a critical introduction to european law -...

A Critical Introduction to European Law

Written by one of the leading academics specialising in European law and legal theory, A Critical Introduction to European Law explains the history and institu-tional framework of European Union law to students and scholars. Through the inclusion of commentaries on successive drafts of the Constitutional and Lisbon treaties, and discussion of recent developments such as the Turkish application, this third edition explores the evolving role of the EU in international and glo-bal politics. A consciously interdisciplinary approach, which draws on a variety of materials from political and legal thought, social theory, economic analysis, literature, history and cultural studies, is deployed to make the present state of European Union law comprehensible.

Ian Ward is Professor of Law at Newcastle Law School. He has previously worked at the universities of Durham, Sussex and Dundee and has held a variety of visiting appointments at universities in North America and across Europe. He has published extensively in associated areas of public law, European law and legal theory.

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The Law in Context Series

Editors William Twining (University College London), Christopher McCrudden (Lincoln College, Oxford) and Bronwen Morgan (University of Bristol)

Since 1970 the Law in Context series has been in the forefront of the movement to broaden the study of law. It has been a vehicle for the publication of innovative scholarly books that treat law and legal phenomena critically in their social, political and economic contexts from a variety of perspectives. The series particularly aims to publish scholarly legal writing that brings fresh perspectives to bear on new and existing areas of law taught in universities. A contextual approach involves treating legal subjects broadly, using materials from other social sciences, and from any other discipline that helps to explain the operation in practice of the subject under discussion. It is hoped that this orientation is at once more stimulating and more realistic than the bare exposition of legal rules. The series includes original books that have a different emphasis from traditional legal textbooks, while maintaining the same high standards of scholarship. They are written primarily for undergraduate and graduate students of law and of other disciplines, but most also appeal to a wider readership. In the past, most books in the series have focused on English law, but recent publications include books on European law, globalisation, transnational legal processes, and comparative law.

Books in the SeriesAnderson, Schum & Twining: Analysis of EvidenceAshworth: Sentencing and Criminal JusticeBarton & Douglas: Law and ParenthoodBeecher-Monas: Evaluating Scientific Evidence: An Interdisciplinary Framework for

Intellectual Due ProcessBell: French Legal CulturesBercusson: European Labour LawBirkinshaw: European Public LawBirkinshaw: Freedom of Information: The Law, the Practice and the IdealCane: Atiyah’s Accidents, Compensation and the LawClarke & Kohler: Property Law: Commentary and MaterialsCollins: The Law of ContractCranston: Legal Foundations of the Welfare StateDavies: Perspectives on Labour LawDembour: Who Believes in Human Rights?: The European Convention in Questionde Sousa Santos: Toward a New Legal Common SenseDiduck: Law’s FamiliesElworthy & Holder: Environmental Protection: Text and MaterialsFortin: Children’s Rights and the Developing LawGlover-Thomas: Reconstructing Mental Health Law and Policy






Gobert & Punch: Rethinking Corporate CrimeGoldman: Globalisation and the Western Legal Tradition: Recurring Patterns of Law and

AuthorityHarlow & Rawlings: Law and AdministrationHarris: An Introduction to LawHarris, Campbell & Halson: Remedies in Contract and TortHarvey: Seeking Asylum in the UK: Problems and ProspectsHervey & McHale: Health Law and the European UnionHolder and Lee: Environmental Protection, Law and PolicyKostakopoulou: The Future Governance of CitizenshipLacey & Wells: Reconstructing Criminal LawLewis: Choice and the Legal Order: Rising above PoliticsLikosky: Law, Infrastructure and Human RightsLikosky: Transnational Legal ProcessesMaughan & Webb: Lawyering Skills and the Legal ProcessMcGlynn: Families and the European Union: Law, Politics and PluralismMoffat: Trusts Law: Text and MaterialsMonti: EC Competition LawMorgan & Yeung: An Introduction to Law and Regulation, Text and MaterialsNorrie: Crime, Reason and HistoryO’Dair: Legal EthicsOliver: Common Values and the Public–Private DivideOliver & Drewry: The Law and ParliamentPicciotto: International Business TaxationReed: Internet Law: Text and MaterialsRichardson: Law, Process and CustodyRoberts & Palmer: Dispute Processes: ADR and the Primary Forms of Decision-MakingScott & Black: Cranston’s Consumers and the LawSeneviratne: Ombudsmen: Public Services and Administrative JusticeStapleton: Product LiabilityTamanaha: The Struggle for Law as a Means to an EndTurpin and Tomkins: British Government and the Constitution: Text and MaterialsTwining: General Jurisprudence: Understanding Law from a Global PerspectiveTwining: Globalisation and Legal TheoryTwining: Rethinking EvidenceTwining & Miers: How to Do Things with RulesWard: A Critical Introduction to European LawWard: Shakespeare and Legal ImaginationZander: Cases and Materials on the English Legal SystemZander: The Law-Making Process






A Critical Introduction to European Law

Third edition

IAN WARDProfessor of LawNewcastle University






cambrid ge universit y pressCambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, São Paulo, Delhi

Cambridge University PressThe Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 8RU, UK

Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York

www.cambridge.orgInformation on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521711586

© Ian Ward 2009

This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press.

First published 1996 by LexisNexis ButterworthsSecond edition published by LexisNexis Butterworths 2003Third edition published by Cambridge University Press 2009

Printed in the United Kingdom at the University Press, Cambridge

A catalogue record for this publication is available from the British Library

Library of Congress Cataloguing in Publication dataWard, Ian, 1963–

A critical introduction to European law / Ian Ward. – 3rd ed. p. cm. – (Law in context series)

Includes bibliographical references.ISBN 978-0-521-71158-6 (paperback) 1. Law–European Union countries. 2. Europe–Economic integration. I. Title. II. Series.KJE947.W365 2009341.242 2–dc22

ISBN 978-0-521-71158-6 paperback

Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of URLs for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate.






Preface to the Second Edition page xiPreface to the Third Edition xiiiPreface to the Third Edition – Part 2 xvTable of Cases xvii

1 Building Rome 1The idea of Europe 1Visions of Europe 4A coming together 9A common market 12Merits and demerits 15Reviving the dream 20A single Act 25

2 An ever closer Union 29Maastricht: an ever closer union 29Bits and pieces 33A crisis of governance 37Amsterdam: reflections 40Nice: leftovers 44A finality? 49A (short) period of reflection 52

3 The foundations of community law 57A supreme court 57Vertical direct effect: the first step 60Horizontal direct effect: a second step? 62Making references 65Fundamental principles: a common administrative law 68Fundamental principles: human rights 71An honest broker? 75Running wild? 78

Contents






viii Contents

4 The law of integration 83The question of competence 83An awkward partner? 86The question of sovereignty 90The European Way 92The shopkeepers’ tale 95The fishermen’s tale 99Anomalous and wrong 101Quotidian banality 104A culture of rights 107The fishermen’s tale: the sequel 109

5 The law of the market 113The idea of a free market 113The single market project 116The free movement of goods 120The albatross of agriculture 125Regulating competition 129Consumers 133Capital and currency 136Completing the market? 138

6 The law of persons 143I Free and unfree movement 143

The free movement of some persons 143The others 148The jurisprudence of exclusion 152Them and us 155

II Europe’s social face 158The idylls of dialogue 158Treating women the same 162Treating women differently 166Dealing with discrimination 171The idea of a good society 175

7 Beyond Europe 179The new world order 179The Community and the global market 181Europe at war: fiddling and burning 185Building fortress Europe 189Europe at war again: spectres of terror 193Enlargement: towards a greater Europe? 197Enlargement: 1683 and all that 202Visions and responsibilities 206






ix Contents

8 In search of a public philosophy 211The limits of legalism 211In search of a public philosophy 216Citizens 219The liberal critique 223The social democratic critique 226The post-modern critique 229Unity and diversity 233Cosmopolitanism and the new humanism 235

Bibliography 239Index 275






Preface to the Second Edition

I have found the idea of writing a second edition of A Critical Introduction to European Law rather daunting, and tended to evade the responsibility with whatever vaguely credible excuse has come to mind. However, time has taken its toll, and it has become ever harder to refute the accusation that the first edition has become rather dated. So much in European law changes so rapidly. Seven years ago, the ‘new’ Union was indeed new. It is not new now. But it is certainly different, not just from that devised in 1992, but from that which we were all trying to make sense of back in 1995 when I was drafting the first edition of this book. I try to chart these developments in a new Chapter 2. The introduction ofthis chapter, effectively splitting the ‘historical’ introduction across the first two chapters, is one of a number of structural, as well as substantive, alterations in this second edition. The material on European ‘public’ law, originally confined to one chapter, has also been broadened so that Chapter 3 now concentrates solelyon the general principles of European public law, whilst Chapter 4 is focused onthe reception of these principles in the member states, and primarily in the UK.

