a comparative study of human mortuary practices …

A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF HUMAN

MORTUARY PRACTICES AND CULTURAL CHANGE IN THE UPPER MIDWEST

JENNIFER RICH

MAY 2009

A SENIOR THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN ARCHAEOLOGICAL STUDIES UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN- LA CROSSE

Rich 2009 1

Abstract:

Death is an important part of life and societal identity, and forms a crucial part of the

archaeological record. Yet many archaeologists have failed to analyze how the burial patterns

change and grow throughout prehistory. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the patterns

found in mortuary practices by looking at a series of burial sites spanning the Archaic through

Oneota periods in the Upper Midwest. Archaic sites include the Riverside site (Menominee

County, MI), Oconto site (Oconto County, WI), and Price Site III (Richland County, WI). The

Woodland sites include Rehbein I site (Richland County, WI). Oneota sites include the

Tremaine site (La Crosse County, WI), Hogback site (Houston County, MN), and Wilsey site

(Houston County, MN). My hypothesis is that as societies develop through time, their mortuary

practices will change in terms of the internment, orientation, and type, variety, and association of

grave items with specific gender, age, and status. This analysis will uncover a better

understanding of prehistoric peoples in the Upper Midwest, especially seen in the social

organization during particular time periods.

Rich 2009 2

Introduction

Burials can reveal a lot about a person, as well as the culture they came from. Though

burials themselves have been studied, not many studies of a quantitative, temporal sequence for

the Upper Midwest have been conducted. These types of studies can provide the data needed to

focus on how individuals, as well as groups, are buried. From this, social organization of

cultures can be looked at in a variety of ways. One such study could look at the burials of

individuals to determine the elites of a society. Another study could focus on how age and sex

play a role in cultures; attempting to find any preferential treatment of one age group or sex from

others. The latter is the primary focus of this study. However, the study will also include the

temporal sequence of the Upper Midwest for a comparison of practices through time, from the

Archaic through the Oneota.

This paper looks specifically at seven burial sites from the Upper Midwest region (three

Archaic, one Woodland, and three Oneota) for a comparative study of mortuary practices. Using

a quantitative analysis of these burial sites, similarities and differences between cultural time

periods were uncovered and allowed for an understanding of how these societies valued their

dead. By looking at the patterns found within each site and comparatively to the rest, changes in

practices throughout time will be observed, as well as the similarities between them. From the

information gained from this study, a better understanding of social organization can be

achieved. Specifically, this study will give insight on how each society is structured, in at least

its most basic form. Also, a general knowledge of the existence of a separation between class,

age, and sex will be detected.

Rich 2009 3

Background

Throughout the prehistory of North America, cultures change and evolve. These culture

traditions include Paleo-Indian, Archaic, Woodland, and Oneota (Figure 1). The earliest known

culture is the Paleo-Indian; a nomadic, big game hunting people that lived in small groups during

the Ice Age. This culture is thought to span from the Pleistocene to the early Holocene and is

split into the Early and Late periods. Early Paleo-Indians are characterized by fluted point

technology, the best known ones include the Clovis and Folsom. Late Paleo-Indians are

characterized by Cody or Plano cultures that used lance-

shaped points (Mason 1997).

The Archaic Tradition spanned between 8,000 and

500 B.C. and is often defined by four main characteristics.

First, people during this time survived primarily by hunting

and gathering. This culture followed the end of the ice age,

when large game such as mammoths and mastodons had gone

extinct and subsistence turned to white-tailed deer, elk, and

occasionally bison. Second, the Archaic Tradition lacks in

the manufacturing of pottery. However, the tradition does

have chipped stone tools that are key identifiers of the tradition, which is the third characteristic.

Finally, people of the Archaic buried their dead within natural areas and did not construct

mounds (Stoltman 1997:114,119). Past research suggests that society was organized in an

egalitarian, or classless, way (Theler and Boszhardt 2003:85). Archaic peoples are thought to

have lived in small groupings, possibly only including the nuclear or extended family. These

groupings were widely scattered and very mobile, which would have suited their hunting and

Figure 1: Shows a timeline of cultural traditions in the Upper Midwest.

Rich 2009 4

gathering lifestyle well (Stoltman 1997:119). Prehistoric peoples of this time also participated in

trade, which is evident through the exotic materials found in sites (Theler and Boszhardt

2003:89).

To expand further, the Archaic Tradition is split into three stages: Early, Middle, and

Late. The Early Archaic was during the beginning of the rapid climate changes that were caused

by the retreating of the glacial ice sheets that had once covered the region. By 3000 B.C. it is

thought that the Middle Archaic stage was starting. Characterized by a large side-notched

projectile point/knife, this stage also sees the beginnings of long-distance trade and a wide usage

of copper. Lastly, a change in projectile point style from side-notched to corner-notched and

small stemmed is characteristic of the Late Archaic. Also at this time there was a substantial

decline in prehistoric peoples’ use of copper to in utilitarian tools (Stoltman 1997).

The transition from Archaic to Woodland occurred at different times in different places,

but is thought to span between 500 B.C. and A.D. 1200 in southern Wisconsin. Woodland

people were still hunters and gatherers, as well as traders. However, they began to exploit their

surroundings and started to cultivate a number of desirable plants (squash, gourds, and

sunflowers) (Theler and Boszhardt 2003:101). The Woodland Tradition marks the first

appearance of pottery making by prehistoric peoples. Another characteristic of the time can be

seen in the mortuary practices and the building of mounds for the dead. Like the Archaic

Tradition, the Woodland Tradition is divided into early, middle, and late stages. The Early

Woodland saw the start and increased use in the cultivation of plants. In the Middle Woodland,

pottery was being decorated with the use of pressing tools (such as cords or notched bone). The

Middle Woodland was also when conical, or circular, mounds were beginning to be constructed

for the dead (Stevenson et al. 1997). Within some areas during the Middle Woodland was an

Rich 2009 5

elaborate influence of the Hopewell culture. This particular culture came from Illinois and

southern Ohio, but had its influence on other areas reached across central and eastern United

States. The Hopewell mound burials are usually conical like most during the Middle Woodland,

but these often contained elaborate grave goods that are associated with individuals. Some of

these artifacts include copper ornaments, breastplates, silver objects, and even exotic items like

obsidian, and marine shells (Stevenson et al. 1997; Theler and Boszhardt 2003). By the Late

Woodland period, mound shapes weren’t only conical, but linear and effigy (animal-shaped) as

well. The widespread trade of exotic goods like copper, obsidian, flint, and marine shell started

to dwindle at this stage and pottery. Finally, there was a shift in hunting tools at this time to

bows and arrows and the manufacturing of pottery was becoming more elaborate (Theler and

Boszhardt 2003).

