a duc vuong - cuoc doi va su nghiep - tk thich tam minh

8/3/2019 A Duc Vuong - Cuoc Doi Va Su Nghiep - TK Thich Tam Minh

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A DC VNG (ASOKA)CUC I V S NGHIP

TK.THCH TM MINH---o0o---

---o0o---Ngun

http://thuvienhoasen.orgChuyn sang ebook 6-8-2009

Ngi thc hin : Nam Thin [email protected] Audio Ti Website http://www.phatphaponline.org

Mc Lc

---o0o---THNH KNH NH L C BN S THCH CA MU NI PHTKnh dng Ha thng Bn s thng Minh h ChuBc Thy tn knh ca chng conKnh nim n ch v Gio th s

Bng ch vit tt

AIU The Age of Imperial Unity

ARBRIMA A Record of the Buddhist Religion as practiced in India and

the Malay Archipelago.

CHI Cambridge History of India.

CMT Chandra Gupta Maurya and his Times.

DHB The Dating of the Historical Buddha.
http://phatphaponline.org/kinh/Audio/Thuyet%20Phap/Phat%20Su/http://phatphaponline.org/kinh/Audio/Thuyet%20Phap/Phat%20Su/


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DV Dpavamsa.

DVY Divyvadna.

EB Encyclopaedia of Buddhism.

EHI The Early History of India.

GEB Geography of Early Buddhism.

GM Gilgit Manuscripts.

HFRAI The History of Foreign Rule in Ancient India

IA Indian Antiquary.

JASB Journal of Asiatic Society of Bengal.

JEFA Jainism or the Early Faith of Asoka.

JNI Jainism in North India.

JBORSJournal of the Royal Asiatic Society

JRAS Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society ( New series)

KA Kautilyas Arthasstra.

LIEA La Legende de IEmperur Asoka.

MBV Mahbodhivamsa.

MCCV Mahabodhi Centenary Commemorative Volume.

MV Mahvamsa.

MVT Mahvamsa Tika.

OYC On Yuan Chwangs Travels in India.


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PHAI Political History of Ancient India.

PSP Parisishta Parvan.

QJMS Quarterly Journal of Mythical Society.

RBK A Reacord of Buddhistic Kingdoms.

RPBAI Royal Patronage of Buddhism in Ancient India.

SP Samantapsdik.

STGB Schiefner, Taranathas Ges-chichte des Buddhismus.

VNP Vishu Pura.

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Li ni u

Asoka, v hong th ba ca vng triu Maurya n , l mt nhn vtlch s li cho nhn loi nhiu bi hc ln. Cuc i v s nghip cang mang m nhng du n c bit khin tn tui ca ng tr thnh huynthoi v i vo lch s. Nhng hnh vi kht ting tn bo trc lc quyngng Pht gio khin ng c bit danh Cadoka (Asoka tn bo), trongkhi nhng vic lm nhn bn ng dc tm thc hin sau khi tr thnh mtPht t khin ng xng ng vi danh hiu Dhammoka (Asoka nhnt). Cng mt con ngi, mt cuc i y nhng Asoka mang hai tn gikhc nhau. Tt c u l phn ng tnh cm qun chng dnh cho ng. H rtai nhau ng l k st nhn tn bo nhng ri h li ca tng ng l ngi c

nhn t. Nh lnh o c th khng quan tm n suy ngh ca qunchng, nhng qun chng th lun t ra cng bng i vi nh lnh o.

Asoka c bit n bi trc ht ng l hong ca mt triu i hngmnh v cc thnh trong lch s n c i. ng tha k vng triuMaurya ni ting ho hng do ng ni ng,Chandragupta, sng lp v docha ng, Bindusra, tip tc cng c v m rng. Nhng Asoka ni ting


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khng phi bi ng l hong ca mt triu i ln v hng mnh m bing li lnh o y nhn bn ca ng. Nu nh Chandragupta ni danhnh cng lao nh ui qun ngoi xm, thng nht n , Bindusra gp

phn n nh v m rng bin cng Maurya, th Asoka rc sng do t bchin tranh, quyt tm theo ui ha bnh v n lc xy dng mt vngquc thnh thin nht trong lch s. Cc ti liu v truyn thuyt cn lu lingy nay cho thy Asoka xng ng c lu danh mun thu bi tnh cchc bit ca ng v bi nhng g m ng lm cho cuc i:

Asoka l v hong u tin trong lch s nhn loi ch trng t thngmnh hn chin thng ngui khc, mt ch trng bin ng t mt conngi cc c thnh mt con ngi cc thin v m ra nhiu vin cnh an lcln cho cuc i.

ng cng l v hong u tin trong lch s quyt nh dng Php mthay cho ting trng trn khi ang nh cao ca danh vng v quyn lc,mt ng thi khin ng ni ting l bao dung, ha bnh, rt ng cho huth noi gng.

Asoka cng c nhng ng gp rt ln v quan nim o php v dn tcc th hin r nt qua chnh sch tn trng t do tn ngng v chtrng c lp dn tc ca ng.

Ngoi ra, Asoka cn ni bt trong vai tr s gi vn ha v ha bnh do chtrng t b chin tranh, kin quyt theo ui ha bnh v bang giao quc ttrn c s hp tc v gip cc quc gia khc trn nhiu lnh vc.

C l do nhng ng thi tch cc v nhn bn nh th m tn tui caAsoka i vo huyn thoi lch s v gi tr m ng li vn cn, d rngng ra i cch y hn 20 th k. ng li cho hu th mt bi hcln, bi hc ca s n lc, lng nhit thnh, s tn ty, tnh thng v lng

bao dung, bi hc ca lng tin chnh mnh v tin ngi khc trong tt cvic lm v trong mi quan h. ng dng tnh thng xa hn th, dng

thin nhn thng hung tn, ly th x thng xan tham, dng chn tht thngh ngy.

Cuc i v s nghip ca Asoka gip ta hiu r gi tr tch cc ca mt conngi chuyn t cc c sang cc thin, nim tin vng chc ca mt conngi quyt tm b c lm lnh, s nhit tm v lng, tn ty ca mt conngi trong mi n lc hng thin, s tin tng chnh mnh v ngi khc


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trong quan h ng x, trch nhim, tnh thng v lng bao dung ca mtnh lnh o i vi ng bo, ng loi.

Asoka xy dng c mt vng quc thi bnh thnh tr trong lch snh nhng n lc c nhn v ng li lnh o sng sut, y nhn bnca ng. ng tic, cc th h con chu ca Asoka khng gi c nhng

phm cht nh ng v khng theo ng li ca ng nn khng bao luvng triu Maurya khng cn thi bnh thnh tr na m chuyn sang chintranh bin lon v ri i n tan r.

Bo lon bt ngun t ngho i v bt mn. Chin tranh pht xut bi thamvng v hn th. Nu khng thu hiu lng dn, khng quan tm chm locho dn th bo lon ny sinh. Nu khng km ch lng tham , khng nuidng tnh thng khng c lng cm thng v bao dung rng ln th chin

tranh bng n. Th gii hin ti ca chng ta vn khng thot khi cc thmcnh bo ng, chin tranh bi ngho i v bt cng cha c khc phc,nim tin khng c nui dng, s cm thng v lng bao dung t cvn dng. Xem ra tm gng Asoka vn chi sng v hu ch cho nhn loingy nay trong vic tm ra li gii cho mt th gii ha bnh, cm thng,khng th hn.N lc ghi li cuc i v s nghip ca Asoka chng tihng mong ch c th.

Nghin cu v Asoka, chng ti phn ln da vo ngun ti liu bia k vtr do ng li xem xt v cuc i v s nghip ca ng. Chng ticng khng b qua cc ti liu Nam truyn v Bc truyn lu gi trong cctc phm Dpavamsa, Mahvamsa, Divydna hay Aokvadna khi ni vnhn vt Asoka bi, mc d c xem mang nhiu yu t truyn thuyt, ccti liu ny cung cp mt s thng tin c th b sung cho ngun ti liu biak v tr ca ng. Chng ti cng ch ti mt s thng tin kho c hckhc c lin quan gip cho vic nghin

cu c hon b hn. Ngoi ra mt vi ghi chp ca cc nh chim bi vhc gi Trung Hoa lin quan n Asoka v cc hot ng ca ng cng c

nu ra v xem xt.

Chng ti cng s dng nhiu ti liu nghin cu v dch thut ca nhiuhc gi v dch gi trong khi thc hin cng trnh ny, c bit cc bn kinhPli do Thy chng ti phin dch c s dng v trch dn rt nhiutrong cc chng vit v phn ph lc. C th ni rng nh nhng n lc


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tin phong y m chng ti c c nhiu thun li trong cng vic nghincu, v v iu ny chng ti rt mang n.

Do bc u tm hiu v Asoka, chng ti khng hy vng g hn l cung cpmt s thng tin lin quan n cuc i v s nghip ca v hong tntui ny nhng ai quan tm c th xem xt v nghin cu vn k hn.Vi suy ngh nh vy, chng ti chuyn dch cc ti liu bia k v tr Asoka ra ting Vit v bc u tm hiu v dn ra cc bn kinh Pht thuckinh tng Pli m Asoka nu tn trong bia k Bhabr ca ng. Nhng d n lc rt ln, chng ti hiu rng sai st l iu kh trnh trong micng vic. Rt mong s lng th ca qu c gi cho nhng li lm khngsao trnh khi trong tc phm ny.

Vn Hnh, ma An c 2546

THCH TM MINH

Knh

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Dn nhp

nh vit v Asoka ny sinh trong lc ti ang theo hc cc chng trnhhu i hc ti i hc Delhi, n . Nhng ri do phi tp trung bi vcho cc k thi M.A,M.Phil v lm lun n Ph.D i hc, ti khng ththc hin c nh ca mnh. Thi gian qua ri khng tr li. V th mmi cho ti khi hon tt vic hc n, tr v nc, ti mi c dp tip cnvi Asoka, con ngi tr danh m t lu ti rt ngng m.

c tip cn vi Asoka ngay chnh trn qu hng ca ng chc chn l

mt iu l th. ng tic ti khng c ci dim phc y. Thi biu hctp i hc khng cho php ti c th gi ghi li cm xc ca mnhv mt con ngi m cuc i v s nghip i hi phi dnh nhiu thigian v n lc ln mi mong nhn hiu c i cht. D sao ti cng thymnh may mn hn nhiu ngi khc v c dp tip xc vi x s snsinh ra Asoka m s knh trng v lng t ho v ng vn khng phai nhttrong s ng qun chng sau khi ng ra i hn 20 th k. V vy, d cm


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xc c ghi li c hi mun, ti c mong c chia s i iu cm nhnca mnh vi nhng Pht t Vit Nam m thm noi gng Asoka trongs mng phng s o php v Dn tc. T thu nh ti qu Anh Ch kcho nghe v gng sng Asoka.

Asoka l v hong th ba thuc triu i Maurya, tr v n t 270-232trc Ty lch. Cuc i v s nghip ca ng l tm gng ln v phngdin n lc xy dng o c hnh phc cho con ngi v thit lp nn tngha bnh th gii. ng l mt v vua nhn t, ht lng thng yu v chmlo hnh phc cho dn, ng thi l mt hong ti ba, c kh nng t chthng tr ln nhiu lnh th khc. Nhng Asoka khc t mi tham vngxm lng, t b bo ng chin tranh, ch trng ha ng bt bong.R.C.Mazumdar ni rng Asoka v i khng phi v ti nng m rng quc to ln ca mnh m v tnh cch ca mt con ngi, nhng l tng

m ng i din v nhng nguyn tc tr v m ng theo ui .[1]

T c bit ch n nhn xt ny ca Mazumdar bi hai l. Th nht,khng c g ng ni v Asoka nu nh ng ch l mt hong c bit tiv qun s v thnh cng ln trong lnh vc bnh trng quc gia. Bi c gng ni khi chng ta hiu rng chinh phc ngi khc bng sc mnh quns hay xm lng n l ha ngi khc l hnh ng in cung ca nhngk v lng ? Lch s loi ngi y mu v nc mt bi nhnghnh vi tham lam v th hn ca con ngi ri, khng cn thm mt Asokaanh hng no trn chin trn mt lc vung tn git cht hng ngn qunch v chim c nhiu x s mi l.

Th hai, Asoka xng ng c nu gng mun thu bi nhng g mMazumdar gi l tnh cch ca mt con ngi, nhng l tng m ng idin v nhng nguyn tc tr v m ng theo ui. Tnh cch y l g, theoti, l t thng mnh hn chin thng ngi khc. Sau chin thngKalinga, mt chin cng qun s ly lng m Asoka ginh c vo nm262 trc Ty lch khi ng tin hnh chnh sch xm lng m rng qucMaurya, Asoka biu l tnh cch l thng ca mt hong thng trn m

s gia Will Durant gi l v tin khong hu trong lch s .[2] ng tuyn bchm dt hon ton mi xm lng, t b bo ng chin tranh, chtrng ha bnh bt bo ng. ng cng khai by t s hi tic v vic xmlng Kalinga bi gy ra cnh tn st cht choc y tang thng cho dnchng mt x s c lp, [3] tuyn b theo ui Chnh php (Dharma ) vkhuyn khch Chnh php, [4] quyt nh dng Php m (Dharma-ghoa)thay ting trng trn (bler-ghoa), [5] ch trng thu phc lng ngi bng


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o c nhn i (Dharma-vijava), [6] n lc gii quyt vic nc vic dn,[7] bin nhng cuc do chi sn bn hng lc ca hong gia (vihra-ytr)thnh nhng cuc du hnh thuyt php v khuyn khch iu thin (Dharma-yr ). [8] C th ni rng tnh cch c bit ny ca Asoka m ra mttrang s mi khng ch trong lch s triu i Maurya m cn trong lch sloi ngi, trang s t thng mnh hn chin thng ngi khc [9]cthc hin bng cch ly tnh thng xa hn th, dng thin nhn thnghung tn, ly th x thng xam tham, dng chn tht thng h ngy. [10]

Tn tui Asoka bt u ta sng k t khi ng quyt nh chuyn i tmtnh t c sang thin. Trong cc ti liu lin quan, Asoka mang hai bit danhtiu biu cho hai qung i khc nhau ca ng.Candsoka (Asoka tn bo) lc danh m qun chng gn cho ng khi ng p dng cc chnh sach tn

bo v Dharmsoka ( Asoka nhn t ) l thin danh m qun chng dng

tn vinh ng sau khi ng thay i cc chnh sch tn c bng cc chnh schnhn t. Kinh Php c dy rng: [11] Ai dng cc hnh lnh lm xa mnghip c, ngi y chi sng ci i ny, nh nh trng thot khi ng myche. Asoka chi sng ci nhn sinh nh quyt tm b c lm lnh.

