a contrastive study of demonstrative pronoun in …

Jurnal Genta Mulia

Volume V. Nomor 2. Juli- Desember 2014, hlm. 51- 71

51

A CONTRASTIVE STUDY OF DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUN IN ENGLISH

AND JAPANESE

Ade Irma Suryani

1)

1 Prodi Pendidikan Guru Sekolah Dasar,STKIP Bina Bangsa Meulaboh

Email: [email protected]

Abstract

This article is a research report which consists of discussion of the various kinds, functions, and

position of demonstrative pronouns in English and Japanese. In this article we would like to

introduce what are the demonstrative pronoun in English and Japanese and also given the example

of demonstrative pronoun in both of language. We also found some of contrastive study of

demonstrative pronuon in English and Japanese. As seemingly simple and straightforward

constructions, demonstratives are taught to foreign language learners at a rather early stage

in their language instruction. For native speakers of Japanese, English this and that

(singular), these and those (plural) seem fairly easy to acquire, just as the Japanese

demonstratives ko-, so-, and a- seem like unproblematic constructions for native speakers of

English. However, language teachers often find that even fairly advanced learners of Japanese

or English have trouble with many of the less transparent issues surrounding demonsrative

usage.

Key Words: Demonstrative pronoun, English, Japanese, and Contrastive study.

Jurnal Genta Mulia


52

1. INTRODUCTION

General Remarks

Contrastive study is the systematic study

of a pair of languages with a view to

identifying their structural differences

and similarities (Wikipedia:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contrastive_

analysis). Contrastive study is the method

of analyzing the structure of any two

languages with a view to estimate the

differential aspects of their systems,

irrespective or their genetic affinity or

level of development. Contrastive study

of two languages become useful when it

is adequately describing the sound

structure and grammatical structure of

two languages, with comparative

statements, giving due emphasis to the

compatible items in the two systems. It is

assumed that learning of second language

is facilitated whenever there are

similarities between that language and

mother tongue. Learning may be

interfered with when there are marked

contrasts between mother tongue and

second language (Nickel, 1971). So,

contrastive study is the study of

analyzing and identifying the structural

differences and similarities of two

languages.

The contrastive study in this research is

analysis the demonstrative pronouns.

Demonstrative pronouns are used to point out

the object to which they refer (Latin

demonstrare: to show clearly) (Wren and

Martin 1970: 64). Demonstrative pronouns

point out someone or something. It may also

point to something that has just been said

(Frank 1972: 21 -22). Idi Supono (2008:71)

said demonstrative pronoun is “kata ganti

penunjuk” (the word used to point out the

position). So, demonstrative pronoun is the

word used to point out or to show the position

of the thing or something that has just been

said.

There are some kinds of demonstrative

pronouns in English and Japanese. It is very

commonly used by people in grammar. Both

of the languages have the different cultural

background (east and west culture) and

language families (indo-European and

Japonic), but they have the demonstrative

pronoun in their grammar. English language

has west cultural background and a language

family is indo – European while Japanese

language has east cultural background and a

language family is Japonic (Japanese -

Ryukyuan). Some hypothesis said that

Japanese still has the far relationship with

Austronesian family. Sometimes Japanese is

classified as Austronesia family and

sometimes it is classified as Altai family. In

this case, it is interesting to compare the

demonstrative pronoun in both of these

languages

(Wikipedia:http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rump

un_bahasa_Austronesia#Klasifikasi_bahasa_J

epang).

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contrastive_analysis


http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumpun_bahasa_Austronesia#Klasifikasi_bahasa_Jepang



Jurnal Genta Mulia


53

This topic deals with demonstrative

pronoun in English and Japanese. Thus, this

topic is quite significant to study.

2. METHOD OF THE STUDY

This study is based on the

data from the main source namely

library research. This study is

conducted by collecting the data from

several books found in library which

are related to the topic. The data are

derived from the descriptions and

analysis conducted by various

linguists in English and Japanese.