Last is the Oneota cultural tradition, spanning A.D. 1150-1650. These are farming

people that utilized ridged fields for growing corn, beans, and squash. The Oneota are thought to

have been semi-sedentary, living in village-like communities. Artifacts that are characteristic of

the Oneota tradition include: shell tempered pottery, scapula hoes, sheet-copper pendants, celts,

and catlinite disk pipes (O’Gorman 1996:29-33; Theler and Boszhardt 2003:162-206). Oneota

burials were rarely in mounds, but in cemeteries or within the villages. Archaeologists are not

sure precisely how the Oneota tradition developed from the Woodland, but there are suggestions

that influences from Mississippian cultures further to the south might have played a role. In any

case, Oneota’s material remains are very distinctive (Overstreet 1997; Theler and Boszhardt

2003; Theler and Boszhardt 2006).

Rich 2009 6

Mortuary Studies

Archaeologists have developed a number of theories behind mortuary practices, with two

main branches- normative/culture history and processual. The normative/cultural approach was

a previous theory used by archaeologists until the 1960’s (Pleger 1998). Using this approach, the

traits associated with mortuary data (grave items, body position, etc.) were thought to have

spread to different areas from one particular culture. The mortuary practices were seen only as

ideology (Binford 1971). Knowing the origin of these practices would allow the researcher to

construct a chronology based on space and time. Robert Hertz was one of the first archaeologists

to note the mortuary treatment of individuals. He used this to analyze if differential treatment

was based on the individual’s status within the society. Hertz felt that death was seen as one of

the many rites of passage made by prehistoric peoples; much like birth, puberty, and marriage

(Binford 1971). Unlike Hertz, A.L. Kroeber saw mortuary practices as unstable entities in a

culture and were therefore separate from the “core cultural features” (Binford 1971:10). In

result, Kroeber believed that variability in mortuary practices could be caused by a variety of

outside changes, like environment, belief, and the relationship of an individual to the society.

In the processual view, archaeologists began to take a more comparative look at burial

patterns. By taking this standpoint, it became possible to see the changes within social

organization and complexity (Pleger 1998:26). Within this same concept, Binford makes the

suggestion that mortuary practices are more inter-linked with social organization than previously

thought in the culture-history approach. Thus, some burial practices are found to be more stable

while others are more variable, there is no specific quality that makes the practice change

(Binford 1971). The processual approach is the theory most often used for research of mortuary

practices today and will be the basis of this project.

Rich 2009 7

Burial sites from the Archaic, Woodland, and Oneota are known throughout the region.

A majority of known burial sites for the Archaic date to the Late Archaic and are concentrated in

the eastern part of Wisconsin. Many of the excavated sites have undergone osteological analysis,

such as Reigh Site. The samples from this site have been used as a typical hunter-gatherer

society. As the base for comparison, studies have been conducted on the increased use of maize

in the region over time (Thurston Myster and O’Connell 1997).

Woodland sites date mainly from the Middle and Late Woodland time periods, though

there are some documented burial sites from the Early Woodland. Middle Woodland sites in

southern Wisconsin show influences of the Hopewell culture, as seen in the Trempealeau site

and Cyrus Thomas Mound Group. There are also sites in the Middle Woodland that don’t have

this influence, such as the Rehbein I site, Richter site, and Altern site. The Middle Woodland is

divided into phases, or distinct cultural patterns. These include the Trempealeau, Waukesha, and

Red Cedar Hopewell (all Hopewell influenced) and the North Bay and Nokomis phases (non-

Hopewell-influenced) (Thurston Myster and O’Connell 1997).

The Late Woodland is also divided into phases, including the Lake phase, Clam River

phase, and Effigy Mound Culture. The Clam River phase was described by McKern in 1963 and

is present at the sites of Clam Lake Mound and Spencer Lake Mound. The Effigy Mound

Culture is present in eastern Minnesota, eastern Iowa, northern Illinois, and the southern half of

Wisconsin. Though at first it was centered around mound excavation, the culture is also seen in

non-burial sites. The excavation of many of these sites resulted in a focus in obtaining

information on internment, primary/secondary burials, number of individuals in the mound, age,

and sex. Studies on the Late Woodland burial sites cover a wide range of topics. For example,

the Kletzien and Nitschke sites were used to study the skull deformation of some individuals of

Rich 2009 8

the time. Another study included the Raisbeck and Nitschke site, along with two non-Woodland

sites, for a comparison in the impact of contact with the Middle Mississippian culture in the

south (Thurston Myster and O’Connell 1997).

To finish the discussion on known burial sites and past studies conducted is the Oneota

culture; concentrated in southern Wisconsin. Like the Woodland Tradition, the Oneota contains

phases, such as the Brice Prairie, Valley View, Pammel Creek, Koshkonong, and Lake

Winnebago phases. The Brice Prairie, Valley View, and Pammel Creek phases are from the

western part of Wisconsin. Brice Prairie phase has little information about the mortuary

practices with the exception of a few scattered burials. The Pammel Creek phase is found to be a

cemetery in association with a village, as well as post-molds that suggest longhouses near or over

the burials (Boszhardt 1994). The Koshkonong phase is concentrated near the Rock River

drainage in south eastern Wisconsin. The Lake Winnebago phase is concentrated by the Fox

River and Lake Winnebago waterway. This particular phase is poorly understood, but it is

known to have large villages with associated cemeteries. The Karow Cemetery site, Nile Roeder

site, and MacDonald site include a few burial sites from this phase (Thurston Myster and

O’Connell 1997).