S nghip ca Asoka c phn nh kh y trong cc ti liu bia k vtr ca ng. S nghip y trc ht l s nghip ca mt ng vua thngdn nh con ci v n lc lm vic ht mnh v hnh phc ca nhndn.Trong bia k I v II , Asoka by t tm lng thng dn nhcha mthng yu con ci v mong mun ht thy mi ngi c hnh phc ynvui. Pht xut t tm lng thng dn v lo lng cho hnh phc ca nhndn, Asoka t b cc th vui c nhn tp trung gii quyt vic nc vicdn v lm cc thin s. [12] ng n lc lm vic ht mnh, khng k gigic v ni chn, nhm mc ch em li hnh phc v an lc cho mingi. Bia k VI ghi nhn s kin Asoka h lnh cho cc quan chc c trchnhim phi mi lc mi ni thng bo ngay cho ng tt c mi vn linquan n i sng nhn dn. Chng nhng th, Asoka cn thng xuyn duhnh nhm nm bt tnh hnh t nc v xem xt hin tnh i sng nhndn. [13] . ng t nhn c trch nhim thc y li ch ca dn v xem n

lc phc v nhn dn l cch duy nht tr tr n cho dn. [14] Trongcng tc qun l v iu hnh quc gia, Asoka thnh lp i ng quan chcchnh ph cc cp c trch nhim chm lo li ch v hnh phc cho dn. [15]ng hun luyn rt k i ng cc quan chc nh nc, gio dc h phinu gng cho mi ngi v np sng cn kim lim chnh v thi lmvic ch cng v t; [16] cc quan li phi nm bt nguyn nhn hnh phcv kh au ca dn v phi ht lng phc v nhn dn.[17]


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Ti liu bia k v tr cng phn nh mi quan tm to ln ca ng i vis sng v hnh phc ca mun loi [18]: c Thnh thng Priyadarmong mun tt c chng sanh thot khi b hi, c i x cng bng vsng hnh phc. [19] Trong cc ch d ghi bia k I v tr V, Asokangn cm vic hy sinh sc vt cho cc mc ch t l v ku gi mi ngitrnh lm tn thng s sng ca mun loi. ng cao ch n chay[20]v ban lnh cm cht cy t rng.[21] C th ni rng Asoka l ngi utin ph b tc l hin t v hy sinh th vt ht sc nhn tm ca truynthng B-la-mn gio v l ngi tin phong trong cng tc bo v mitrng thin nhin thot khi bn tay tn ph ca con ngi. ng cng lngi to tin cho ch n chay v truyn thng yu qu thin nhin rtng t ho ca ngi dn n . Ti tin rng cc o d ca ng ni vcm st sanh, cao ch n chay, trnh cht cy ph rng c tun

th trit v lu bn bi nhiu th h dn chng n , bi li sng v tpqun suy ngh ca ngi dn n hin ti c th chng minh iu .Mt quan im hay ng li c vn dng lu ngy th thnh ra truynthng. Ngy nay du khch n tham quan n c th thng thc ccmn n chay by bn khp ni v chim ngng v p gn nh nguyn vnca mi trng cnh quan t nhin y m truyn thng yu chung v

bo v vn c thit lp rt lu t ngn xa.

V phng din chm lo hnh phc cho dn Asoka rt quan tm pht trincc ch an sinh v phc li x hi.[22] ng cho lp nhiu vn cy nqu (xoi) mt mt m rng mt bng cy xanh v mt khc phc v tringt cho mi ngi. ng thnh lp i ng y bc s v cho xy dng hthng trm x v bnh vin khp ni lo vic chm sc y t cho dn vcha tr cho th vt, sai nhn ging v m trng cc loi cy lm thuc gip cho vic iu tr bnh nhn v gia sc. Khp ni trn cc no ng,ng cho trng cc loi cy xanh to bng mt, sai o cc ging nckhong cch hai ba dm ng phc v tin ch cho ngi v sc vt. choxy dng cc nh ngh hai bn v ng khch b hnh c ch ngh chnhay qua m. Cc trm cung cp nc sch cng c xy dng nhng

ni cng cng phc v cho ngi v th vt. Asoka lm rt tt vphng din ny v chnh ng t tin cho cc ch an sinh phc lix hi c duy tr cho n ngy nay ti n .

Ngoi cc ch an sinh phc li x hi m mi cng dn Maurya u chng, Asoka cn c cc ch u tin dnh cho cc i tng x hi gpcnh ng kh khn hay b t y. C nhi qu ph, ngi ngho kh, gi c


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c hng ch chm sc c bit ca nh nc.[23] Ph n lm nglc li c gio dc v c to cng n vic lm thch hp. Phm nhn cquyn khng n trong trng hp b x oan, c bo v khi tnh trng bngc i, c phng thch trong trng hp phi nui con di hay gp qunhiu bt hnh ri ro hoc b kh au bi tui gi.[24]

Mt c im khc ca Asoka l lun lun cao o c nhn i v vndng trit chnh sch c tr ( Dharma-vijaya) trong sut thi gian ng trv. Khp ni trong cc bia k v tr ca ng, yu t o c nhn i hayng li c tr c nhn mnh vt tri. Asoka rt quan tm xy dngmt t nc thi bnh thnh tr trn c s pht huy np sng o c caqun chng v t r bin php c tr. ng khuyn dy tt c con ci, chucht v thn dn ca mnh phi mun i sng o c Chnh php(Dharma) v phi c trch nhim khuyn khch np sng o c Chnh

php.[25]

Asoka cng rt cng bng v bao dung trong chnh sch i vi k lmng lc li. ng tuyn b sn sng tha th cho nhng ai vi phm phi sailm nhng bit n nn hi li. ng ch trng khng truy qut cc ti phmnhng ra sc thuyt phc h tr v con ng lng thin hng lngkhoan hng ca php lut.[26]Cc iu khon ghi bia k Kalinga I, bia kV, XIII, tr IV, V cho thy Asoka rt cng bng trong xt x v bao dung lng trong x pht.

Sau cng, Asoka cng ta sng nh mt v sao khi ng quyt tm theo uing li ha bnh v ch trng bang giao quc t trn c s hiu bit vgip ln nhau gia cc dn tc. Bia k Kalinga II xc nhn lp trngha bnh, khng tn cng xm lng cc nc khc ca Asoka. Bia k nycn ni r ch, quyt tm v li ha ca ng v ha bnh l khng bao githay i.

Song song vi li cam kt ca ng v ha bnh, tn trng ch quyn c lpdn tc, Asoka m rng quan h vi nhiu quc gia khc trn c s to iu

kin v gip cc quc gia ny v phng din chm sc y t v m rngmng li an sinh phc li x hi. Ngun thng tin bia k II cho hay Asoka cho thit lp hai loi hnh chm sc y t (dve chikchha ), mt dnh chongi v mt dnh cho th vt, khng nhng khp ni trong vng qucca ng m cn nhiu quc gia khc. Cc loi cy n qu v cy lm thuccng c cho nhn ging v gieo trng khp ni trong vng quc ca ngv ti cc quc gia lng ging. Trn cc tuyn ng cc ging nc c


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xy dng v cc loi cy xanh to bng mt c gieo trng phc v tinch cho ngi v th vt. Bia k ny ni n mt s quc gia tha hng ch i ng ca nh nc Maurya gm Chola, Pndya, Satiyaputra,Keralaputra, Tmraparn, x s Yona do vua Hy Lp Antiocho tr v v bnquc gia Hy Lp khc do cc v vua Ptolemy, Antigona, Maga v Alexandercai qun. Nh vy, t th k th ba trc Cng nguyn y hc v vn minhng phng c gii thiu v m rng sang th gii phng Ty, dnhin bng con ng ha bnh hu ngh ch khng phi c i km vichnh sch xm lng. V vn ny ti t hi phi chng i ng chuyn giay khoa ng nht nh th gii hin nay ca n v s lng dc phm toln do t nc ny sn xut v c tiu th nhiu ni trn th gii ngynay l thnh qu lu di ca truyn thng, y hc ng phng c khuynkhch v m rng t thi Asoka ?

R rng ng thi ha bnh v thin ch ca Asoka m ra mt bu khngkh ha bnh v hu ngh rng ln cha tng c trong lch s. Nhiu qucgia chu v chu u cho n thng ip ha bnh hp tc ca ng. Biak XIII cho hay Asoka thnh cng ln trong lnh vc thu phc nhn tmca nhiu quc gia nh ng li ha bnh c tr (Dharma-vijya ).

Mt vn quan trng khc khng th b qua trong khi nghin cu vAsoka v s nghip ca ng l n lc v ng gp rt ln ca ng dnh chotn gio ni chung v Pht gio ni ring. Bn cnh cc chnh sch tr qucv ngoi giao y tnh nhn bn khin tn tui v s nghip ca ng ivo lch s, Asoka cn ni danh v cc hot ng v sc ch tn gio, c

bit cng tc truyn b Pht php do ng ch trng v hu thun khincho o Pht nhanh chng ph bin khp ni trn ton ci n v lantruyn ra cc quc gia khc. Ngy nay khng t ngi ngc nhin khi ccc ch d ni v chnh sch tn trng t do tn ngng v bnh ng tngio m Asoka tng p dng cch nay gn 25 th k.

Ngun ti liu bia k v cc truyn thuyt ni nhiu v cc hot ng tngio ca Asoka. Theo cc thng tin bia k th mc d rt sng tn o Pht,

Asoka tn trng t do tn ngng ca mi ngi v i x bnh ng vi cctn gio khc . ng thm ving v tng qu cho cc c s tn gio thnh lpi ng cc quan chc Dharma-mahmtra c trch nhim trng coi cc vn tn gio nh lo phn phi cc phm vt cng dng ca hong gia dnhcho cc gio phi, ph bin ch d ca nh vua i vi hot ng ca cc tngio. Ti liu Mahvamsa cp s kin kit tp kinh in Pht gio ln th

ba v cc hot ng truyn gio c tin hnh di thi Asoka. Theo thng


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tin ny th sau hi ngh kit tp kinh in do Asoka bo tr, chn on truyngio ln lt c gi i chn x s khc nhau bao gm chu , chu u,chu Phi [27] nhm truyn b gio l ca c Pht. Do , nu ngy naydu tch Pht gio c tm thy khp ni trn t nc n cng nh ticc quc gia ln bang v o Pht c ph bin rng ri trn ton ci chu v ri tr thnh mt tn gio th gii th phn ln l do cng ca Asoka.C th ni rng tn tui ca Asoka gn lin vi lch s pht trin Pht gioni ring v vn ha n ni chung khi ng ng h cuc hi ngh kit tpkinh in ln th ba v cng tc truyn b Pht php c tin hnh tip sau.

T th k th ba trc Cng nguyn, Asoka m ra nhiu chn tri mitrong lch s loi ngi. Tinh thn Asoka c chp nhn v cho n khpni, ha hn nhiu vin cnh tt p.

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Chng I - ASOKA- NHN VT LCH S

Asoka ( 304-232 TTL), ngi k v ngai vng vng triu Maurya n sau Chandragupta v Bindusra, c xem l v hong v i nht trong

s cc hong tn tui ca th gii. Cc s gia khng ngt li ca tngcon ngi v i ny. R. Mookerji dn li cc hc gi nu nhn xt v Asoka: Asoka ging David v Solomon ca Isael v phng din n lc xy dngmt vng quc thnh thin. V phng din ng h v m rng Pht giothnh mt tn gio th gii, Asoka c v vi Constantine trong lch sThin cha gio. V t tng v ha hiu, Asoka khin ngi ta nh nMarcus v Aurelius. Asoka cng khin gi nh mt Charlemagne trong vic

bnh trng quc gia, trong khi nhng bin php cai tr ca ng khin ngita lin tng ti nhng bi din thuyt ca Oliver Cromwell. Cc truynthng gn vi tn tui ca Asoka nhc ngi ta v vua Arthus v cc hip s

bn trn ca ng, thin vng Alfred hay vua St.Louis ca Php . 1 Trongtc phm The Discovery of India, Jawaharlal Nehru trch li pht biu caH.G.Wells : Trong hng chc ngn tn tui ca cc v vua cha t tpchung quanh cc ct tr ca lch s, s tn nghim cng s lng ca h,s trm lng thanh thn cng s cao qu vng gi ca h, tn tui caAshoka ta nh ho quang m hu nh mt mnh ta nh ho quang, - l mtv sao. T Volga n Nht bn, tn tui ca ng vn cn c trng vng.


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Trung Hoa, Ty Tng v ngay c n , tuy t b hc thuyt ca ng,vn gi truyn thng v s v i ca ng. Ngy nay, nhng ngi angsng nng niu k nim v ng nhiu hn nhng tn tui tng ni tingnh Constantine hoc Charle-magne. 2

Asoka l tn cha sinh m , cn trong cc ch d bia k v tr ca ng,Asoka dng hai danh hiu khc nhau, Devnampiya v Piyadasi ( hayPriyadar ) , ch v mnh. Devnampiya ngha l Ngi con yu quca cc thn linh v Piyadasi hay Priyadar c ngha l Ngi nhn cuci vi lng t i. V cuc i v s nghip ca ng, cc hc gi thngnhn mnh hai giai on khc nhau. Giai on trc v sau khi Asoka lnngi khong tm nm v giai on sau chin thng Kalinga tr i, tc tmnm sau khi ng ln ngi cho n cui cuc i. S d c s phn bit nhvy l bi c nhng chuyn bin quan trng trong cuc i v s nghip

chnh tr ca ng. V mt phng din no , cc ti liu lin quan khngthng nht trong vic m t nhn vt Asoka. Asoka nh c cp trongcc tc phm Mahvamsa, Divyvadna hay Aokvadna l mt con ngihon ton khc vi Asoka nh c thy trong cc ti liu bia k v tr ca ng. Nu nh trong cc tc phm Nam truyn Mahvamsa, Asoka nidanh vi tn gi Candsoka ( Asoka tn bo) th qua cc ti liu kia k vtr ca ng, Asoka xng ng c tn xng l Dhammsoka (AsokaChnh php hay nhn t). Cng mt con ngi, mt s nghip y nhngAsoka mang hai bit danh khc nhau. y l c im ca nhn vt lch sAsoka m tc phm nghin cu ny s c gng lm sng t.

