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A DICTIONARY OF RELIGION AND ETHICS

THE MACMILLAN COMPANYNKW YORK

ATLANTA LONDON

BOSTON CHICAGO DALLAS SAN FRANCISCO

MACMILLAN &

CO., Limited

BOMBAY CALCUTTA MELBOURNECO. OF TORONTO

THE MACMILLAN

CANADA,

Ltd.

A

DICTIONARYOF

RELIGION

AND ETHICSEDITED BY

Shailer Mathews, D.D., LL.D.!I

Professor of Historical and Comparative Theology, and of the Divinity School, University of Chicago

Dean

AND

Gerald Birney Smith, D.D.Professor of Christian Theology, University of Chicago

NEW YORKTHE MACMILLAN COMPANY1923

31. 3/

Copyright, 1921

BySet

the MACMILLAN COMPANYelectrotyped.

up and

Published September, 1921.

PWNTEP

W THE UNITED

STATES OF AMERICA

CONTRIBUTORS TO THE DICTIONARY OF RELIGION

AND ETHICSfADENET, Walter Frederick, D.D. Late Professor of New Testament Exegesis and Church History; Principal of Lancaster Independent College, Manchester, England.

Cook, Stanley Arthur, A.M., Litt.D. Ex-FeUow and Lecturer in the Comparative Study of Rehgions and in Hebrew and Syriac, Gk)nville and Gaius College, Cambridge,England.

Alexander, Hartley Burr, Ph.D.Professor of Philosophy, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Neb.; Associate Editor Mid-

Cope,

Henry Frederick, D.D.

West Quarterly, and Midland. Allen, Thomas George, Ph.D. Instructor in Egyptology, University of Chicago; Secretary of Haskell Oriental

General Secretary of the Religious Education Association. Editor Religious Education.

Museum.

Coulter, John Merle, Ph.D. Professor and Head of the DepartmentBotany, University of Chicago;Botanical Gazette.

of

Editor The

Ames, Edward Scribner, Ph.D.Associate Professor of Philosophy, University of Chicago.

Crawford, John Forsyth, Ph.D.Professor of Philosophy, Beloit College, Beloit,

Baker, Archibald Gillies.Assistant Professor of Missions, University of

Wis.

Chicago.

Barnes, Lemuel Call, D.D. Secretary of the Department of EvangeUsm, American Baptist Home Mission Society. Barton, George Aaron, Ph.D., LL.D. Professor of Biblical Literature and SemiticLanguages,

Cross, George, Ph.D., D.D. Professor of Systematic Theology, Rochester Theological Seminary, Rochester, N.Y.

Deutsch, Gotthard, Ph.D., D.D.Professor of Jewish History and Literature, Hebrew Union College, Cincinnati, O.

BrynMawr College, BrynMawr, Pa.of

Barton, James Levi, D.D., LL.D. Foreign Secretary of the American BoardCommissioners for Foreign Missions. Baskervill, Charles Read, Ph.D.

Dickerson, James Spencer, Litt.D. Formerly Editor The Standard, Chicago, 111. Dickinson, Edward, Litt.D. Professor of the History and Criticism ofMusic, Oberlin College, Oberhn, O.

Professor of English Literature, University of

Chicago; Managing Editor Modern Philology.

DowD, Quincy

L.

Author, Funeral Management and Costs.

Beckwith, Clarence Augustine, D.D.Christian Theology, Chicago Professor of Theological Seminary; Associate Editor The New Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious

Easton, Burton Scott, Ph.D., D.D. Professor of New Testament History andInterpretation, General Theological Seminary,

Knowledge.

New York.Ellwood, Charles Abram, Ph.D.Professor of Sociology, University of Missouri.

Benson, Louis Fitzgerald, D.D.Editor of various hymnals, and Author of standard books on the history of hymnology. Boas, Franz, Ph.D., LL.D., Sc.D. Professor of Anthropology, Columbia University, New York, Editor Journal of AmericanFolk-Lore.

Erb, Frank Otis, Ph.D.Editor of

Young

People's Publications, Ameri-

can Baptist Pubhcation Society.

Burgess, Ernest Watson, Ph.D.Associate Professor of Sociology, University of Chicago.

Everett, Walter Goodnow, Ph.D. Professor of Philosophy and Natural Theology,

Brown

University, Providence, R.I.

Burt, Frank H., LL.D.President

Y.M.CA.

College, Chicago,

111.

Fallows, Samuel, LL.D., D.D. Bishop of the Reformed Episcopal Church,Chicago,111.

Burton, MargaretGeneral Secretary Y.W.C.A.,

New York City.

Case, Shirley Jackson, Ph.D., D.D. Professor of Early Church History and NewTest',

Faris, Ellsworth, Ph.D. Professor of Sociology, University of Chicago.

Fisher, Lewis Beals, D.D., LL.D.

I

ament Interpretation, University of Chicago. Christie, Francis Albert, D.D. Professor of Church History, Meadville Theological Seminary, Meadville, Pa.

Dean of the Ryder School, Chicago.Gardiner, Robert H.

(Universalist)

Divinity

I

ClarKj Charles A.Missionary in Korea.