The following two chapters address what is sometimes termed the ‘private’ or the substantive law of the Community. In doing so, they follow the same struc-tural division that was adopted in the first edition. Chapter 5 examines the lawof the market, including the free movement of goods and services, the Common Agricultural Policy and the legal regime that seeks to regulate competition. There are also new sections on the single currency, on the completion of the market and on the European consumer. Chapter 6, meanwhile, investigates theother side of the same coin, those provisions that describe the relation between the market and the people who seek to work and to move in it. Accordingly, it takes a look at the social law and policy of the Union, as well as the supposed rights of free movement, and it also investigates more recent attempts to address the various forms of discrimination that continue to scar the Community and Union.

The final two chapters then seek to stretch the context still wider, moving away from the ‘internal’ law of the Community and Union, and towards the deeper questions that arise from the situation of the ‘new’ Europe in the ‘new’ world order. They address two particular challenges. Chapter 7 concentrates






xii Preface to the Second Edition

on external relations, and the external profile, of the Union. Aside from a com-mentary on the Community’s external trading competence, this new chapter addresses Union policy in the related areas of defence, security, enlargement and migration. The need to address these latter challenges will become ever more important during the first decades of the twenty-first century. The final chapter addresses the second challenge, revisiting the same aspiration that was addressed in the final chapter of the first edition. The need for a ‘European’ public philoso-phy has become ever more widely accepted, and the weight of scholarship that has emerged in this area during the last seven years is striking. Regardless of its economic efficacy, the ‘new’ Europe remains bereft of a coherent or compelling public philosophy. It is short on human and civil rights, shorter still on democ-racy and social justice. It need not be this way, and it should not be this way. The ‘peoples’ of Europe deserve better.

The structure, and the substance, of the book have then changed. But the crit-ical aspiration has not. I still hold firm to the original premise that lay behind the first edition of this book, that European law, like indeed any other area of law, ‘warrants the most rigorously critical examination’. Moreover, such a critique remains both ‘internal’, in its desire to uncover inconsistencies and injustices, and ‘external’, in its deployment of broader critical and sceptical commentaries from beyond the narrow confines of legal scholarship. The role of the sceptic remains one that should be constructive, and such a role must be interdiscip-linary and contextual. Few now argue against the assertion that the idea of a ‘discrete’ legal system is as absurd as it is arcane. Law can only be understood as an expression of history, politics, philosophy and a multitude of other disciplines and discourses. European law presents a vivid affirmation of this truth.

The need to acknowledge the assistance of so many friends and colleagues remains just as strong, and those debts acknowledged in 1996 remain just as valid. More recently, I must express my particular gratitude to the University of Alberta Law School for inviting me to take up the Bowker Visiting Professorship, something which impelled me towards developing my ideas on Europe’s deeper role within a changing world. Similar more recent debts of gratitude are owed to the Department of Cultural Studies at the University of Turku, as well as the law faculties at Helsinki University, at Montpellier University, at Stanford University and at the Independent University in Lisbon. More generally, I must express my particular gratitude to William Twining for his consistent support for the idea behind this book, as well as his various intellectual interventions over the years. Finally, perhaps the deepest debts are owed to Clare, and to Ross, whose recent arrival has seemed to make the future shape of the world, and Europe’s bit of it, all the more important.

Ian WardJanuary 2003






Preface to the Third Edition

There is nothing in the above Preface with which I would wish to disagree five years on. I remain convinced that the case for a contextual commentary on European law remains unarguable. It may be that the law of the Community has only developed incrementally during this period, that it has not, in simple terms, changed that much. But the Union certainly has, and if the peoples of Europe had been a little more accommodating, and bought into the supposed need for a new constitutional settlement, it would have changed even more. Writing at the beginning of 2008, in the wake of the Lisbon IGC and the presentation of yet another ‘consolidating’ treaty that might or might not entail a substantial or even partial recasting of a nascent constitution, I am, as I was a decade ago, and five years ago, left wondering why it all seems so difficult, so painful. It is a question that should trouble anyone studying European law. And if a resolution is to be seriously sought then it must entail a broad, contextual consideration of Union law, how it is made, how it is promoted, and how it is received. And what it says about the new Europe too.

In terms of structure, this edition is little changed. There is, of course, a nec-essary updating of various areas of substantive law throughout each chapter. Chapter 2 has also changed quite considerably, to take account of recent politi-cal and constitutional developments in the Union, most obviously those sur-rounding the successive Constitutional and Reform Treaties. Chapter 4 has been updated for similar reasons, to take account of UK domestic attitudes towards Europe during the last few years. Chapter 6 has been restructured insofar as itis now shaped around two particular aspects of the ‘law of people’, namely the law of movement, internal and external to the Union, and social law and policy. Chapter 7, meanwhile, includes substantive new material on enlargement, andmore particularly the present challenges posed by the Turkish application. It also includes material on the Union’s response to that grandest of mythologies which currently pervades domestic and international politics, the fantastical ‘war on terror’.

Ian WardFebruary 2008






Preface to the Third Edition – Part 2

For reasons of publishing schedule, I have the opportunity to add a further comment to the Preface drafted six months ago. Whilst the substantive law has changed little, the political face of the Union might have done. Or there again it might not. The rejection of the proposed Lisbon Treaty in June 2008 appears, on its face, to be a crippling blow. The Treaty must be formally ratified by all member states. Just one member state chose to consult its people, and they said no. There is, as various politicians keep telling us, no Plan B. So no one really knows for sure where to go. Except, of course, we have all been here before. Union history suggests a very likely scenario. After a decent wait, maybe a year or so, and much politicking aimed at salving the particular concerns of the Irish people, perhaps sweetened by assorted beneficial financial settlements, there will probably be another referendum. The Treaty will have to be adjusted mar-ginally so that it seems to be something more than simply asking the Irish to keep going until they get the answer right. And then, hopefully, they will indeed get the answer right, and we can all stagger on …

Ian WardJune 2008






Table of Cases

A and others v Secretary of State for the Home Department [2004] UKHL 56 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108, 194

ACF Chemiefarma NV v EC Commission: 41/69 [1970] ECR 661, ECJ . . . . . . . . . . . . 130A-G (ex rel Society for the Protection of Unborn Children (Ireland) Ltd) v Open

Door Counselling Ltd and Dublin Wellwoman Centre Ltd [1988] 2 CMLR 443, [1988] IR 593. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73

Abdoulaye v Régie Nationale des Usines Renault SA: C-2 18/98 [1999] ECR I-5723, [2001] 2 CMLR 372, [2001] ICR 527, [1999] IRLR 811, ECJ . . . . 167, 171

Adoui and Cornuaille v Belgium: C-115–116/81 [1982] ECR 1665, [1982] 3 CMLR 631 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146, 154

Agegate. See R v Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, ex p Agegate Ltd: C-3/87

Ahlström (A) Osakeyhtiö v EC Commission: 89, 104, 114, 116–117, 125–129/85 [1988] ECR 5193, [1988] 4 CMLR 9ø1, ECJ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130

Akrich. See Secretary of State for the Home Department v Akrich: C-109/01 [2003] ECR-I 9607

Aktien-Zuckerfabrik Schöppenstedt v EC Council: 5/71 [1971] ECR 975, ECJ . . . . . . . 78Albany International BV v Stichting Bedrijfspensioenfonds Textielindustrie:

C-67/96 [1999] ECR 1-5751, [2000] 4 CMLR 446, [2001] ICR 774, ECJ . . . . . . . . . . 162Algemene Transport-en Expeditie Onderneming van Gend en Loos NV v

Nederlandse Belastingadministratie: 26/62 [1963] ECR 1, [1963] CMLR 105, ECJ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58, 60–1

Allonby v Accrington & Rossendale College: C-256/01 [2004] ECR I-873, ECJ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164, 169