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I.Dng di

Asoka thuc th h th ba vng triu Maurya do ng ni ng,Chandragupta, sng lp. Theo cc s gia, s xut hin ca Chandragupta thk th t trc Cng nguyn ng du mt s kin quan trng trong lch schnh tr n c i R.C.Mazumdar cho rng s nghip ca

Chandragupta, ngi sng lp triu i Maurya, ta sng trong lch s n c i, v n gii phng t nc ny khi ch thng tr ca ngiMacedonia v xy dng s thng nht chnh tr u tin ca n diquyn mt v vua. y l mt thnh cng ng k, c bit khi chng ta bitrng Chandra-gupta khng phi l ngi tha k ngai vng m c sinh ratrong mt hon cnh khim tn. S thng tin a v ti cao caChandragupta ch thc l mt thin anh hng ca trong lch s. 3. Cc s


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liu sm nht ca n c lu gi trong cc Prna khng ng gn gia th ca Chandragupta. Truyn thng K Na gio ( Jainism) xem ngl chu ngoi ca mt v thn trng ng u cc gia nh lm ngh hunluyn chim cng ( mayura-poshaka ). [4] Truyn thng B-la-mn( Brahminism) gn dng di Chandragupta vi triu i Nanda x Magadha.[5] Kath-Sarit-Sgara bo ng l con trai ca dng h Nanda.[6] Tc phmMahvamsa ni n ng nh mt thnh vin ca dng St l Moriya( hay Maurya) c tr vng Hy M Lp sn ( Himlaya ).[7] Divyvadna cp Bindusra, con trai Chandragupta, l mt St l lm l ngquang ( mrdhbhishikta ) [8] v Asoka, con trai ca Bindusra, l mt St l,[9] Trong bi kinh i bt Nit bn ( Mahparinibbna Suttanta ) ,Trng B ( Dgha Nikya ), nhng ngi Moriya c m t l thuc giaicp St l tr v x Pipphalivana, cnh bin gii Nepal ngy nay,tng ci din n Kusinra xin chia phn x li Pht em v th nhng do n

mun nn ch nhn ly phn tro cn li sau l ha tng v phn chia x li.B.C.Law dn ngun tin t Mahvamsa-Tka ni rng mt s ngi Skya bvua Viddabha n p trong v tr th dng hc Skya b trn n tnHimlaya v ti y h lp nn thnh ph gi l Moriya (Moriyanagara ).Theo ng, Chandra-gupta thuc dng h Moriya tr v x Pipphalivana.[10]

Tp hp cc ngun tin trn y chng ta c th i n nhn xt rngChandragupta thuc dng St l Moriya v nh vy Asoka, con traiBindusra v chu ni Chandragupta, mang huyt thng dng di St l.Vo t k th su trc Cng nguyn, Moriya l dng vng tc tr v tiuquc cng ha Pipphalivana. Theo H.C.Raychaudhuri, di triu vuaAgrammes, v hong cui cng ca triu i Nanda, dn chng t ra btmn vi triu nh v nhng ngi Moriya nh ti lnh o caChandragupta tr nn hng mnh vt bc. Vi s tr gip ca Kautilya,con trai mt B-la-mn x Taxil, Chandragupta tin hnh lt vngtriu Nanda n hi ln bi.[11]

Chandragupta ln ngi tr v n t nm 324 n nm 300 trc Cngnguyn th nhng ngi cho con trai Bindusra v xut gia tr thnh mt tu

s K Na gio. Truyn thng K Na gio ni n ng nh mt n s, tca Bhadrabhu, v cc bia k khc vo u th k th 10 c pht hingn Seringapatam cp tn mt nh ni gi l Chandragiri, tng truynl ch n c tu hnh ca Chandragupta. [12] Trong khong thi gian 24 nmtr v, Chandragupta m rng lnh th ca mnh, pha nam n tnMysore v pha ty-bc ti cc bin gii Persia. Cc lnh a nh Punjab,


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Sind, Beluchistan, Afghanistan, Himavatkta, Nepal v Kashmir u thucquyn cai tr ca ng. [13]

Bindusra tip ni cha mnh cai qun vng triu Maurya t 300 n 273trc Cng nguyn. Mc d l mt hong ln ca triu i Maurya,Bindusra khng c cc s gia ni n nhiu nh i vi cha ng,Chandragupta v con trai ng Asoka. ng ng gia hai v hong lnChandragupta v Asoka. V y c l l l do khin ng khng thu ht cs ch ca cc s gia, nhng ngi lun lun t ra knh trng, cao cchnh ng anh hng cng nh nhng cng hin i vi lnh vc tn gioca Chandragupta v Asoka. Theo K. Hazra, di ho quang ca hai vhong ny, cc s gia xem ng nh mt nhn vt m o v l inhng ng gp ca ng cho mc tiu tn gio. [14]

II. S ra i v thi gian trc khi ln ngi :

Asoka ra i vo nm 304 trc Cng nguyn. Theo Dpavamsa, Bindusral ngi chng ca 16 b v v l cha ca 101 con trai trong ch c bangi c bit tn l Sumana ( hay Susma, gi theo Bc truyn), con traic, Asoka, con trai th ba, v ngi con trai t c tn l Tisya. Tc phmAokvadna [15] ni n Subha-drng ( hay Dhamm, gi theo Namtruyn), con gi mt gia nh B-la-mn x Camp, l ngi sinh Asoka.B ny, sau khi sinh Asoka, ni : Nay ta khng cn su mun(Asoka ). a tr mang tn Asoka t . Tc phm Vamsatthappa-ksin,[16] s gii cun Mahvamsa, c cp n Sbhadrng, ni rng con trai

b mang tn Asoka bi a b ny khng lm cho b au n cht nokhi ra i. a tr c ln da x x v do vy Binduxra khng yu mn n.C mt cu chuyn k rng m a tr tng c trnh cho con trai b khigp cha n nhm bo v tnh mng ca a tr. B Subha-drng cn sinhthm mt a con trai khc c tn l Tissa hay Tisya, gi theo Mahvamsa,Vitsoka,gi theo Aokvadna, [17], hay Vigatsoka, gi theoDivyvadna.[18]

Xt theo cc truyn thuyt ni trn th c l thu u thi Asoka khngc may mn cho lm bi ln da d tt bm sinh. Tuy vy n khi trngthnh Asoka hon ton chim trn nim tin ca Bindusra bi ti thao lcqun s ca mnh. iu ny c th c thy r qua vic ng cBindusra phi ti Takkasil hay Taxil nhm dp tt nhng cuc ni lon y.. Theo Divyvadna, trong thi gian Asoka c c lm Ph vng tivng lnh th Ty n gi l Avantirattham hay Avant vi Ujjain l th ph,


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lmbnh nng, ng lin tc tc quay tr v kinh Ptaliputra , git cht ttc cc anh em trai mnh, tr Tisya, chim ot ngai vng. Nhng theoDivyvadna th lc Bindusra lm chung, ngai vng Ptaliputra b btrng,by gi Asoka tin hnh chim ot vng v. Trong cuc chin chngli anh trai mnh , Asoka c t tng Khalltaka v 500 triu thn huthun. Tc phm Mah-bodhivamsa thut rng trong cuc chin ginh ngiv, Asoka ng ring mt trn tuyn chng li Sumana, ngi tha k hp

php ngai vng x Magadha v c tt c anh em ng ng h . Trong trnchin ny tt c 99 anh em trai ng u b git. [25]

Nh vy, c theo cc ti liu Tch Lan th Asoka git hi tt c 99 ngi anhem cng cha khc m vi mnh trc khi ln nm vng quyn Maurya.V.A. Smith khng ng tnh vi cc truyn thuyt Tch Lan cho rng Asokagit cht tt c anh em trai mnh, tr Tisya. Theo Smith, chc chn cc anh

ch em ng vn cn sng mi by hoc mi tm nm sau khi Asoka lnngi. [26]D.R.Bhandarkar cng thy r s mu thun gia ti liu Tch Lanni rng Asoka git cht 99 anh em trai v thng tin cc bia k Asoka chohay khng ch mt m nhiu anh em trai ca Asoka vn cn sng khngnhng kinh Ptaliputra m cn cc thnh ph khc ca quc ng.[27]R.Mookerji xem ra cng khng my ng tnh vi cc ti liu Tch Lankhi ni rng mt con ngi c lng mong c cho tt c anh em v b conmnh c hnh phc an lc y cm ng nh vy khng th l mt conngi tn bo, nh cc truyn thuyt gin cho ng .[28] Sau khi a ranhiu c liu khc nhau v Asoka, n lt K.Hazra i n nhn xt rngcc tc gi Pht gio chnh thng mun dt nn mt bc tranh tuyt p vPht gio , nhng gio l cao c v tnh cht v i ca n, ni n Asokanh mt k tn bo ( Candsoka ) v ri mun gii thiu vi chng ta rngchnh nh nh hng to ln ca Pht gio m con ngi kht ting tn bony tr thnh mt con ngi cao c, mt con ngi y t tm v thnhthin nht.[29]

Qu thc chng ta kh bit ch xc vic Asoka ln ngi th no v cc tcgi Tch Lan c dng t hng cu chuyn hay khng, nh K.Hazra nhn

xt. C iu l l cc ti liu Tch Lan bo Bindusra c tt c 101 ngicon , m ton l con trai. iu ny hon ton tri vi quan im ca Asokakhi ng ni v cc anh em trai , cc ch em gi v cc b con ng, nh cghi trong cc bia k. Nh vy phi chng Bindusra ch c ton con trai hayngoi 101 con trai ra Bindusra cn c nhng ngi con gi khc m cc tiliu Tch Lan khng ni n ? Li na, trong s 101 con trai ca Bindusrach c ba ngi c bit tn l Sumana, Asoka v Tisya. Theo cc ti liu


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Mahvamsa, Divyvadna v Aokvadna th tn tui Sumana, Asoka vTisya gn lin vi vic chim ot ngai vng ca Asoka, nhng ngi conkhc ca Bindusra ch l con s c nu ra. Sumana b st hi trong lctranh chp vng v, Asoka ln nm ngai vng cn Tisya c sng st vv sau c Asoka b lm ph vng ( uparja ) [30] Nh vy con s 101con trai do ti liu Tch Lan cung cp l ng hay thc s Bindusra ch c

ba ngi con nh c k tn trong cc ti liu Nam v Bc truyn ? Tnhng iu va nu ta kh tin cc truyn thuyt Tch Lan l hon ton xcthc. Bi vy, nhn xt ca K.Hazra v cc tc gi Tch Lan mun thi

phng cu chuyn Asoka khng phi khng c c s. Hazra khin chng tanh ti cu chuyn Angulimla st hi 999 mng sng trc khi c cTh Tn cm ha, nh c ghi li trong tp Theragth v cc s gii.

Chng ta c hai ti liu kinh tng ni v Angulimla, mt c chp trong

Majjhima Nikya v mt c ghi trong tp Theragth thuc KhuddakaNikya. Chng ta khng c g phi ni v ti liu th nht c cp trongbi kinh s 86, Majjhima Nikya, ngoi vic thn phc sc cm ha ca cPht i vi tn cp hung bo Angulimla v vic Angulimla t mt tncp kht ting hung tn chuyn thnh mt tu s y t tm v kham nhn.Tuy nhin ta khng th khng git mnh khi c sang ti liu th hai clu gi trong Theragth, y Angulimla hin r l tn cp tn c. Cons 999 mng sng b Angulimla tc ot c ghi nhn bi cc s giiMajjhim Nakya v Theragth khin chng ta c cm gic rng cc nh sgii kinh tng Pli y cu chuyn i qu xa thc t.

Cc quan im bnh vc do vic ln ngi ca Asoka bao gm cc truynthuyt, nhng li tin tri cng nh lp trng ng h Asoka ca cc triuthn ng thi, nh c thy phn ln trong tc phm Divyvadna.Trong tc phm Du Thin Trc s,Php Hin ( Fa-hsien ) ghi li cu chuyntin thn ca Asoka, k rng trong i qu kh, khi cn l mt cu b conang nghch ct trn ng, Asoka gp c Pht Ca Dip ( Hayapa )ang i kht thc. Cu b hoan h nht mt nm y t cng dng cho

Ngi. c Pht tip nhn nm t cng dng ca cu b. Do nhn duyn

ny, cu b c phc bo tr thnh mt v vua Chuyn lun vng tr vci Dim Ph ( Jambudvpa ).[31] Trong hi k ca mnh, Ngha Tnh( I-sting ) c ni n trng hp c Pht bo trc s xut hin ca Asokav vng quc to ln ca ng. Theo Ngha tnh, trong khi gii thch gicmng ca vua Bimbisra v mu vi v chic gy vng bin thnh 18 mnh,c Pht dy gio l ca Ngi s c chia lm 18 trng phi sau hn 100nm Ngi nhp Nit bn v by gi s xut hin mt v vua tn Asoka, tr v


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ton ci Dim Ph ( Jambudvpa ).[32] Trong thi gian Bindusra cn tiv, v thy ca ng, mt tu s phi jvika, tin on Asoka s l ngitha k ngai vng Maurya.[33] Divyvadna thut rng c Pht ontrc Asoka l mt v vua chn chnh s xy dng 84.000 bo thp tnth x li ca Ngi .[34]Tc phm ny cn ni thm rng Asoka l mt vvua s tr v mt vng quc rng ln bng Chnh php, v sau ( nh vua) st b vng quc, co ru tc, p o c sa, xut gia t b gia nh sngkhng gia nh v s thnh mt v Pht c gic ( Pratyeka-Buddha ).[35]

Cc truyn thuyt v li tin tri ch ni Asoka s lm vua v l v vua xngng nhng khng ni Asoka s ln ngi vua bng cch no. V.A.smith dnc liu t cc bia k Asoka v cho rng Asoka ln ngi mt cch m thm,

ph hp vi nguyn vng ca t tin.[36] Tuy nhin, theo K. Hazra, vicng quang ca Asoka din ra khng my m i bi n c tin hnh

bn nm sau khi Bindusra qua i, ngha l mt khong thi gian kh di lm m phai nhng tranh lun lin quan n quyn nm ngai vngPtaliputra.[37] Theo Divyva-dna th trc khi lm chung, Bindusra boanh trai Asoka l Sumana nhn trch nhim trng coi vng quc v v vy sai cc triu thn khng nghe v gic Asoka chim ot ngai vng. Asokachp nhn li ngh ny .[38] Cng theo Divyvadna, khi c tin mtcuc ni lon khc xy ra Taxil, Bindusra mun c Asoka n Taxildp lon bi ng tng dp lon thnh cng y mt ln, nhng cc triuthn vn khng a Sumana, anh trai Asoka, v mun y ng ny ri xakinh nn dn xp vic c Sumana i Taxil thay v Asoka.[39] Tiliu ny ghi nhn rng trong khi hong t Sumana tht bi trong vic dplon Taxil, ngai vng Pataliputra b b trng, Asoka lin chim ot ngaivng vi s gip sc ca cc triu thn v sau tm cch chng li anh traimnh, ngi b st hi trong lc c ph trut k cp ngi.[40]

Nh vy, theo c hai ngun ti liu Nam truyn v Bc truyn th Asoka lngi chim ot ngai vng vng quc Magadha. C iu ti liu Tch Lannu con s ngi b st hi lin quan n vic chim ngi ca Asoka ln n99, trong khi ti liu Bc truyn ch ni mt mnh Sumana b git. Cng c

nhng tc gi khc khng gn cho Asoka bt k hnh vi git hi no i vianh em ng nhng cp ng p dng nhng chnh sch tn bo. Tc

phm Aokvadna, chng hn, m t Asoka l k git hi cc thuc h camnh, thiu sng nhiu ph n trong hong cung, thit lp mt ngc t hnh hnh nhng ngi v ti.[41]Cng theo Aokvadna, Asokatreo gicho nhng chic u ca cc tu s B-la-mn c tnh s nhc cc tng Pht,s vic ch chm dt khi Vitsoka, em trai ng ,can thip. [42] Nhng vic


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nh th ny chc chn ch c th xy ra trc khi Asoka chnh thc tr thnhmt Pht t. Cng v sau, nh cc bia k ca ng ni r, Asoka cng tr l ng vua hin thin v m o. Truyn thuyt Tch Lan k rng Asokaqu chm cht cy B n ni b v Tishyarkshita tr p ca ng trnn ghen ty mun trit h cy ny. Huyn Trang ( Yuan Chwang ) , nhchim bi v hc gi Trung Hoa du hc n khong th k th by, ghinhn cu chuyn v ni thm rng bo v , Asoka cho xy mt bctng bao bc cy B .[43] Theo Php Hin ( Fa-hsien ) , mt tu sPht gio Trung Hoa n n khong u th k th nm, th b hongny mun trit h cy B v thng xuyn thy Asoka l bi di gccy.[44]

Ngy nay a s cc hc gi u cho rng Asoka tr nn thnh thin nhnhng nh hng Pht gio. Ta s tm hiu k vn ny cc chng tip

theo.

