T GAVE AWAY 48 MILL, SOLD 100 MILL, 128 MILL IN LAND GRANT; START UP COSTS $1,200, 3X ANNUAL AVERAGE
• TIMBER CULTURE ACT 1873: RECEIVE EXTRA 160 ACRES & PLANT TREES ON 25%
• DESERT LAND ACT 1877: 640 ACRES @ $1.25 & IRRIGATE PART W/I 3 YEARS• TIMBER & STONE ACT 1878: $2.50/ACRE, LUMBER CO’S CLEAN UP!
• 2/3 ALL HOMESTEADERS FAILED BY 1890
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MINING: 1ST MAJOR INDUSTRY TO ATTRACT
PEOPLE WEST – 1848 GOLD IN CALIFORNIA
• SIERRA NEVADAS 1852• COMSTOCK LODE 1853• 1900 $1BILLION WORTH OF
GOLD IN CALIFORNIA ALONE• MONTANA – IMMIGRANT
MECCA DUE TO JOB AVAILABILITY
• INDIVIDUAL MINERS SELL OUT TO LARGE CORPORATIONS
• ANACONDA MINING: MONEY & MEANS TO GET TO VEINS OF SILVER AND GOLD
• ENVIRONMENTAL DEVASTATION NOT ANYONE’S MAJOR CONCERN
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GIVE ME LAND, LOTS OF LAND UNDER STARRY SKIES ABOVE, DON’T FENCE ME IN!
• What role did the U.S. Government play in western development from 1860-1890?
• Which actions of the government supported the laissez-faire philosophy and which did not?
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FARMING THE FRONTIERBETWEEN 1870-1890 HUGE INCREASE IN PRODUCTION
• PLENTY OF SPACE – LIBERAL LAND POLICIES – HOMESTEAD ACT & MORRILL LAND GRANT ACT 1862- IMPROVED KNOWLEDGE & EDUCATION OF FARMING, HUSBANDRY, LAND MANAGEMENT ETC.
• CLEVER & SUCCESSFUL SOLUTIONS CREATED TO FARM MIDWEST; DRY FARMING, IRRIGATION, WINDMILLS
• TECHNOLOGY – DEERE & MCCORMICK• BONANZA FARMING TAKES OVER
FROM INDIVIDUALS – BECOMES AN INDUSTRY
• INCREASE IN POPULATION NEEDS TO EAT
• LOANS, CASH CROPS, PANIC 1873 – CYCLE BEGINS
• MOTHER NATURE 1885-1887
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BOOM & BUST FOR FARMERSPANICS 1873 & 1893
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TRANSPORTATION ADVANCES: PACIFICRAILWAY ACT 1862
EXPLOITATION PARTIALLY DUE TO GOVERNMENT SUBSIDIES OF RRLAND DEVASTATED BUT AMERICA & AMERICAN LIFE TRANSFORMED 1910 9 LINES: RAPID RAIL CON-STRUCTION POSSIBLE DUE TO FEDERAL & STATE INCENTIVES170 MILL ACRES OF LAND GIVEN TO RR FROM FEDERAL GOV’TWIDESPREAD SLAUGHTER OF BUFFALO TO FEED RR CREW: AN-OTHER NAIL IN THE COFFIN OF NATIVE AMERICANSTRANSCONTINENTAL RR: UNION PACIFIC & CENTRAL PACIFIC12,000 CHINESE, NUMBEROUS IRISH, VETERANS, BLACKS & MEXICANS5/10/1869 PROMONTORY POINT, UTPANIC 1893 – ONLY RR THAT DIDN’T DECLARE BANKRUPTCY WAS TRANS.
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CHINESE WORKERS & BISON SKULL PILE
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BOOM & BUST IN THE CATTLE INDUSTRY• EASTERN DEMAND FOR MEAT,
GROWING POPULATION & RR CONTRIBUTE TO BOOM
• OPEN RANGE, PEAK YEARS 1880-1885, COWBOY’S ¼ BLACK & ¼ MEXICAN – SKILLS CAME NORTH
• J. MCCOY & LONG DRIVE 1869• TEXAS LONGHORN: BUY AT $5/HEAD
& SEEL AT $40/HEAD IN KS• OTHER INDUSTRIES THRIVE: RR,
MEATPACKING, REGRIGERATION• 1880 6MILLION HEAD TRANSPORTED
VIA RR• BATTLE BETWEEN RANCHERS &
FARMERS, BARBED WIRE• OVERSUPPLY, OVERGRAZING,
OVERCROWDED PRARIE LANDS• TEXAS FEVER: UP TO 90% DIE IN
SOME AREAS• MOTHER NATURE 1885-1887 “THE
BIG DIE UP”
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