All examples given in this

article are mostly derived from

various theories given by some

linguistics. And actually, this article is

presented in some references books

like grammar book and internet.

3. DISCUSSION

A. Introduction to Demonstrative

Pronoun in English

As we know, in English has eight

parts of speech, they are noun, pronoun,

adjective, verb, adverb, preposition,

conjunction, and interjection. Here the writer

tries to discuss about pronoun (Demonstrative

pronouns). A demonstrative pronoun points to

and identifies a noun or a pronoun. It also can

substitute nouns when the nouns they replace

can be understood from the context. At the

same time, to indicate whether they are close

or far in space or time, from the speaker in the

moment of speaking. They also indicate

whether they are replacing singular or plural

words.

The Kinds of Demonstrative

Pronouns

Marcella Frank (1972: 21) said there

are four of demonstrative pronouns.

They are divided into singular and

plural, they are described below:

1. This (singular)

2. That (singular)

3. These (plural)

4. Those (plural)

“This” and “these” refer to nouns that

are nearby in time or space. “That”

and “those” refer to nouns that are

further away in time or space. “This”

and “that” refer to singular nouns;

“these” and “those” refer to plural

nouns. They are commonly used in

English grammar. Some grammars

describe them as members of the class

of function words called

“determiners”, since they identify

nouns and others nominal. “This”

(singular) and “these” (plural)

showed the thing near to the speaker

or listener. “That” (singular) and

“those” (plural) showed the thing far

from the speaker and listener

(Baehaqi, 2009: 204).

The Functions of Demonstrative

Pronouns

Jurnal Genta Mulia


54

In English demonstrative pronouns

have many functions. There are eight

functions of demonstrative pronouns

in English: (1) as subject, (2) as

subject complement, (3) as direct

object, (4) as object complement, (5)

as indirect object, (6) avoiding

repetition of the name of a thing has

already referred to, (7) referring back

to an entire sentence or something

that has just been said, and (8) as

prepositional complement

(http://www.englishlanguageguide.co

m). They are all described below:

1. As a subject (S)

Examples:

This tastes delicious.

S V Adj.

This is my book.

S to be O

This is a list of the

rules.

S to be O

That is incredible!

S to be Adj.

2. As a subject complement (

SC )

Examples:

My books are these.

S to be SC

I will never forget

this.

S modal V

SC

You take these bags and

I will take those.

S V DA N Conj.

S modal V SC

Do you like that?

S V SC

3. As direct object ( DO )

Examples:

Mail those to

your mother.

V DO

IO

I give that all

to you.

S V DO

IO

She brings this

to your parents.

S V DO

IO

My sister bought

that to her

analysis.

S V

DO IO

4. As object complement (OC)

Examples:

You painted the

wall that?!

S V O

OC

http://www.englishlanguageguide.com/


Jurnal Genta Mulia


55

You give me

these all.

S V O

OC

My teacher

brought the books

those.

S V

O OC

Don’t forget bring

the book this.

S V

O OC

Please save me

this.

S V O

OC

5. As indirect object ( IO )

Examples:

You should

give that a

good soaking first.

S modal

V IO

DO

I will make

this a pretty dress.

S modal V

IO DO

He gives those

a big box.

S V IO

DO

I should give

that a nice

accessory.

S modal V

IO DO

Give this a

good scrubbing.

V IO

DO

6. As prepositional complement

( PC )

Examples:

How can you

enjoy listening to

this?

WHQ modal S

V gerund

Prep. PC

I make a little

surprise at that

time.

S V O

Prep. PC

In that way I

give you a

great value.

Prep. PC S

V IO

DO

For these I

give a nice

ornament.

Jurnal Genta Mulia


56

Prep. PC S V

O

Have you

listened to

these yet?

Modal S V

Prep. PC Adv

7. Avoiding repetition of the

name of the thing that has

already referred to.

Examples:

I buy the car. This is

expensive.

He brings the books.

Those are is mine.

I like a flower. That

is very beautiful.

You showed me the

bag. This was very

cheap two weeks ago.

I give you the money.

This is for buy your

book.