D sao, nhng vic m Asoka lm trc khi tr thnh mt Pht t chnchnh cng kh trnh c ci tn Candsoka m ngi ta gn cho ng.Ch mt vic ng nh chim x Kalinga trong hng trm ngn ngi bgit cht v hng trm ngi khc b bt t y v lm n l cng chongi i ban tng ng danh hiu Candsoka. Khng him cc v vuatrong lch s mang tn nh ng Candsoka. Nhng him c v vua no li cth thay i tm tnh mt cch trit nh Asoka t mt ngi c bitdanh Candsoka ngi ta li tn xng ng l Dhammsoka.

Cc nin i v cuc i Asoka v nhng nhn vt cng nhng s kin linquan n Asoka c rt ra t ngun ti liu bia k ca ng i chiu vicc ti liu Nam v Bc truyn c lu gi trong cc tc phm Mahvamsav Divy-vadna, nh sau :

. 304 trc Cng nguyn Asoka ra i.

. 286 trc Cng nguyn- Asoka c b lm Ph vng Ujjain; cng nm

y ng ci b Dev, con gi mt thng gia dng h Skya.

. 284 trc Cng nguyn- Mahendra, con trai ln ca Asoka, ra i.

. 282 trc Cng nguyn- Sanghamitr, con gi ln ca Asoka, ra i.


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. 274 trc Cng nguyn- Cuc chin tranh ginh vng v xy ra; hongthi t Sumana b git hi; Asoka chim ngai vng; Nigrodha, con trai hongthi t Sumanra, ra i.

. 270 trc Cng nguyn- Asoka chnh thc ng quang.

. 270-266 trc Cng nguyn- Tissa, em trai Asoka c b lm Ph vng( Uparja ).

. 268 trc Cng nguyn- Sanghamitr, con gi Asoka ci chu trai cang l Agnibrahm.

. 267 trc Cng nguyn- Sumana, con trai Sanghamitr v l chu ngoiAsoka, ra i.

. 266 trc Cng nguyn- Asoka ci gio, chuyn sang tn ngng Pht giodo cng Nigrodha; Asoka chuyn ha em trai mnh l Tissa thnh Pht t;Tissa xut gia th i gii di s dn dt ca Mahdhammarakkhita;Aghibrahm, con r v l chu trai Asoka, xut gia th i gii.

. 264 trc Cng nguyn- Mahendra, con trai Asoka, xut gia th i gii;Sanghamitr, con gi Asoka, xut gia th i gii.

. 263 trc Cng nguyn- Kunla, con trai Asoka v Padmvat, ra i.

. 262 trc Cng nguyn- Chinh phc Kalinga.

. 262-254 trc Cng nguyn- S kin thanh lc Tng gi do Asoka vMoggaliputt Tissa tin hnh.

. 253 trc Cng nguyn- Hi ngh kit tp kinh tng ln th ba c tchc Ptaliputra di s ch tr ca Moggaliputta Tissa v do Asoka chnhthc bo tr; cc on truyn gio c gi i nhiu quc gia khc nhau

nhm ph bin gio l ca c Pht.

. 252 trc Cng nguyn- Mahendra a Pht gio vo Tch Lan.

. 240 trc Cng nguyn- Hong hu Asandhimitr qua i.

. 236 trc Cng nguyn- Tisyaraksit c ct ln lm chnh hu.


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. 235 trc Cng nguyn- Kunla c b lm Ph vng Taxil.

. 233 trc Cng nguyn- Tisyaraksit ganh t mun trit h cy B vthng xuyn thy Asoka l bi di gc cy.

. 232 trc Cng nguyn- Asoka qua i sau khi tr v c 38 nm.

[1] R.Mookerji,Asoka,tr.1-2

[2] Pht hin n , tp I,tr.217.

[3] AIU,tr,54.

[4] PSP,VIII,229f.

[5] MR,Act IV;VNP,IV,24.

[6] HFRAI,tr.45.

[7] MV,tr,27-30.

[8] DVY,tr.370.

[9] Nh trn, tr,409.

[10] GBE, tr.29.

[11] PHAI,tr.268-69.

[12] CMT,tr.65.

[13] JBORS, II, 1916,tr.81.

[14] RPBAI,tr.58.

[15] LLEA,tr.320

[16] MVT,IV,125.


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[17] MV,tr,28.

[18] DVY,tr.233.

[19] Nh trn,tr,234.

[20] Theragtha Commentary, Colombo, 1918,tr,295.

[21] Tr Allahabad.

[22] R.Mookerji, Asoka,tr.8.

[23] EB,II,Fascile 2,tr.185.

[24] R.Mookerij, Asoka,tr, 4; B.M Barua, Asoka and his Inscriptions,tr.36.

[25] MBV,tr.99.

[26] EHI,tr.163.

[27] D.R.Bhandarkar, Asoka,tr.8.


[29] RPBAI.tr.68.


[31] RBK,tr.90.

[32] ARBRIMA,tr,14.

[33] DVY,tr.234-35.

[34] DVY,tr.368.

[35] EB,II,Fascile,2,tr.190.

[36] EHI,tr.163-64.


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[37] RPBAI,tr.63.

[38] DVY,tr.372-73.

[39] DVY,tr.371.


[41] R.Mookerji,Asoka,tr,4.

[42] V.A.Smith,Asoka,tr.229-30.

[43] R.Mookerji,Asoka,tr.5-6.

[44] Nh trn,tr.6.

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Chng II

VNG QUC MAURYA DI THI Asoka

Asoka ln ngi tha hng mt vng quc to ln do ng ni ng,Chandragupta, sng lp v do cha ng, Bindusra, tip tc cng c v mrng. Trong khong thi gian tm nm u mi ln ngi, ging nhChandragupta v Bindusra, Asoka p dng chnh sch xm lng nhmm rng quc Maurya. Trn nh chim x Kalinga thuc vng Orissa

ngy nay l mt bng chng v chnh sch xm lng ca Asoka. Nhngchin thng Kalinga cng nh du mt bc ngot quan trng tronglch striu i Asoka: chm dt chnh sch xm lc, m ra mt k nguyn miv ha bnh tin b x hi, pht trin tn gio, n nh chnh tr, quan hngoi giao v nhiu lnh vc khc ca vng triu Maurya. K t sau trnKalinga, ngha l t 262 trc Cng nguyn tr i, Asoka t b mi xm lng v p dng mt chnh sch ha bnh trit . Trong cc bia k ca


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mnh, Asoka t ra hi tic v vic xm lng Kalinga v xc nhn : Tingtrng thc qun ( bheri-ghosa ) ngy no nay c thay th bi ting giChnh php ( Dharma-ghosa ).[45] Vic Asoka p dng chnh sch nh thno mang li thi bnh cho x s ng v gi vng quan h ha hiu vicc ln bang l vn s c bn n cc chng tip theo. Trong phmvi chng ny; chng ta s tp trung xem xt hai vn chnh, phm vi lnhth v c cu t chc- qun l nh nc di triu Asoka.

I.Phm vi lnh th:

V phm vi lnh th do Asoka cai qun, ngun ti liu bia k v tr cang cung cp cho chng ta kh nhiu thng tin. Cc bia k v tr ca ngc tm thy ti nhiu ni khc nhau thuc n ngy nay v ti cc qucgia ln cn ni r phm vi rng ln ca vng quc Maurya di thi

Asoka. Trc ht, chuyn t ng sang ty, chng ta c hai vn bn, bn bcv bn nam, v 14 bia k Asoka c tm thy ti vng ng nam, gn vnhBengal. Trong s ny, bn bc c khc gn ngi lng Dhauli, thuc qunPur, vng Orissa. Bn nam c ghi ti th trn Jaugad, thuc qunGanjm, bang Madra. Tt c cc bia k ny c dng ti vng Kalinga vami chim c, thuc ng nam n . Chuyn v pha bc, chng ta c vn

bn th ba v cc bia k ca Asoka c khc trn mt tng gn ngilng Kls , thuc qun Dehr Dun. Hng v pha ty, ta c hai vn bn,mt c khc ti Manser, qun Hazr v mt ti Shhbzgarh, thuc th

ph Peshwar, Pakistan. Chuyn sang b bin pha ty, chng ta ch timt vn bia c pht hin gn Jungarh thuc Kthiwr v mt vn biakhc ti Sopr thuc qun Thn, cch Bombay 37 dm v hng bc. Gny ngi ta li pht hin mt lot 14 bia k ti cc bin gii pha nam lnhth Asoka, tc YerragudI, thuc qun Kurnool, bang Madras. Vo nm1903, Levis Rice tm thy ba vn bia nm gn nhau ti qun Chitaldrugthuc Bc Mysore. Tt c nhng bia k ny v nhng a im chng c

pht hin gip chng ta hiu r phm vi rng ln ca vng quc Aka.

Ni dung cc bia k Asoka cung cp thm cho chng ta nhng a danh hay

vng lnh th thuc vng quc Maurya. Trong cc bia k II v XIII, Asokathng bo cho chng ta v cc v vua tr v bn ngoi n nh Yavana,Amtiyoka, Turumya, Amtekina, Maga v Alikasumdara. V pha nam quc Asoka, nm trong v ngoi n , c cc x s nh Chol a, Pndya,Keralaputra, Stiyaphutra v Tambapamn. Cc bia k V v XIII ni n cca danh xa xi nh Yona, Kamboja, Gamdhra, Rstika-Petenika, Bhoja-Petenika, Nbhaka- Nbhapamti, Amdhra, v Primda. Theo cng trnh


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nghin cu v kho st ca D.R.Bhanarkar, tr cc x s nh Chola,Pndya, Stiyaputra v Keralaputra, tt c cc x s cn li u thuc quyncai qun ca Asoka. [46]

Mt ngun thng tin khc c th gip thm c s cho vic xc nh bin giivng quc Maurya di thi Asoka l cc tr v bo thp ( Stpa ) cang c tm thy ti nhiu ni khc nhau ca n v cc ln bang. Cctr Asoka dc pht hin Punjab, Kaumbi, Sachi, Srnth, tiRumminde v Nigliva thuc Tari, Nepal. Huyn trang ( Yuan Chwang )ni n cc bo thp Asoka c xy dng Kapis ( Kafiristan), Nagar( Jalalabad) v Udyna thuc vng bin gii ty bc, tc ngAfghanistan. [47]

Ngoi ra, cc ti liu Hy Lp ni v cc thuc a ca triu i

Chandragupta cng gip chng ta hnh dung phm vi rng ln ca vngquc Maurya di thi Asoka. Theo cc ti liu ny th khng bao lu saukhi Alexander qua i, nhng cuc xm lng n ca ng pha ngIndus, vt Punjab tri rng cho n sng Hyphasis hay Bias u nhanhchng ri vo tay Chandragupta. Bn chc ph vng cc lnh a Aria,Arachosia, Gedrosia v Paropanisadai cng c Seleukos Nikator nhngli cho Chandragupta vo nm 305 trc Ty lch. Nh vy bin giiMaurya di thi Chandragupta c m rng cho ti dy Hindu Kushv cc quc gia rng ln ngy nay nh Afghanistan, Baluchistan v Makra,cng vi vng bin gii ty bc u c sp nhp vo quc Maurya. n lc by gi bao gm cc thnh tr ni ting nh Kabul, Zabul, Kandaharv Heart. B.M. Barua ng nht cc x s Kashmir, Nepal, Butan v Sikkimngy nay vi cc s Yona, Kmboja, Gndhra v Nbhaka c ni ntrong bia k Asoka .[48] Theo V.A Smith th Bindusra tip tc gi vnglnh th Maurya rng ln do Chandragupta li. [49] n thi Asoka,vng quc Maurya li tip tc c m rng ra pha ng nam, sau chinthng Kalinga.