Secretary World's Conference on Faith and Order.of

Clark, Walter Eugene, Ph.D.Sanskrit and IndoEuropean Comparative Philology, University of Chicago.AssistantProfessort Deceased.

Gilbert, George Holley, Ph.D., D.D. Theologian and Author; Formerly Professor of New Testament Literature and Interpretation, Chicago Theological Seminary.

463 131

CONTRIBUTORS TO THE DICTIONARY OF RELIGION AND ETHICSGiLMORE, George William Associate Editor The New Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge; Associate Editor The Homiletic Review. Goodspeed, Edgar Johnson, Ph.D. Professor of Biblical and Patristic Greek,University of Chicago; Assistant Director of Haskell Oriental Museum. Gordon, Alexander Reid, Litt.D., D.D. Professor of Old Testament Literature and Montreal, Presbyterian College, Exegesis,

Lyman, Eugene William, D.D.Professor of Philosophy of ReUgion, Union Theological Seminary, New York, N.Y.

Mathews, Shailer, D.D., LL.D. Dean of the Divinity School ofof

the University

Chicago;

Professor

of

Historical

andD.D.,

Comparative Theology.

McGlothlin, LL.D.President,

William

Joseph,

Ph.D.,

Furnam

University,of

Greenville,

Canada. Gould, Chester Nathan, Ph.D.ScandiAssistant Professor of navian Literature, University of Chicago.

S.C; formerly Professor

Church History,

Southern Baptist Theological Seminary, Louisville, Ky. McLaughlin, Andrew Cunningham, LL.D. Professor of History and Head of the Department of History, University of Chicago. McNeill, John Thomas, Ph.D.

German and

Gray, Lottis Herbert, Ph.D.Professor of Philosophy, University of Nebraska; Editor Mythology of All Races; Assistant Editor Hastings Encyclopedia of Religion and Ethics; Departmental Editor New International Encyclopedia.

Instructor in European History, Queen's College,

Kingston, Canada.

Mead, George HerbertProfessor of Philosophy, University of Chicago.

Gkiffis, William Elliot, D.D., L.H.D. Lecturer; Author; and formerly Educator in Japan.

Mead, Lucia True AmesNational Secretary of Woman's Peace Party.

Merrill, Elmer Truesdell, LL.D.Hall, Francis Joseph, D.D. Professor of Dogmatic Theology, and President, General Theological Seminary, New York. Harada, Tasuktt, LL.D., D.D. Former President, Doshisha University, Kyoto,Japan.Professor of Latin, University of Chicago; Editor Classical Philology.

Michel, F.Field

J.

Secretary

of

Laymen's

Missionary

Harvey, Albert Edward, Ph.D.Formerly InstructorChicago.in History, University of

Movement. Mode, Peter George, Ph.D. Assistant Professor of Churchversity of Chicago.

History, Uni-

Moore, Clifford Herschel, Ph.D., Litt.D.Professor of Latin, Harvard University,bridge, Mass.

Haydon, Albert Eustace, Ph.D.Assistant Professor of the History of ReUgions, University of Chicago.

Cam-

MuzzEY, David Saville, Ph.D.Associate Professor of History, Columbia University, Director of History, Ethical Culture School, NewYork, N.Y.

HoBEN, Allan, Ph.D.Professor of Sociology, Northfield, Minn.

Carleton

College,

HoLTOM, Daniel Clarence, Ph.D. Professor of Church History, Baptist Theological

Myers, Harry

S.

Seminary, Tokyo, Japan.Friendly

Secretary, Missionary Education the United States and Canada.

Movement

of

HuRREY, CharlesGeneral Secretary, Committee on Relations among Foreign Students.

Newman, Albert Henry, LL.D., D.D.Formerly Professor of Church History, BaylorUniversity,

Waco, Tex.

Jackson, Abraham Valentine Williams, L.H.D. Ph.D., LL.D. Professor of Indo-Iranian Languages, Columbia University, New York, N.Y. Jones, Rufus Matthew, Litt.D. Professor of Philosophy, Haverford College,Haverford, Pa.

Odlin,

W.

S.

Assistant Director of Publicity, American Cross, Washington, D.C.

Red

Palmieri, a. Cambridge, Mass. Paton, Lewis Bayles, Ph.D., D.D.ProfessorCriticism,

of

Old

Testament ExegesisTheological

and

Kantor, Jacob Robert, Ph.D.Professor of Psychology, University of Indiana, Bloomington, Ind.

Hartford

Seminary,

Hartford, Conn. Paul, Charles Thomas, A.M.President, College of Missions, Indianapolis, O.

King, Irving, Ph.D.Assistant Professor of Education, University of Iowa, Iowa City, la.

Pound, Roscoe, Ph.D., LL.D.Professor of General Jurisprudence, and Dean of the Faculty of Law, Harvard University,

fKiNGMAN, HenryFormerly Missionary in China; Late Pastor, Congregational Church, Claremont, Calif.

Kuring, Adolph, A.m.Pastor, Lutheran Church, Chicago.

Laing,

Gordon

Jennings, Ph.D.

Cambridge, Mass. Pratt, James Bisset, Ph.D. Professor of Intellectual and Moral Philosophy, Williams College, WiUiamstown, Mass. Price, Ira Maurice, Ph.D., LL.D. Professor of the Old Testament Language andLiterature, University of Chicago.