8. Referring back to an entire

sentence or something that

has just been said.

Examples:

Indonesian lies along

the equator. This is

the reason why its

climate is tropical.

He told his wife he

had just received an

increase in salary.

This pleased her very

much.

I must tell you this. I

can no longer afford

to go out to expensive

restaurants for dinner.

She told his uncle

that she can’t come

today. That made her

uncle disappointed.

The flowers in the

garden are very

beautiful. This is the

reason why I like the

garden.

The Positions of Demonstrative

Pronouns

Demonstrative pronoun has a certain

position in the sentence. There are six

positions of demonstrative pronouns in a

sentence, they are: (1) at the first of a

sentence, (2) before the word “one”, (3)

after the object of a sentence, (4) after

verb, (5) after preposition, and (6) at the

end of the sentence

(http://www.englishlanguageguide.com) .

All of the functions of demonstrative

pronouns are describe below:

1. At the first of the sentence.

Examples:


Jurnal Genta Mulia


57

This is my book.

That is a big box.

Those are beautiful

flower in the garden.

2. Before the word “one”.

Examples:

These one are my books.

That one is a big car.

This one is a wonderful

picture that I have ever

seen.

3. After the object of the

sentence.

Examples:

I give you this.

Bring me these when you

go to my party.

You save her this to

prove your love to her.

4. After verb.

Examples:

I give that all to you.

You showed these to your

parents.

She picks up that in the

Saturday evening.

5. After preposition.

Examples:

Have you listened to

these yet?

For those I give you a big

support.

You make colorful on

this.

6. At the end of the sentence.

Examples:

My books are these.

The teacher requests the

student to bring this.

Many people need to

know that.

B. Introduction to Demonstrative

Pronoun in Japanese

In Japanese demonstrative pronouns is just a

little more complicated than they are in

English. Japanese has demonstrative system

which separates “near to the speaker”, “near

to the hearer”, and “far from both the speaker

and the hearer”. In this system not only the

speaker’s position but also the addressee’s

position is important. Japanese demonstrative

words must be followed by case markers so

that you use them in sentences. However, you

may not to use the plural forms unless you

need to clear the number of object

(http://homepage3.nifty.com/jgrammar/gram

mar/jgr_intr.htm).

Kinds of Demonstrative Pronouns

When we talk about demonstrative

pronouns in English, we would think of

this, that, these, and those. In Japanese

demonstrative pronouns occur in the ko-,

so-, and a- series. It is representative in

forms kore (this), sore (that), and are

(that over there) (Nakagawa 2002: 23).

http://homepage3.nifty.com/jgrammar/grammar/jgr_intr.htm


Jurnal Genta Mulia


58

Ko so

Speaker listener

Ko

•

a

so

Speaker

Japanese demonstrative pronouns are

basically used in two ways, namely the

Place Demonstrative or Genba Shiji and

the Contextual Demonstrative or

Bunmyaku Shiji. The former type of the

demonstrative pronoun is that being used

at the site of the interlocution and the

latter type is the demonstrative pronoun

that is used to indicate things mentioned

in the interlocution (Nakagawa 2002:

23).

Matsuoka (2000: 25) divides Place

Demonstrative into two subcategories; one

where the speaker and the listener face each

other (Tairitsu) and the other where they are

in the same place (Yugo). The first type refers

to the interlocution being made where the

speaker and the listener face each other in the

same area but at a distance. He illustrates this

type as follows:

a

Base on the diagram, ko indicates the things

which are close to the speaker, so is indicate

the things which are close to the listener, and

a is indicate the things that are far away from

both speaker and listener. The second type

refers to the interlocution being made where

the speaker and the listener are close to each

other in the same area or when there is no

listener. Here explain that ko referring to the

things near both speaker and listener, so

referring to the things that are neither near nor

far, and a referring to the things far from both

parties. This is illustrated as:

The Functions of Demonstrative

Pronouns

The functions of demonstrative pronouns in

Japanese can be seen from two different

points of view. First, based on its type and

second based on its general functions.