AM & S Europe Ltd v EC Commission: 15 5/79 [1983] QB 878, [1983] All ER 705, [1983] 3 WLR 17, [1982] ECR 1575, [1982] 2 CMLR 264, [1982] FSR 474, 127 Sol Jo 410, ECJ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68

Amministrazione delle Finanze dello Stato v Simmenthal SpA: 106/77 [1978] ECR 629, [1978] 3 CMLR 263, ECJ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58–9, 100

Amylum (G R) NV and Tunnel Refineries Ltd v EC Council and EC Commission: 116, 124/77 [1979] ECR 3497, [1982] 2 CMLR 590, ECJ . . . . . . . . 78

Anklagemyndigheden v Poulson and Diva Navigation Corpn: C-286/90 [1992] ECR I-6019, ECJ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183

Antonissen. See R v Immigration Appeal Tribunal, ex p Antonissen: C-292/89Associazone Agricoltor della Provincia di Rovigo v Commission (Po Delta):

T-117/94 [1995] ECR II-455 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76






Table of Casesxviii

Automec Srl (No 2) v EC Commission: T-24/90 [1992] ECR II-2223, [1992] 5 CMLR 431, CFI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139

B & Q plc v Shrewsbury and Atcham Borough Council [1990] 3 CMLR 535 . . . . . . . . . 97BAI & Commissioner v Bayer: C-2/01 [2004] ECR I-23, ECJ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130Balkan-Import-Export GmbH v Hauptzollamt Berlin-Packhof: 5/73 [1973]

ECR 1091, ECJ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128Banchero. See Pretore di Genova v Banchero: C-157/92Barber v Guardian Royal Exchange Assurance Group: C-262/88 [1991] 1 QB 344,

[1990] 2 All ER 660, [1991] 2 WLR 72, [1990] ECR 1-1889, [1990] 2 CMLR 513, [1990] ICR 616, [1990] IRLR 240, [1990] NLJR 925, ECJ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164

Baumbast and R v Secretary of State for the Home Department: C-413/99 [2002] 3 CMLR 599, ECJ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145, 151–2

Bayer. See BAI & Commission v Bayer: C-2/01 [2004] ECR I-23, ECJBecto. See R (on the application of BECTU) v Secretary of State for Trade

and Industry: C-173/99Bela-Mühle Josef Bergmann KG v Grows-Farm GmbH & Co KG: 114/76

[1977] ECR 1211, [1979] 2 CMLR 83, ECJ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128Begum. See R (on the application of SB) v Headteacher and Governors of

Denbigh High School: [2005] ECCA Civ 199.Belgium (1989). See EC Commission v Belgium: 321/87Belgium v Marchandise: C-332/89 [1991] ECR 1-1027, [1993] 3 CMLR 746, ECJ . . . . 98Bergaderm. See Laboratoires Pharmaceutiques Bergadorm v Commission:

C-352/98Bettray v Staatssecretaris van Justitie: 344/87 [1989] ECR 1621, [1991]

1 CMLR 459, ECJ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145Bilka-Kaufhaus GmbH v Weber von Hartz: 170/84 [1986] ECR 1607, [1986]

2 CMLR 701, [1987] ICR 110, [1986] IRLR 317, ECJ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164Blood. See R v Human Fertilization & Embryology Authority ex p BloodBosphorus Hava Yollari Turizm Ticaret AS v Minister for Transport, Energy

and Communications, Ireland: C-84/95 [1996] ECR 1-3953, [1996] 3 CMLR 257, ECJ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183, 192

Bostock. See R v Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, ex p Bostock: C-2/92

Boukhalfa v Germany: C-214/94 [1996] ECR I-2253, [1996] 3 CMLR 22, ECJ . . . . . . 222Bourgoin SA v Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food: [1986] QB 716, [1985]

3 All ER 585, [1985] 3 WLR 1027, [1985] 1 CMLR 528; on appeal [1986] QB 716, [1985] 3 All ER 585, [1985] 3 WLR 1027, [1986] 1 CMLR 267, 129 Sol Jo 828, [1985] LS Gaz R 3534, CA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99

Bresciani v Amministrazione Italiana della Finanze: 87/75 [1976] ECR 129, [1976] 2 CMLR 62, ECJ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121

Brind. See R v Secretary of State for the Home Department, ex p BrindBrunner v European Union Treaty: [1994] 1 CMLR 57 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38, 85–6Bulmer (HP) Ltd v J Bollinger SA: [1974] Ch 401, [1974] 2 All ER 1226, [1974]

3 WLR 202, [1974] 2 CMLR 91, [1975] RPC 321, 118 Sol Jo 404, CA . . . . . . . . 92–3, 95CCSU. See Council of Civil Service Unions v Minister for the Civil ServiceCIA Security International SA v Signalson: C-194/94 [1996] All ER (EC) 557,

[1996] ECR I-2201, [1996] 2 CMLR 781, ECJ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64






Table of Casesxix

CILFIT Sri and Lanificio di Gavardo v Ministry of Health: 283/81 [1982] ECR 3415, [1983] 1 CMLR 472, ECJ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66–7

Caisse d’Allocations Familiales de la Region Parisienne v Meade: 238/83 [1984] ECR 2631 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151

Caisse Nationale d’Assurance Vieillesse des Travailleurs Salaries v Thibault: C-136/95 [1998] All ER (EC) 385, [1998] ECR I-2011, [1998] 2 CMLR 516, [1998] IRLR 399, sub nom Thibault v Caisse Nationale d’Assurance Viellesse des Travailleurs Salaries (CNAVTS) [1999] ICR 160, ECJ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171

Camera Care Ltd v EC Commission: 792/79R [1980] ECR 119, [1980] 1 CMLR 334, ECJ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129

Cassis de Dijon. See Rewe-Zentral AG v Bundesmonopolverwaltung für Branntwein: 120/78

Chemiefarma. See ACF Chemiefarma NV v EC Commission: 41/69Chernobyl. See European Parliament v EC Council: C-70/88Cinetheque SA v FNCF: 60, 61/84 [1985] ECR 2605, [1986] 1 CMLR 365, ECJ . . . . . . 124Clinique. See Verband Sozialer Wettbewerb v Clinique Laboratories SNC and

Estee Lauder Cosmetics GmbH: C-315/92Codorniu SA v EU Council: C-309/89 [1994] ECR I-1853, [1995]

2 CMLR 561, ECJ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76Cohn-Bendit. See Minister of the Interior v Cohn-Bendit [1980]

1 CMLR 543Comitology. See European Parliament v EC Council 302/87Conforama. See Union Départementale des Syndicats CGT de l’Aisne v SIDEF

Conforama: C-312/89Connolly v EC Commission: C-274/99P [2001] ECR I-1611, [2001]

3 CMLR 1491, ECJ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74Consten. See Etablissements Consten SARL and Grundig-Verkaufa-GmbH v EC

Commission: 56, 58/64Continental Can. See Europemballage Corpn and Continental Can Co Inc v EC

Commission: 6/72Costa v ENEL: 6/64 [1964] ECR 585, [1964] CMLR 425, ECJ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58, 100Council of Civil Service Unions v Minister for the Civil Service: [1985] AC 374,

[1984] 3 All ER 935, [1984] 3 WLR 1174, [1985] ICR 14, 128 Sol Jo 837, [1985] LS Gaz R 437, [1985] LRC (Const) 948, sub nom R v Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs, ex p Council of Civil Service Unions [1985] IRLR 28, HL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94, 103

Cunningham. See R v Civil Service Appeal Board, ex p CunninghamD v Council 122/99 [2001] ECR I-4319 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174–5Da Costa en Schaake NV v Nederlandse Belastingadministratie: 28–30/62 [1963]

ECR 31, [1963] CMLR 224, ECJ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67Dassonville. See Procureur du Roi v Dassonville: 8/74De Agostini. See Konsumentombudsmannen (KO) v De Agostini (Svenska) Förlag AB:

C-34, 35, 36/95Defrenne v Sabena No. 2: 149/77 [1978] ECR 1365, [1978] 3 CMLR 312, ECJ . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163–5, 171Dekker v Stichting Vormingscentrum voor Jong Volwassenen (VJV – Centrum)

Plus: C-l77/88 [1990] ECR I-3941, [1992] ICR 325, [1991] IRLR 27, ECJ. . . . . . . . . 166






Table of Casesxx

Demirel v Stadt Schwäbisch Gmünd: 12/86 [1987] ECR 3719, [1989] 1 CMLR 421, ECJ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73, 151