Methodology

A variety of sites from the Upper Midwest region were collected with complete raw data

of burials. Sites were chosen based on two criteria. First, sites were picked for their general

location to each other. The sites for this study are found within Wisconsin, Minnesota, and

Michigan. This was due to the fact that these sites would have similar environments to live in

throughout time. Major warfare areas and extreme elitist sites, such as the Hopewell culture (i.e.

Rich 2009 9

Nicholls Mound) were removed from this study because such a difference would be too wide to

compare properly. The second criterion for this study was how sites were described in reports.

It was very important to have a site that had the burials reported separately as well as in detail.

This allowed for artifacts to be associated with individuals in the database, which made looking

at the treatment of the dead possible. This particular criterion made finding a Woodland burial

site difficult because many are mound burials and not described well in reports. The sites used in

this study include the Tremaine site (47Lc95), Hogback site (21Hu1), Wilsey site (21Hu4),

Riverside site (20Me01), Oconto site (47Oc45), Price Site III (47Ri4), and Rehbein I site

(47Ri81). This resulted in a total of 406 burials that were included in the study: 248 Archaic, 29

Woodland, and 129 Oneota.

Raw data was collected from the sites above and entered into an Excel spreadsheet. The

spreadsheet included the categories of age, sex, internment, orientation, covering, sign of

violence, presence of red ochre, and all associated artifacts. Once completed, the Excel

spreadsheet was imported to Access to create a database for manipulation and analysis.

Exploration of the database was conducted to find patterns between age, sex, etc. and associated

artifacts, interment, etc. Initial patterns were then compared between sites and time periods for a

broader understanding of differences in social organization. Expected results consisted of

patterns within burials that are similar within time periods and show changes throughout time.

Since this study was completed as a blind study, only when the comparison between sites

and time periods were complete was a further comparison with literature conducted. This

comparison between patterns identified through the study of the burials and what is thought to be

known about the social organization of the Woodland, Archaic, and Oneota traditions will better

our understanding of mortuary practices and techniques in studying them.

Rich 2009 10

The Archaeological Sites

This study compares burials between cultural traditions. Specifically, raw data was

collected from Archaic, Woodland, and Oneota sites. For comparison, three Archaic burial sites,

one Woodland mound site, and three Oneota cemetery sites were examined (Figure 2).

To begin with, the Oconto site (47Oc45) is an

Archaic burial site located on western limits of

Oconto, Wisconsin approximately 150 yards north of

the Oconto River. Remains were discovered by

Donald Baldwin in June of 1952 in an abandoned

gravel quarry. Excavations were conducted later in

that same year and further remains and artifacts were

recovered by Robert Ritzenthaler and Warren Wittry

(Ritzenthaler and Wittry 1952). A minimum of 53

individuals were thought to have been recovered, as

well as a variety of grave goods (Pleger 1998).

However, due to the disturbance of the activities of the gravel quarry, it is believed that 200

individuals could have been buried at this site at one time (Ritzenthaler and Wittry 1952).

Presently the collections of human remains and grave items are being stored at the Oconto Beyer

Home Museum and the Milwaukee Public Museum.

The Riverside site (20Me01) in Menominee, Michigan is an Archaic Tradition site near

the Menominee River. Though the site had been known in the community since around the

1900s, professional excavations began in 1956 and 1957 lead by Albert Spaulding. Later

Figure 2: 1-Riverside site (20Me01), 2- Oconto Site (47Oc45), 3-Price Site III (47Ri4), 4-Rehbein I site (47Ri81), 5- Hogback site (21Hu1), 6- Wilsey site (21Hu4), 7- Tremaine site (47Lc95).

Rich 2009 11

excavations were lead by Robert Hruska from 1961 through 1963. The site is found in

conjunction with the Riverside Cemetery and had been believed to be a Native American burial

ground by the community due to the number of artifacts found at the site by locals. The site

dates back to a range of 1000-400 B.C. (Hruska 1967).

Both the Oconto and Riverside sites were used in Dr. Thomas Pleger’s doctoral

dissertation. Pleger found that the Oconto was the earlier of the two sites and had an absence of

prestige items. Certain individuals at the site were moderately emphasized with artifacts, but

only slightly. A majority of the material used to make the artifacts was from local resources;

coming from areas no further than 100km from the Oconto site. Pleger concluded that the

people of the Oconto site were “in essence egalitarian” (Pleger 1998:113). The Riverside site

status was evident in burials that contained non-subsistence and nonutilitarian artifacts. Also,

some of these artifacts were made from raw materials that came from extensive trade. At the

Riverside site, Pleger found that females and children were favored over other individuals.

Females were associated with copper artifacts over males at a ratio of eleven to one and exotic

bifaces at a ratio of eight to one. Thus, Pleger concluded a shift of burial treatment over time,

where the Riverside site (later in the Archaic period) showed more of a preferential treatment

when burying individuals.

The Price Site III (47Ri4) was also included in this study. The site is one of three found

in Richland County near the Wisconsin River on the property of William Price. Price Site III

consisted of an Archaic burial ground, while Price I and II were village sites (Freeman 1966:35).

Excavations took place during the summers of 1960 and 1961 due to the relocation of the right-

of-way of State Highway 60. These excavations were supported by the Wisconsin Highway

Rich 2009 12

Salvage program. A total of 130 individuals were recovered from the Price III site (Freeman

1966:35-36).