The Function of Demonstrative

Pronoun Based on the Type.

There are two types of demonstrative

pronouns in Japanese that has been discussed

above, they are Tairitsu and Yugo. Here the

function of demonstrative pronouns will be

discussed based on its types, Matsuoka (2000:

21) explains it according to types that shown

before:

1. Tairitsu type.

Ko (kore) is used to indicate

things which are close to the

speaker.

Jurnal Genta Mulia


59

So (sore) is used to indicate

things which are close to the

listener.

a (are) is used to refer to thing

that are far away from both

speaker and listener.

2. Yugo type.

Ko (kore) is used when

referring to things near both


a (are) is used when referring

to things far from both

parties.

So (sore) is used when

referring to things that are

neither near nor far.

Examples:

1. Kore wa

watashi no ningyo

desu.

These nom. I

part. dolls are

(These are my dolls.)

2. Sore wa hon

desu.

That nom. book is

(That is a book.)

3. Are wa uchi desu.

That nom. house is

(That is a house.)

4. Kore wa hon desu

ka.

This nom. book is

inter.

(Is this a book?)

5. Kore wa nan desu

ka.

This nom. what is

inter.

(What is this?)

6. Sore wa empitsu

desu.

Those nom. pencils

are

(Those are pencils.)

7. Are wa yama

desu.

That nom. mountain

is

(That is a mountain.)

8. Tsukue wa sore

desu.

Table nom. that

is

(The table is that.)

9. Are wa kumo

desu.

That nom. spider

is

(That is a spider.)

10. Kaban wa kore

desu.

Bag nom. this

is

(The bag is this.)

Jurnal Genta Mulia


60

Demonstrative Pronoun Based on

General Function

The other functions of demonstrative

pronoun in Japanese are: as a subject of

sentence, an object of the sentence, a

subjective complement, to a void

repetition of the name of a thing that has

already referred to, and to refer back to

an entire sentence or something that has

just been said

(http://homepage3.nifty.com/jgrammar/gr

ammar/jgr_intr.htm). They are described

below:

1. As subject of sentence.

Examples:

Kore wa

hana desu.

This nom.

flower is

(This is a flower.)

Are wa

jidōsha desu

ka.

That nom. car

is inter.

(Is that a car?)

Sore wa

shinbun desu.

That nom.

newspaper is

(That is newspaper.)

2. As an object of the sentence.

Examples:

Watashi wa

kore o

tsukaimasu.

I nom.

this part. use

(I use this.)

Watashi wa

sore o

kakimasu.

I nom.

that part. write

(I write that.)

3. As a subjective complement.

Examples:

Watashi no nekutai

wa kore desu.

I part. tie

nom. this is

(My tie is this.)

Gakkō wa sore

desu.

School nom. that

is

(The school is that.)

Anata no hon wa

are desu.

You part. book

nom. that is

(Your book is that.)

4. To avoid repetition of the name

of a thing that has already

referred to.



Jurnal Genta Mulia


61

Examples:

watashi wa kuruma o

kairimasu. Kore wa

takai desu.

I nom. car part.

buy. This nom.

expensive is

(I buy a car.)

(This is expensive.)

watashi wa shatsu o

kaimasu. Sore wa

ii desu.

I nom. t-shirt part.

buy. That nom. good

is

(I buy a t-shirt.)

( That is good.)

5. To refer back to an entire

sentence or something that has

just been said.

Examples:

Watashi wa hana o

torimasu. Kore wa

muzukashii desu.

I nom. flower part.

take. This nom.

difficult is

(I take a flower.)

( This is a difficult.)

Watashi wa e o

torimasu. Kore wa

kirei desu.

I nom. picture

part. take. This nom.

beautiful is

(I take a picture.)

( This is beautiful.)

The Position of Demonstrative

Pronouns

In this part discussed about the position

of demonstrative pronoun in a sentence

of Japanese language. The position of

demonstrative pronoun here can be

shown by the patterns. There are two

positions of demonstrative pronouns in

Japanese based on the patterns they are in

the beginning of the sentence and in the

middle of a sentence. They are can be

described below:

1. Pattern 1: The position of

demonstrative pronoun in the

beginning of the sentence.