Professor of Latin, University of Chicago.

LUCKENBILL, DaNIEL DaVID, Ph.D.Associate Professor of the Semitic Languages and Literatures, University of Chicago.t Deceased.

fRAUSCHENBUSCH, WaLTER, D.D. Late Professor of Church History, Rochester Theological Seminary, Rochester, N.Y.

CONTRIBUTORS TO THE DICTIONARY OF RELIGION AND ETHICSReagan, Joseph Nicholas, S.T.D., Ph.D.Professor of Greek, St. Bonaventure's College, Allegany, N.Y.

Smith, John

Merlin Powis, Ph.D.

Reinhart, Harold F. Rabbi, Baton Rouge, La.Richards, George Warren, D.D.of Church History, Theological Seminary of the Reformed Church in the Associate United States, Lancaster, Pa.;

Professor of the Old Testament Language and Literature, University of Chicago; Editor the American Journal of Semitic Languages andLiteratures.

Scares, Theodore Gerald, Ph.D., D.D.Professor of Homiletics and Religious Education, and Head of the Department of Practical Theology, University of Chicago.

Professor

Editor Reformed Church Review.

Sprengling, Martin, Ph.D.Assistant Professor of the Semitic Languages and Literatures, University of Chicago.

Rockwell, William Walker, Ph.D. Professor of Church History, Union Theological

Seminary,of

New

York, N.Y.Science

RowE, Henry Kalloch, Ph.D.ProfessorSocial

fTARBELL, Frank Bigelow, Ph.D. Late Professor of Classical Archeology, University of Chicago.

and

History,

Newton Theological Center, Mass.Lecturer,

Institution,

Newton

Thompson, James Westfall, Ph.D.Professor of Medieval History, University of

Chicago.

Salter, William Mackintire, D.B.

Tufts, James Hayden, Ph.D., LL.D.Culture.Professor and Head of the Department of Philosophy, University of Chicago; Editor International Journal of Ethics.

The Society for Ethical BcHAFP, David Schley, D.D.

Professor of Ecclesiastical History and History of Doctrine, Western Theological Seminary, Pittsburgh, Pa.

Vedder, Henry Clay, D.D. Professor of Church History, Crozer Theological Seminary, Chester, Pa.

Scott,

Ernest Findlay, D.D.Seminary,

Professor oflogical

New Testament, Union New York, N.Y.

VoTAW, Clyde Weber, Ph.D.TheoProfessor of New Testament Literature, University of Chicago.

Sears, Charles Hatch, D.D. Executive Secretary of New York City Baptist Mission Society.

Walker, Henry Hammersley, Ph.D.Professor of Ecclesiastical History, Theological Seminary.

Chicago

Shapley, John, Ph.D.Assistant Professor of Art, Providence, R.I.

tWABFiELD, Benjamin Breckenridge, DD., LL.D.,

Brown

University,

Sharpe, Charles Manford, Ph.D. Dean, College of BibUcal and Religious Studies, Metropohtan Young Men's Christian Association, Detroit, Mich. Sheldon, Henry Clay, D.D. Professor of Systematic Theology, BostonUniversity.

LiTT.D., S.T.D. Professor of Didactic and Polemic Theology, Princeton Theological Seminary, Princeton, N.J.

Watson, Arthur Clinton, Ph.D. Professor of Philosophy andMarietta College, Marietta, O.

Education,

Webster, Hutton, Ph.D.Professor of Social Anthropology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Neb.

Smith,

Gerald Birney, D.D.

WooDBURNE, Angus Stewart, Ph.D.ProfessorCollege, of

Professor of Christian Theology, University of

Psychology,

Madras Christian

Chicago; Editor Journal of Religion.

Madras, India.

Smith,

Henry Preserved, D.D.N.Y.

YouTZ, Herbert Alden, Ph.D.Professor of Philosophy of Religion and Christian Ethics, Graduate School of Theology, OberUn College, Oberlin, O.

Professor of Old Testament Literature, and Chief Librarian, Union Theological Seminary,

New York,t Deceased.

:

PREFACEimportance in the field primary value. The general plan thus involves the generous use of cross references as a means of bringing the treatment within the limits of a single volume. The general plan of editing involves 1. The definition of ail terms and a more extended discussion of the more important topics.is

The purposeand

of this Dictionary

to define

all

terms (not strictly

biblical) of

of rehgion

ethics,

and at the same time to discuss with some

fullness terms of

2.

Particular attention to the clear explanation of the important terms used in primitive and ethnic

rehgions.3.

Especial regard to the psychology and history of religion.rather than apologetic or partisan treatment of all topics.

4. Historical 5.

Biographical articles limited to persons especially significant in rehgion and morals. persons are included.6.

No

Uving

No

attempt to standardize the transUteration of foreign words, each contributor being

left free

to employ the system which he prefers.

Where

different spelUngs of a

word are in common

use, the

variants appear in the titles at the proper places.7.

The omission

of technical terms loosely connected with religion

and morals which would not

naturally be sought in such a dictionary.