Deutsche Telekom AG, formerly Deutsche Bundespost Telekom v Schröder: C-50/96 [2000] ECR I-743, [2002] 2 CMLR 583, sub nom Schröder v Deutsche Telekom AG [2000] IRLR 353, ECJ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171

Diatta v Land Berlin: 267/83 [1985] ECR 567, [1986] 2 CMLR 164, ECJ. . . . . . . . 145, 151Dori v Recreb Srl: C-91/92 [1995] All ER (EC) 1, [1994] ECR I-3325, [1995]

I CMLR 665, ECJ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64Draft Treaty on a European Economic Area (Opinion), Re: 1/91 [1991]

ECR I-6079, [1992] 1 CMLR 245, ECJ. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183–4Drake v Chief Adjudication Officer: 150/85 [1987] QB 166, [1986] 3 All ER 65,

[1986] 3 WLR 1005, [1986] ECR 1995, [1986] 3 CMLR 43, 130 Sol Jo 923, [1987] LS Gaz R 264, ECJ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169

Duke v GEC Reliance Ltd (formerly Reliance Systems Ltd): [1988] AC 618, [1988] 1 All ER 626, [1988] 2 WLR 359, [1988] 1 CMLR 719, [1988] ICR 339, [1988] IRLR 118, 132 Sol Jo 226, [1988] 11 LS Gaz R 42, HL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92

Dzodzi v Belgium: C-297/88, 197/89 [1990] ECR I-3763, ECJ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66–7EC Commission v Belgium: 321/87 [1989] ECR 997, [1990] CMLR 492, ECJ . . . . . . . 147EC Commission v EC Council: 22/70 [1971] ECR 263, [1971] CMLR 335, ECJ . . . . 76–7EC Commission v EU Council: C-170/96 [1998] ECR I-2763, [1998] 2 CMLR

1092, ECJ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192EC Commission v France: 168/78 [1980] ECR 347, [1981] 2 CMLR 631, ECJ . . . . . 121–2EC Commission v Germany: C-431/92 [1995] ECR I-2189, [1996]

1 CMLR 196, ECJ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64EC Commission v Germany (international dairy agreement): C-61/94 [1996]

ECR I-3989, [1997] 1 CMLR 281, ECJ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184EC Commission v Ireland: 249/81 [1982] ECR 4005, [1983] 2 CMLR 104,

ECJ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122EC Commission v Ireland: C-39/88 [1990] ECR I-4271, [1991] 2 CMLR 876,

ECJ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78EC Commission v Italy: 7/68 [1968] ECR 423, [1969] CMLR 1, ECJ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121EC Commission v Italy: 24/68 [1969] ECR 193, [1971] CMLR 611, ECJ . . . . . . . . . . . 121EC Commission v United Kingdom: 124/81 [1983] ECR 203, [1983]

2 CMLR 1, ECJ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122EC Commission v United Kingdom: 207/83 [1985] ECR 1201, [1985]

2 CMLR 259, ECJ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122ERTA. See EC Commission v EC Council: 22/70Ebony Maritime SA v Prefetto della Provincia di Brindisi: C-177/95 [1997]

ECR I-1111, [1997] 2 CMLR 24, ECJ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183Efisol SA v EC Commission: T-336/94 [1996] ECR II-13 43, [1997]

3 CMLR 298, CFI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70Else, ex p. See R v International Stock Exchange of the United Kingdom and the

Republic of Ireland Ltd, ex p Else (1982) LtdEroglu v Land Baden-Württemberg: C-355/93 [1994] ECR I–5113, ECJ . . . . . . . . . . . 151Etablissements Consten SARL and Grundig-Verkauf-GmbH v EC Commission: 56,

58/64 [1966] ECR 299, [1966] CMLR 418, CMR 8046, ECJ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130–1European Parliament v EC Council: 13/83 [1985] ECR 1513, [1986]

1 CMLR 138, ECJ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78






Table of Casesxxi

European Parliament v EC Council: 302/87 [1988] ECR 5615, ECJ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77European Parliament v EC Council: C-70/88 [1990] ECR I-2041 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77Europemballage Corpn and Continental Can Co Inc v EC Commission: 6/72 [1973]

ECR 215, [1973] CMLR 199, ECJ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131Extramet Industrie SA v EC Commission: C-358/89 [1991] ECR I-2501, [1993]

2 CMLR 619, ECJ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76F v Belgium: 7/75 [1975] ECR 679, [1975] 2 CMLR 442, ECJ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147Factortame. See R v Secretary of State for Transport, ex p Factortame LtdFediol v EC Commission: 70/87 [1989] ECR 1781, [1991] 2 CMLR 489, ECJ . . . . . . . 183Finnegan v Clowney Youth Training Programme Ltd [1990] 2 AC 407, [1990]

2 All ER 546, [1990] 2 WLR 1305, [1990] 2 CMLR 859, [1990] ICR 462, [1990] IRLR 299, [1990] 24 LS Gaz R 44, HL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92

Foglia v Novello (No 2): 244/80 [1981] ECR 3045, [1982] 1 CMLR 585, ECJ . . . . . . . 66–7Foster v British Gas plc: C-188/89 [1991] 1 QB 405, [1990] 3 All ER 897, [1991]

2 WLR 258, [1990] ECR I-3313, [1990] 2 CMLR 833, [1991] ICR 84, [1990] IRLR 353, ECJ; apld [1991] 2 AC 306, [1991] 2 All ER 705, [1991] 2 WLR 1075, [1991] 2 CMLR 217, [1991] ICR 463, [1991] IRLR 268, [1991] 18 LS Gaz R 34, HL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62

Foto-Frost v Hauptzollamt Lubeck-Ost: 314/85 [1987] ECR 4199, [1988] 3 CMLR 57, ECJ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67

Fragd Decision No 232 of 2l April 1989 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86France (1980). See EC Commission v France: 168/78France v European Parliament: C-345/95 [1997] ECR I-5215 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76Francovich and Bonifaci v Italy: C-6, 9/90 [1991] ECR I-5357, [1993]

2 CMLR 66, [1995] ICR 722, [1992] IRLR 84, ECJ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101Front National v European Parliament: C-486/01 [2004] ECR I-6289 ECJ . . . . . . . . . . . 76GB-INNO-BM v Confédération du Commerce Luxembourgeoise Asbl:

C-362/88 [1990] ECR I-667, [1991] 2 CMLR 801, ECJ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134Gallagher. See R v Secretary of State for the Home Department, ex p

Gallagher: C-175/94Garland v British Rail Engineering Ltd: 12/81 [1983] 2 AC 751, [1982]

2 All ER 402, [1982] 2 WLR 918, [1982] ECR 359, [1982] 1 CMLR 696, [1982] ICR 420, [1982] IRLR 111, ECJ; apld [1983] 2 AC 751, [1982] All ER 402, [1982] 2 WLR 918, [1982] ECR 555, [1982] 2 CMLR 174, [1982] ICR 420, [1982] IRLR 257, 126 Sol Jo 309, HL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92

Gebroeders Beentijes BV v Netherlands: 3 1/87 [1988] ECR 4635, [1990] 1 CMLR 287, ECJ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147

Geddo. See Riseria Luigi Geddo v Ente Nazionale Risi: 2/73Geitling. See Ruhrkohlen Verkaufsgesellschaft (Präsident) mbH v High

Authority: 36–38, 40/59Germany v EEC Commission: 24/62 [1963] ECR 63, [1963] CMLR 347, ECJ . . . . . . . 128Germany v European Parliament and EU Council (EC Commission intervening)

(Re Deposit Guarantee Directive): C-233/94 [1997] ECR I–2405 [1997] 3 CMLR 1379, ECJ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70

Germany v Parliament and Council: C-376/98 [2000] ECR I-8419 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139–40Gillespie v Northern Health and Social Services Board: C-342/93 [1996]

All ER (EC) 284, [1996] ECR I-475, [1996] 2 CMLR 969, [1996] ICR 498, [1996] IRLR 214, ECJ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166






Table of Casesxxii

Graf v Filzmoser Maschinenbau GmbH: C-190/98 [2000] Au ER (EC) 170, [2000] 1 CMLR. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134–5

Grant v South-West Trains Ltd: C-249/96 [1998] All ER (EC) 193, [1998] ECR I-621, [1998] 1 CMLR 993, [1998] ICR 449, [1998] IRLR 206, [1998] 1 FCR 377, [1998] 1 FLR 839, [1998] Fam Law 392, 3 BHRC 578, ECJ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174

