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Energetics Practice A’s 1. The enthalpy of combustion for H 2 , C(graphite) and CH 4 are - 285.8, -393.5, and -890.4 kJ/mol respectively. Calculate the standard enthalpy of formation dH f for CH 4 . Solution: Lets interpret the information about enthalpy of formation by writing out the equations: dH° f /(kJ/m ol) (1) H 2 (g) + 0.5 O 2 (g) -> H 2 O(l) -285.8 (2) C(graphite) + O 2 (g) -> CO 2 (g) -293.5 (3) CH 4 (g) + 2O 2 (g) -> CO 2 (g) + 2H 2 O(l) -890.4 From the above equations, derive C + 2H 2 -> CH 4 Answer: C + 2H 2 -> CH 4 -74.7 Hint: 2*(1) + (2) - (3), Thus, dH f = 2 * (-285.8) + (-393.5) - (-890.4) = ? Discussion: Three enthalpies of reactions involved in this Example are standard enthalpies of formation, and one is the enthalpy of combustion. The formation of methane from graphite and hydrogen cannot be achieved easily, and its enthalpy of formation is not directly measurable, but the calculations like this provide the data to be included in thermodynamic data. The value of -74.4 kJ/mol has been listed in several data sources. From these data, we can construct an energy level diagram for these chemical combinations as follows: ===C(graphite) + 2 H 2 (g) + 2 O 2 (g)=== - 74.7 kJ | | == CH 4 (g) + 2 O 2 (g)== | | |

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Page 1: Web viewA higher amount of energy (890 vs 802 kJ/mol) is extracted if the exhaust is condensed to liquid water. The exhaust from high efficiency furnace is at lower

Energetics Practice A’s

1. The enthalpy of combustion for H2, C(graphite) and CH4 are -285.8, -393.5, and -890.4 kJ/mol respectively. Calculate the standard enthalpy of formation dHf for CH4.

Solution:Lets interpret the information about enthalpy of formation by writing out the equations:

dH°f

/(kJ/mol)(1) H2(g) + 0.5 O2(g) -> H2O(l) -285.8(2) C(graphite) + O2(g) -> CO2(g) -293.5(3) CH4(g) + 2O2(g) -> CO2(g) + 2H2O(l) -890.4

From the above equations, deriveC + 2H2 -> CH4

Answer: C + 2H2 -> CH4 -74.7Hint: 2*(1) + (2) - (3), Thus,dHf = 2 * (-285.8) + (-393.5) - (-890.4) = ?

Discussion:Three enthalpies of reactions involved in this Example are standard enthalpies of formation, and one is the enthalpy of combustion. The formation of methane from graphite and hydrogen cannot be achieved easily, and its enthalpy of formation is not directly measurable, but the calculations like this provide the data to be included in thermodynamic data. The value of -74.4 kJ/mol has been listed in several data sources.

From these data, we can construct an energy level diagram for these chemical combinations as follows:

   ===C(graphite) + 2 H2(g) + 2 O2(g)===- 74.7 kJ |              |   == CH4 (g) + 2 O2(g)== |          |              |          |              |          |              |          |              |-965.1 kJ-890.4 kJ |              | [(-2*285.8-393.5) kJ]          |              |          |              |          |              |          |              |          V              V   ==========CO2(g) + 2 H2O(l)==========

2. From the following data,

Page 2: Web viewA higher amount of energy (890 vs 802 kJ/mol) is extracted if the exhaust is condensed to liquid water. The exhaust from high efficiency furnace is at lower

CH4 + 2O2 -> CO2 + 2H2O dHo = -890 kJ/mol H2O(l) -> H2O(g) dHo = 44 kJ/mol at 298 K

Calculate the enthalpy of the reactionCH4 + 2 O2(g) -> CO2(g) + 2 H2O(g) dHo = ?

Solution:Add the two equations to give the third one:

CH4(g) + 2O2(g) -> CO2(g) + 2 H2O(l)         dHo = -890 kJ/mol                2 H2O(l) -> 2 H2O(g)                     dHo = 88 kJ/moladd the equations ----------------------- add the enthalpiesCH4 + 2 O2(l) -> CO2(g) + 2 H2O(g)           dHo = -802 kJ/mol

Discussion:A higher amount of energy (890 vs 802 kJ/mol) is extracted if the exhaust is condensed to liquid water. The exhaust from high efficiency furnace is at lower temperature, and the water vapour is condensed to liquid. However, there is always some lost in a furnace operation.