For ease of consultation, compound words arranged in sequence after the first compound term. Bibhographies in an appendix to the volume can thus easily be kept up to date. The editors wish to express their gratitude to Drs. A. S. Woodburne, A. Eustace Haydon, and J. N. Reagan for valuable assistance in preparation of copy and reading proof, and to Dr. Frank E. Lewis for supervising the preparation of the bibliographies. While every article and definition has been independently produced their thanks are due to Funk & Wagnalls for their kind consent to the use of some especially admirable expressions and arrangements contained in copyright material in the Standard Dictionary and8. 9.

New Schaff-Herzog

Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge.

vu

A DICTIONARY OF RELIGION AND ETHICSfifth

AB, NINTH OF.A Jewish holiday on the month of the Jewish year, corresponding

approximately to August. It is the traditional anniversary of the destruction of Jerusalem by Nebuchadnezzar in 586 b.c, and of the fall of the holy city before Titus in 70 a.d. Long observed as one of fasting and mourning, the day is still so kept by orthodox Jews. Reform Jews regard the day as of solemn historic significance, but do not distinguish it with special observance.

already baptized, who are suspected of error in rehgious belief. It has taken various forms in the 4th. century a written statement, in the period of the Inquisition a solemn public pronouncement, and more recently a private profession before priestly witnesses. Converts make a formal renunciation of all doctrine opposed to the teaching of the Roman church.:

ABLUTION. See Bathing;

Purification.

ABBEY, ABBOToriginally

Reinhart and ABBESS.An abbey wasF.

Harold

ABRAHAM.TESTAMENT OF. An apocryphalbook of Jewish origin describing the Abraham.last

comprising a cathedral or church, cloisters for the monks and other appurtenances. The abbey was the outgrowth of the development of monasticism (q.v.) into coenobitic form, which began in the 4th. century with Pachomius, an Egyptian. The organization of monastic orders, beginning with Benedict of Nursia (q.v.) contributed to the development. The monk in charge was called the abbot, which

a

monastic institution,

days of

That which is free from all limitations. In religious Ufe as in philosophical thinking, there is the natural desire to escape from the imperThe ultimate reahty fections of finite experience. is pictured as eternally perfect, above the vicissitudes of time and space and change. Complete security of the human spirit can be found only in In the rehgion alliance with this perfect Absolute. of the Vedanta (see India, Religions and Philosophies OP, Sec. 1) the ultimate aim is to lose one's finite personahty in the Infinite. Platonism provides a philosophical way in which men may participate in absolute ideas. Mysticism is an emotional identification of the inner self with the Absolute. IdeaUstic philosophy in modern times has attempted through the doctrine of dynamic monism to relate the Absolute concretely to finite existence. See God; Monism; Idealism; PragGerald Birney Smith matism.

ABSOLUTE.

philologically means "father." He ruled paternally, his authority "being limited only by canonical rules." Abbots were originally laymen, but from the 7th. century began to be ordained, and in the Middle Ages performed episcopal duties. The corresponding head of a female institution or nunnery is called an abbess. Certain churches and cathedrals, formerly connected with monastic institutions, still retain the name, as, e.g., Westminster Abbey.

ABELARD, PETERlastic

(1079-1142).French Scho-

philosopher and theologian, known in Uterature through his romantic connection with Heloise. In the controversy between Nominalism

and Realism he worked out a mediating position which promoted a more vital kind of logic. In theology he opposed a mere submission to ecclesiastical authority, and attempted a rationaUsticexplanation of church doctrines. In his Sic et Non he collected Patristic quotations on both siides of debatable positions in matters of doctrine. While this aroused distrust at the time, his method was subsequently adopted and elaborated in Catholic dogmatics. The chief opponent of his rationalistic tendency was Bernard of Clairvaux, who secured his condemnation. His last years were spent in silent submission to the chiu-ch.

ABSOLUTION.According to the Larger Catechism prescribed by Pope Pius X., "Absolution is the sentence which the Priest pronounces in thenameof Jesus Christ to remit the penitent's sins." theologians appeal to Matt. 16: 19; 18: 18; John 20:21-23. Absolution presupposes contrition (q.v.), confession (q.v.), and the promise of satisfaction; and valid absolution can be imparted only by a duly ordained priest who has jurisdiction over the penitent. The present form of absolution is declarative or indicative, "I absolve thee." In the Holy Orthodox and in other oriental communions the form of absolution is precatory, in the form of a prayer for pardon. Precatory forms were in common use in the Latin church till the middle of the 13th. century. For certain serious offences a Roman Catholic priest cannot grant absolution without special

Roman

ABHISEKA.In the later Vedic reUgion of India a ceremony used for emperors, kings and high state functionaries to give power; the name applied by the Buddhists to the last of their ten stages of perfection: used among the Hindus of ceremonial bathing in sacred waters.reqmred by the

ABJURATION. A renunciation of heresy Roman Cathohc church of those.

authorization from the bishop or even from the pope. The restrictions in these "reserved cases" are relaxed, however, in the hour of death.

Wm. WaLKEB RoCKWEUi

Abyss

A DICTIONARY OF RELIGION AND ETHICSeousness or faith in Jesus.

ABYSS.^The boltoroless space (originally filled with water) which was believed to be under the.