The Rehbien I site (47Ri81) is a Woodland site located on a ridge above the Kickapoo

River valley in Richland County, Wisconsin. It is made up of a mound grouping of nine

mounds, seven of which are conical (or round) and two are linear (or elliptical). Though the site

has been known by the locals long before, it was first reported to the Wisconsin Historical

Society in 1915 by W.R. Ames. Due to the fact that the site was in the public mind, the mounds

were the target of vandalism and looting as early as the 1890’s, often by railroad workers. In

1975, archaeological testing was conducted on the mounds and surrounding areas in response to

the plans for a right-of-way to be constructed through the site. Following this testing, in 1977,

the Wisconsin Historical Society conducted full excavations on six of the nine mounds at the site

because they would have otherwise been destroyed by the right-of-way construction. These

mounds were later reconstructed by the three mounds undisturbed by the project. The remains

recovered from the excavation were reinterred to the appropriate mounds per the request of the

Great Lakes Inter-Tribal Council (Mead 1979).

The first Oneota site included in this study is the Hogback site (21Hu1) located by the

Riceford Creek in Houston County, Minnesota near Yucatan. The site was discovered in 1942

due to road construction. The first excavations were conducted in 1947 as a test of the area. It

resulted in the uncovering of one burial and several artifacts. Later excavations were conducted

1953 as an extension of the 1947 testing and resulted in the uncovering of twenty-two burials.

Both excavations were lead by Lloyd Wilford, University of Minnesota (Wilford and Brink

1974).

Rich 2009 13

Within the same region of Minnesota, the Wilsey site (21Hu4) was excavated in 1942

and 1947. Like the Hogback site, it is located near Yucatan in Houston County (Wilford 1942:1).

The property owner, Charles Wilsey, had found the human remains when relocating a fence post

along the newly constructed road. These excavations were also conducted by Lloyd Wilford. A

total of 12 burials were uncovered in the digs, along with scattered bones (Wilford 1942; Wilford

1947).

The final Oneota site that was examined was the Tremaine site (47Lc95). This site is one

of several within the Tremaine archaeological complex. The Tremaine site is located within the

Mississippi River Valley on the Onalaska terrace in La Crosse County, WI. It does contain other

cultural traditions, but the majority of the material is Oneota of the Pammel Creek phase.

Excavations were conducted between 1986 and 1991 as a result of the USH 53 Expressway

Project. Fifty-seven burials were present on the site, as well as seven longhouse structures. An

interesting aspect of this site is that each of the longhouse structures contained burials within

them (O’Gorman 1996:58-80; O’Gorman 1995).

Results

Seven sites were included in this study totaling to 406

burials. Three Archaic sites were among those included, making

up 248 of the burials. One Woodland site (29 burials) and three

Oneota (129 burials) were also included within the study. As

expected, there are significant differences between the mortuary

practices of the three time periods. The differential treatment

Figure 3: Shows the chi-square significance of red ochre being used in more female burials than male.

Rich 2009 14

Burial Coverings

31

0

69

52

0

65

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Archaic Woodland Oneota

Time Period

Perc

enta

ge o

f Ind

ivid

uals

Female

Male

found as a result of this study was

based on the use of a variety of

artifacts in the burials. One such

difference can be seen in the use of

red ochre (Figure 4). Within this

study the Archaic and Oneota time

periods showed that females are

found more often with red ochre than

males. Within the Archaic sites studied 17 females out of 52 total (33%) were found to contain

red ochre in their grave, while only 7 out of 62 males (11%) were found with it.

To further support the significance of the

pattern a chi-square test was conducted. In

result, the difference in the Archaic period

between males and females was found to be

at least 99% significant (Figure 3). In

contrast, the Oneota period did not show any

significance in this favoring of females over

males. This can be seen in the drop of the

use of red ochre in burials between the

Archaic (29%) and Oneota (11%) (Figure

5).

Another difference can be seen in

Red Ochre

33

0

1111

0

15

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35


Time

Per

cent

age

of b

uria

ls w

ith r

ed

ochr

e FemaleMale

Figure 4: Shows the use of red ochre within burials based on an individual's sex.

Figure 6: Indicates the use of burial coverings based on sex.

Figure 5: Shows the use of red ochre in burials over time.

Rich 2009 15

Figure 6, where burial coverings are taken into consideration. Burial coverings in this study

included limestone and sandstone slabs, granite slabs, bark, and rocks. These were either placed

above or below the individual. In the Archaic there appears to be a favoring of males over

females with burial coverings. Only 31% of females in the Archaic are being buried with a

covering of some kind, while 52% of the male burials are found with coverings. Again the

Oneota showed no significance in this pattern as seen by the 4% difference between males and

females.

An additional difference can be seen in the use of beads in relation to sex within the

Archaic and Oneota. First, in the Archaic only females are found with beads, with copper beads

being in 4% more of female burials than shell beads. In the Oneota, males are found twice as

often with copper tubes as females.

Also 5% of male burials were

found with shell beads while beads

of this material weren’t present in

female burials at all. In contrast,

copper beads are even with 5% of

burials, in both males and females, showing their presence in burials (Figure 7).

There is also preferential treatment in which certain sexes are being buried with artifacts

at all. As seen in Figure 8, the Archaic

shows a slight preference for burying

artifacts with females. Here 13 of 52

females (21%) and 7 of 62 males (13%)

are found with at least one artifact. On

Use of Beads in Burials be Raw Material

2

0 0 0 0 0 0

5 5

0 0 0 0 0 0

5

10

1

6

0

4

0 0 0

5 5

3

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

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0

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10

12

Female Male N/A Female Male N/A Female Male N/A


Time and Sex

Perc

enta

ge o

f Bur

ials

ShellCopper TubeCopperGlass

Figure 7: Shows the use of beads in burials based on raw material and an individual's sex.

Burials With At Least One Artifact

2113

22

0 011

53

85

55

0102030405060708090



Time and Sex

Perc

enta

ge o

f Bur

ials

Total Artifacts

Figure 8: Shows the percentage of individuals buried with at least one artifact based on sex.

