Unit 1 AE Review

Lesson 1.1 History of Aerospace

Early Aerospace Engineering• Leonardo da Vinci (Lived 1452-1519)• Factors such as technology prevented the idea from becoming reality 600+ years ago

Lighter than Air• Designing and flying a lighter than air vehicle was an important step• Montgolfier brothers, 1782• What inspired lighter than air flight? Rising smoke

Heavier than Air• Orville and Wilbur Wright flew the Wright Flyer on December 14, 1903

• Flew 120 feet in 12 seconds @ 6.8 mph• Built on concepts from others

• Horizontal and vertical surfaces• Elements of wing design

Aerospace Engineering Growth• In one century human flight progressed from a flight of 6.8 mph to thousands of mph for aircraft and tens of

thousands mph for spacecraft• Image, design, test, fail, learn, try again

Commercial Aviation• Charles Lindbergh

• First non-stop crossing of Atlantic ocean (1927)• Won the Orteig Prize as result

• Amelia Earhart• First woman non-stop crossing of Atlantic ocean (1932)

• Need for fast transportation• Mail delivery• Paying passengers

Military• Word War I through start WWII

• Engineers developed:• More efficient aircraft• Better engines

• World War II• Demand for aircraft was extreme• Advances in aerospace engineering and manufacturing capability made this possible

• Aircraft performance• Navigation aids• RADAR

Increasing Performance• Supersonic flight

– Aerospace engineers continued to learn– Captain Chuck Yeager flew Mach 1.06 (~700 mph @ 43,000) in 1946

Rotorcraft• Leonardo da Vinci helicopter concept circa 1480• Igor Sikorsky engineers wide scale production of helicopters in 1944• Engineer to design, test, fail, improve

Space Flight• Rocketry

– Chinese credited as using in 1,232 AD based on development of black powder.– Russian space scientist Tsiolkovsky developed equations in 1903 to reach space– American Robert Goddard

• Considered the father of modern rocket propulsion

Unit 1 AE Review

• First liquid fueled rocket launch in 1926Space Race

• Competition Drives Accomplishment– United States and Soviet Union (Russia) space race

• Similar to Lindbergh crossing the Atlantic to win a prize in 1927• First Satellite is put in orbit by Soviet Union in Oct, 1957• First animal in space by Soviet Union in Nov, 1957• United States successfully launched its first Satellite (Explorer I) in Jan, 1958• US passes the National Aeronautics and Space Act creating NASA in Oct, 1958

– US and Soviet Union race to space• President Kennedy proclaims in 1961 that the US should commit to landing on moon within the

decade• How can that be done?• That’s what the US needed to figure out!• Nine years of intense engineering, failure and learning

• America won the race to the moon• Neil Armstrong stepped on the moon July 20, 1969• Success through determination

Space Competition• Competition Drives Accomplishment

• Inspired by Lindbergh crossing Atlantic to win a prize in 1927• US and Soviet Union (Russia) space race

– X Prize Foundation series of competitions• Ansari XPRIZE

– $10M to build and fly a three-passenger vehicle 100 km into space twice within two weeks.

• Google Lunar XPRIZE• Northrop Grumman Lunar Lander X CHALLENGE

Lesson 1.2 Physics of Flight

1. Horizontal Stabilizer

2. Elevator

3. Vertical Stabilizer

4. Rudder

Unit 1 AE Review

1. Aileron

2. Wing

3. Cockpit

4. Fuselage

5. Powerplant

6. Flaps

Center of Gravity

1. Determine if the aircraft below is loaded within the manufacturer’s recommendation. The pilot weights 165 lb and there is no co-pilot. The rear seat passengers weigh 251 and 296 lb. There is 98 lb of baggage and 58 lb of fuel onboard.

Item Force

Weight (lb)

Distance

Arm (in.)

Moment (in.-lb)M = Fd

M = weight ● armEmpty Weight 1460 37.4 54,604

Pilot 165 37.0 6105

Co-Pilot 0 37.0 0

Fuel 58 45.3 2627

Rear seat passenger(s) 547 72.8 39,822

Baggage 98 94.9 9300

Total 2328 112,458

Axis: Vertical

Motion: Yaw

Control: Rudder

Axis: Lateral

Motion: Pitch

Control: Elevator

Axis: Longitudinal

Motion: Roll

Control: Ailerons

Pilot: Yoke twist left or right

Unit 1 AE Review

Atmosphere1. A F-22 Raptor has just climbed through an altitude of 9,874 m at 1,567 kph when a disk ruptures in a sensitive

piece of optical equipment. As the engineer analyzing the failure, determine the pressure differential across the sensor housing if the inside sensor pressure was 122 kPa.

