a gas engine means an engine running on a gas

8/2/2019 A Gas Engine Means an Engine Running on a Gas

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A gas engine means an engine running on a gas, such ascoal gas,producer gasbiogas,landfillgas, ornatural gas. In theUK, the term is unambiguous. In theUS, due to the widespread use of

"gas" as an abbreviation forgasoline, such an engine might also be called a gaseous fueled

engine, spark ignited engine, or natural gas engine.

Generally the term gas engine refers to a heavy-duty, slow-revving industrial engine capable ofrunning continuously at full output for periods approaching a high fraction of 8,760 hours per

year, for many years, with indefinite lifetime, unlike, say, a gasoline automobile engine, which is

lightweight, high-revving and typically runs for no more than 4,000 hours in its entire life.

Typical power ranges from 10 kW to 4,000 kW.
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Typical applications

Typical applications arebaseloador high-hour generation schemes, includingcombined heat andpower,landfillgas,minesgas,well-head gas andbiogas(where the waste heat from the engine

may be used to warm the digesters). For typical biogas engine installation parameters see.[4]

For

parameters of a large gas engine CHP system, as fitted in a factory, see.[5]Gas engines are rarelyused for standby applications, which remain largely the province of diesel engines. One

exception to this is the small (


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[edit] Electrical efficiency

Gas engines linked to generators that run on natural gas are typically between 35-45%

electrically efficient.[6], the best products can achieve an electrical efficiency at more than 48% in

their medium speed enginesBergen EnginesFuel energy arises at the output shaft, the remainder

appears as waste heat.[5]

Large engines are more efficient than small engines. Gas enginesrunning onbiogastypically have a slightly lower efficiency (~1-2%) andsyngasreduces the

efficiency further still. GE Jenbacher's recent J624 engine is the world's first 24 cylinder gas

engine with a high efficiency running on methane.[7]

When considering electrical efficiency one should consider whether this is at the lower heating

value or higher heating value of the gas. Engine manufacturers will typically quote efficiencies atthe lower heating value of the gas, i.e. the efficiency after energy has been taken to evaporate the

intrinsic moisture within the gas itself. Gas distribution networks will typically charge based

upon the higher heating value of the gas (i.e. total energy content).

Carburetor

The carburetor mixes air and gasoline in the proper proportion before it is injected intothe cylinder as a mist.

Fuel Injector

Fuel injectors, which are electronically controlled valves, have fully replaced carburetorsas the method of mixing gasoline and air. They use an electronic management system,

injecting precise amounts of gas depending on sensor readings of engine speed and other

conditions.

Piston

The ignition of the gasoline in the cylinder pushes a piston outward to crank thecrankshaft. The piston oscillates back and forth within the cylinder.

Spark Plug

The spark plug ignites the gasoline, producing the explosion in the cylinder. Old sparkplugs can impair ignition timing and, therefore, fuel efficiency.
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Camshaft

The camshaft is the shaft with varying radii that pushes against the spring-loaded exhaustand intake valves to the cylinder in order to open them.

Crankshaft

Connecting rods attach the pistons to the crankshaft. The crankshaft, the main rotatingshaft in the engine, converts the linear oscillations of the pistons into rotary motion.

01)Cylinder Block Function- In the bore ofcylinderthe fresh charge of air-fuel mixture is

ignited,compressed by piston and expanded to give power topiston.

02)Cylinder Head

Function-It carries inlet andexhaust valve.Fresh charge is admitted through inlet valveand burnt gases are exhausted from exhaust valve.In case ofpetrol engine,a spark plugand in case of diesel engine,a injector is also mounted on cylinder head.

03) Piston Function-During suction stroke,it sucks the fresh charge of air-fuel mixture throughinlet

valveand compresses during the compression stroke inside the cylinder.This way pistonreceives power from the expanding gases after ignition in cylinder.Also forces the burnt

exhaust gases out of the cylinder throughexhaustvalve.

04)Piston Rings Function-It prevents the compressed charge of fuel-airmixturefrom leaking to the other

side of the piston.Oil rings,is used for removing lubricating oil from the cylinder afterlubrication.This ring prevents the excess oil to mix with charge.

05)Connecting Rod Function-It changes the reciprocating motion of piston intorotary motionat

crankshaft.This way connecting rod transmits the power produced at piston to crankshaft.

06)Gudgeon Pin Function-Connects the piston with small end of connecting rod. 07)Crank Pin Function-hand over the power and motion to thecrank shaftwhich come from piston

through connecting rod.

08) Crank Shaft Function-Receives oscillating motion from connecting rod and gives a rotary motion to

the main shaft.It also drives the camshaft which actuate the valves of theengine.