Rich 2009 16

the contrary, within the Oneota, 19 of 36 females (53%) and 17 of 20 males (85%) are associated

with at least one artifact. This shows a greater preference for burying males with artifacts since a

majority of the Oneota male population in the study is found with artifacts and only half of the

Oneota females. The three artifacts found at the Woodland site could not be associated with a

specific sex.

For this study, age was also taken into consideration while looking at patterns throughout

time. Age was recorded as stated in the original site reports. These were then divided into the

subgroups of infant (0-1 years), child

(2-10 years), adolescent (11-19

years), and adult (20 years and older).

Patterning of any difference or

similarity in treatment of age was

allowed through this part of the

study. Few age differentiations were

found within and between the sites in this study. One difference found was the preference of

burying hunting implements with adolescents in the Oneota, compared to the Archaic period.

Sixteen Oneota adolescents out of 30 were buried with artifacts of this type (points, knives,

scrapers, etc.), while only five out of 24 Archaic adolescents did (Figure 9). Other than that

difference, cultures throughout time did not appear to have a preferential treatment of age as seen

in artifact types within burials.

There are patterns present in the dataset

that reflect what is already known about these

cultural periods. For example, the Oneota

"Hunting" Tools

0

12

21

1319

0 0 0 0 0

10

27

53

35

00

10

20

30

40

50

60

Infant Child Adolescent Adult N/A

Time

Per

cent

age

of B

uria

ls

ArchaicWoodlandOneota

Figure 9: Shows the use of "hunting" tools within burials based on age.

Clam/Mussel Shell Use

0

7

12

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14


Time Period

Perc

enta

ge o

f Bur

ials

Shell

Figure 10: Shows the use of shell in burials over time.

Rich 2009 17

period was found to use clam/mussel shells in their burials more often than the Archaic and

Woodland periods. Though all three cultures utilized mussel shells as a source of food, the use

of shells in pottery and in burials is seen more often in the Oneota Tradition, as seen in Figure

10. Thus, the significance plays more of a supporting role of what is already known. This same

concept is seen in Figure 11, where the Oneota and Woodland burials are found with pottery,

while the Archaic is not. This is due to the

fact that pottery was not being made until the

Woodland time period. Therefore, the

Archaic time’s lack of pottery within their

burials is to be expected. What wasn’t

expected was the greater use of pottery in

burials in the Oneota Tradition compared to its use in the Woodland. As seen in the figure, 30%

of Oneota burials contained pottery while only 3% of Woodland burials had pottery present.

This may show that Woodland individuals associated with their own pottery held a more

significant role in society, or that there was a greater surplus of pottery during the Oneota time

period that allowed its use in burials.

Another difference seen throughout time is the interment, or positioning, of individuals in

burials (Figure 12). The

Archaic period is seen to have

more flexed and cremated

burials than the other time

periods. A 99% significance

level is found for Archaic

Position/Interment of Body

43

26

5 11 143

10 170

69

2 0

60

4

34

01020304050607080

Bund

le

Cre

mat

ion

Exte

nded

Flex

ed

Oth

er

Bund

le

Cre

mat

ion

Exte

nded

Flex

ed

Oth

er

Bund

le

Cre

mat

ion

Exte

nded

Flex

ed

Oth

er


Time and Position

Perc

enta

ge o

f Bur

ials

Position of body

Figure 12: Indicates the percentage of burials by internment/positioning over time.

Pottery Use

03

34

0

510

1520

25

3035

40


Time PeriodPe

rcen

tage

of B

uria

ls

Pottery

Figure 11: Shows the use of pottery in burials over time.

Rich 2009 18

burials over Woodland and Oneota in flexed burials. It is also found to have the same

significance over the other time periods for cremated burials. Cremation burials are represented

in both the Archaic and Woodland periods, but not within the Oneota. The Oneota period is

most commonly found to have extended burials and shows this through a 99% significance level

over the other time periods. Extended burials represent 60% of burials within the Oneota period

in this study.

Finally, the Woodland period had few artifacts associated with specific individuals,

which offered interesting insight into their mortuary practices. However, they are unique in that

they bury their dead within earthen mounds. The Rehbein I site did include two mound

structures that contained a sole individual, but the other four mounds contained many

individuals. Neither of the single individuals were found with an associated artifact, but that

could have been due to vandalism and looting. Only two individuals of the other multi-person

mounds were found with associated artifacts. Of the two individuals, one adult was found with a

clam shell and a pottery vessel. The other individual was a child that was associated with a clam

shell. The remaining artifacts were either found grouped in a specific area of the mound or not

associated with a particular individual. However, no certainty can be placed on these results due

to the fact that only one Woodland site was included within this study. As discussed previously,

there are Woodland burial sites that

have elaborate artifacts associated

with individuals, both in mounds and

in group burials. An example of such

a site would be Nicholls Mound in

Trempealeau County, Wisconsin. Figure 13: Shows the use of lithics in burials over time.

Lithic Use

1 0

25

10

0

10

4

0

13

0

5

10

15

20

25

30


Time

Perc

enta

ge o

f Bur

ials

FlakesPointsTools

Rich 2009 19

Many of the burials uncovered during the excavation appeared to be elite, and contained copper

artifacts (McKern 1931).

Perhaps the most intriguing difference between the time periods was not expected to be

seen in the study. There is a difference in the presence of flakes

within burials throughout time (Figure 13). Out of the 248

Archaic burials, only three burials have flakes present, resulting

in 1% of the burials. The Woodland burials have no presence

of flakes in them at all. The Oneota, however, have 32 out of

129 burials with flakes present, resulting in 25% of the burials.

A chi-square test showed an overwhelming 99% significance of

this difference in the appearance of flakes within burials, as

seen in Figure 14. Otherwise no other significant differences

were found while comparing the time periods as a whole.