T=15.04℃−0.00649℃m

(h )

T=15.04℃−0.00649℃m

(9,874m )

T=−49.04oC

p=101.29 kPa ⌊(T +273.1℃ ) K

℃288.08K

⌋

5.256

p=101.29kPa ⌊(−49.04oC+273.1℃ ) K

℃288.08K

⌋

5.256

p=27.03kPa

Δp=95.0 kPa

Conservation of Energy• Energy in a system

remains the same• One component

increases, then another must decrease to maintain same energy level

Weight

Drag

Lift

Thrust

Unit 1 AE Review

Aerodynamic Forces1. A Boeing 777-200LR loaded to 92% of its maximum take-off weight takes off from Dubai International Airport

(24.4 m elevation) during an average day in July (34.5 OC) with a standard pressure day (101.3 kPa). Assume that the take off speed is 376 kmph. What is the minimum coefficient of lift needed at the point where the aircraft just lifts off the ground? A 777-200 has a maximum take-off weight is 347,452 kg and its wing area is 427.8 m2.

777-200 maximum take-off weight is 347,452 kg and the wing area is 427.8 m2.

Source: http://www.boeing.com/commercial/airports/777.htm and http://www.airliners.net/aircraft-data/stats.main?id=106

w=0.92mg

w=0.92 (347,452 kg )(9.81ms2 )w=3,135,825 N

v=376 kph(1000 mkm )60minhr (60 s

min )v=104.4 m

sDubai runway elevation is 34 ft (24.4 m)

Source: http://www.world-airport-codes.com/united-arab-emirates/dubai-2003.html

Dubai average summer temperature is 34.5 OC (average high and low).

Source: ttp://www.weather.com/outlook/travel/businesstraveler/wxclimatology/monthly/graph/AEXX0004

Calculate air density:ρ= p

0.2869 Jkg (K )

(T +273.1℃ ) K℃

ρ= 101.29 kPa

0.2869 Jkg (K )

(34.5℃+273.1℃ ) K℃

ρ=1.148 kgm3

Calculate coefficient of lift assuming that lift equals weight:

CL=2LAρ v2

CL=2 (3,135,825N )

427.8m2(1.148 kgm3 )(104.4 ms )2

Unit 1 AE Review

CL=1.17

2. If the same aircraft has a coefficient of lift of 1.24. How much lift is available for climbing off the runway?

Calculate lift with new coefficient of lift: CL=2LAρ v2

L=CL Aρ v

2

2

L=1.24 (427.8m2 )(1.148 kgm3 )(104.4 ms )

2

2

L=3,318,756N

Calculate extra lift available: Lextra=LActual−LMinimumLextra=3,318,756N−3,135,825N

L=182,931N

Lesson 1.3 Flight Planning and Navigation

Fluid cross

section reduced

More camber upper airfoil

Low pressure above airfoilHigh pressure below airfoil

LIFT – Bernoulli’s Principle

Unit 1 AE Review

VOR Instrument Components

Write the name of the VOR instrument component corresponding to each letter in the space provided.

FRTO

FRTO

1512

2421

18

33

3027

63

0

9OBS

151224

2118

3330

27

630

9

1512

24

2118

3330

276

30

9

OBS

151224

2118

3330

27

630

9

FRTO 15

12

2421

1833

3027

63

0

9

OBS

151224

2118

3330

27

630

9

Manitowoc VOR-DME

Falls VOR-DMEOshkosh VORTAC

Unit 1 AE Review

Letter VOR Component NameA OBS (Omni Bearing Selector)B CDI (Course Deviation Indicator)C CourseD To / From Indicator Flag or From FlagE Reciprocal of Course Selected

VOR Instrument Interpretation

Write the correct course index reading. Circle the flag that should be displayed for each of the VOR instruments below. Refer to the aircraft in the image below and assume that the CDI is centered for each aircraft.

VOR Instrument Interpretation

Write the correct VOR Instrument reading in the space provided for each of the aircraft shown.

Aircraft VOR Instrument1 C2 B3 F