Cn c cc ti liu nu trn th Maurya di thi Asoka l mt vng quc

rng ln, bao gm cc quc gia ngy nay nh Pakistan, Afghanistan, Butan,Sikkim, Nepal v ton b n hin ti. B.M.Barua m t quc Asokatheo cc hng a l nh sau : pha bc c gii hn bi dy Himalaya;

pha nam tip gip vi lnh th c lp Chola, Pndya, Stiyaputra,Keralaputra v Tmraparnya; pha ng tri rng cho n tn vnh Bengal;

pha ty tip gip vi lnh th Ty Antiyoka.[50]


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Theo Will Durant, x l mt tam gic mnh mng , y pha Bc , tcdy Himalaya quanh nm tuyt ph, nh pha Nam, tc u o Tch Lan,quanh nm nng nh thiu. Pha Ty l Ba T m dn chng, ngn ng,thn thnh u rt gn gi vi n thi Veda, c h hai x l b con ch

bc vi nhau. Nu chng ta theo bin gii pha Bc Ba T m tin vphng ng th s gp Afghanistan, ni m ngh thut iu khc Hy Lpv n dung ha vi nhau trong mt thi gian ri tch bit nhau ra khngcn bao gi gp li nhau na; tin ln pha Bc cht na, y l Kaboul nixut pht nhng cuc xm lng m mu Hi v Mng C, v hai dn tc lm ch n trong ngn nm. pha trong bin gii, y l Peshawer chcch Kaboul mt ngy nga. Bn nhn thy t Nga x Kashmir tht stn , thng vi n bng nhng o Hindoukouch. pha cc Bc n l tnh Cachenire. pha Nam Cahenire l min Pendjap vi chu thnhLahore v kinh ma h ca n , tc Simla. Tin v pha ng th ti

x Min in vi nhng ngi cha git vng Rangoon v con ngMandalay chi chang nh nng. Pha Ty l tnh Bombay vi nhng chuthnh dn c ng nh kin. pha ng v pha Nam l tiu qucHyderabad v Mysore m cc vua cha u c c duy tn tin b. Dc theo

b vnh Bengale l tnh Madras. Sau cng l chic cu Adam- mt hngmm l mt na ln khi mt nc- a ta ti o Tch Lan. [51]

Bn n m s gia Will Durant va m t ch c thc hin khnglu trc hoc sau ngy n c lp nhng cng gip chng ta hnh dungs sng ln ca lc a ny di thi Asoka nh th no bi nhng a danhc cp xa kia tng l t ca n . R rng vi mt lnh th rngln nh vy vic iu hnh v cai qun chc chn s gp phi khng t khkhn. Tip theo chng ta s xem Asoka thit lp h thng t chc v quntr nh th no iu hnh v qun l quc gia to ln ca mnh.

II.T chc nh nc v h thng qun l :

V phng din t chc v qun l, b lun Arthastra tng truyn doKautilya, mt i thn thuc vng triu Chandragupta, bin son v ti liu

do Mgasthnes, s thn ca nah2 vua Syrie Seleukos Nikator, li cungcp cho chng ta t nhiu hiu bit v h thng iu hnh nh nc v thutqun l ca triu i Maurya u tin. Tuy nhin hiu r c cu t chcv qun l nh nc di thi Asoka, cc bia k ca ng l ngun thng tinchnh xc v ng tin cy. Vng quc Maurya l mt nh nc theo ch qun ch trung ng tp quyn, ng u l quc vng, k n l hi ngtriu thn gm cc quan li ph gip quc vng trng coi vic triu chnh .


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[52] Cc bia k cng ni n cc phn ban hay b thuc gung my nhnc trung ng nh phn ban trng coi v php lut, phn ban trng coi vo c x hi, phn ban trng coi v bin cng hay quc phng, phn bantrng coi cc th, phn ban trng coi cc vn v ph n, phn bantrng coi vic chn nui. Xt ti liu bia k cp vic Asoka cho thit lph thng chm sc y t khp ni trong nc v nc ngoi, B.M.Baruacho rng hn phi c mt phn ban hay b nhm trng coi cng tc ny. [53]Ta cng c th k thm mt phn ban chm lo cc vn an sinh phc li xhi, bi cc hot ng ny rt c ch trng v m rng di thi Asoka,nh ti liu bia k ca ng ni r. Bia k Asoka cng nhc n cc quanchc gi l dta ( s gi hay i s ) m nhim cng tc i ngoi. ngu cc phn ban hay b c cc quan chc gi l Mahmtra.

Vng quc Maurya m Ptaliputra ( Patna ngy nay) l kinh c chia

lm nhiu a ht khc nhau; mi i ht li c chia thnh nhiu trn hayqun huyn v do mt v ph vng ( uparja ) hay ngi i din trng coi.Chc v ph vng hay i din do nh vua ct c. Di thi Bindusra,Asoka tng gi chc ph vng vng Ujjain hay Avant. Lng x la n vhnh chnh nh nht ca t chc nh nc di thi Asoka. Ta c cthng tin ny nh tr Rumminde, ghi s kin 20 nm sau khi ln ngi,Asoka ng gi chim bi thnh tch Lumbin v ban lnh gim t thu chodn lng Lumbin bi c Th Tn ra i ti y .

V Ptaliputra, c khi dng t thi Udaya, chu ni vua Ajtasatru, [54]s thn Syrie l Mgas-thnes, n n di thi Chandragupta, m tnh sau: Kinh di khong mi lm cy s, rng ba cy s, c hnh dngmt hnh bnh hnh, c tng thnh bng g bao bc chung quanh v cc lchu mai bn cung tn t bn trong ra. Thnh gm 570 vng thp v 64cng ln, mt trc c ho su phng th v cng dng lm cng thot nccho c thnh ph. Cung in nh vua tuy ct bng g nhng p hn cccung in Suse v Ecbatane, ch km cc cung in Perepalis. Cc ct trtrong cung in u bc vng, v nhng hnh chim v l cy, trong cung by c vng son rc r, bn ngoi cung c nhiu h dng nui c king.

[55]

V c cu t chc, b lun Arthastra cho bit Ptaliputra gm mt hing ba mi nhn vin chia lm su y ban. Mt y ban iu khin kngh; mt y ban lo v ngoi kiu, kim ch cho h, hng dn h mcng d xt s di chuyn ca h; mt y ban gi s sinh s t; mt y banco giy php cho thng nhn, quy nh vic bn cc sn phm t nhin,


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kim sot cc o lng; mt y ban na kim sot vic bn cc haphm; v mt y ban khc lo vic nh thu 10% vo mi vic giao dch.Will Durant dn li Havell tha nhn; Tm li, th k th IV trc Cngnguyn, Ptaliputra c v l mt th t chc v cai tr rt hon ho theonhng quy tc tt nht ca mn x hi hc. S gia ny cng trch liV.A.Smith khen ngi c cu hnh chnh ca Ptali-putra : S tuyt hoca cc bin php ng lm cho ta ngc nhin d ta ch mi xt cc icng m thi, nu i su vo chi tit ta cng thn phc rng hn ba trmnm trc Cng nguyn, lm sao n sng lp v thc hnh c mtnn hnh chnh nh vy. [56]

Sang thi Asoka, Ptaliputra dng nh c m rng ra v cc cng trnhkin trc g c thay th bng cc kin trc sa thch. Php Hin( Fashien ), mt tng s Pht gio Trung Hoa n n u th k th

nm , m t cung in ca Asoka nh sau; Cung in v cc snh ngnm trung tm thnh ph n nay ( ngha l khong 650 nm sau ) vn cnnh xa, c xy dng theo li xp chng cc khi vi cc tng thnhv cc cng bao quanh v c trang tr vi ngh thut khc chm duyndng cng cc cng trnh iu khc lp ghp tinh xo. [57] Tng thut nyca Php Hin t cho thy Asoka dng xy ct cung in thay chovt liu bng g ca thi Chandragupta. Cng cuc khai qut c thnhPtaliputra c tin hnh bi P.C. Mukharji v sau bi tin sD.B.Spooner pht hin mt s du vt cn li ca cung in Asoka,nhngmnh v ca cc ct tr bng bng nhn m ngi ta cho l thuc kintrc cung in ca ng. Hn th, ngi ta cn pht hin mt sn g nm sukhong nm mt di lng t bn trn ph mt lp t dy ba mt tip theol mt lp tro trong cc mnh v ca nhng chic ct c tm thy. Ccchng c kho c ny c th gii thch s kin Asoka dng thay thcc kin trc bng g nh Php Hin m t.

Chng ta khng c bit ch xc c bao nhiu i ht trong quc rngln ca Asoka. Ngoi Ptaliputra, cc bia k ca ng ch thng bo chochng ta v bn lnh th quan trng do cc thnh vin hong gia cai qun.

l Ganghra pha ty bc vi trung tm Taxil, Kalinga, pha ng namvi th ph l Tosal, Ujjain pha ty v Suvarnagiri pha nam. [58]Mahvamsa thng bo Asoka tng c Tisya, em trai ng,lm ph vng (uparja ) nhng khng cho bit thuc a ht no. Php Hin ( F-hsien ) nin vic hong t Dharmavivardana gi chc v ph vng vng Gandhra.[59] Theo Divyvadna, Dharmavivardana l tn gi khc ca hong tKunla c Asoka c lm ph vng Taxil, th ph Gandhra.[60]Bia


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k Rudradman cp mt v ph vng ngi a phng c tn lPusyagupta trn nhm lnh a pha ty vi trung tm l Girnar, di thiChandragupta, trong khi di triu i Asoka, Raja Tuspha c ctrng coi lnh a ny. [61]T nhng thng tin do cc bia k cung cp,chng ta c th ni rng di thi Asoka c hai loi ph vng c cnhm cai qun cc a ht ca vng quc Maurya.Th nht l hng phvng thuc hong gia gi l Kumra hay ryaputra va th hai l hng phvng khng thuc hong gia, nh trng hp Raja Tuspha c c trnnhm lnh a pha ty vi Girnar l th ph.

Li na, ti mi lnh a c h thng cc quan li ph gip vic qun tr chov ph vng. Tc phm Divyvadna ni n trng hp dn chng xTaxil di thi Bindusra ni ln chng i cc quan li n p nhngkhng chng li v hong t ph vng hay mnh lnh triu nh.[62] Trong

truyn thuyt ni v hong t Kunla trn nhm lnh th Gandhra, ngi tak rng ng hong ny tng b mt phen khn n bi k khc mo danhng gi mt lnh gi cho cc quan li di quyn ng .[63] Bia k KalingaII ni r s kin cc ph vng c quyn c cc thuc h ca mnh vochc v Mahmtra nhm kim tra v gim sat nh k vic thc thi phplut. Theo bia k Kalinga I, vn bn Dhauli, v Tiu bia k I, vn bnBrahmagiri, th cc ph vng v cc v Mahmtra cng lm vic vi nhau.Vo thi gian u, v Hong t ph vng (ryaputra ) c trch nhim githnh ch ca nh vua n cc quan li a phng, nhng v sau trchnhim ny cng c giao cho cc v Mahmtra. Bia k Kalinga II, vn bnJaugada, ni n mt hng Mahmtra khc c bit bi tn gi lLjavachanika, ngi trc tip nhn ch th ca nh vua m khng thng quav hong t ph vng. Nh vy Mahmtra y c th c xem l chcv tng c bi cc Mahmtra ny c giao trch nhim cai qun c lpcc tng trn.

Prdeika. Rjka v Yukta l tn gi ca cc loi quan chc khc c nin trong bia k Asoka.B.M.Barua xem Rjka l ngi i din chnhquyn trung ng c trch nhim i vi nh vua trong vic chuyn cc mt

lnh v cc ch d ca nh vua n cc quan tng c ( Mahmtra ) ccth trn hay qun huyn thuc phm vi qun l ca mnh. Nh vy Rjkang vai tr nh mt s gi mang cc mt lnh v ch d ca nh vua chocc quan li a phng. Rjka nhn cc ch d t b phn th k ring canh vua v chuyn giao cho cc quan li a phng c trch nhim thihnh.[64] Tuy nhin theo D.R.Bhandarkar v R.Mookerji th Rjka l mtquan chc c trch nhim v mt php lut, c quyn thng pht i vi


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ngi c cng hay k phm ti.[65] Cng c kin cho rng cng vic caRjka l thng k t d0ai, thu thu m, trng coi cc cng vic v nngnghip, nh c m t trong Kurudhamma-Jtaka. Mgasthnes thng bocho chng ta rng Rjka c trch nhim trng coi cc vic cng ch nh

bo v sng rnh, o ging, p , lm ng Rjka cng c quynban thng cho ngi c cng v trng pht k phm ti.[66] T cc thngtin trn ta c th hiu rng Rjka l mt chc v kh cao trong c cu tchc nh nc ca vng triu Asoka, mi Rjka ng u mt ban ngnhchuyn trch khc nhau trong h thng qun l nh nc.

V chc v Prdeika, Thomas ng ha Prdeika vi Pradeshtri c nin trong b lun Arthastra, ngha l mt quan chc c trch nhim thchin vic thu thu v ngn bt k trn thu.[67]B lun Arthastra caKautilya cng cho chng ta bit v chc nng ca v quan chc gi l Yukta.

Theo Kautilya, Yukata l chc danh dnh cho cc quan li ngn kh aphng c trch nhim qun l ti sn ca nh vua, tin hnh vic thu thuv kt ton cc khon thu nhp. [68] Nh vy c hai loi quan chcPrdeika v yukta xem ra c chung mt trch nhim l thc hin vic thuthu cho ngn kh quc gia. Tuy nhin, theo bia k III th nm nm mt ln,cng vi cc Rjka, cc Prdeika v Ykta c trch nhim tun du a bnqun l ca mnh nhm gim st v n c mi ngi thc thi php lut.Theo kin ca Kern th Prdeika l chc quan ngang hng vi tng c ,[69] trong khi theo ti liu ca Kautlya c ni trn th Yukta ch l mtquan li a phng. Nh vy ta c th hiu rng Yukta l mt chc quan cl thuc cp qun huyn v Prdeika cng l mt chc quan nhng cpcao hn.

Ngoi ra, bia k Asoka cn ni n mt s quan chc ng u cc b nhDharma-Mahmtra, quan trng coi v o c x hi; Ithijhakha-Mahmtra hay Stryadhyaksha-Mahmtra, trng coi cc vn v ph n;Anta-Mahmtra, trng coi cc bin gii; Mahmtra-Ngaraka, trng coi v th; Vachabhmika, lo v chn nui. [70] . Sau cng ta phi k n mtlot cc quan chc trng coi cc cng trnh v phc li x hi, nhng vic

m Asoka rt quan tm v c lm rt tt di triu i ca ng. Ri rctrong cc bia k ca ng ngi ta c thy chc danh cc vin chc trngcoi cc cng trnh cng ch v an sinh x hi nh Vraija-bhmika, [71] trngcoi cc cng vin cng cng, cc vn xoi, cc ging nc, cc nh nghdc theo cc ng l dnh cho khch hnh hng. Li c mt b phncng nhn vin chc khc chm nom cc vn cy thuc v cc vin chc ys chm lo vic cha tr cho ngi v th vt.


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ca dn lm nim vui ca mnh v khng c i ngc ch ca ton dn.Asoka k tha truyn thng ny v chng t l mt hong xng ng vinim tin ca nhn dn.