Kore/ sore/ are + wa + N +

desu

Example:

Kore wa dento desu.

This nom. lamp is

(This is lamp.)

Sore wa eki desu.

That nom. stasion is

(That is station.)

Are wa mise desu.

Jurnal Genta Mulia


62

That nom. store is

(That is store.)

2. Pattern 2: The position of

demonstrative pronoun in the

middle of a sentence.

N + wa + kore/ sore/ are +

desu.

Example:

Ginkō wa kore desu.

Bank nom. this is

(The bank is this.)

Byōin wa sore desu.

House nom. that is

(The house is that.)

Dōbutsuen wa are

desu.

Zoo nom. that is

(The zoo is that.)

FINDINGS IN THE CONSTRUCTIVE

STUDY

The Similarities of English and

Japanese Demonstrative Pronouns.

English and Japanese demonstrative

pronouns have some similarities. The

similarities itself divided based on its

kinds, functions, and the positions of

demonstrative in English and Japanese.

All of the similarities will be explained

briefly in this chapter.

The Similarities of Demonstrative

Pronouns Based on the Kinds.

There are two similarities of demonstrative

pronouns based on the kinds, they are: “this”

(English) is similar with “kore” (Jpanese), and

“that” (English) is similar with “sore”

(Japanese). They are will be described below:

1. “This” (English) is similar with

“Kore” (Japanese).

“This” is one of the

kinds of demonstrative pronoun

in English that has the

similarities with Japanese

demonstrative pronoun “kore”.

Examples:

This is a beautiful

garden. (English)

S to be art Adj

N

In this sentence the word “This”

refers to the thing near from the

speaker or listener. Here, the

thing is “garden”.

Kore wa kaban

desu. (Japanese)

This nom. bag

is

(This is a bag.)

Kore here refers to “kaban” that

is close to the speaker or hearer.

2. “That” (English) is similar with

“sore” (Japanese).

Jurnal Genta Mulia


63

“That” is one of the

kinds of demonstrative pronoun

in English that has the

similarities with Japanese

demonstrative pronoun “sore”.

Examples:

That was a nice

dog. (English)

S to be art Adj N

In this sentence the word “That”

refers to the thing far from the

speaker or listener. Here, the

thing is “dog”.

Sore wa kutsu desu.

(Japanese)

That nom. shoes is

(That is shoes.)

Sore here refers to “kutsu”

that is far from the speaker or

listener.

In conclusion, the similarities of

demonstrative pronoun in English and

Japanese based on the kinds can be seen from

the description above that the demonstrative

pronoun “this” (English) refer to “kore”

(Japanese) and “that” (English) refer to “sore”

(Japanese).

The Similarities of Demonstrative

Pronouns Based on the Functions.

There are many functions of


Japanese, but only some of the function

that have the similarities. Demonstrative

pronouns in English and Japanese have a

function as a subject of a sentence, as an

object of a sentence, as a subjective

complement of a sentence, referring to the

object and they have a contrast between

near and distend references, and avoiding

repetition of the name of a thing that has

already referred to and to refer back to an

entire sentence or something that has just

been said. All of the functions are

illustrated below:

1. As a subject

The demonstrative pronouns in

English and Japanese have the

similar function as a subject.

Examples:

This is a book.

(English)

S to be art N

These are some kinds

of fruit. (English)

S to be O

Kore wa futo desu.

(Japanese)

This nom. cover is

(This is a cover of letter.)

Sore wa kōen

desu. (Japanese)

That nom. park is

(That is park.)

2. As an object.

Jurnal Genta Mulia


64

In English and Japanese

demonstrative pronouns has the

similar function as an object of a

sentence.

Examples:

I don’t believe that.

(English)

S V O

She chooses that

for along time. (English)

S V O

Adv

Watashi wa kore o

tsukimasu. (Japanese)

I nom. this

part. use

(I use this.)