Some similarities can be

seen within age, sex, and cultural

time periods. For instance, beads

(including all raw materials) aren’t

buried with a specific age group

(Figure 15). This relatively even

distribution of beads can be seen within the Archaic and Oneota, while the Woodland had no

associated beads. A difference of 4% between Archaic children and adults is the greatest found at

the time, while in the Oneota a greatest difference of 5% is seen between infants/children and

adolescents/adults.

Use of Beads

0

7

0

3

5

0 0 0 0 0

2 2

7 7

0012345678


Age

Perc

enta

ge o

f Bur

ials

Archaic

Woodland

Oneota

Figure 15: Shows the use of bead of any material in burials based on an individual's age.

Figure 14: Shows the significance of the increase in flake use in burials over time.

Rich 2009 20

The use of copper can also be seen somewhat evenly distributed in age and through time.

Between the Archaic and the Oneota, the general use of copper was similar within burials. Of

the Archaic, 6% of the burials

contained copper artifacts. Within

the Oneota, 7% of burials were

found with copper. However, the

Archaic made more elaborate and

utilitarian artifacts of this

material such as points, awls,

knives and fishhooks. The

Oneota used only copper beads,

coils, or small fragments within

their burials. As for the use of

copper within the concept of age,

the same treatment occurred in the

Archaic sites, but not in the Oneota. As in Figure the Archaic has an even distribution of copper

use in burials between the age groupings. However, a difference can be seen when looking at

ornamental versus utilitarian artifacts. Ornamental copper is again evenly distributed throughout

the age groups, but utilitarian copper is only found with adolescent and adult burials. Oneota

burials show a slight difference where 20% of children burials contain copper, but the remaining

age groups only have at most 10% of the burials. In addition, Oneota burials only contain

ornamental copper artifacts. Though differences are seen between the age groups, copper use in

Copper Ornaments

0

7

02

5

0 0 0 0 0

10

20

79

00

5

10

15

20

25


Age

Per

cent

age

of B

uria

ls

ArchaicWoodlandOneota

Copper Ornaments

6

0

4

0 0 0

14 15

5

0

5

10

15

20

Female Male N/A

Sex

Perc

enta

ge o

f Bur

ials

Archaic

Woodland

Oneota

Figure 16:Shows the use of copper ornaments in burials based on age.

Figure 17: Shows the use of copper ornaments in burials based on an individual's sex.

Rich 2009 21

the burials of females and males are relatively even. This includes both ornamental and

utilitarian copper artifacts, as seen in Figures 16 and 17.

Also, there is no significant difference in the use of bone (tools and non-tools) within

burials. As seen in Figure 18, the Archaic has 1% of burials with both tool and non-tool bone

artifacts. The Oneota has 3% of burials containing non-tool bone artifacts and 2% of burials

containing bone tool artifacts. Again the Woodland have no bone artifacts associated with an

individual.

The use of lithics in burials is not found

to be preference to an individual’s sex. Figure

19 shows how tools, points, and flakes are found

within male and female burials throughout time.

There is little difference in treatment between

males and females with this type of

artifact, though some are evident.

For instance, in the Oneota 30% of

male burials are found with lithic

tools while only 14% of female

burials contain the artifact. This difference is also seen with

points in Oneota burials, where 20% of males are associated

with points and only 6% of females.

To finish the results, the appearance of four anomalies

Bone Use in Burials

1

0

3

1

0

2

0

1

2

3

4

5


Time

Perc

enta

ge o

f Ind

ivid

uals

NontoolsTools

Use of Points, Lithic Tools, and Flakes

105

13

0 0 0

6

20

108

2 30 0 0

14

30

8

2 0 1 0 0 0

33

2521

05

101520253035



Time and Sex

Perc

enta

ge o

f Bur

ials

PointsToolsFlakes

Figure 18: Shows the use of bones (tools and non-tools) in burials over time.

Figure 19: Indicates the use of points, lithic tools, and point in burials based on sex.

Figure 20: A picture of the biface spiral found with a juvenile individual at the Riverside site, Menominee County, MI.

Rich 2009 22

needs to be discussed. Three of the anomalies concern the use of beads, primarily the presence

of a large amount of them compared to the other burials at a specific site. Burial 12 at the

Hogback site is included in this group, where a child was buried with 139 beads. Burials HF17-

1A and HF37-1B at the Riverside site were also found with a large amount of beads. Burial

HF17-1A contained a young female with 330 beads, while burial HF37-1B contained a child

with 560 beads. As stated previously, the number of beads comparatively to the other burials at

the specified site is what makes each an anomaly in its own right. The final anomaly consists of

a juvenile burial (HF63-1) at the Riverside site (Figure 20). This burial contained a total of 110

projectile points that were intentionally placed in a spiral formation with the body of the

individual placed on top. What these anomalies mean is left to further interpretation.

Conclusions

In conclusion, this study has provided light into the mortuary practices of past cultures in

the Upper Midwest region. As can be seen in the results above, differences found between the

sites are culture specific. The Archaic are found to use more red ochre, while the Oneota make

use of clam/mussel shells. Both the Woodland and Oneota use pottery in their burials because it

was being made at this time, unlike in the Archaic where it wasn’t. However, the Oneota use a

much larger amount of pottery than the Woodland. The significant difference in flake use in

burials over time could result in further research. Perhaps it’s due to the mobile nature of

Archaic people versus the sedentary lifestyles of the Oneota, but this question is not the focus of

this study.