09)Cam Shaft Function-It takes driving force from crankshaft through gear train or chain and operates

the inletvalveas well as exhaust valve with the help of cam followers,push rod and

rocker arms.
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nasutrave.hubpages.com/hub/How-To-Draw-Valve-Timing-Diagram-For-Four-Stroke-Petrol-Enginehttp://prasannasutrave.hubpages.com/hub/How-To-Draw-Valve-Timing-Diagram-For-Four-Stroke-Petrol-Enginehttp://prasannasutrave.hubpages.com/hub/How-Mico-Fuel-Injection-System-Workshttp://prasannasutrave.hubpages.com/hub/What-is-Bernoullis-Equation-and-its-applicationshttp://prasannasutrave.hubpages.com/hub/details-of-CrankShaft-used-in-Internal-Combustion-Engineshttp://prasannasutrave.hubpages.com/hub/details-of-CrankShaft-used-in-Internal-Combustion-Engineshttp://prasannasutrave.hubpages.com/hub/How-You-Can-Connect-Piston-To-Crankshaft-In-Internal-Combustion-Enginehttp://prasannasutrave.hubpages.com/hub/Different-types-of-Air-Compressor-Part-Ahttp://prasannasutrave.hubpages.com/hub/How-You-Can-Connect-Piston-To-Crankshaft-In-Internal-Combustion-Enginehttp://prasannasutrave.hubpages.com/hub/What-Should-Be-The-Air-Fuel-Ratio-In-Internal-Combustion-Engineeringhttp://prasannasutrave.hubpages.com/hub/Why-Piston-Rings-Are-So-Important-In-Automobile-Enginehttp://kidgas.hubpages.com/hub/Heat-Exhaustion-Safety-Tipshttp://prasannasutrave.hubpages.com/hub/Different-Types-Of-Valves-Used-In-Internal-Combustion-Enginehttp://prasannasutrave.hubpages.com/hub/Different-Types-Of-Valves-Used-In-Internal-Combustion-Enginehttp://prasannasutrave.hubpages.com/hub/How-Two-Stroke-Petrol-Engine-Workshttp://prasannasutrave.hubpages.com/hub/How-To-Draw-Valve-Timing-Diagram-For-Four-Stroke-Petrol-Enginehttp://williamgreen.hubpages.com/hub/Chevy-31-Liter-Engine-Leaking-Intake-Manifold-Gasket-and-Warped-Headshttp://prasannasutrave.hubpages.com/hub/Which-Type-Of-Piston-You-Will-Use-In-Internal-Combustion-Enginehttp://prasannasutrave.hubpages.com/hub/How-Hydraulic-Reciprocating-Pump-Workshttp://prasannasutrave.hubpages.com/hub/Preacutions-of-unlubricated-air-cylinder


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10)InletValve & Exhaust Valve Function-Inlet valve allow the fresh charge of air-fuel mixture to enter the cylinder

bore.Exhaust valve permits theburnt gasesto escape from the cylinder bore at proper

timing.

11) Governor

Function-It controls the speed of engine at a different load by regulating fuel supply indiesel engine.Inpetrolengine,supplying the mixture of air-petrol and controlling the

speed at various load condition.

12) Carburettor Function-It converts petrol infine sprayand mixes with air in proper ratio as per

requirement of the engine.

13)Fuel Pump Function-This device supply the petrol to the carburettor sucking from thefueltank. 14)Spark Plug Function-This device is used in petrol engine only and ignite the charge of fuel for

combustion.

15)Fuel Injector

Function-This device is used in diesel engine only and delivers fuel in fine spray underpressure.
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The diesel engine

Diesel engines, like gasoline powered engines, have a crankshaft, pistons, camshaft, etc. Inaddition, four-stroke diesels require four piston strokes for the complete combustion cycle,

exactly like a gasoline engine. The difference lies in how the fuel mixture is ignited. A diesel

engine does not rely on a conventional spark ignition to ignite the fuel mixture. Instead,

heat produced by compressed air in the combustion chamber ignites the fuel and producesa power stroke. This is known as a compression-ignition engine.

No fuel enters the cylinder on the intake stroke, only air. Since only air is present on the

intake stroke, only air is compressed on the compression stroke. At the end of thecompression stroke, fuel is sprayed into the combustion chamber and the mixture ignites.

The fuel/air mixture ignites because of the very high temperatures generated by the highcompression ratios used in diesel engines. Typically, the compression ratios used inautomotive diesels run anywhere from 16:1-23:1. A typical spark-ignition engine has a ratio

of about 8:1-10:1. This is why a spark-ignition engine, which continues to run after youhave shut off the engine, is said to be "dieseling." It is running on combustion chamber heat

alone. Designing an engine to ignite on its own combustion chamber heat poses certainproblems. For instance, although a diesel engine has no need for a coil, spark plugs, or a

distributor, it does need what are known as "glow plugs." These look like spark plugs, butare only used to warm the combustion chambers when the engine is cold. Without theseplugs, cold starting would be impossible. Also, since fuel timing (rather than spark timing) is

critical to a diesel's operation, all diesel engines are fuel-injected rather than carbureted,since the precise fuel metering necessary is not possible with a carburetor.