Watashi wa sore o

kakimasu. (Japanese)

I nom. that

part. write

(I write that.)

3. As a subject complement.


English and Japanese have the

similar function as a subject

complement.

Examples:

A fine tape recorder is

this. (English)

S to be

SC

The expensive cars are

those. (English)

S to be

SC

Watashi no nekutai

wa kore desu.

I part. tie

nom. this is

(My tie is this.)

Watashi no tegami

wa sore desu.

I nom. letter

nom. that is

(My letter is that.)

4. Referring the object and they

have a contrast between near

and distend references.

Demonstrative pronouns in

English and Japanese have a

similar function to refer the object

and they have a contrast between

near and distend references.

Examples:

This is a beautiful picture.

(English)

This refers to “a beautiful

picture” that is close to the

speaker.

That was a big house.

(English)

That refers to “a big house”

that is far from that speaker.

Jurnal Genta Mulia


65

Kore wa wathasi

no e desu. (Japanese)

This nom. I

part. picture is

(This is my picture.)

Kore refers to “watashi no e”

that is close to the speaker.

Sore wa kanojo no

hon desu. (Japanese)

That nom. she part.

book is

(That is her book.)

Sore refers to “kanojo no

hon” that is far from the

speaker.

5. Avoiding repetition of the name

of a thing that has already

referred to and to refer back to

an entire sentence or something

that has just been said.

Demonstrative pronouns in

English and Japanese have a

similar function to avoid

repetition of the name of a thing

that has already referred to and to

refer back to an entire sentence or

something that has just been said.

Examples:

Indonesia lies a long the

equator. This is the reason

why its climate is tropical.

(English)

This refers to the entire sentence

“Indonesia lies a long the equator”.

She buys the car. This is a

beautiful one. (English)

This refers to the thing “car”.

Watashi wa hana o

torimasu. Kore wa

muzukashi desu.

I nom. flower part.

take. This nom. difficult is.

(I take a flower.)

(This is very difficult.) (Japanese)

Kore refers to the thing “hana”.

Watashi wa jidōsha o

kairimasu. Kore wa

takai desu.

I nom. car part.

buy. This nom. expensive is.

(I buy a car.)

( This is expensive.)(Japanese)

Kore refers to the thing “jidōsha”.

So, there are five functions of

demonstrative pronouns in English and

Japanese that are similar that we can see on

the explanation above.

4.1.3 The Similarities of Demonstrative

Pronoun Based on the Positions

There is only one similarities of


Japanese based on its positions. It is at the

first of a sentence and it will be described

here.

1. At the first of a sentence.

Jurnal Genta Mulia


66

In English and Japanese the

position of demonstrative pronoun in

a sentence is at the first of the

sentence. Below are the examples of

the position of demonstrative

pronouns at the first sentence in

English and Japanese.

Examples:

This is a good music.

(English)

That was a hard cover.

(English)

These were a good job for

this week. (English)

Kore wa mikan

desu. (Japanese)

This nom orange is.

(This is orange.)

Sore wa jitensha

desu. (Japanese)

That nom bicycle

is.

(That is bicycle.)

Are wa omocha

desu. (Japanese)

That nom toy

is.

(That is toy.)

On the conclusion the similarities of


Japanese based on the positions is at the first

of a sentence.

The Dissimilarities of English and

Japanese Demonstrative Pronouns

There are some of dissimilarities

of demonstrative pronouns that we can

find in this contrastive study. The

dissimilarities itself also based on the

kinds, functions, and positions of

demonstrative pronouns itself in English

and Japanese. All of the dissimilarities are

explained here.

The Dissimilarities of

Demonstrative pronoun Based on

the Kinds.

There are five dissimilarities of

demonstrative pronouns that we can find

in English and Japanese, they are: (1)

English demonstrative pronouns “these”

can’t be found in Japanese, (2) English

demonstrative pronouns “those” can’t be

found in Japanese, (3) Japanese

demonstrative pronouns “are” can’t be

found in English, (4) in English have two

demonstrative system, and the last (5) in

Japanese there are three demonstrative

system. They are explained below:

1. English demonstrative

pronouns “these” can’t be

found in Japanese.