Greenpeace. See Stichting Greenpeace Council (Greenpeace International) v EC Commission: T-585/93

Griffin v South West Water Services Ltd [1995] IRLR 15 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62Grogan. See Society for the Protection of Unborn Children Ireland Ltd v

Grogan: C-159/90Grosskrotzenburg. See EC Commission v Germany: C-431/92Handels-og Kontorfunktionaerernes Forbund i Danmark v Dansk

Arbejdsgiverforening: 179/88 [1990] ECR I-3979, [1992] ICR 332, [1991] IRLR 31, ECJ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166

Hansen and Balle GmbH & Co v Hauptzollamt Flensburg: 148/77 [1978] ECR 1787, [1979] 1 CMLR 6ø4, CMR 8511, ECJ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121

Hauer v Land Rheinland-Pfalz: 44/79 [1979] ECR 3727, [1980] 3 CMLR 42, ECJ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72

Hauptzollamt Mainz v C A Kupferberg & Cie KG: 104/81 [1982] ECR 3641, [1983] 1 CMLR 1, ECJ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183–4

Hautala (Heidi) v EU Council: T-14/98 [1999] ECR II-2489, [1999] 3 CMLR 528, CFI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70–1

Hedley Lomas. See R v Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, ex p Hedley Lomas (Ireland) Ltd: C-5/94

Henn and Darby. See R v Henn and Darby: 34/79Hermes International v FH Marketing Choice BV: C-53/96 [1998]

ECR I-3603, [1999] RPC 107, [1998] 34 LS Gaz R 34, [1998] All ER (D) 275, ECJ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183

Hertz. See Handels-og Kontorfunktionaerernes Forbund i Danmark v Dansk Arbejdsgiverforening: 179/88

Heylens. See Union Nationale des Entraineurs et Cadres Techniques Professionnels du Football (UNECTEF) v Heylens: 222/86

Hill and Stapleton v Revenue Comrs and Department of Finance: C-243/95 [1998] All ER (EC) 722, [1998] ECR I-3739, [1998] 3 CMLR 81, [1999] ICR 48, [1998] IRLR 466, [1998] 34 LS Gaz R 33, ECJ. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168, 171

Hoekstra (née Unger) v Bestuur der Bedrijfsvereniging voor Detaiffiandel en Ambachten: 75/63 [1964] ECR 177, [1964] CMLR 319, ECJ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145

Hoffmann-La Roche & Co AG v EC Commission: 85/76 [1979] ECR 461, [1979] 3 CMLR 211, ECJ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131

Hofmann v Barmer Ersatzkasse: 184/83 [1984] ECR 3047, [1986] 1 CMLR 242, [1985] ICR 731, ECJ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168

Howard League. See R v Secretary of State for the Home Department ex parte Howard League for Penal Reform

Humblot v Directeur des Services Fiscaux: 112/84 [1985] ECR 1367, [1986] 2 CMLR 338, ECJ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121

ICI Ltd v EC Commission: 48/69 [1972] ECR 619, [1972] CMLR 557, ECJ . . . . . . . . . 130






Table of Casesxxiii

Intermills SA v EC Commission: 32 3/82 [1984] ECR 3809, [1986] 1 CMLR 614, ECJ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141

International Fruit Co NV v Produktschap voor Groenten en Fruit (No 3): 21–24/72 [1972] ECR 1219, [1975] 2 CMLR 1, ECJ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184

International Trader’s Ferry. See R v Chief Constable of Sussex ex p International Trader’s Ferry Ltd

Internationale Handelsgesellschaft mbH v Einfuhr und Vorratsstelle für Getreide und Futtermittel: 11/70 [1970] ECR 1125, [1972] CMLR 255, ECJ . . . .58, 69–70, 71–2

Ireland (1982). See EC Commission v Ireland: 249/81Ireland (1990). See EC Commission v Ireland: C-39/88Italy (1968). See EC Commission v Italy: 7/68Italy (1969). See EC Commission v Italy: 24/68Italy (1973). See EC Commission v Italy: 39/72Jego-Quere v Commission: C-177/01 [2002] ECR II-2365, ECJ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75–6Jenkins v Kingsgate (Clothing Productions) Ltd: 96/80 [1981] 1 WLR 972, [1981]

ECR 911, [1981] 2 CMLR 24, [1981] ICR 592, [1981] IRLR 228, 125 So1 Jo 442, ECJ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164

Johnson v Chief Adjudication Officer: C-3 1/90 [1993] QB 252, [1992] 2 All ER 705, [1993] 2 WLR 192, [1991] ECR I-3723, [1991] 3 CMLR 917, [1993] ICR 204, ECJ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169

Johnston v Chief Constable of the Royal Ulster Constabulary: 22 2/84 [1987] QB 129, [1986] 3 All ER 135, [1986] 3 WLR 1038, [1986] ECR 1651, [1986] 3 CMLR 240, [1987] ICR 83, [1986] IRLR 263, 130 Sol Jo 953, [1987] LS Gaz R 188, ECJ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165

Kalanke v Freie Hansestadt Bremen: C-450/93 [1996] All ER (EC) 66, [1995] ECR I-3051, [1996] 1 CMLR 175, [1996] ICR 314, [1995] IRLR 660, ECJ . . . . . . . . 167

Karner v Troostwijk: C-71/012 [2004] ECR I-3025, ECJ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124Keck and Mithouard: C-267, 268/91 [1993] ECR I-6097, [1995]

1 CMLR 101, ECJ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123–4, 139Kempf v Staatssecretaris van Justitie: 139/85 [1986] ECR 1741, [1987]

1 CMLR 764, ECJ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145Kirklees Borough Council v Wickes Building Supplies Ltd: [1993] AC 227, [1991]

4 All ER 240, [1991] 3 WLR 985, [1991] 3 CMLR 282, 89 LGR 872, CA; revsd sub nom Kirklees Metropolitan Borough Council v Wickes Building Supplies Ltd [1993] AC 227, [1992] 3 All ER 717, [1992] 3 WLR 170, [1992] 2 CMLR 765, 90 LGR 391, [1992] NLJR 967, HL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98

Klensch v Secrétaire d’Etat a l’Agriculture et á la Viticulture: 201, 202/85 [1986] ECR 3477, [1988] 1 CMLR 151, ECJ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73

Koebler v Austria: C-224/01 [2003] ECR I-10239, ECJ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63Konsumentombudsmannen (KO) v Dc Agostini (Svenska) Förlag AB: C-34,

35, 36/95 [1997] All ER (EC) 687, [1997] ECR I-3843, [1998] 1 CMLR 32, [1998] EMLR 43, ECJ. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134–5

Kuehne & Heitz v Productschap voor Pluimvee en Eieren: C-453/00 [2004] ECR I-837, ECJ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67

Kupferberg. See Hauptzollamt Mainz v C A Kupferberg & Cie KG: 104/81Kwekerij Gebroeders Van der Kooy BV v EC Commission: 67–68/85,

70/85 [1988] ECR 219, [1989] 2 CMLR 804, ECJ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141






Table of Casesxxiv

Laboratoires Pharmaceutiques Bergadorm v Commission: C-352/98 [2000] ECR I-5291, ECJ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78

Lawrie-Blum v Land Baden-Württemberg: 66/85 [1986] ECR 2121, [1987] 3 CMLR 389, [1987] ICR 483, ECJ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145, 147

Leclerc-Siplec. See Société d’Importation Edouard Leclerc-Siplec v TFI Publicité SA: C-412/93

Lemmens (criminal proceedings against), Re: C-226/97 [1998] All ER (EC) 604, [1998] ECR I-3711, [1998] 3 CMLR 261, [1998] 34 LS Gaz R 33, ECJ . . . . . . . . . 64

Les Verts. See Parti Ecologiste Les Verts v European Parliament: 294/83Levin v Secretary of State for Justice: 53/81 [1982] ECR 1035, [1982]

2 CMLR 454, ECJ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145Litster v Forth Dry Dock and Engineering Co Ltd [1990] 1 AC 546, [1989]

1 All ER 1134, [1989] 2 WLR 634, [1989] ICR 341, [1989] IRLR 161, 133 So1 Jo 455, [1989] NLJR 400, HL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92

Lommers v Minister van Landbouw, Natuurbeheer en Visserij: C-476/99 [2002] IRLR 43ø, ECJ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167