Trc ht, Asoka l v hong rt mc thng dn. Tt c thn dn lcon ci ta; bi ta c lng mong mun cho cc con ta c hnh phc v anlc i ny v i sau, ta cng mong mun cho tt c thn dn ca ta cnh vy.[76] T quan im ly dn lm gc, v hnh phc nhn dn m

phc v, Asoka t b nhng cuc do chi sn bn v nhiu th vui khcca hong gia ( vihr-ytra ) tp trung vo cng vic chm lo i sng vgio dc nhn dn ( Dharma-ytra ). Theo ng,[77]n lc qun l v iuhnh quc gia khng ch l ngha v m cn l mn n m mt v vua philm i vi nhn dn. R.Mookerji cho rng him c v vua no li nhnmnh cc ngha v v bn phn ca mnh i vi dn nh Asoka.[78] Bia k

VI ni r Asoka ch tm gii quyt cng vic mi lc v mi ni; nglnh cho cc quan chc phi bo co ngay cho ng nhng vn lin quann i sng nhn dn,ngay c khi ng ang n, ang hu cung, ang ng,ang ti cc tri chn nui, ang ch thuyt gio hay khi ng ang vuichi. Asoka cn ni thm trong bia k rng ng khng bao gi bng lng vcc n lc gii quyt cng vic ca mnh, bi ng cho rng lm vic l

phc v hnh phc ca dn trong n lc gii quyt cc cng vic l cnbn. Asoka cng thc rt r rng vic qun l v iu hnh mt quc giarng ln nh Maurya khng th ch hon ton da vo nhng bo co mcn phi thng xuyn theo di v gim st thc t. l l do v sao ngthng xuyn du hnh vi mc ch xem xt tnh hnh t nc v hin tnhi sng nhn dn.[79]R rng nh ch phc v khng mt mi v ti nnglnh o a dng ca Asoka m gung my nh nc Maurya di s iukhin ca ng c vn hnh tt v c hiu qu.

Mt yu t quan trng khc gp phn lm cho gung my nh nc caAsoka vn hnh c hiu qu l i ng cc nh qun l cc cp do ng thitlp v c t ra xut sc trong cc nhim v c giao. Mc d rt nngng trong cung cch iu hnh v gii quyt cc cng vic, Asoka khng

th mt mnh qun l ht mi vic ca mt quc gia rng ln nh Maurya.K. Hazra cho rng nh ti lnh o sng sut v qun l gii v vi s trgip ca i ng quan chc chnh ph cc cp. Asoka qun l ht scthnh cng ton b quc to ln ca mnh v thu phc lng ngi mtcch d dng.[80]


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H thng t chc v qun l nh nc ca ng kh quy m v vn hnh chiu qu. Asoka t ra rt sc so trong khoa hc qun tr khi thit lp hthng qun l nh nc vi nhiu ban ngnh chuyn trch v c nhiuchc v qun tr tng ng. Danh sch cc quan chc ng u cc b hay

ban ngnh chuyn trch thuc nh nc trung ng, h thng cc quan lia phng vi cc nhim v v chc nng c quy nh r t cho thyAsoka thc rt r vic qun l nh nc rng ln bng phng tin thngtin, bng chng l ng cho dng cc bia k v tr khp ni nhm ph

bin chnh sch nh nc v hng dn np sng nhn dn. ng tng phnnn vic mt s cc ch d ca ng b thng tin thiu chnh xc.[81]Trongcc ch d ca mnh, Asoka thng xuyn nhc nh quan chc cc cp sngng php lut v lm vic theo php lut nu gng cho mi ngi.[82]Bia k Kalinga ghi r nhng li rn ca ng dnh cho cc quan li a

phng, nhc nh h v bn phn v ngha v ca k lm quan. Theo

Asoka,[83]mc ch ca k lm quan l chm lo hnh phc cho dn, v vyk lm quan phi tuyt i cn mn v phi hiu r nim vui v ni kh cadn. Trong cch ni ca mnh, Asoka v dn nh tr th, quan li nh ngiv. Dn cn phi c chm sc bi quan li cn mn, ging nh a trcn phi c chm sc bi ngi v n cn.

C th cn nhiu yu t khc na khin b my nh nc ca Asoka ccng c vng chc v vn hnh c hiu qu. Chng hn, chnh sch c trv chm lo hnh phc cho dn, phn nh ca qun chng nhn dn i vichnh sch nh nc v thi ca cc quan chc chnh ph m h c quynni ln vo dp cc phi on thanh tra nh nc n lm vic ti cc i

phng. Bia k VIII ghi nhn s kin rng mi nm sau khi ln ngi,Asoka chim bi thnh tch Bodhgaya, ch c Pht gic ng, v t tr ing thng thc hin nhng chuyn du hnh gi l Dharma-ytr nhm ph

bin chnh sch c tr bng cch thm ving cc t chc tn gio, tip xcvi qun chng nhm khuyn khch np sng o c v tho lun vi nhndn v ng li c tr, K . Hazra cho rng Asoka thit lp mt nhnc l tng da trn tnh thng v s cm thng.[84] Qu thc, vi mtng vua ht lng thng dn nh th v vi mt i ng cc quan chc

chnh ph c gio dc thng yu v chm lo hnh phc cho dn nh thth khng c g qu ng khi ni rng nh nc ca Asoka l mt nh ncl tng ca mi thi i.

[45] Bia k IV.

[46] D.R.Bhandarkar,Asoka,tr.42.


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[47] OYC,II, tr.184.

[48] B.M.Barua,Asoka and his Inscription,tr.104.

[49] V.A.Smith,Asoka,tr.76.

[50] B.M.Barua, Asoka and hia Inscriptions,tr.69.

[51] Nguyn Hin L, lch s vn minh n ,tr.30.

[52] B.M.Barua, Asoka and his Inscription,tr.146.

[53] B.M.Barua, Asoka and his Inscription, tr.186.

[54] Theo ti liu Vya Putrna.

[55] R.Mookerji, Asoka, tr.94-95.

[56] Nguyn Hin L, Lch s Vn minh n , tr.98.

[57] RBK,tr.77.

[58] Kalinga Edict I; Kalinga II, vn bn Dhauli; Minor Rock Edict I, vnbn Brahmagiri.

[59] R.Mookerji, Asoka,tr.8,51.

[60] R.Mookerji,Asoka,tr.51.


[62] R.Mookerji, Asoka,tr.52;B.M.Barua, Asoka and his Inscription,tr.34.


[64] B.M.Barua, Asoka and his Incription,tr.151.

[65] D.R.Bhandarkar, Asoka,tr.53;R.Mookerji,Asoka,tr.53.


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[66] D.R.Bhandarkar,Asoka,tr.53.

[67] D.R.Brandarkar,Asoka,tr.52.

[68] D.R.Bhandarkar, Asoka,tr.51.

[69] D.R.Brandarkar,Asoka,tr.52.

[70] D.R.Brandarkar, Asoka,tr.54-56;R.Mookerji, Asoka,tr.56.

[71] Bia k XII.R.Mookerji, sau khi so snh vi ti liu Arthastra caKautilya, cho rng vraja-bhmika l mt quan chc trch nhim xy dngcc ging nc, h nc, cc vn hoa, vn cy n tri, cc nh ngh dnhcho khch b hnh , bo v an ton cho nhn dn v sc vt trn cc tuyn

ng. (Xem R.Mookerji, Asoka,tr.160-61, phn ch thch cui trang.)

[72] Heras cho rng Asoka l mt trit gia hn l mt quc vng, mt bcthy v o c hn l mt nh qun tr. ( Xem QJMS, XVII,tr.276).C.J.Shah nu quan im tng t: V phng din chnh tr, Asokal mt tn phi Quaker v l ngi xng ng vi v tr mt o s hn lmt hong . ( Xem C.J.Shah,Jainism in North India,tr.133 )

[73] RPBAI,tr.64-65.

[74] B.M.Barua,Asoka and his Inscriptions,tr.221-22.

[75] Pht hin n , tp I,tr.201.

[76] Bia k Kalinga II.

[77] Bia k VI.



[80] RPBAI,tr.64.

[81] Bia k Kalsi.


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[82] Tr I.

[83] Tr IV.

[84] RPBAI,tr.64.

---o0o---Chng III

CHNH SCH CA Asoka

J. Jolly v R.Schmidt nu nhn xt rng ngi ta c th nh gi ti nng

lnh o v qun l quc gia ca mt ng vua qua hai c im ni tri, khnng iu hnh nh nc v ti ng dng ng lc v c hiu qu ccnguyn tc nhm bo m cho t thn, quc gia, dn chng v nhiu yu tkhc ca quc gia c an ton v hn th c li ch v hnh phc. [85]

Nhn xt ny xem ra hon ton tha ng i vi trng hp Asoka, mthong khng nhng gii v mt lnh o v iu hnh quc gia m cnrt xut sc trong vic ng dng ng lc cc nguyn tc tr quc khin chonc nh ngy cng hng thnh v dn chng c an c lc nghip . Vkh nng th nht ca Asoka, ngha l ti lnh o v iu hnh quc giaca ng, chng ta c dp ni n chng trc y. Trong chng nychng ta s tp trung xem xt kh nng th hai ca Asoka, tc l kh nngng dng ng lc v c hiu qu cc nguyn tc iu hnh quc gia haycn gi l chnh sch tr quc ca ng.

V chnh sch tr quc ca Asoka,cc bia k v tr ca ng cung cp chochng ta mt s lng thng tin rt ln. Chnh cc bia k v tr ca ngl cc vn kin lch s ht sc quan trng v tuyt i cn thit cho cng tcnghin cu v nh gi v con ngi Asoka cng nh s nghip ca ng, vc cu t chc v qun l nh nc di triu i ng, c bit l v cc

chnh sch m Asoka ra mi lc khc nhau nhm cng c v pht trinquc gia. Ti liu bia k v tr ca ng cng phn nh rt r l tng ha

bnh m Asoka n lc theo ui nhm mang li thi bnh cho t nc vthit lp quan h ha hiu vi cc quc gia trong khu vc. V vy, hiu rcc chnh sch ca Asoka chng ta s tp trung xem xt hai ng li chnhca nh nc Maurya di hai hnh thc gi l i ni v i ngoi.


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I. ng li i ni:

V phng din i ni, nh nc Asoka tiu biu cho mt nh nc v dn,c c th ha qua cc chnh sch sau y :

1.Chnh sch ly dn lm gc :

Nh nc Asoka khng phi l nh nc do dn bu nhng ly dn lm gc.Cc quan chc nh nc Asoka cng khng do dn bu nhng phc v vli ch ca nhn dn. Quan im ly dn lm gc, v hnh phc nhn dn m

phc v l c im ni bt ca nh nc Asoka. Quan im hay chnh schy trc ht c th hin mt cch c th v sinh ng qua cch ni caAsoka cng nh qua tm gng phc v khng mt mi ca ng v li chv hnh phc ca nhn dn. Trong bia k Kalinga, vn bn Dhauli, Asoka

tuyn b: Tt c mi ngi l con ci ca ta. Bi t among mun cho cccon ta c hnh phc v an lc i ny v i sau, ta cng mong cho tt cmi ngi c nh vy.

Asoka l mt hong rt mc thng dn , xem dn nh con ci ca mnh,lo lng cho hnh phc ca nhn dn. Cch ngh v cch ni ny ca Asokal mt bng chng ca quan im ly dn lm gc. Mt bng chng khcca chnh sch ly dn lm gc ca Asoka l ng t xem mnh khng ch lmt v vua phi c trch nhim chm lo hnh phc cho dn m cn l mtngi mc n nhn dn, cn phi n lc lm vic nhiu hn thanh ton mnn y. [86]Bia k VIII xc nhn Asoka t b nhiu th vui ca c nhn tp trung vo cng vic chm lo hnh phc v gio dc nhn dn. ng xemtrng vic nc hn vic nh, ly hnh phc ca dn lm th vui cho chnhmnh. Asoka lm vic khng mt mi, ch tm gii quyt vic nc vic dn mi lc mi ni. Trong bia k VI, Asoka ra lnh cho cc quan chc ctrch nhim phi bo co ngay cho ng mi cng vic lin quan n isng nhn dn, thm ch khi ng ang n, ang hu cung, ang ng, ang ti cc tri chn nui, ang ch thuyt gio hay khi ng ang vui chi.

Nhng d lm vic ht mnh, Asoka vn khng hi lng v kh nng gii

quyt cng vic ca mnh. Bia k VI ghi nhn s kin rng Asoka phn nnv nng lc lm vic ca mnh. ng t nhn c trch nhim thc y li chca nhn dn m theo ng cn bn ca vic lm y chnh l n lc gii quytcng vic. Nhng Asoka khng ch quyt nh vic nc vic dn da trn

bo co, ng cn ch thn th st v gii quyt cng vic ti cc a phng.Tiu bia k I, vn bn Brahmgiri, v bia k VIII xc nhn Asoka thc


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c cng minh th dn mi tn nhim; khi nh nc c dn tn nhim thquc gia s thi bnh, [91] Nhng li l c tht ra nh th ny chng ti ng cc quan chc nh nc Asoka c gio dc rt tt v chnhsch ly dn lm gc v cc quyn tc tr quc da trn chnh sch y.

2.Chnh sch c tr :

Mt c im khc ca Asoka l lun lun cao o c nhn i v vndng trit chnh sch c tr ( Dharma-vijava ) trong sut thi gian ng trv. Khp ni trong cc bia k v tr ca ng, yu t o c nhn i hayng li c tr c nhn mnh vt tri. Divyvadna ni rng Asoka trv mt vng quc rng ln m khng c n p, khng bt p ngi v ti,khng dng v lc m dng c tr.[92] Mc d l truyn thuyt, nhn nhny ng rng nh nc Asoka l mt nh nc c tr. Di thi Asoka,

khng mt cuc bo lon no c ghi nhn xy ra trong vng qucMaurya nh tng xy ra trc nhiu ln di thi Bindusra. Phi chngy l bng chng ca mt t nc thi bnh thnh tr? Bia k V cho chngta hay mi ba nm sau khi ln ngi, Asoka thnh lp mt i ng quanchc cc cp c trch nhim trng coi v k cng v o c x hi gi lDharma-mahmtra v Dharma-yukta. Nhim v ca cc quan chc ny lthc y k cng o c hay cn gi l chnh sch c tr nhm bo mli ch v hnh phc cho tt c mi ngi, c bit l qun chng cc vngxa xi nh Yavana, Kamboja, Gandhra, c dn cc vng bin gii, cc itng gi yu, lm thu lm mn, b t ti hay b lu y kh sai.[93]Mi ba nm sau, tc 26 nm sau khi ln ngi, Asoka thnh lp thm ing cc quan chc c trch nhim trng coi v php lut gi l Rjka .Cng ging nh i ng cc Dharma-mahmtra v Dharma-yukta, nhimv ca cc quan chc Rjka cng c trch nhim xem xt cc trng hp tnhn xin khng n v gip cc t nhn b x ti cht c lm vic thintrong ba ngy vi hy vng i sau s c may mn.[94]Cc ch d ghitrong tr I v VII quy nh quan chc cc cp ca chnh ph phi sng kcng v nu cao o c, ng thi phi ph bin chnh sch c tr canh nc nhm dn dt cuc sng hnh phc nhn dn. lm tt vic ny,

cc quan chc phi iu hnh vic nc theo php lut, x l cng vic theophp lut, phi lm cho dn c hnh phc nh php lut v bo v dnbng php lut. Quan chc cc cp cng c trch nhim tun du theo nh kba nm hay nm mt ln ty theo phm hm nhm ph bin, khuyn khchv nhc nh nhn dn sng ng php lut. Vi Asoka, php lut ng nghavi k cng o c. Ngi sng ng php lut do l ngi tn trngk cng v nu cao o c. Hai yu t k cng v o c khng tch


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ri nhau trong quan nim khng tch ri nhau trong quan nim php lut caAsoka. Asoka xem k cng o c l nhn t ca hnh phc. Bi vytheo ng, sng v lm vic theo php lut tc l sng to hnh phc chomnh v em hnh phc cho ngi.