Many types of

theology

have made

it

dependent on

belief in right doctrine.

r

earths;

,

;,

Bairyloniap thought tne abyss was possibly the' primeval chaos from which our universe and all Ufe sprang. From this original substance God created the imiverse, according to Genesis. The cosmology of the Bible represents the earth as resting on and surrounded by waters extending imder the earth, thus constituting the abyss. Through usage which it is not possible fully to trace, the abyss ceased to be thought of as filled with water and became identified with the abode of the departed spirits, that is, Sheol or Hades. The latter place is said by Job 38 16 to be at the bottom of the sea. It is from the conception of Hades that the word came also to denote the imderground place From the time of Enoch of punishment, or Hell. it was apparently regarded as filled with fire rather than water. With the appearance of the apocalyptic literature the word is used in a more general sense to represent the underworld in which was the abyss of fire in which the demons lived and where Satan, according to the Apocalypse of John, is to be confined for a thousand years. The term included also Hades wherein the spirits of the dead Uved, and in which Christ himself is said by the later church Fathers to have spent the days between his death and his'.!ja:

ACCEPTILATION.-^-Originally a form of Roman legal practice in which a creditor acknowledged payment of a debt though no payment had been made. The term is loosely used in Christian theology to characterize theories of atonement in which the efficacy of Christ's work depends upon its acceptance by God rather than upon its own intrinsicworth,e.g.,

the theory of

Duns Scotus

(q.v.).

ACCIDENT. (1) An event occurring unexpectedly and contrary to rational order. An accident upsets plans, and hence demands special rehgious or moral explanation. (2) Philosophically, a property not absolutely essential to the existence ofan object.

The term is important in some scholasticworld view which

explanations of the doctrine of transubstantiation.

ACCIDENTALISM.A

allows the possibility of tincaused able events and acts.

and unpredict-

ACCLAMATION. (1) The uncanvassed and spontaneous election of a pope by the college ofcardinals. (2) phonal singing.

A

congregational response in anti-

resurrection. In the later cosmologies developed by gnosticism the abyss was personified as the first principle of the infinite deity from which all aeons were evolved and

ACCOMMODATION.The

modification

or

so the universe created

In modern thought these earlier conceptions have entirely disappeared, and the word is used simply as a synonym for a deep chasm. Shailer Mathews

adjustment of a statement so as to meet specific needs or conditions such as the immaturity of the person to be taught. In bibUcal interpretation certain apparently crude conceptions found in Scripture have been explained on the ground that God accommodatedhis revelation to the capacity of

men

to receive

it.

Misquotations of the Old Testament in the

New

ABYSSINIA, RELIGION OF.The reUgion of the peoples of Abyssinia is a curious blend of primitivity with the reUgious ideas of Judaism, early Arabia, Mohammedanism and Christianity. The basis of all modern forms is the nature-reUgion which consists (1) of the tribal provision for the lifeneeds of the people when the chief performs reUgious ceremonies for crops and food; (2) of the control of spirits through the agency of shamans who know the magical forms. The influence of early Arabia is seen in the presence of the mother-goddess, AUat, and of the male Ashtar. Christianity entered in the middle of the 5th. century probably from Syria and after long struggle is now finally estabUshed as the official religion of the Abyssinian empire. It is of the monophysite form generally; though so many elements are mingled in it as to give it almost the character of a new religion. Islam is making rapid progress, has gained control of all the tribes surrounding the Christians, and is penetrating their The source and. influence of Judaism is territory. still obscure, though there are undoubted evidences of distinctively Jewish ideas and practices.A. Eustace Haydon ACACIUS OF CAESAREA.Bishop of Caesareain the 4th. century and one of the most prominent of the moderate opponents of the Nicene Creed in

The references of Jesus to demons are considered by some theologians to be instances of accommodation. In the 18th. century rationahstic theologians carried the principle to absurd lengths, attempting to find in the Bible their own theology, and thus explaining all features which are unacceptable to modern thinking as instances of accommodation. Historical interpretation today repudiates this attitude, and attempts to set forth the exact teachings of the Bible as honest and straightforward convictions, rather than as accommodations of a predetermined theological system. In the Roman Catholic church a so-called "accommodation controversy" occurred in the 16th. and 17th. centuries, when the popes disapproved of the concessions made by Jesuit missionaries to current ideas in India and China.have been similarly explained.

which acknowledged no bishop or authoritative head; as e.g., the mediaeval Flagellants.religious sect

ACEPHALI.

A

Gerald Birney Smith

ACOEMETAE. ^An eastern order of ascetics of the 5th. century, so designated from their custom of continuous prayer and praise night and day.

the Arian controversy.