M, Re [1994] 1 AC 377, [1993] 3 WLR 433, [1993] 37 LS Gaz R 50, [1993] NLJR 1099, 137 Sol Jo LB 199, sub nom M v Home Office [1993] 3 All ER 537, HL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101–2

Macarthys Ltd v Smith: 129/79 [1981] QB 180, [1981] 1 All ER 111, [1980] 3 WLR 929, [1980] ECR 1275, [1980] 2 CMLR 205, [1980] ICR 672, [1980] IRLR 210, 124 Sol Jo 808, ECJ; apld [1981] QB 180, [1981] 1 All ER 111, [1980] 3 WLR 929, [1980] 2 CMLR 217, [1980] ICR 672, [1980] IRLR 210, 124 Sol Jo 808, CA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91

Mangold v Ruediger Helm: C-144/04 [2005] ECR I-9981, ECJ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174Marchandise. See Belgium v Marchandise: C-332/89Marleasing SA v La Comercial Internacional de Alimentación SA: C-106/89

[1990] ECR I-4135, [1992] 1 CMLR 3ø5, [1993] BCC 421, 135 Sol Jo1 5, ECJ . . . . . . 63Mars. See Verein Gegen Unwesen in Handel und Gewerbe Koln eV v Mars

GmbH: C-470/93Marschall v Land Nordrhein-Westfalen: C-409/95 [1997] All ER (EC) 865,

[1998] 1 CMLR 547, [2001] ICR 45, [1998] IRLR 39, [1997] ECR I-6363, ECJ . . . . 167Marshall v Southampton and South West Hampshire Area Health Authority

(Teaching): 152/84 [1986] QB 401, [1986] 2 All ER 584, [1986] 2 WLR 780, [1986] ECR 723, [1986] 1 CMLR 688, [1986] ICR 335, [1986] IRLR 140, 130 Sol Jo 340, [1986] LS Gaz R 1720, ECJ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61, 64

Martínez Sala v Freistaat Bayern: C-85/96 [1998] ECR I-2691, ECJ . . . . . . . 152, 169, 222Meade. See Caisse d’Allocations Familiales de la Région Parisienne v Meade:

238/83Meilicke v ADV/ORGA AG: C-83/91 [1992] ECR I-4871, ECJ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66–7Melgar v Ayuntamiento de Los Barrios: C-438/99 [2001] ECR I-6915 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171Métropole Télévision (M6) v EC Commission: T-1 12/99 [2002] All ER (EC) 1,

[2001) ECR II-2459, [2002] 5 CMLR 1236, CFI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131Minister of the Interior v Cohn-Bendit: [1980] 1 CMLR 543 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66, 86Nakajima All Precision Co Ltd v EC Council: C-69/89 [1993] ECR I-2069, ECJ . . . . . 183National Panasonic (UK) Ltd v EC Commission: 136/79 [1981] 2 All ER 1,

[1980] ECR 2033, [1980] 3 CMLR 169, 3 EHRR 150, [1981] ICR 51, ECJ . . . . . . . . . 68






Table of Casesxxv

National Union of Teachers v St Mary’s Church of England (Aided) Junior School (Governing Body): [1995] 3 CMLR 638, [1995] ICR 317, EAT; revsd [1997] 3 CMLR 360, [1997] ICR 334, [1997] IRLR 242, [1997] ELR 169, CA . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62

Nestle and Perrier, Re (Case 1V/M190): [1993] 4 CMLR Ml7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132Netherlands v Reed: 59/85 [1986] ECR 1283, [1987] 2 CMLR 448, ECJ . . . . . . . . . . . . 145Nicolo, Re: [1990] 1 CMLR 173 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86Ninni-Orasche v Bundesminister fuer Wissenschaft, Verkehr und Kunst:

C-413/01 [2003] ECR I-1318, ECJ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145Nold (I) KG v High Authority: 18/57 [1959] ECR 41, ECJ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72Nold (2) KG v EC Commission: 4/73 [1974] ECR 491, [1974] 2 CMLR 338, ECJ . . . . . 72Nungesser (LC) KG and Kurt Eisele v EC Commission: 258/78 [1982] ECR 2015,

[1983] 1 CMLR 278, CMR 8805, ECJ. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130–1Officier van Justitie v Sandoz BV: 174/82 [1983] ECR 2445, [1984] 3 CMLR 43,

ECJ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123Opel Austria GmbH v EC Council: T-115/94 [1997] All ER (EC) 97, [1997]

ECR II-39, [1997] 1 CMLR 733, CFI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184Omega Speilhallen v OBB: C-36/02 [2004] ECR I-9609, ECJ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74Open Door Counselling. See A-G (ex rel Society for the Protection of

Unborn Children (Ireland) Ltd) v Open Door Counselling Ltd and Dublin Wellwoman Centre Ltd

Opinion 1/91. See Draft Treaty on a European Economic Area (Opinion), Re: 1/91

Opinion 1/94. See Uruguay Round Treaties, ReOpinion 2/94 (Article 228 (6) of the EC Treaty) [1996] ECR I-1759, sub nom

Accession of the Community to the European Human Rights Convention, Re [1996] 2 CMLR 265, ECJ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46, 73, 183

O’Reilly v Mackman: [1983] 2 AC 237, [1982] 3 All ER 680, [1982] 3 WLR 604, 126 Sol Jo 311; revsd [1983] 2 AC 237, [1982] 3 All ER 680, [1982] 3 WLR 604, 126 Sol Jo 578, CA; affd [1983] 2 AC 237, [1982] 3 All ER 1124, [1982] 3 WLR 1096, 126 Sol Jo 820, HL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102

P v S: C-13/94 [1996) All ER (EC) 397, [1996] ECR I-2143, [1996] 2 CMLR 247, [1996] ICR 795, [1996] IRLR 347, sub nom P v S (sex discrimination): C-13/94 [1997] 2 FCR 180, [1996] 2 FLR 347, [1996] Fam Law 609, ECJ. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174–5

Pafitis v Trapeza Kentrikis Ellados AE: C-441/93 [1996] ECR I-1347, [1996] 2 CMLR 55, ECJ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64

Parti Ecologiste Les Verts v European Parliament: 294/83 [1986] ECR 1339, [1987] 2 CMLR 343, ECJ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76–7

Peterborough. See Smith (W H) Do-It-All Ltd v Peterborough City CouncilPfeiffer v Deutsches Rotes Kreuz: C-397–403/01 [2004] ECR I-8835, ECJ . . . . . . . . . . . 63Pickstone v Freemans plc [1989] AC 66, [1987] 3 All ER 756, [1987] 3 WLR 811,

[1987] 2 CMLR 572, [1987] ICR 867, [1987] IRLR 218, 131 Sol Jo 538, [1987] LS Gaz R 1409, [1987] NLJ Rep 315, CA; affd [1989] AC 66, [1988] 2 All ER 803, [1988] 3 WLR 265, [1988] 3 CMLR 221, [1988] ICR 697, [1988] IRLR 357, 132 Sol Jo 994, [1988] NLJR 193, HL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92

Pierson. See R v Home Secretary, ex p Pierson [1998] AC 575Plato-Plastik v Caropack: C-341/01 [2004] ECR I-4883, ECJ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67Plaumann & Co v EC Commission: 25/62 [1963] ECR 95, [1964] CMLR 29, ECJ . . . . . 76






Table of Casesxxvi

Po Delta. See Associazone Agricoltor della Provincia di Rovigo v Commission (Po Delta): T-117/94

Poulson. See Anklagemyndigheden v Poulson and Diva Navigation Corpn: C-286/90

Pretore di Genova v Banchero: C-157/92 [1993] ECR I-1085, ECJ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66, 68Procureur du Roi v Dassonville: 8/74 [1974] ECR 837, [1974] 2 CMLR 436,

CMR 8276, ECJ. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96, 121, 139Pronuptia de Paris GmbH v Pronuptia de Paris Irmgard Schillgalis: 161/84

[1986] ECR 353, [1986] 1 CMLR 414, ECJ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131Pubblico Ministero v Ratti: 148/78 [1979] ECR 1629, [1980] 1 CMLR 96, ECJ . . . . . . . 61R v A (No 2) [2001] UKHL 25, [2002] 1 AC 45, [2001] 3 All ER 1, [2001]