Asoka rt quan tm xy dng mt t nc thi bnh thnh tr trn c s phthuy np sng o c ca qun chng v t r bin php c tr. ngkhuyn dy tt c con ci, chu cht v thn dn ca mnh phi mun isng trong o c Chnh php ( Dharma ) v phi c trch nhim khuynkhch np sng o c Chnh php .[95]Asoka quan nim Chnh php(Dharma ) l thin hay tt lnh ( sdhu ) c th hin qua vic trnh xaiu c hay ti li, lm cc vic lnh, sng vi tm lng thin, ho phng,chn tht v trong sch.[96] ng nhc nh mi ngi sng ng Chnh

php bi nhng ai theo ng Chnh php s c hnh phc i ny v

i sau. [97]ng ku gi mi ngi trnh xa st sanh hay lm hi; hiuknh cha m; tn trng thy c gio; i x tt vi b con, bn b cung knhcng dng cc Sa-mn, B-la-m; x s ho phng vi k lm cng, ngigip vic; gip ngi ngho kh, k bt hnh.[98] ng khuyn mingi sng t ha, chn tht, trong sch, thanh cao, trng l phi, t ch,

bit , bit n v tit kim.[99] ng khuyn khch mi ngi nn tin hnhcc l hi ci g, sinh nht hay tin ngi i xa bng nhng vic lm thitthc ph hp Chnh php m ng gi l vn may Chnh php ( Dharma-mangala ) nh b th, khng st sanh, tn trng thy c gio, cung knhcng dng cc bc hin thnh, i x nhn hu vi k n ngi .[100]Asoka cao o c bng cch cao Php th ( Dharma-dna) , ni rngtt c mi ngi nn t b st sanh, hiu knh cha m, cung knh cng dngcc Sa-mn v B-la-mn, gip b con bn b, i x nhn hu vi k nngi v khuyn khch ngi khc lm iu tng t .[101]

Trong chnh sch i vi k lm ng lc li, Asoka t r tm olng khoandung trong cc trng hp li lm v cng bng trong xt x. ng tuyn bsn sng tha th cho nhng ai phm phi sai lm nhng bit n nn hi li.ng ch trng khng truy qut cc ti phm nhng ra sc thuyt phc h

tr v con ng lng thin hng lng khoan hng ca php lut.[102] Trong cc ch d ghi bia k V v tr IV, Asoka quy nh cc quanchc Dharma-mahmtra v Rjka phi c trch nhim xem xt n khngn ca cc phm nhn php lut lun i i vi cng l[103] v khng mt ai phi chu cnh t ti hay kh au m khng c ldo.[104]Cc quan chc phi tun th con ng trung o ( majham

patipda ) , ngha l phi t ra cng bng v khng thin v trong cng tc


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iu hnh v x l cng vic.[105] H phi qun l theo Chnh php hayphp lut ( Dharma) , gii quyt cng vic theo php lut, khin cho dnc hnh phc nh php lut v bo v dn bng php lut.[106] Cc phmnhn phi c i x cng bng, c quyn khng n trong trng hp b xoan, c n gim hnh pht trong trng hp phi nui con di, gp bthnh ri ro hay b kh au bi tui gi.[107] Tr V ghi nhn s kin rng26 nm k t khi ln ngi, Asoka 25 ln n x cho cc phm nhn.

3.Chnh sch chm lo hnh phc cho dn :

C th ni rng chm lo hnh phc cho dn l chnh sch ln v l chnhsch hng u ca nh nc Asoka. Chnh sch ny bt ngun t chnh schly dn lm gc ca nh nc Maurya v l c th ha cu ni ca Asokaxem dn nh con ci mnh, mong mun cho dn c hnh phc an lc,

ging nh cc con mnh. l gc th vic chm bn cho gc c vngchc, xanh ti l bn phn ca nh lnh o. l con ci th vic chm lohnh phc cho con ci l trch nhim ca bc lm cha m, Asoka xem ra val vua va l cha m ca dn.

V phng din chm lo hnh phc cho dn, Asoka t r tm lng ca mthong thng dn, lo lng cho hnh phc ca dn hn bt k v hong no trong lch s. Tm lng ca ng dnh cho dn c th snh vi tm lngca bc lm cha m dnh cho con ci mnh v c th hin qua hai viclm c th: chm lo i sng vt cht cho dn v gio dc nhn dn trthnh nhng cng dn tt. Mt bc cha m ht lng yu thng con mnhhn s lm hai cng vic nh Asoka lm, ngha l nui dng con khnln v gio dc con nn ngi. Asoka cng t ra l mt hong thngdn, lo lng cho hnh phc ca nhn dn khi ng thit lp i ng quan chcnh nc cc cp sn sng lo cho dn vi nim tin rng cc quan chc camnh s ht lng chm lo hnh phc cho dn, ging nh nhng ngi v ncn chm bm nhng a con thn yu m ng tin tng gi gm. Nhvy, i ng lnh o ca nh nc Asoka,t vua ch quan, u mt lngmt d phc v li ch v hnh phc ca nhn dn. Chnh sch chm lo hnh

phc cho dn ca nh nc Asoka th hin r nt cc im sau y:

a.Tm gng lm vic v phc v khng mt mi ca Asoka v li ch vhnh phc ca nhn dn : Asoka thng dn, lo lng cho hnh phc ca dnkhng ch li ni hay tm lng m cn nhng hnh ng v vic lm cth. Vic ng t b nhiu th vui c nhn tp trung gii quyt vic ncvic dn nh c ghi nhn trong bia k VIII l biu hin c th tm lng


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thng dn, lo lng cho hnh phc nhn dn ca mt v vua. Thi tchcc gii quyt vic nc vic dn khng k gi gic v ni chn ca ngcng ni r tm lng thng yu v lo lng ca ng i vi nhn dn vhnh phc ca nhn dn.[108] Ngoi ra, vic ng thng xuyn du hnhnhm thc y li ch v hnh phc ca nhn dn nh c ghi trong bia kI l bng chng sng ng ca chnh sch quan tm chm lo cho dn canh nc Asoka. Nhng d lm vic ht mnh nh th, Asoka vn khnghi lng v kh nng gii quyt cng vic ca mnh. Bia k VI ghi nhn skin rng Asoka t nhn c trch nhim thc y li ch chung ca cngng, mt vic lm cao c i hi nng lc gii quyt rt ln, v ng tng

phn nn v kh nng lm vic yu km ca mnh.

b.Thit lp i ng quan chc nh nc cc cp thuc cc ban ngnh khcnhau nhm mc ch phc v hnh phc ca nhn dn : Mt c im khc

ca chnh sch chm lo hnh phc cho dn ca nh nc Asoka l vic thitlp i ng quan chc cc cp thuc ban ngnh khc nhau ca chnh phnhm mc ch phc v li ch ca nhn dn.Asoka rt quan tm chnh schchm lo hnh phc v gio dc nhn dn. ng thnh lp nhiu ban ngnhnh nc cc cp chuyn lo li ch cho cng ng nh ban chuyn trch v

php lut, ban chuyn trch v k cng v o c x hi, ban chuyntrch v nng nghip, ban chuyn trch v chn nui, ban chuyn trch v

ph n, ban chuyn trch v cc vn an sinh v phc li x hi.Cc quanchc ca nh nc Asoka c hun luyn rt k v l tng phc v nhndn v thc trch nhim lnh o. Bia k VI nu r s kin nm th mi

ba sau khi ln ngi Asoka thnh lp i ng cc quan chc Dharma-mahmta v Dharma-yukta vi mc ch thc y k cng v o c xhi. Tr IV ghi nhn thm rng 26 nm sau khi ln ngi. Asoka thnh lpi ng cc quan chc Rjka c trch nhim trng coi v php lut nhmmc ch bo m li ch v hnh phc ca nhn dn. Cc Rjka ny chun luyn nm bt nguyn nhn hnh phc cng nh kh au ca dn v ctrch nhim khuyn rn qun chng cc a phng sng k cng o c c li ch i ny v i sau. Cc Rjka cng c gio dc xem xtcc trng hp xin khng n ca thn nhn cc phm nhn hay gip cho cc

t nhn b x ti cht c hng li ch i sau bng cch to cho h chi b th trong ba ngy c gia hn ( thi gian thn nhn hoc xinkhng n hoc khng xin khng n) .Asoka tuyn b trong bia k rng ngthit lp i ng cc Rjka vi mc ch phc v li ch v hnh phc canhn dn v ng tin cc quan chc ny s ht lng chm lo cho dn.


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c. y mnh ng li c tr hay k cng o c nhm a t nctin n thi bnh, ton dn an c lc nghip : Asoka thc rt r th no lli ch ca ng li c tr trong mt quc gia c lp hon ton v chnhtr v quan h ha hiu vi cc nc lng ging. Cc ti liu bia k ghi nhnrng sau chin thng Kalinga, Asoka t b mi chin tranh v theoui chnh sch ha bnh, ng thi y mnh ng li c tr nhm xydng t nc thi bnh, nhn dn an c lc nghip. Bia k XIII xc nhntm nm sau khi ln ngi, Asoka bt u thc hnh Chnh php (Dharma),yu mn Chnh php v ph bin Chnh php. ng tuyn b p dngnguyn l c tr ( Dharma-vijava chinh phc bng Chnh php hay o c) trong tt c ng li tr quc cng nh trong chnh sch bang giao vi ccquc gia lng ging. Mc ch ng li c tr ca Asoka l thc y npsng o c ca ton dn nhm xy dng t nc thi bnh, ton dn anc lc nghip, ng thi t r thi ha bnh, ha hiu ca nh nc

Maurya i vi cc quc gia khc. Bia k IV, dng vo nm th mi saungy Asoka ln ngi, ni r quan im c tr ca Asoka. Sc d chp : Hng trm nm trc y, vic git hi th vt t l, i x khng thngtm vi sinh linh, x s khng ng vi cc thn nhn, vi cc Sa-mn, B-la-mn khng ngng gia tng. Nay, do kt qu thc hnh Chnh php,c Thnh thng Priyadar ban chiu ch rng ting trng trn (bher-ghosa) nm xa nay bin thnh ting gi ca Chnh php ( Dharma-ghosa).

Nh cc iu l tn gio do c Thnh thng Priyadar ban b, vic t bgit hi th vt, khng lm hi sinh linh, i x tt vi b con, vi cc Sa-mn, B-la-m, hiu tho vi cha m v cc bc trng thng ngy cngc gia tng. c Thnh thng Priyadar s thc y hn na s thchnh ny. Tt c con chu ca c Thnh thng Priyadar s y mnhvic thc hnh o c v Chnh php cho n mun i, s sng trong oc v Chnh php v s truyn dy o c v Chnh php. Bia k VIIIghi nhn thm rng cng nm y, Asoka cng du chim bi thnh tchBodhgay, ch c Pht gic ng, thm ving v tng qu cho cc hng Sa-mn, B-la-mn, tip xc vi qun chng trong nc, ging dy o ccho dn v tho lun vi nhn dn v ng li c tr. Nm th mi basau khi ln ngi, Asoka thnh lp i ng cc quan chc Dharma-mahmtra

v Dharma-yukta nhm mc ch ph bin v thc y chnh sch c tr ,bo m li ch v hnh phc ca ton dn, c bit i vi dn chng ccvng xa xi nh Yavana,Kamboja, Gandhra, c dn cc vng bin gii, cci tng gi yu, lm thu lm mn, b t y hay kh sai.[109] 26 nmsau khi ln ngi. Asoka tip tc y mnh ng li c tr bng cch thnhlp thm i ng cc quan chc Rjka c nhim v thc y k cng vo c cc tnh thnh a phng, xem xt cc trng hp phm php xin


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khng n v to iu kin cho cc phm nhn c lm vic thin.[110]Ngoi ra, chnh sch n x cho phm nhn trc thi hn t y ca Asokacng ni r mc ch ca ng li c tr m nh nc Asoka n lctheo ui. Tr V ghi li Asoka xc nhn rng ng 25 ln n x cho cc

phm nhn.

d.Tng cng u t cho chnh sch an sinh, phc li x hi : C l nt nibt nht trong chnh sch chm lo hnh phc cho dn ca nh nc Asoka ltng cng u t cho chnh sch an sinh v phc li x hi. Asoka rt quantm chnh sch ny v chnh ng t tin cho nhiu ch an sinh ,

phc li x hi c duy tr n cho n ngy nay. Cc ch phc lix hi hin hu trong x hi n hin i nh chm sc cc vn cycnh, cc cng vin cng cng to cnh tr v bng mt cho qun chng cch th gin hay ngh ngi, xy cc ging nc dc hai bn ng hay ti

nhng ni c ng ngi qua li phc v tin ch cho dn, hn c mtv c lm rt tt di thi Asoka. R rng khng ch n thi Asokachnh sch an sinh, phc li x hi mi c vn dng. Sch Arthastra vnhng ghi chp ca Mgasthnes cho chng ta bit nh nc Maurya dithi Chandragupta rt quan tm chnh sch an sinh, phc li x hi. Asokacng xc nhn trong bia k rng nhn dn ca ng hng c hnh phcnh cc iu kin phc li x hi m cc v vua tin nhim v chnh ng to ra .[111]Tuy nhin ch di thi Asoka chnh sch ny mi c vndng trit v t hiu qu cao. L do cng d hiu.Nh nc Asoka theoui chnh sch ha bnh, khng chin tranh, ch trng chinh phc lngngi bng o c nhn i, khng dng v lc hay qun s. Trong mtquc gia yu chung ha bnh v cao o c, khng ch trng chintranh hay dng v lc qun s nh th th cc chnh sch an sinh, phc lix hi c iu kin , c pht trin mnh m. Bia k v tr Asokathng bo cho chng ta kh chi tit v cc chnh sch an sinh, phc li xhi ca nh nc Maurya. Ti liu ca Mgasthnes ni n s kin ccquan chc Rjka di thi Asoka c trch nhim trng coi cc cng trnhcng ch nh bo v v no vt sng rnh, o ging, p , lm ng .[112] Bia k XII ni n mt loi quan chc gi l vraja-bhmika chuyn lo

cc cng vin cng cng, cc vn xoi, cc ging nc, cc nh ngh dnhcho khch b hnh .[113] Trong ch d ghi tr VII , Asoka ra lnh chotrng dc theo cc ng l cc loi cy a to bng mt cho ngi v thvt, thnh lp cc vn xoi, o cc ging nc cch nhau hai ba dmng, xy dng cc nh ngh dnh cho khch b hnh, lp cc trm cungcp nc ti nhiu ni khc nhau phc v cho ngi v sc vt. Bia k IIghi sc ch ca Asoka cho thnh lp khp ni, trong vng quc Maurya