The concept of age and sex do appear to be the cause of preferential treatment of

individuals throughout time. Copper in burials show the most significant difference between age

Rich 2009 23

groups. For ornamental artifacts, the Oneota Tradition shows a favoring of children. In contrast,

the Archaic showed no preference at all. Both the Oneota and Archaic favored adolescent and

adults for a specific artifact, namely tools. The Archaic shows preference toward the burials of

adolescents and adults and copper tools, while the Oneota favors adolescent in “hunting”

implements. Though these treatments do exist between age groups, more care in the treatment

between the sexes can be seen over time. Specifically, there is a switch in preference of males

and females within the Archaic and Oneota. Females are favored more often within the Archaic

as seen in high use of red ochre and beads with female burials. A larger amount of females are

associated with at least one artifact within the studied Archaic sites. On the contrary, the Oneota

Tradition appears to show a favoring towards males. This can be seen within the higher amount

of males associated with at least one artifact. Beads (copper tubes and shell), points, and lithic

tools are prime examples of this preferential treatment of males in the Oneota sites.

It seems that individuals from all times are treated with respect and usually given

something to be buried with. Through the study conducted, the differentiation in treatment of

burials was apparent. The Archaic sites showed few differentiations in treatment, but they were

still evident. The majority of these differences were seen with the treatment of females over

males in red ochre use, beads and the association of artifacts in general. The ranking of

individuals was more evident within the Oneota, as seen in the favoring of children in association

with ornamental copper. Like the Archaic, the Oneota sites showed a greater difference in

treatment between the sexes. However, unlike the Archaic sites, male burials were preferred

over female burials for being buried with at least one artifact. Males were also found more often

with beads, points, and lithic tools. The Woodland culture in this study shows a different,

possibly more communal, burial treatment of individuals. Though there are individuals that are

Rich 2009 24

associated with artifacts, they are outnumbered by the individuals with no artifact association.

Preferential treatment in the Woodland site may also be seen in the two individuals buried in

their own mound. All of this evidence supports what is already known about the studied

cultures, and lends credibility to past research of them.

Therefore, it is evident that there was change in the burial treatment of individuals over

time within the sites used for this study. Like Pleger had found in his dissertation, the earlier

sites showed less favoring of individuals based on their age and sex, though there was some

present. As seen within the Archaic sites of this study, more egalitarian qualities are present with

a slight favoring of females. The later Oneota sites show a greater amount of differential

treatment within the burials based on both the age and sex of an individual. Unlike the Archaic

sites, there was more of a favoring of males and children in differential treatment.

Further Study

Further studies should be done in much the same manner as this one in order to get a

better understanding of social organization in the Upper Midwest in the past. Specifically a more

in depth look at the Woodland culture should be conduct. These sites can be difficult to find

with the particular needs of the study, but can be done with the right site. It may also be

beneficial to factor in the more elite Hopewell sites for a further understanding of the Woodland

mortuary practices on their own. Other Archaic and Oneota sites from various areas within the

Upper Midwest should be looked at for a more regional understanding of the cultures. Finally,

the significant patterns found within this study should be looked at in more detail, such as the use

of red ochre in more female burials during the Archaic and the increase presence of flakes in

burials during the Oneota time period. These are questions that should be study and could

Rich 2009 25

possibly lead to more insight about the past cultures of the Upper Midwest.

Rich 2009 26

Acknowledgements

I would like to thank the following people for their constant support and undying interest

of this project. First, to Dr. Connie Arzigian, Dr. James Theler, Dr. David Anderson, and Dr.

Thomas Pleger; thank you for reading so many versions of this paper and giving me the constant

& positive feedback I needed. Second, to Emily Turriff and Amy Karoll, my friends who were

always there to discuss ideas and solve problems. Third, to the UW-La Crosse Undergraduate

Research Committee for giving financial support to my endeavor. Finally, I’d like to thank my

parents for their support and enthusiasm of this project; I couldn’t have done it without their

help. Thank you all so very much.

Rich 2009 27

References Cited

Binford, Lewis R. 1971 Mortuary Practices: Their Study and Their Potential. Approaches to the Social

Dimensions of Mortuary Practices: Memoirs of the Society for American Archaeology (25).

Boszhardt, Robert F.

1994 Oneota Group Continuity at La Crosse: The Brice Prairie, Pammel Creek, and Valley View Phases. The Wisconsin Archeologist 75(3-4):173-236.

Freeman, Joan E.

1966 Price Site III, RI 4, A Burial Ground in Richland County, Wisconsin. The Wisconsin Archeologist 47:33-75.

Hruska, Robert

1967 The Riverside Site: A Late Archaic Manifestation in Michigan. The Wisconsin Archeologist 48:145-252.

O’Gorman, Jodie Ann

1995 The Tremaine Site (47 Lc-95). The Tremaine Site Complex: Oneota Occupation in the La Crosse Locality, Wisconsin, Vol.3. State Historical Society of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin.

1996 Domestic Economics and Mortuary Practices: A Gendered View of Oneota Social

Organization. Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee.

Overstreet, David F.

1997 Oneota Prehistory and History. The Wisconsin Archeologist 78:250-296. Mason, Ronald J. 1997 The Paleo-Indian Tradition. The Wisconsin Archaeologist 78:78-110. McKern, W.C.

1931 A Wisconsin Variant of the Hopewell Culture. Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 10(2):185-328.

Mead, Barbara

1979 The Rehbein I Site (47Ri81): A Multicomponent Site in the Southwestern Wisconsin. The Wisconsin Archeologist 60:91-214.

Myster, Susan M. Thurston and Barbara O’Connell

1997 Bioarchaeology of Iowa, Wisconsin, and Minnesota. Bioarchaeology of the North Central United States. Douglas W. Owsley and Jerome C. Rose, eds.. Pp. 147-239. Research series No. 49. Fayetteville: Arkansas Archeological Survey.

Rich 2009 28

Pleger, Thomas C. 1998 Social Complexity, Trade, and Subsistence During the Archaic/Woodland

Transition in the Western Great Lakes (4000-400 B.C.): A Diachronic Study of Copper Using Cultures at the Oconto and Riverside Cemeteries. PhD. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of Wisconsin, Madison.