The demonstrative “these” is the

plural form of demonstrative

pronouns in English because in

Jurnal Genta Mulia


67

Japanese there is no form of

demonstrative pronouns in plural.

Examples:

These are pens that I bought

yesterday.

These are mine.

These are some kinds of fruit.

2. English demonstrative

pronouns “those” can’t be

found in Japanese.

The demonstrative pronouns

“those” in English is also one of

the plural form that can’t be we

found in Japanese.

Examples:

Those are cars which she won

two weeks ago.

Those are keys.

I bring some books. Those are

is yours.

3. Japanese demonstrative

pronouns “are” can’t be found

in English.

The demonstrative pronoun “are”

in Japanese is shown the thing

that are far from both the speaker

and hearer, and it is can’t be

found in English. Because “are”

there is no the equivalent word in

English so “are” also refer to

“that” in English.

Examples:

Are wa kagi desu.

That nom keys are.

(That is keys.)

Are wa hana

desu.

That nom flowers are.

(That is flowers.)

4. In English have two

demonstrative systems that

can’t be found in Japanese.


English have two system, they

are: near to the speaker or hearer

(this and these) and far from the

speaker or hearer (that and those).

Examples:

That is a bag.

The demonstrative pronoun in

this sentence shows the thing

(a bag) far to the speaker and

listener.

These were a good dress.



Jurnal Genta Mulia


68

(a good dress) near to the


This is a bad news for today.



(a bad news) near to the


5. In Japanese there are

demonstrative systems that

can’t be found in English.

They are three systems of

demonstrative pronouns in

Japanese, they are: near to the

speaker “kore”, near to the hearer

“sore”, and far from both of the

speaker and hearer “are”.

Examples:

Are wa tabako desu.

That nom cigarette is.

(That is cigarette.)

The demonstrative pronoun

here (are) refers to the thing

(tabako) far from both of the

speaker and hearer.

Sore wa kasa

desu.

That nom umbrella

is.

(That is umbrella.)


here (sore) refers to the thing

(kasa) near to the hearer.

Kore wa pan

desu.

This nom bread

is.

(This is bread.)


here (kore) refers to the thing

(pan) near to the speaker.

In conclusion, based on the

explanation above, there can be found

five dissimilarities of demonstrative

pronouns based on its kinds.


Demonstrative Pronouns Based on

the Functions.

Based on the function, there are

six dissimilarities of demonstrative

pronouns in English and Japanese. In

English demonstrative pronouns have

functions as direct objects, as object

complement, as indirect object, and as

prepositional complement, but in Japanese

have not. Demonstrative pronoun in

English uses linking verb as a subjective

complement but in Japanese only uses

“desu” (is, am, and are) as a subjective

complement. Below all the function are

illustrated:

1. As direct object (DO)

Example: - I cut this for him.

Jurnal Genta Mulia


69

2. As object complement (OC)

Example: - he gives her this.

3. As indirect object (IO)

Example: - you will make that a

nice cake.

4. As prepositional complement

(PC)

Example: - for these I give a nice

ornament.

5. In English demonstrative

pronouns as a subjective

complement uses linking verb.

Examples:

My beloved pet is this.

He feels that.

6. In Japanese demonstrative

pronouns only uses desu (is, am,

are) as subjective complement.

Examples:

Watashi no pen wa

kore desu.

I part. pen

nom. this is

(My pen is this.)

Ojisan no shinbun

wa are desu.

Uncle’s part newspaper

nom. that is

(Uncle’s newspaper is that

over there.)

Finally, there are six dissimilarities of

demonstrative pronouns in English and

Japanese based on the function that we can

found in finding contrastive study.


Demonstrative Pronouns Based on

the Positions.