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cng nh ti cc quc gia ln cn nh Chola, Pndya, Stiyaputra,Keralaputra, cc x s Ty do ngi Hy lp cai tr, hai loi hnh tr liugi l chi kchha,mt dnh cho ngi v mt dnh cho th vt. Cc loi cythuc cn cho vic iu tr ngi v th vt cng c cho nhp khu mtrng khp ni trong nc v xut sang trng nc ngoi.R.Mookerjicho rng thut ng chikchha c cp trong bia k II ng y cciu kin chm sc y t nh (a) i ng cc y bc s, (b) thuc men v (c)

bnh vin.[114] Nh vy, di thi Asoka h thng chm sc sc khe chodn cng nh iu tr cho th vt c thit lp khp ni trong vngquc Maurya. iu ng ghi nhn thm trong bia k ny l Asoka khng chthnh lp h thng chm sc y t khp ni trong nc, ng cn m rng hthng cha tr sang cc nc lng ging. iu ny chng t rng Mauryakhng ch l mt t nc thi bnh thnh tr m cn l b bn tt ca ccquc gia khc.

e.Ch c bit dnh cho cc i tng x hi gp cnh ng kh khn :Ngoi cc ch phc li x hi m mi cng dn Maurya u c hng,nh nc Asoka cn c chnh sch c bit dnh cho mt s i tng gpcnh ng kh khn trong cuc sng nh ngi gi c, k khng ni nngta , ph n bt hnh, ngi b t y hay kh sai. Chnh sch chm lo hnh

phc cho dn ca nh nc Asoka vn ti tn mi ng ngch ca x hi.Bia k V quy nh cc quan chc Dharma-mahmtra c trch nhim xemxt n khng n ca phm nhn, tr cp tin bc trong trng hp t nhnc gia nh qu ng ngi [115] hay phi lo cho con di, nh ch kh saitrong trng hp t nhn b ngc i, phng thch t nhn trong trng hptui gi . Tr IV quy nh cc quan chc Rjka phi xem xt n khngn ca thn nhn cc phm nhn, to iu kin cc t nhn b x ti chtc lm vic thin trong ba ngy vi hy vng hng c li ch i sau.Cc i tng gi yu khng ni nng ta cng c quan tm c bit binh nc Asoka, nh c ghi trongbia k V . Trong chnh sch i vi phn, cc quan chc Stryadhyaksha-mahmtra c trch nhim bo v li chcho n gii, c bit i vi cc ph n lm ngh ma ht, bn thn hay kn .[116] B.M.Banrua cho rng nhim v ca cc quan chc Stryadhyaksha-

mahmtra l ngn chn, khng cc hng ph n ny lm hoen o cx hi, c bit i vi cc Sa-mn, B-la-mn.[117]. Nh vy nu quanim ca Barua l xc thc th iu cng c ngha l nh nc Asoka hn c chnh sch c bit dnh cho mt s i tng ph n gp cnh ng

bt hnh, t nht phi to cng n vic lm mi cho h.

4.Chnh sch tn gio :


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Nh phn ln cc v vua n , Asoka rt quan tm tn gio v lun t rac trch nhim i vi cc t chc tn gio nm trong phm vi cai qun camnh. ng xem tn gio l ting ni ca o c v tm linh, do vicchm sc v i x ng n vi ti gio cng ng ngha vi vic chmsc v cao np sng o c v tm linh ca quc gia. Asoka t ho vmt quc gia c nhiu t chc tn gio. Bia k XII ghi r lp trng tntrng v ng h tt c mi on th v t chc tn gio ca Asoka. Ch dvit: c Thnh thng Priyadar tn trng tt c mi gio phi, tu s cngnh c s, v ban qu tng cng phm vt cng dng by t tm lngtn trng ca ngi. c Thnh thng ban chiu ch rng ngi ta khngnn ch tn trng gio phi ca mnh v bi xch gio phi ca ngi khc vl do ny hay v l do khc. V lm nh th ngi ta chng nhng lm tnthng gio phi ca mnh m cn lm thng tn gio phi ca ngi khc.

V nhiu phng din khc nhau, tt c mi gio phi u xng ng ctn trng. Nhng ai tn trng gio phi ca mnh v bi xch gio phi cangi khc, ngh rng nh vy ta s lm rng danh gio phi ca ta, thngc li nhng ngi y ch lm tn thng gio phi ca chnh mnh. Dovy , tt c mi gio phi nn ha thun vi nhau bng cch lng nghe vsn sng lng nghe gio l ca nhau.

Ch d trn y c th c xem l chnh sch c bn ca nh nc Asokai vi tn gio. Ch d y khng nh r chnh sch tn trng t do tnngng v bnh ng tn gio ca nh nc Asoka. Mc d l mt Pht t,Asoka tn trng t do tn ngng ca mi ngi v x s bnh ng i vicc tn gio khc. [118] ng khng nh nim tin i vi Pht, Php, Tng[119] nhng khng p buc hay li ko ngi khc theo tn ngng camnh. ng li c tr ca Asoka in m gio php ca c Pht nhngkhng v th m khin nh hng n nim tin ca ngi khc. Ishwar Topaghi nhn rng mc d c th lc ln v l ch da vng chc ca Pht gioAsoka t ra v i hn trong vic khuyn khch s pht trin chung cacc tn gio v cc nn vn ha.Chnh l tng to ln rng m ca o Pht khin Asoka tr thnh v i nht trong s cc hong v i ca th

gii.[120]

Cc ti liu lin quan khng thng nht v thi ca Asoka i vi cc tngio. Ti liu Tch Lan lu gi trong cc tc phm Dpavamsa vMahvamsa cp n s kin Asoka k tc cc hong tin nhim thti 60.000 B-la-mn mi ngy. S vic ko di c ba nm , sau cc tus Pht gio vi s lng tng t thay chn cc B-la-mn tip nhn khon


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tht i ny. Ngi ta ni rng mi ngy Asoka chi ti 40.000 tin vng chovic tht i cc tu s Pht gio.[121] Truyn thng K Na gio gn Asokavi vic truyn b tn ngng ny vo lnh th Kashmir.[122] AbulFazl,mt i thn ca hong Akbar, vit trong tc phm in-i-Akbar camnh rng khi Asoka ln ngi, ng ngc i B-la-mn gio v ng h victhit lp K Na gio ti Kashmir. Truyn thng K Na gio thng bo vichng ta di triu i Asoka, cc Nigantha ( tu s K Na gio ) rt ni tingv quan h mt thit vi Asoka.[123] Tuy nhin nhn nh ny l hon tontri vi nhng g c cp trong tc phm Aokvadna rng Asoka st hi nhiu tu s K Na gio. Ti liu Vitok-vadna thuc Aok-vadnak rng sau khi chuyn sang tn ngng Pht gio, Asoka tr thnh mt tn qu trung thnh vi tn gio ny n ng ra lnh git hi hng chcngn tu s K Na gio [124]

C theo cc ti liu trn y th ngoi tn ngng ca mnh l Pht gio,Asoka ngc i cc tn gio khc m r nt nht l B-la-mn v K Nagio. iu ny hon ton tri vi ch trng v ng li lnh o caAsoka xem dn nh con ci va n lc lm vic ht mnh v hnh phc canhn dn, nh c thy trong cc ti liu bia k v tr ca ng. K.Hazracho rng tht kh tin mt hong t r tm lng thng yu v lo lng chohnh phc ca tt c thn dn nh Asoka li mc phi nhng sai lm nghimtrng nh cc truyn thuyt m t.[125]Cng theo K.Hazra th khng c mtchng c no trn th gii cho thy mt v vua Pht gio v l do xy dngv pht trin tn gio ca mnh li ch trng trit tiu cc tn gio khc.[126] R rng nhng g cc truyn thuyt ni v Asoka l hon ton tringc vi nhng g m chnh Asoka pht biu trong cc ch d ca ng.T bia k XII, ta thy rng Asoka khng nhng tn trng v ng h tt ccc tn gio, ng cn khuyn tn cc tn gio tn trng nhau v khngnn bi xch ln nhau v bt k l do g, bi tt c mi tn gio u xngng c tn trng v bi s bi xch tn gio ngi khc s khin thanhdanh tn gio mnh b thng tn. y qu l li ni tm huyt ca mthong y nhn t v bao dung, hiu r c tin ca chnh mnh v v th

khng mun lm tn thng c tin ca chnh mnh v v th khng munlm tn thng c tin ca ngi khc. T y chng ta c th nu nhn xtrng nu Asoka l mt tn ht lng ht d vi tn ngng ca mnh thchc chn ng khng lm nhng g khin tn thng thanh danh tn gioca ng. Hn th, l mt hong , Asoka khng th ch v tn ngng camnh m ph v nim tin ca i a s qun chng bi nhng hnh vi ngci tn gio th thin. Chc chn t c nh lnh o no li khng hiu r


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v cc tn tn th thn thnh lng du ng k Jambudvva.[129] Biak IV ghi nhn nhng biu hin tin b v o c trong i sng nhn dnn nh cc iu rn tn gio do Asoka cng b. Ti liu Divyvadnacng cho chng ta bit di thi Asoka n l mt t nc thi bnhthnh tr. Nh vy, t cc thng tin trn chng ta c bng chng khngnh rng Asoka khng h mc sai lm trong chnh sch tn gio ni ringv trong cc chnh sch tr quc ca ng ni chung.

Ta khng th ph nhn mt s tnh cm u i m Asoka c bit dnhring cho tn gio ca mnh l Pht gio. Chng hn, vic ng thm vingcc thnh tch v thit lp cc bia k v tr ti cc a danh Pht gio, xydng cc bo thp tn th x li Pht, ng h hi ngh kit tp kinh inPht gio ln th ba, v.v Tuy nhin nhng vic lm nh th khng cngha l Asoka qu thin v tn gio ca mnh m khng mng ti cc tn

gio khc.Bia k Nigliva ghi s kin rng mi bn nm sau khi ln ngi,Thnh thng Priyadar cho m rng gp i ngi bo thp tn th x lic Pht qu kh Konkamana ( Cu Na Hm Mu Ni ) ; hai mi nm saukhi ln ngi, c Thnh thng ng gi nh l ngi bo thp v cho xydng mt tr ti y. Cc bia k hang ng i Barabar chp rng mihai nm sau khi ln ngi, Thnh thng Priyadar ban hang ng Nigrodhacho cc tu s jvika. Bia k VIII bo mi nm sau khi ln ngi, Asokacng du chim bi thnh tch Bodhgay, thm ving v tng qu cho cc Sa-mn (ramana) v B-la-mn ( brahmana) . Danh t ramana-brhmana ng cc tu s B-la-mn gio v cc tu s thuc nhiu tn gio khc khng chpnhn truyn thng kinh in V (Veda) ca B-la-mn gio thng cgi chung l Sa-mn (ramana). Cc tu s Pht gio cng c gi lramana. Nh vy, c theo thng tin bia k trn th Asoka khng ch thmving thnh tch v cc tu s Pht gio, ng cn ving thm v tng qu chocc tu s B-la-mn cng nh cc tu s thuc nhiu tn gio khc m ni tritrong thi i ng l cc tu s K Na gio v cc tu s phi jvika. Trongcc ch d ca ng , Asoka by t s knh trng i vi cc tn gio [130] vkhuyn tt c thn dn ca mnh knh trng v i x ng n vi cc Sa-mn v B-la-mn.[131] iu ny t cho thy Asoka p dng chnh sch

bnh ng i vi cc tn gio v thnh vin ca cc t chc tn gio. Trongc cu t chc nh nc, Asoka thit lp i ng cc quan chc Aharma-mahmtra c trch nhim phc v cc mc ch tn gio v lo phn phicc phm vt cng dng ca hong gia cho cc t chc tn gio .[132]Tr VII ni n bn tn gio tiu biu ng thi gm Pht gio, B-la-mngio, K Na gio v gio phi jvika.


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II. ng li i ngoi :

V phng din i ngoi, nh nc Asoka tiu biu cho mt nh nc chtrng ha bnh c lp dn tc v hp tc quc t, c th hin qua ccchnh sch sau y:

1.Chnh sch ha bnh, c lp dn tc :

Nh nc Asoka ch trng ha bnh v c lp dn tc trn c s khngtin hnh chin tranh v khng xm lng cc quc gia khc. Asoka c l lv hong u tin trong lch s loi ngi t b tham vng chin tranh vc xm lng ngay sau khi bc ln nh cao ca quyn lc. t c vhong no li t ra xu h v chin tranh v n hn cng cuc xm lngngay sau ngy chin thng nh Asoka. Kht vng chin thng v tham vng

chim hu thng lm cho con ngi tr nn m mt trc mi lm than vti nhc ca k khc. Asoka l mt trong s rt t nh lnh o thy r nguyc ca chin tranh v hu qu en ti ca xm lng. ng khng ngidin t cho mi ngi cnh tng xu xa v tn khc ca nn xm lngKalinga m chnh ng l tc nhn. Bia k Kalinga ca ng c l l bn cotrng u tin v hay nht v ti c chin tranh v chnh sch xm lng; 100.000 ngi b git cht, 150.000 ngi b bt lm t binh v hng trmngn ngi khc b mng ti chin trng Kalinga. Thnh thngPriyadar v cng hi hn vic xm lng Kalinga bi gy ra cnh tn st,cht choc v t y y tan thng cho dn chng ca mt x s c lp.Bia k Kalinga ni tip rng Asoka rt ra bi hc ln t cnh tng tangthng ca chin trn Kalinga v bt u th hin tm lng khoan dung lng ca mnh i vi cc trng hp li lm. ng bt u thc hnhChnh php ( Dharma), yu mn Chnh php v truyn b Chnh php ,[133] tuyn b thay trng trn ( Bher-ghosa ) bng Chnh php ( Dharma-ghosa), [134]ch trng chinh phc lng ngi bng o c nhn i hayc tr ( Dharma- vijaya ) . [135]

K t sau chin thng Kalinga, Asoka t b mi chin tranh xm lng

v theo ui chnh sch ha bnh c tr. Bia k Kalinga II , vn bnJaugada, nu r lp trng ha bnh v

a duc vuong - cuoc doi va su nghiep - tk thich tam minh

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