ACOLYTE.A memberminor orders in theattitude of satisfaction

of the highest of the

Roman CathoUc

church, whose

ACCEPTANCE.TheAmong some

with which God regards those who have met therequirements necessary for obtaining divine favor.primitive and even among some more highly developed religions the deity is beheved to be naturally hostile, and hence offerings and sacrifices are considered necessary to acceptance. In the Hebrew prophetic books and in the New Testament, acceptance is dependent on moral right-

duties are attendance on a priest performing rite especially the celebration of the mass.

some

ACOSMISM.Thatfrom the Absolute.

asserts that the universe has

type of pantheism which no real existence apart

ACQUIRED AND CONGENITAL CHARACTERISTICS.Inthe

study

of

heredity,

two

A DICTIONARY OF RELIGION AND ETHICSgeneral kinds of characters are recognized, namely, those determined by the constitution of the "germ plasm" and those acquired by the body during Germ plasm is the essential its development. substance of eggs and sperms, and determines the fundamental structure of the offspring. Acquired characters appear in response to the varying condiFormerly tions that obtain during development. it was supposed that acquired characters might be inherited and increased from generation to generation. Weismann was the first to analyze the situation, and to show that germ plasm and body plasm are entirely distinct. Germ plasm gives rise to body plasm, which in turn builds the body; but germ plasm itself is continuous from generation to generation, passing on what it has received from previous generations. An acquired character is a response of the body plasm, and disappears with the body. It has no more influence upon germ plasm than has a stream upon the spring from which it has issued. From this point of view, the body is simply a container of the germ plasm, and no more affects its constitution than does a water bag affect the constitution of the contained water. It is beginning to be realized, however, that some acquired characters may affect the organism so profoundly as to influence the constitution of the germ plasm. The body is a physiological unity, so that while such an acquired character as a mutilation, for example, cannot affect the germ plasm, any character which profoundly affects the physiology of the body may include the germ plasm in its effects. The conclusion is that while in general acquired characters are not inherited, because they involve only body structures, some acquired characters may involve every region of the organism, including the germ plasm. The problem concerns ethics in so far as it is desirable to ascertain what stress should be laid on the education of the individual in view of thefactors in his inheritance.

Adamites

year's imprisonment for a second offense, and life imprisonment for a third. Laymen disturbing worship or encouraging priests to violate uniformity

were liable to fines and imprisonment. A second Act (1552) legalized the ecclesiastical censure and excommunication of laymen, who failed to attend prayer on Sundays and holy days, and imposed upon those attending unauthorized forms of worship penalties much as in the Act of 1549. Elizabeth's Act of Uniformity (1559) revived the Edwardian statute, but to the penalty of ecclesiastical censure added a fine levied by the church wardens for parishrevenue. With the restoration of Charles II (1662) the use of a revised prayer book in every place of public worship was made compulsory. Incumbents were required to make declaration of their acceptance of the prayer book. University teachers, school masters and private tutors were required to accept the Liturgy and the doctrine of nonresistance. bishop's license was required of all schoolmasters and private tutors. For refusing to conform, hundreds of clergymen lost their benefices in the "Great Eviction," and the Estabhshed Church forced^ from her fellowship much of the strongest religious leadership of the age. The statute, fortified by such legislation as the Con-

A

venticle and Corporation Acts (q.v.), remained in force until the Toleration Act (q.v.) made substantial

moderations.

Peter G. Modeancient storm-god of the Amorites,

ADAD.Anlater as

known as Hadad in Palestine and Syria, who appearsan important figure in the pantheon of Babylonia as god of storms and rain. He is also

known

as

Rammon.

ADALBERT OF HAMBURG BREMEN.Archbishop from 1043 or 1045 to 1072; strove to unify the church of Northern Europe with himself as patriarch, a plan frustrated by Rome.

John M. Coulter

ADALBERT, SAINT, OF PRAGUE. Bishop;

of

collection of the biographies of early Christian martyrs. The latest is from the 4th. century. Their value varies according to the degree of legendary material

ACTA MARTYRUM. A

Prague, b. 950; forced to flee his see by papal opposition undertook a mission to the Prussians, by whom he was murdered, 997; known as the "Apostle of Bohemia" and "Apostle of the Prussians."or Adam a proper name. used in Genesis, both as a generic term and as a proper name. The account of creation according to the priestly document deals with the making of man from clay by God who breathed into him the breath of God. The account then proceeds to treat the first created member of the human race as possessing the name Adam; how he was given a mate made from one of his ribs, how the two lived in a garden in innocence until sin came through temptation by the serpent (q.v.) on the ground that the pair might by disobeying God get new moral knowledge. This disobedience led to the exclusion of the pair from the garden and their being made subject to death. There are many Babylonian and other parallels to the Hebrew story of Adam, but none sets forth the problem of temptation and sin with such beauty or psychological precision. This Adam of Genesis became a figure in Christian theology. As the actual progenitor of a race begotten after the Fall he has been treated as the

included.

ADAM. Man,The wordis

ACTA SANCTORUM.Aof the saintsetc.,

collection of

and information concerning

lives festivals,

associated with them, made subsequently to the 4th. century. The literary remains to be included are so numerous and the questions involved so difficult that although the Bollandists began publication in 1643 the collection is'not yet complete. The lives are arranged according to the months in which a saint's feast is celebrated.

ACTION SERMON.A

sermon immediately

preceding the Lord's Supper in Scotch Presbyterian churches, so named because the Supper was designated "the Action."