2 WLR 1546, [2001] 2 Cr App Rep 351, 165 JP 609 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108R v Chief Constable of Sussex ex p International Trader’s Ferry Ltd [1998]

3 WLR 1260 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94R v Civil Service Appeal Board, ex p Cunningham [1991] 4 All ER 310, [1992]

ICR 816, [1991] IRLR 297, [1991] NLJR 455, [1992] LRC (Const) 941, CA . . . . . . . . 94R (on the application of SB) v Headteacher and Governors of Denbigh High

School: [2005] ECCA Civ 199. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205R v Henn and Darby: 34/79 [1979] ECR 3795, [1980] 1 CMLR 246, ECJ . . . . . . . . . . . 123R v Home Secretary, ex p Pierson [1998] AC 575 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109R v Human Fertilization and Embryology Authority ex p Blood [1997] 2 CMLR 150 144R v Immigration Appeal Tribunal, ex p Antonissen: C-292/89 [1991]

ECR 1-745, [1991] 2 CMLR 373, ECJ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145R v International Stock Exchange of the United Kingdom and the Republic of

Ireland Ltd, ex p Else (1982) Ltd [1993] QB 534, [1993] 1 All ER 420, [1993] 2 WLR 70, [1993] 2 CMLR 677, [1993] BCLC 834, [1993) BCC 11, CA . . . . . . . . . . . 67

R v Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, ex p Agegate Ltd: C-3/87 [1990] 2 QB 151, [1991] 1 All ER 6, [1990] 3 WLR 226, [1989] ECR 4459, [1990] 1 CMLR 366, ECJ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99

R v Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, ex p Bostock: C-2/92 [1994] ECR I-955, [1994] 3 CMLR 547, ECJ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73

R v Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, ex p Hedley Lomas (Ireland) Ltd: C-5/94 [1997] QB 139, [1996] 3 WLR 787, [1996] All ER (EC) 493, [1996] ECR I-2553, [1996] 2 CMLR 391, ECJ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105

R v Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs, ex p Rees-Mogg: [1994] QB 552, [1994] 1 All ER 457, [1994] 2 WLR 115, [1993] 3 CMLR 101, [1993] NLJR 1153, 137 Sol Jo LB 195 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89, 92

R v Secretary of State for the Home Department, ex p Amarjit Singh Sandhu [1982] 2 CMLR 553, [1982] Imm AR 36; affd [1983] 3 CMLR 131, [1983] Imm AR 61, CA; affd sub nom Re Sandhu (1985) Times, 10 May, HL . . . . . . . . . . . . 145

R v Secretary of State for the Home Department, ex p Brind: [1991] 1 AC 696, [1990] 1 All ER 469, [1990] 2 WLR 787, [1989] NLJR 1751, CA; affd [1991] 1 AC 696, [1991] 2 WLR 588, 135 Sol Jo 250, sub nom Brind v Secretary of State for the Home Department [1991] 1 All ER 720, HL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94

R v Secretary of State for the Home Department, ex p Gallagher: C-175/94 [1995] ECR I-4253, [1996] 1 CMLR 557, ECJ; apld sub nom R v Secretary of State for the Home Department, ex p Gallagher [1996] 2 CMLR 951, CA . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147






Table of Casesxxvii

R v Secretary of State for the Home Department ex parte Howard League for Penal Reform [2002] EWHC (Admin) 2497 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48

R (on the application of BECTU) v Secretary of State for Trade and Industry: C-173/99 [2001] 1 WLR 2313, [2001] All ER (EC) 647, [2001] ICR 1152, sub nom R v Secretary of State for Trade and Industry, ex p BECTU [2001] 3 CMLR 109, [2001] IRLR 559, ECJ. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47–8, 75

R v Secretary of State for Transport, ex p Factortame Ltd (No 5). See R v Secretary of State for Transport, ex p Factortame Ltd C-48/93

R v Secretary of State for Transport, ex p Factortame Ltd: [1989] 2 CMLR 353; refd sub nom R v Secretary of State for Transport, ex p Factortame Ltd (No 3): C-221/89 [1992] QB 680, [1991] 3 All ER 769, [1992] 3 WLR 288, [1991] ECR I-3905, [1991] 3 CMLR 589, [1991] 2 Lloyd’s Rep 648, [1991] NLJR 1107, ECJ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100–1

R v Secretary of State for Transport, ex p Factortame Ltd [1990] 2 AC 85, [1989] 2 WLR 997, [1989] 3 CMLR 1, 133 Sol Jo 724, [1989] 27 LS Gaz R 41, [1989] NLJR 715, sub nom Factortame Ltd v Secretary of State for Transport [1989] 2 All ER 692, HL; refd sub nom R v Secretary of State for Transport, ex p Factortame Ltd (No 2): C-213/89 [1991] 1 AC 603, [1990] 3 WLR 818, [1990] ECR I-2433, [1990] 3 CMLR 1, [1990] 12 Lloyd’s Rep 351, [1990] 41 LS Gaz R 33, sub nom Factortame Ltd v Secretary of State for Transport (No 2) [1991] 1 All ER 70, [1990] NLJR 927, ECJ; apld sub nom R v Secretary of State for Transport, ex p Factortame Ltd (No 2) [1991] 1 AC 603, [1990] 3 WLR 818, [1990] 3 CMLR 375, [1990] 2 Lloyd’s Rep 365n, [1991] 1 Lloyd’s Rep 10, 134 Sol Jo 1189, [1990] 41 LS Gaz R 36, [1990] NLJR 1457, sub nom Factortame Ltd v Secretary of State for Transport (No 2) [1991] 1 All ER 70, HL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92–3, 95, 99, 102

R v Secretary of State for Transport, ex p Factortame Ltd: C-48/93 [1996] QB 404, [1996] 2 WLR 506, [1996] All ER (EC) 301, [1996] ECR I-1029, [1996] 1 CMLR 889, [1996] IRLR 267, ECJ; apld [1998] 1 CMLR 1353, [1998] 1 All ER 736n, [1997] EU LR 475; affd [1998] 3 CMLR 192, [1998] NPC 68, [1998] Eu LR 456, [1999] 2 All ER 640n, CA; affd sub nom R v Secretary of State for Transport, ex p Factortame Ltd (No 5) [2000] 1 AC 524, sub nom R v Secretary of State for Transport, ex p Factortame Ltd: C-48/93 [1999] 4 All ER 906, [1999] 3 WLR 1062, [1999] 3 CMLR 597, [1999] 43 LS Gaz R 32, HL . . . . . . . . . . . . 100–1, 105

Racke (A) GmbH & Co v Hauptzollamt Mainz: C-162/96 [1998] ECR I-3655, [1998] 3 CMLR 219, ECJ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184

Ramel. See Société les Commissionnaires Réunis Sàrl v Receveur des Douanes: 80, 81/77

Ratti. See Pubblico Ministero v Ratti: 148/78Reed. See Netherlands v Reed: 59/85Rees-Mogg. See R v Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth

Affairs, ex p Rees-MoggRewe-Zentral AG v Bundesinonopolverwaltung für Branntwein: 120/78 [1979]

ECR 649, [1979] 3 CMLR 494, CMR 8543, ECJ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96, 122–3, 139Rheinmuhlen Düsseldorf v Einfuhr–und Vorratsstelle für Getreide und

Futtermittel: 166/73 [1974] ECR 33, [1974] 1 CMLR 523, ECJ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67Rinner-Kühn v FWW Spezial-Gebäudereinigung GmbH & Co KG: 171/88 [1989]

ECR 2743, [1993] 2 CMLR 932, [1989] IRLR 493, ECJ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164






Table of Casesxxviii

Riseria Luigi Geddo v Ente Nazionale Risi: 2/73 [1974] ECR 865, [1974] 1 CMLR 13, ECJ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122

Rochdale Borough Council v Anders [1988] 3 All ER 490, [1988] 3 CMLR 431, [1988] NLJR 212 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98

Rothmans International BV v EC Commission: T-188/97 [1999] ECR II–2463, [1999] 3 CMLR 66, CFI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70–1

Ruhrkohlen-Verkaufsgesellschaft (Präsident) mbH v High Authority: 36–38, 40/59 [1960] ECR 423 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72

Ruiz Bernáldez, Criminal proceedings against: C-129/94 [1996] All ER (EC) 741, [1996] ECR I-1829, [1996] 2 CMLR 889, ECJ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64