There are six dissimilarities of

demonstrative pronouns based on the

position. The position of demonstrative

pronouns in English are: before the word

“one”, after the object of a sentence, after

verb, after preposition, and at the end of a

sentence. Meanwhile, in Japanese

demonstrative pronouns has a position in

the middle of a sentence. All of the

positions described below:

1. Before the word “one”.

Example: -That one is a nice

dress.

2. After the object of the

sentence.

Example: -I bring you this.

3. After verb.

Example: -I believed this for

a moment.

4. After preposition.

Example: -You make colorful

on this.

5. At the end of the sentence.

Example: -My bag is this.

6. In the middle of the

sentence.

Example:

Byōin wa kore desu.

Hospital nom this is.

(This is a hospital.)

Jurnal Genta Mulia


70

From the explanation above,

there can be found six dissimilarities

of demonstrative pronouns in English

and Japanese based on the positions.

They are: (1) before the word “one”,

(2) after the object of a sentence, (3)

after verb, (4) after preposition, (5) at

the end of a sentence, and (6) in the

middle of the sentence.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Azar, Schrampfer, Betty. and Hagen Stacy A.

2006. Basic English Grammar Third

Edition. United States America:

Pearson Longman.

Collins. 1990. English Grammar. The

University of Birmingham: Collins

Publisher.

Djuharie, Setiawan, Otong. 2008. Functional

English Grammar. Bandung: Yrama

Widya.

Drajat. 2007. Siapa pun Bisa Bahasa Jepang.

Yogyakarta: ANDI.

Frank, Marcella. 1972. Modern English a

Practical Reference Guide. United

States of America: New York

University.

Hartanto, John S, S. Koentjoro, Manaf

Asmoro Seputro. 2003. Accurate, Brief

and Clear English Grammar. Surabaya:

INDAH Surabaya.

Harryken S, Nino. 2002. Bahasa Jepang

Untuk Pemula. Jakarta: Puspa Swara.

Martin and Wren. Seventy – ninth

edition.1970. High School English

Grammar and Composition. Bombay: K

& J Cooper Educational Publishers.

Pora V, Muchlis. 2003. Nihongo No

Tekisuto. Jakarta: Kesaint Blanc.

Supono, Idi. 2008. BBC English Grammar.

Jakarta: PT Wahyu Media.

Sudjianto. 1996. Gramatika Bahasa Jepang

Modern. Jakarta: Kesaint Blanc.

Sudjianto. 2004. Gramatika Bahasa Jepang

Modern Seri A. Bekasi – Indonesia:

Kesaint Blanc.

Taniguchi, Sumiko. et. al. 1995. First Step in

Japanese. Tokyo: 3A Corporation.

Thomson, A.J and Martinet, A.V. 1986. A

Practical English Grammar. Hong

Kong: Oxford University Press.

Thirumalai, M.S, 2002. Definition of

Contrastive study. March 9, 2010.

http://www.languageinindia.com/sep200

2/chap1.html

Wikipedia, March 9, 2010. Rumpun Bahasa

Austronesia.

http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumpun_bah

asa_Austronesia#Klasifikasi_bahasa_Jep

ang

Wikipedia. March 9, 2010. Contrastive

Analysis.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contrastive_

analysis

Yasuo, Yosida. 1973. Japanese for Today.

Tokyo: Gakken Co.Ltd.

http://www.languageinindia.com/sep2002/chap1.html

http://www.languageinindia.com/sep2002/chap1.html






Jurnal Genta Mulia


71

Jorden, Elanor Harz, and Mari Noda, 1987.

Japanese: The Spoken Language: Part

I. USA: Murray printing Co., Westford,

Mass.

Staff of the Japanese Section, Center for

Linguistic & Cultural Research,

University of Nagoya, 1983. A Course in

Modern Japanese: Volume one. Japan:

The University of Nagoya Press.

Staff of the Japanese Section, Center for

Linguistic & Cultural Research,

University of Nagoya, 1983. A

Course in Modern Japanese: Volume

two. Japan: The University of Nagoya

Press.

a contrastive study of demonstrative pronoun in …

Documents