ACT OF GOD. An occurrence considered inevitably necessary because due to the operation of cosmic forces from which the human agency is entirely absent; used as an excuse both fromliability for

moral wrong and

(legally)

from

civil

damages

in courts of law.

source of original sin and his experience and position have been determining factors in the orthodox

ACTS OF UNIFORMITY.Enactments to secure uniformity of worship in the churches ofEngland. According to the first (1549) the Book of Common Prayer was to be used by all priests on penalty of losing a year's revenue from the benefice, and six months' imprisonment for a first offense, a

treatment of sin and salvation.obscure sect originating in North Africa in the 2nd. century, the members of which laid claim to the innocence of Adam and ordered their lives after their conception of Eden. Neo-Adamites arose in the Brethren and Sisters of

ADAMITES. An

Shailer

Mathews

Adapa

A DICTIONARY OF RELIGION AND ETHICSand the Beghardsbeen associated with it. Recent studies of the physical and mental changes of this period have confirmed the commonly accepted view of its being more or less a well marked epoch in human development. Physical changes. These are more definitely determined than the mental, social and religious. They consist in greatly accelerated bodily growth in both height and weight. The reproductive organs increase in size and come to functional maturity; the skin becomes coarser, the second molars appear, lung capacity increases greatly,

the Free Spirit of the 13th. century of the 14th. century.

ADAPA. figure of Babylonian mythology, favorite of Ea, who was offered the bread and water of life by the gods but through a misunderstanding refused it and forfeited immortality.

A

ADELOPHAGI.A 4th. century sect, who held that Christians should eat in secret, supposedly in imitation of the prophets.ADIAPHORA. A word of Greek origin denoting actions or rites which are neither positively commanded nor positively forbidden, hence liberty Wherof opinion and action must be recognized. ever the attempt is made to organize religion or ethics in terms of a complete legal system such morally indifferent items are a source of perplexity and give rise to controversy. See AdiaphokisticControversies.

especially in boys, the heart enlarges rapidly, the

ADIAPHORISTIC CONTROVERSIES. During the Protestant Reformation an attempt was made by the emperor, Charles V., to reunite the Catholic and the Lutheran bodies. (See Augsburg Interim; Leipzig Interim.) Necessarily this involved countenancing certain rites of Catholicism which Luther had repudiated (Latin Mass, candles, fasts, etc.) Those who, under the leadership of Melanchthon favored granting liberty of practice were called Adiaphorists. The controversy continued until the Formula of Concord (1577) decided in favor of the stricter view. A second controversy called by this name occurred in the 17th. century over the question of "doubtful amusements," the Pietists contending for the more puritanical position against the conventional Lutherans. Gerald Birney Smith

voice changes. Mental changes. The physical changes are definitely associated with a rapid and striking enlargement of the mental life. Children of normal pubertal development are on the whole better developed mentally and more successful in their school work than are the immature of the same age or than those whose physical development has been unduly deferred. The sexual ripening brings an entirely new outlook upon fife. The earning instinct looms large in the boy and the home-

ADIBUDDHA. A nameessential,

used to refer to the

Buddha from whose acts of meditation come, by emanation, the five great Buddhas and through them the lower orders ofeternal

divine and earthly existence. He seems to have at times the character of a personal God, at others to be the pantheistic world-ground.

ADITI. A word used as a divine name in Vedic reUgion meaning "the Boundless," important as indicating the early drift from polytheism to an abstract unity in Indian theology.

instinct in the girl. "The type of play changes, new companions are sought, new hkings, tendencies, enthusiasms and emotions make over the whole life." The central tendency of these changes appears to be near the fifteenth or sixteenth year. Ambition for the future, periods of elation and depression, great dreaminess in some and great exuberance of physical and mental activity in others, tempestuous passions, and in the later teens a marked development of social, ethical, and reUgious impulses appear to be quite common. Friendship comes to occupy a large place in the youth's life, his susceptibility to good or to bad social influences is especially marked. In the later adolescent years philosophic speculation and rehgious doubts appear in some. This may lead either to a cynical indifference to all higher values or to a life permeated by a lofty idealism and an enthusiasm to serve humanity in some far-reaching way. The exuberance of the adolescent often leads him into clashes with the conventional restrictions of home and school, resulting, in the case of the more intense natures, in more or less "storm and stress." Inductive studies of youth lead, however, to the view that proper guidance and a not too repressive social environment should result in a steady growth rather than in one marked by sudden

making

ADITYAS. A group of shining gods of the Vedic religion often identified with the planets.

and tempestuous

transitions.

Unfavorable and

ADJURATION. An urgent entreaty or command, re-enforced by coupling with it an oath. For its use in Scripture see Matt. 26:63 and Mark5:7. In Roman Catholic usage, devils may exorcized by adjuring them in the name of Lord Jesus Christ. In the Roman ritual there other forms of adjuration, used especially in sacrament of baptism._

bethe are the

ADMONITION.Gentlediscipline, public or private,

reproof; a method of aiming at either the

reinstatement or the eventual excommunication of the culpable.