Rutili v Minister for the Interior: 36/75 [1975] ECR 1219, [1976] 1 CMLR 140, ECJ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146

Sabbatini (née Bertoni) v European Parliament: 20/71 [1972] ECR 345, [1972] CMLR 945 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164

Sandhu, Re. See R v Secretary of State for the Home Department, ex p Amarjit Singh Sandhu

Sandoz. See Officier van Justitie v Sandoz BV: 174/82Sanz de Lera, Criminal proceedings against: C-163, 165, 250/94 [1995]

ECR I-4821, [1996] 1 CMLR 631, ECJ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136Secretary of State for the Home Department v Akrich: C-109/01 [2003]

ECR I-9607, ECJ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151Shrewsbury. See B & Q plc v Shrewsbury and Atcham Borough CouncilSimmenthal SpA. See Amministrazione de Finanze dello Stato v

Simmenthal SpA: 106/77Smith (W H) Do-It-All Ltd v Peterborough City Council [1991]

1 QB 304, [1991] 4 All ER 193, [1990] 3 WLR 1131, [1990] 2 CMLR 577, [1989] Crim LR 662 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93, 95, 97–8

Société d’Importation Edouard Leclerc-Siplec v TF1 Publicité SA: C-412/93 [1995] All ER (EC) 343, [1995] ECR I-179, [1995] 3 CMLR 422, ECJ . . . . . . 124, 134–5

Société les Commissionnaires Réunis Sàrl v Receveur des Douanes: 80, 81/77 [1978] ECR 927, ECJ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121

Society for the Protection of Unborn Children Ireland Ltd v Grogan: C-159/90 [1991] ECR I-4685, [1991] 3 CMLR 849, 9 BMLR 100, ECJ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73–4, 144

Sofrimport SARL v EC Commission: C-152/88 [1990] ECR I-2477, [1990] 3 CMLR 946, ECJ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78

Solange 1: [1974] BverfGE 37, 271 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85Solange 2: [1987] BverGE 73, 339 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85Stauder v City of Ulm: 29/69 [1969] ECR 419, [1970] CMLR 112 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72Steymann v Staatssecretaris van Justitie: 196/87 [1988] ECR 6159, [1989]

1 CMLR 449, ECJ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145Stichting Greenpeace Council (Greenpeace International) v EC Commission:

T-585/93 [1995] ECR II-2205, CFI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76Stoke-on-Trent City Council v B and Q plc [1991] Ch 48, [1991] 4 All ER 221,

[1991] 2 WLR 42, [1990] 3 CMLR 31, 88 LGR 884, 134 Sol Jo 1436, [1990] NLJR 1151; on appeal sub nom Stoke-on-Trent City Council v B & Q plc: C-169/91 [1993] AC 900, [1993] 1 All ER 481, [1993] 2 WLR 730, [1992] ECR I-6635, [1993] 1 CMLR 426, 91 LGR 237, ECJ; affd sub nom Stoke-on-






Table of Casesxxix

Trent City Council v B & Q plc [1993] AC 900, [1993] 2 All ER 297n, [1993] 2 WLR 730, [1993] 2 CMLR 509, 91 LGR 237, 137 Sol Jo LB 12O, HL . . . . 93, 95, 97–8

Thibault. See Caisse Nationale d’ Assurance Vieillesse des Travailleurs Salariés v Thibault: C-136/95

Thorburn v Sunderland CC [2002] 3 WLR 247 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91, 96, 111Tobacco Advertising. See Germany v Parliament and Council: C-376/98 [2000]

ECR I-8419.Tommaso Morellato v Usl No11, Pordenone: C-358/95 [1997] ECR I-1431 . . . . . . . . . 134Torfaen Borough Council v B and Q plc: C-145/88 [1990] 2 QB 19, [1990]

1 All ER 129, [1990] 2 WLR 1330, [1989] ECR 3851, [1990] 1 CMLR 337, 88 LGR 649, 134 Sol Jo 908, [1990] 9 LS Gaz R 41, ECJ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96

Transocean Marine Paint Association v EC Commission: 17/74 [1974] ECR 1063, [1974] 2 CMLR 459, ECJ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68

Transport. See European Parliament v EC Council: 13/83Trojani v CPAS: C-456/02 [2004] ECR I-7573, ECJ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145UK (1983). See EC Commission v United Kingdom: 124/81UK (1985). See EC Commission v United Kingdom: 207/83Unilever Italia SpA v Central Food SpA: C-443/98 [2000] ECR I-7535, [2001]

1 CMLR 566, ECJ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64Union Départementale des Syndicats CGT de L’Aisne v SIDEF Conforama:

C-312/89 [1991] ECR I-997, [1993] 3 CMLR 746, ECJ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98Union Nationale des Entraineurs et Cadres Techniques Professionnels du Football

(UNECTEF) v Heylens: 222/86 [1987] ECR 4097, [1989] 1 CMLR 901, ECJ. . 68–9, 71United Brands Co v EC Commission: 27/76 [1978] ECR 207, [1978] 1 CMLR 429,

CMR 8429, ECJ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131UPA v Council: C-50/00 [2002] ECR I-6677, ECJ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76Van der Kooy. See Kwekerij Gebroeders Van der Kooy BV v EC Commission:

67-68/85, 70/85Van Duyn v Home Office: 41/74 [1975] Ch 358, [1975] 3 All ER 190, [1975]

2 WLR 760, [1974] ECR 1337, [1975] 1 CMLR 1, 119 Sol Jo 302, ECJ. . . . . . . . . 61, 146Vaneetveld v Le Foyer SA: C-316/93 [1994] ECR I-763, ECJ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62Van Gend en Loos. See Algemene Transport-en Expeditie Onderneming van

Gend en Loos NV v Nederlandse Belastingadministratie: 26/62Verband Sozialer Wettbewerb eV v Clinique Laboratories SNC and Estée Lauder

Cosmetics GmbH: C-315/92 [1994] ECR I-317, ECJ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125, 134Verein Gegen Unwesen in Handel und Gewerbe Koin eV v Mars GmbH:

C-470/93 [1995] ECR I-1923, [1995] 3 CMLR 1, ECJ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125, 134Vlassopoulou v Ministerium für Justiz, Bundes- und Europaangelegenheiten

Baden-Württemberg: C-340/89 [1991] ECR I-2357, [1993] 2 CMLR 221, 135 Sol Jo LB 92, ECJ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144

Von Colson and Kamann v Land Nordrhein-Westfalen: 14/83 [1984] ECR 1891, [1986] 2 CMLR 430, 134 NLJ 473, ECJ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62

Wachauf v Germany: 5/88 [1989] ECR 2609, [1991] 1 CMLR 328 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73Webb v EMO Air Cargo (UK) Ltd: C-32/93 [1994] QB 718, [1994] 4 All ER 115,

[1994] 3 WLR 941, [1994] ECR I-3567, [1994] 2 CMLR 729, [1994] ICR 770, [1994] IRLR 482, [1994] NLJR 1278, ECJ; revsd sub nom Webb v EMO Air Cargo (UK) Ltd (No 2) [1995] 4 All ER 577, [1995] 1 WLR 1454, [1996]






Table of Casesxxx

2 CMLR 990, [1995] ICR 1021, [1995] IRLR 645, [1995] 42 LS Gaz R 24, 140 Sol Jo LB 9, HL. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166, 171

Wellingborough Council v Payless [1990] 1 CMLR 773 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97Woodpulp. See Ahlstrom (A) Osakeyhtiö v EC Commission: 89, 104, 114,

116-117, 125-129/85Worringham v Lloyds Bank Ltd: 69/80 [1981] 2 All ER 434, [1981] 1 WLR 950,

[1981] ECR 767, [1981] 2 CMLR 1, [1981] ICR 558, [1981] IRLR 178, 125 Sol Jo 442, ECJ; on appeal sub nom Worringham v Lloyds Bank Ltd: [1982] 3 All ER 373, [1982] 1 WLR 841, [1982] ICR 299, [1982] IRLR 74, 126 Sol Jo 99, CA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164

X v EC Commission: C-404/92P [1994] ECR I-4737, [1995] IRLR 320, ECJ . . . . . . . . . 74Zuckerfabrik Schöppenstedt. See Aktien-Zuckerfabrik Schöppenstedt v

EC Council: 5/71Zunis Holding SA v EC Commission: C-480/93P [1996] ECR I-1, [19961

5 CMLR 219, ECJ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76






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