Figure 6 Cutaway view of an in-line overhead cam four-cylinder diesel engine.Note the similarity to the gasoline engine shown above.


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Figure 7 The four-stroke operating principal applied to a diesel engine.
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Spark plug

Thespark plugsupplies the spark that ignites the air/fuel mixture so that combustion can occur.

The spark must happen at just the right moment for things to work properly.

Valves

The intake and exhaust valves open at the proper time to let in air and fuel and to let out exhaust.

Note that both valves are closed during compression and combustion so that the combustion

chamber is sealed.

Piston

A piston is a cylindrical piece of metal that moves up and down inside the cylinder.

Piston rings

Piston rings provide a sliding seal between the outer edge of the piston and the inner edge of thecylinder. The rings serve two purposes:

They prevent the fuel/air mixture and exhaust in the combustion chamber from leakinginto the sump during compression and combustion.

They keepoilin the sump from leaking into the combustion area, where it would beburned and lost.

Most cars that "burn oil" and have to have a quart added every 1,000 miles are burning it becausethe engine is old and the rings no longer seal things properly.

Connecting rod

The connecting rod connects the piston to the crankshaft. It can rotate at both ends so that its

angle can change as the piston moves and the crankshaft rotates.

Crankshaft

The crankshaft turns the piston's up and down motion into circular motion just like a crank on a

jack-in-the-box does.

Sump

The sump surrounds the crankshaft. It contains some amount of oil, which collects in the bottom

of the sump (the oil pan).
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What is a diesel engine ?

The diesel engine is a type of internal combustion engine, more specifically, a compressionignition engine, in which the fuel isignited by the high temperature of compressed gas, ratherthan a separate source of energy (such as a spark plug).

Engine Head Engine Block & Timing

How diesel engines work

When gas is compressed its temperature rises. A diesel engine exploits this property in order to

ignite the fuel. Air is drawn into the cylinder of a dieselengine, and compressed by the risingpiston. This happens at a much higher compression rate than in a spark-ignition engine. At the

top of the piston stroke diesel fuel is injected into the combustion chamber at high pressurethrough an atomising nozzle. It mixes with the hot, pressurised air. The resulting mixture ignites

and burns very rapidly. This contained explosion causes the gas in the chamber to expand,

driving the piston down with considerable force, and creating power in a vertical direction.

The connecting rod transmits this motion to the crankshaft which is forced to turn, delivering

rotary power at the output end of the crankshaft. Scavenging - pushing the exhausted gas-

charge out of the cylinder and drawing in a fresh draught of air - is done through ports or valves.


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A vital component of any diesel engine system is the governor, which limits the speed of the

engine by controlling the rate of fuel delivery.

Diesel engine working principles

Suction stroke Compression stroke

Power stroke

Exhaust stroke

Fuel and fluid characteristics

Diesel fuel is a product of crude oil, although other oils can be burned inside an adapted engine.Good quality diesel fuel can be synthesized from vegetable fat and alcohol.

Diesel engines can work on thicker, heavier oil, or oil with higher viscosity, as long as it is

heated in order to ease pumping and injection. These fuels are cheaper but dirtier than clean,refined diesel oil.

Diesel fuel is more difficult to ignite than gasoline because of its higher flash point, but once

burning, a diesel fire can be extremely fierce.

The use of low-grade fuels can lead to serious maintenance problems.

3. Diesel engine supporting systems


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A number of systems are in place for proper operation of an engine

Intake and exhaust system Starting system

Fuel system

Cooling system

Lubricating system

3.1 Intake system and exhaust system The function of this system is to allow the purified air to the cylinder

Components : The system is composed of Air cleaner,

Intake manifold,

Intake valve,

Super charger etc.

1. Wing nut 7. Air filter body

2. Washer 8. Rubber packing

3. Air filter cover 9. Air filter flange4. Rubber Packing 10. Air filter sleeve

5. Air filter cartridge 11. Intake pipe

6. Rubber packing

Faults and remedies1) Air cleaner jammed with dirt -Change

2) Internal manifold cracked -Change3) Cage --- and bent stem of intake valve -Repair or change

4) Super charger not working properly -Repair or change


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Exhaust system

The exhaust takes out burnt gas from the cylinder

Components : The system is composed of exhaust manifold

Silencer pipe,

Silencer box and Tail pipe

Faults and remedies1) Exhaust manifold broken/cracked -Change

2) Silencer pipe cracked -Repair or change3) Silencer box jammed due to burnt or leaked carbon -Repair or change

4) Tail pipe leaked or cracked -Repair or change

3.2 Starting systemThe system starts the engine by providing the initial rotations via :

Hand-starting system Self-starting system Rope-starting system

Pedal-starting system

3.2.1 Hand-starting system:Hand-starting system is generally used in one cylinder diesel engine.

There is no fault in this system, one handle is used for starting.( Water,

lubricant and fuel must be checked before starting)

3.3 Fuel system

Engine fuel system is veryimportant through which


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the fuel is taken out of the

fuel tank for combustion.