ADOLESCENCE.That period of human development extending from the beginning of puberty to complete adult maturity.primitive peoples, among the nations in practically all religious sects this period has received special attention as an important transition stage between childhood and adult life. Various initiation ceremonies, special educational regimens and religious efforts haveall

Among

of antiquity

and

repressive environments produce various abnormalities such as are sen characteristically in adolescent criminality and insanity. In the former the impulse to action breaks all bounds and in the latter the youth becomes self-centered, subjective, loses all power of practical expression and develops some form of dementia precox. Practical phases. The securing of normal sex development is the most vital problem. Instruction in the hygiene of the sex life is coming to be regarded as essential. Modern hfe tends in many ways to overstimulate the youth, and common commercialized amusements flourish through their exploitation of the normal sex interests with disastrous results. On the side of general hygiene, plenty of physical exercise, proper food and rest, avoidance of overexertion, opportunity for normal social reactions, and emphasis upon service and work rather than a life of pleasure or of morbid introspection are indispensable general rules. All authorities recommend that children of the same degrees of physical development, irrespective of chronological age, be grouped together for secular and religious instruction.

5

A DICTIONARY OF RELIGIONMoral andreligious phases.

AND ETHICSall

Advocate

While

the youth

thought and being; that the one indefinable realitymiderlyingexistenceis

often seems iadifferent to such matters, there is evidence in the latter half of the adolescent period of a deep-seated interest in the larger problems of hfe and of right living. Special attention should therefore be given to moral and religious education in order that suitable ideals may be established. Religious conversions are more frequent in middle and later adolescence than at any other time. Many studies indicate that ideals and ambitions acquired in these years tend to become the permaIrving Kino nent possessions of the adult.

Brahman.

term used to describe: as the coming of the Son of God into the world through the Virgin birth. 2. The Second Advent, the return of Jesus Christ from heaven to carry on his Messianic work. See Parousia.1.

ADVENT. A

The Incarnation

The youth beloved by Aphrodite in Greek form of the mystery-symbolism of fertility and resurrection. See Mother Goddesses.the

ADONIS.

ADOPTIANISM. (1) theory current among certain Christians of the second and third centuries that Jesus Christ was in nature a man who became heresy which the Son of God only by adoption. (2) appeared in the 8th. century in Spanish and Frankish churches, and was officially suppressed in 799, though traces of it continued until 860. This form of adoptianism distinguished between the divine Christ and the human Christ, the former being the real, and the latter the adopted, Son of God.

A

3. A feast celebrated the first season of the church year as a preparation for Christmas. It began originally in different months according to the practices of the different churches. In the western church the Advent season begins on the Sunday nearest to St. Andrew's Day, November 30, and contains four Sundays devoted respectively to the Second Coming, the Bible, the Ministry, and the Incarnation (in the Anglican Church).

Shailer Mathewsgeneral name for a number of religious bodies who believe in the imminent bodily return of Jesus Christ to the earth. The Adventists were founded by Wm. Miller (q.v.) in 1816, and were generally called "Millerites." The Adventists are grouped in a number of organizations usually congregational in goveriunent. Of these the Life and Advent Union and the Church of God (Adventist) each numbers less than a thousand members, and may be disregarded except as indicative of the tendency of the group to divide and organize independent bodies on the basis of some eschatological detail. 1. The most important of the bodies is the Seventh Day Adventist. Unlike other Adventists they observe the Seventh Day in place of Sunday. They are. premillenarian, hold to the sleep of the dead, practice tithing, feet washing in connection with the Lord's Supper, and immersion. Their most important teacher was Mrs. Ellen G. White, to whom they attribute inspiration and powers of prophecy. Their organization is unlike other Adventist bodies in that it is presbyterian rather than congregational. They are particularly careful of health, especially as affected by food, and have established a number of sanitaria. Their ministry is composed of evangelists. They have 7 colleges and seminaries, publish a number of papers, and maintain foreign missions. 1 hey have 87,583 members. 2. Advent Christians separated from the Evangelical Adventists in 1855 because of a difference in belief as to immortality of the soul. The former, holding that immortality is a result of regeneration, and that all unregenerate are to be annihilated, organized themselves as the Advent Christian Church. They have 1 college, 1 school of theology, and publish several papers. They have 30,597

ADVENTISTS.The

A

ADOPTION, (1) Thetion of parent to child.(2)

legal

procedure

byrela-

which an adult person assumes to a minor the

Analogously, the actrelation-

whereby God receives the behever into theship of child, a figure originating in theliterature.

PauUne

(1) An attitude, act or emotion of deep admiration and awe leading to special reverence, applicable to God and to persons or objects with special rehgious significance such as

ADORATION.

the Virgin Mary, saints, martyrs, the crucifix or the host. (2) The worshipful recognition of a newly elected pope by the cardinals.

ADRIAN. The name

of six popes.

Adrian I., Pope 772-795; a contemporary of Charlemagne with whom he had several struggles regarding the extent of his temporal power. Adrian II., Pope 867-872. Adrian III., Pope 884-885. Adrian IV. (Nicholas Breakspeare), Pope 11541159;

marked by a stormy

the only English pope, his pontificate being conflict with Frederick Bar-

Adrian V., Pope July 12 to August 18, 1276, but died before his ordination. Adrian VI., Pope 1522-1523, during the time of Luther, who endeavored to reunite Christendom by acknowledging the evils of papal rule and promising reforms, while at the same time insisting on the elimination of Luther.

members.Evangelical Adventists are now a small to what are essentially the common positions of premillenarian Christiani