3. The standard enthalpies of formation of SO2 and SO3 are -297 and -396 kJ/mol respectively. Calculate the standard enthalpy of reaction for the reaction:

SO2 + 1/2 O2 -> SO3.

Solution:In order to show how the chemical reactions take place, and for a better appreciation of the technique of problem solving, we write the equations according to the data given:

SO2(g) -> S(s) + O2(g)       dH = 297 kJS(s) + 3/2 O2 -> SO3           dH = -396 kJ

Add the two equations to giveSO2(g) + 1/2 O2 -> SO3       dH = -99 kJ

Your turn to work:Sketch an energy level diagram for the combinations of substances.

4. From the following enthalpies of reactions:

Page 3: Web viewA higher amount of energy (890 vs 802 kJ/mol) is extracted if the exhaust is condensed to liquid water. The exhaust from high efficiency furnace is at lower

1. 2 O(g) -> O2(g) dHo = -249 kJ/mol2. H2O(l) -> H2O(g) dHo = 44 kJ/mol at 298 K3. 2 H(g) + O(g) -> H2O(g) dHo = -803 kJ/mol4. C(graphite) + 2 O(g) -> CO2(g) dHo = -643 kJ/mol5. C(graphite) + O2(g) -> CO2(g) dHo = -394 kJ/mol6. C(graphite) + 2 H2(g) -> CH4(g) dHo = -75 kJ/mol7. 2 H(g) -> H2(g) dHo = -436 kJ/mol8. H2O(l) -> H2O(g) dH = 41 kJ/mol at 373 K, non-standard condition

Calculate the heat of combustion of methane into gaseous H2O.

Solution:-2(1) + 2(3) + (4) - (6) - 2(7) gives

CH4(g) + 2 O2(g) -> CO2(g) + H2O(g),and therefore,dH = -2*(-249) + 2*(-803) + (-643) - (-75) - 2(-436)      = -804 kJ/mol

One method is to re-write the key equations as follows and then add them to cancel out undesirable compound on both sides. Practice the cancellation of the formula yourself.

CH4(g) -> C(graphite) + 2 H2(g)         dHo = 75 kJ/molC(graphite) + 2 O(g) -> CO2(g)         dHo = -643 kJ/mol2 O2(g) -> 4 O(g)                               dHo = 498 kJ/mol4 H(g) + 2 O(g) -> 2 H2O(g)             dHo = -1606 kJ/mol2 H2(g) -> 4 H(g)                               dHo = 872 kJ/moladd all equations ---------------------------add all dHs CH4 + 2 O2(g) -> CO2(g) + 2 H2O(g)       dHo = -804 kJ/mol

5.

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6.

7. C = q/∆T = 911/(100-15) = 10.7J/oC

Page 5: Web viewA higher amount of energy (890 vs 802 kJ/mol) is extracted if the exhaust is condensed to liquid water. The exhaust from high efficiency furnace is at lower

8. q = C∆T = (345J/K)(23-467) = 1.53 x 105J = -153kJ

9. (145g)(4.180J/goC) = m(0.385J/goC)m = 1574.3g or 1.57kg

10. note the combustion values differ slightly from the ones in your data booklet, but the working remains the same:

11. Solution:

1) Hess' Law for bond enthalpies is:

ΔH = Σ Ereactant bonds broken minus Σ Eproduct bonds broken

2) On the reactant side, we have these bonds broken:

Σ [two C−H bonds + one C≡C bond + two H−H bonds]

Σ [(2 x 413) + 839 + (2 x 432)] = 2529 kJ

3) On the product side, we have these bonds broken:

Σ [one C−C bond + six C−H bonds]

Σ [347 + (6 x 413)] = 2825 kJ

4) Using Hess' Law, we have:

ΔH = 2529 minus 2825 = −296 kJ

12. Solution:

Page 6: Web viewA higher amount of energy (890 vs 802 kJ/mol) is extracted if the exhaust is condensed to liquid water. The exhaust from high efficiency furnace is at lower

Hess' Law for bond enthalpies is:

ΔH = Σ Ereactant bonds broken minus Σ Eproduct bonds broken

−108 = [239 + 159] − 2x

−2x = −506

x = 253 kJ/mol

Note the use of 2x because there are two ClF molecules.

13. 33.3oC

14. 91oC