Essential components:

fuel tank

fuel line fuel filter

low-pressure feed pump

high-pressure fuel pump and

injector / atomizer

Faults and remedies1) Fuel tank leaked/cracked -Repair or change

2) Fuel line leaked/cracked -Change

3) Filter jammed due to dirt -Change4) Low pressure/feed pump faulty -Repair or change after checking

5) High pressure fuel pump faulty -Repair or change after checking

6) Injector faulty -Repair or change after checking

3.4 Cooling system


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Engine cooling system enables the engine to maintain a constant operating temperature.

There are two types: Water cooling system Air cooling system

3.5 Lubrication system

Using lubricant, the lubrication system prevents wear and tear of moving components andenables components to move faster and more efficiently.

The lubrication system serves three functions :

Cooling

Sealing

Cleaning

Components:

Strainer

Oil pump

Oil filter

Oil pressure gauge

Oil passage etc


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Different Parts of Lubrication Systems

1. Copper Washer

2. Pipe Connection Bolt3. Oil Pipe

4. Cylindrical Pin

5. Lubricating Oil Pump Body

6. Locating Pin7. Lubricating Oil Pump Packing

8. Outer Rotor

9. Inner Rotor10. Oil Shaft

11. Oil Pump Cover

12. Copper Washer

13. Pipe Connection Bolt14. Oil Strainer Body Section with Pipe

15. Oil Strainer Screen

16. Circlip


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Faults and remedies1) Strainer may be damaged -Change2) Pump may not work -Repair or change

3) Oil filter jammed due to dirt -Change

4) Oil pressure gauge faulty -Repair or change (after checking)

5) Oil passage jammed -Clean

4. Faults during engine operation

Five common faults are faced during engine operation :1 Over-heating

2 Excessive engine vibrations

3 Excessive fuel consumption

4 Excessive lubrication consumption5 Excessive noise during operation

What is the function of the fuel injection pump?

Fuel injection pump sprays higher pressure diesel in the cylinder

6. How does fuel enter the fuel pump?

Fuel enters fuel pump via two methods:

By gravity feed By pressure feed


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7. Different parts of the in-line, high-pressure pump of a

one-cylinder engine :

Cam roller


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8. Possible explanations for less fuel in the fuel pump :

Less fuel in fuel tank

Filterjammed by dirt

Less oil delivery by fuel transfer pump

Air lock in fuel line

9. What is located above the plunger ?

Vertical channel or slot Helical channel grove

Annular grove

10. Types of non-return valve : Suction non-return valve

Delivery non-return valve

11. How does a leak in the non-return valve affect fuel pump

delivery ?

A large leak will cause a drop in pressure, and the injector will not spray properly. A small leak will not affect the pump pressure; however less fuel will be sprayed through theinjector.

A small leak will slow the pump, and the fuel spray will be delayed.

12. Fuel pump pressure :


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Fuel pump delivers 240-700 Kg/cm2 (4000-10,000 Psi)

13. Wearable and breakable parts of a fuel pump :

Wear of plunger

Wear of plunger bush

Plunger retaining spring can lose tension

Plunger-retaining spring can break

Wear of bush and ball bearing

Wear above tappet and bottom of plunger

Wear of roller and fan

14. Nozzle Injector Holder


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In the case of a fault in the injector, large amounts of black smoke will be emitted from the

exhaust pipe.


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15. Nozzle Servicing

Open faulty nozzle and clean away soot (carbon); then check whether nozzlemoves freely.

Check delicate parts.

Check nozzle valve and body.

Immerse nozzle valve and body in clear diesel oil in order to remove carbon.

Use copper wire brush - not a steel brushto clean off soot (carbon).

Fuel bore should be cleaned with a fine drill.

16. Air bleeding a diesel fuel system

The correct method of air bleeding the fuel system :

Fill up the fuel tank with new diesel oil.

Open valve of the tank.

Loosen bleeding plug of the fuel filter and pump till fuel flow is continuous.

Tighten the plug.

Loosen injection line nut and crank the engine till fuel is flowing without foam.

Close the injection line and check for leaks.

a gas engine means an engine running on a gas

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