A Free and Equal Public Education

Wasn’t Always Available to Everyone.

Let’s take a journey back to the 1950’s. Sit back, enjoy and learn

about the History of education in the U.S. with regards to minorities.

1950 and before: was it really that long ago that education was segregated?

Think about this:Who was standing next to Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. when he was shot at the Lorraine Motel in Memphis Tennessee?

Jesse JacksonHe’s not that old, he just had a child out of wedlock.Now you know why people are still upset about the events that took place in the 50’s and 60’s. For many it is still fresh.

Can You Think of Two People Who Were Assassinated Due to Human Rights?

Abraham Lincoln, the Kennedy's, and Malcolm X to name a few.

Once again, education has not always been free and available to everyone. Many many people had to die in order to provide minorities as well as the poor the opportunity to attend equal schools.

So how did school become integrated instead of

continuing to be segregated?

Most people believe school integration began with a famous case called “Brown V. Board of Education Topeka, KS”. However, it began way before that.

It actually started with a little known but famous case called “Plessy V. Ferguson”

Plessy v. Ferguson

This case is about a young black man who was riding on a train up north. When the train crossed the Mason Dixie line, he was told by the train conductor to move to the back of the train. He refused and was removed from the train. He sued the train company.

Unfortunately, Plessy did not win.

The courts believe that as long as the facilities were equal, people could have separate facilities based on color. They ruled:

Plessy v. Ferguson“In 1896 the Supreme Court upheld the lower courts' decision in the case of Homer Plessy, a black man from Louisiana, challenged the constitutionality of segregated railroad coaches, first in the state courts and then in the U. S. Supreme Court. The high court upheld the lower courts noting that since the separate cars provided equal services, the equal protection clause of the 14th Amendment was not violated. Thus, the "separate but equal" doctrine became the constitutional basis for segregation.” Dudley, M. E. Brown v. Board of Education (1954) . New York: Twenty-First Century Books, 1994.

The scary part is that Plessy did not look black. People hated black people so much that the law stated that if:

BlackWhiteWhiteWhiteWhiteWhiteWhiteWhiteWhiteWhiteWhiteWhiteWhiteWhite

you had at least 1/16th black in you, you had to legally claim yourself as black.

It wasn’t until the 50’s that the case was put to the test again in

the courts.

Brown V. Board of Education, Topeka

Brown V. Board of EducationA little girl wanted to go to a school that was close to her house instead of walking miles away to a school that was not adequate. Her father took the case to court and won. The judge ruled that separate was not equal.

On May 17, 1954, Chief Justice Earl Warren read the decision of the unanimous Court:

"We come then to the question presented: Does segregation of children in public schools solely on the basis of race, even though the physical facilities and other "tangible" factors may be equal, deprive the children of the minority group of equal educational opportunities? We believe that it does...We conclude that in the field of public education the doctrine of 'separate but equal' has no place. Separate educational facilities are inherently unequal. Therefore, we hold that the plaintiffs and others similarly situated for whom the actions have been brought are, by reason of the segregation complained of, deprived of the equal protection of the laws guaranteed by the Fourteenth Amendment.

Dr. Hugh W. Speer, testified that:

, "...if the colored children are denied the experience in school of associating with white children, who represent 90 percent of our national society in which these colored children must live, then the colored child's curriculum is being greatly curtailed. The Topeka curriculum or any school curriculum cannot be equal under segregation."

``In the field of public education the doctrine of 'separate but equal' has no place..."

Why They Won

Keep in mind, the only reason they won the case was that they based it on human rights and feelings.

They made the courts feel empathy for minority children.

Integration``To separate children solely because of their

racegenerates a feeling of inferiority that may

affecttheir hearts and minds in a way unlikely ever

to be undone."

Thurgood Marshall with James Nabrit Jr. and George E.C. Hayes after their victory in the Brown v. Board of Education case before the Supreme Court, May 17, 1954. Photograph courtesy of UPI / Corbis-Bettmann

Two Types of Segregation

De Jure Segregation

Based on a state law

The Plessy v. Ferguson case was an example of this type of segregation.

The law states it is ok to segregate.

De Facto Segregation

Certain factors cause segregation

Economic conditions

Housing patterns

Which one is still around?

De Facto Segregation

Look at the make up of our schools, many are dominated by one ethnic group.

Look at our neighborhoods, many are dominated by one ethnic group.

Same with Church

Because of circumstances such as these, busing began.

Prejudice

Prejudice has been around a long time.

It was common and accepted to separate minorities from the majority.

It was common to be prejudiceWe are all prejudice. (Some against overweight people others against bikers).

This is a difficult habit to overcome.

Discrimination Can Get You Fired

No matter what that child looks like or even smells like, you must teach him/her.

No matter what you think about his older sister or brother you had last year, that still causes you nightmares, you still have to treat that child like everybody else.

Outside of Schools

Restaurants, stores, etc.. could still segregate.Nor did it give a specific time for schools to integrate.So segregation continued for a long time. It is still going on.

Stereotyping was accepted

Blacks were dumb and criminals.

Listen to our vocabulary about people. We use the word black as if it is evil. (They are the black sheep of the family; people blackmail others.)

Whites were smart and land owners (white collar crime; people are white as snow).

Typical Stereo-types promoted by the media

Think about what the media does to our mind. If a person gets in a:

Fight with a black person, they will be shot.Fight with a Latino Person they will be stabbed.Fight with an Asian person, some type of Karate/Kung Fu will take place.The media adds to our stereotyping of people.I guess you get in a fight with a white person and they will sue you?

Government Went Along

Constitution never made mention about education.

13th Amendment abolished slavery;

14th Amendment (all persons born or naturalized in the U.S. have equal rights)

May 17th, 1954 the beginning of the end of segregation in the schools. (Eisenhower was the president)

Additional ActsPL-94-142 Bilingual Education

Act

San Antonio Independent School Dis. v.

Rodriguez 411 U.S. 1 (1973) Facts of the Case In addition to being funded through a state-funded program, designed to establish a minimum educational threshold in every school, Texas public elementary and secondary schools rely on local property taxes for supplemental revenue. The San Antonio Independent School District (SAISD), acting on behalf of students whose families reside in poor districts, challenged this funding scheme by arguing that it underprivileged such students because their schools lacked the vast property tax base that other districts utilized. The reliance on assessable property, SAISD claimed, caused severe inter-district disparities in per-pupil expenditures.

Question Presented Did Texas' public education finance system violate the

Fourteenth Amendment's Equal Protection Clause by failing

to distribute funding equally among its school districts?

No. The Court refused to examine the system with strict scrutiny since there is no fundamental right to education in the Constitution and since the system did not systematically discriminate against all poor people in Texas. Given the similarities between Texas' system and those in other states, it was clear to the Court that the funding scheme was not "so irrational as to be invidiously discriminatory." Justice Powell argued that on the question of wealth and education, "the Equal Protection Clause does not require absolute equality or precisely equal advantages."

NCLB

You Be the judge