Ritzenthaler, Robert E. and Warren L. Wittry

1952 The Oconto Site- An Old Copper Manifestation. The Wisconsin Archeologist 33:199-223

Stevenson, Katherine P., Robert F. Boszhardt, Charles R. Moffat, Philip H. Salking, Thomas C. Pleger, James L. Theler, and Constance M. Arzigian

1997 The Woodland Tradition. The Wisconsin Archeologist 78:140-201. Stoltman, James B. 1997 The Archaic Tradition. The Wisconsin Archeologist 78:112-139. Theler, James L. and Robert F. Boszhardt

2003 Twelve Millennia: Archaeology of the Upper Mississippi River Valley. University of Iowa Press: Iowa City, Iowa.

2006 Collapse of Crucial Resources and Culture Change: A Model for the Woodland to

Oneota Transformation in the Upper Midwest. American Antiquity 71:433-472. Wilford, Lloyd 1942 Wilsey Burial Site at Yucatan. Unpublished site report, University of Minnesota.

1947 Wilsey Burial Site at Yucatan. Unpublished site report, University of Minnesota. Wilford, Lloyd A. and John W. Brink

1974 The Hogback Site. The Minnesota Archaeologist, 33(1 and 2).

Appendix A

Burial Data

Site Affiliation Burial MNI Sex Age Age Group Internment Position Orientation Violence Covering CoverGroup Burial Fishhook

Pin Perforator Bird Duck Turtle

Swan Flute Fragments

Bison Scapula

Elk Scapula

Lynx Scapula

Unid Scapula Awl

Dog Skull

Total Bone Nontool

Total Bone Tool

Ground Tines

Hogback Oneota 0-1947 3 Female 15-20 Adolescent Extended/Back Extended W-NW N/ARock slabs above burial Rock No

Hogback Oneota 1 2 N/A 15 Adolescent Flexed/Left Flexed N/A N/A

Rock slabs under body and skull Rock No 1 1

Hogback Oneota 14/2 1/4 Male Adult Adult N/A Other W N/A N/A None NoHogback Oneota 3 3 N/A 2.5-3.5 Child N/A Other N/A N/A N/A None No

Hogback Oneota 4 3 Female 25-30 Adult Flexed/ Right Flexed W N/A

Rock slabs above and rock lines either side Rock No

Hogback Oneota 5 3 N/A .5-1.5 Infant N/A Other N/A N/A N/A None No 1 1

Hogback Oneota 6 2 Female 20-25 Adult Extended/Back Extended SW N/A

Rock slabs/either side Rock No

Hogback Oneota 7 2 N/A 18 months Infant Extended/Back Extended W N/A N/A None NoHogback Oneota 8 3 N/A 2 to 4 Child N/A Other N/A N/A N/A None NoHogback Oneota 9 3 Male Adult Adult Extended/Back Extended S N/A N/A None YesHogback Oneota 10 2 Female 20-25 Adult Extended/Back Extended N/A N/A N/A None YesHogback Oneota 11 2 N/A 2-3.5 Child Extended/Back Extended W N/A N/A None YesHogback Oneota 12 3 N/A 2.5-3.5 Child Extended/Back Extended W N/A N/A None NoHogback Oneota 13 1 N/A 15-18 Adolescent Extended/Back Extended W N/A N/A None YesHogback Oneota 15 3 Female 35-40 Adult Extended/Back Extended SW N/A N/A None NoHogback Oneota 16 2 Male 30-35 Adult Extended/Back Extended S N/A N/A None No 2 2Hogback Oneota 17 2 Female 25-30 Adult Dismembered Other NE N/A N/A None NoHogback Oneota 18 2 Male 18-22 Adolescent Extended/Back Extended W N/A N/A None NoHogback Oneota 19 1 N/A 3 to 5 Child Extended/Back Extended NW N/A N/A None No

Hogback Oneota 20 2 Female 40-45 Adult Extended/ Stomach Extended W N/A N/A None NoHogback Oneota 21 2 Male 35-40 Adult Extended/Back Extended NW N/A N/A None No 1 1 1 1

Hogback Oneota 22 2 Male 30-35 Adult Extended/Back Extended N N/A

Rock slabs/under and tilted over Rock No

Hogback OneotaUnnumbered 5 N/A N/A N/A N/A Other N/A N/A N/A None No

Tremaine Oneota 133 1 N/A 25-45 Adult Extended/Back Extended N/A No House 1 Structure NoTremaine Oneota 159 1 N/A 25-45 Adult Extended/Back Extended N/A No House 1 Structure NoTremaine Oneota 198 1 Male 25-45 Adult Extended/Back Extended N/A No House 3 Structure NoTremaine Oneota 198A 1 N/A 1 to 10 Child N/A Other N/A No House 3 Structure NoTremaine Oneota 255 1 Female 25-45 Adult Extended/Back Extended N/A No House 3 Structure NoTremaine Oneota 257 1 N/A 10 to 15 Adolescent N/A Other N/A No House 3 Structure NoTremaine Oneota 258 1 Female 25-45 Adult Extended/Back Extended N/A No House 3 Structure NoTremaine Oneota 263 1 N/A 10 to 15 Adolescent Extended/Back Extended N/A No House 3 Structure NoTremaine Oneota 269 1 N/A 25-45 Adult Extended/Back Extended N/A No House 3 Structure NoTremaine Oneota 271 1 N/A 15-25 Adolescent Extended/Back Extended N/A No House 3 Structure NoTremaine Oneota 277 1 N/A 1 to 10 Child N/A Other N/A No House 3 Structure NoTremaine Oneota 278 1 N/A 25-45 Adult Extended/Back Extended N/A No House 3 Structure NoTremaine Oneota 279 1 N/A 1 to 10 Child Extended/Back Extended N/A No House 3 Structure NoTremaine Oneota 290 1 Male 15-25 Adolescent Extended/Back Extended N/A No House 3 Structure NoTremaine Oneota 291 1 N/A 10 to 15 Adolescent Extended/Back Extended N/A No House 3 Structure NoTremaine Oneota 293 1 N/A 25-45 Adult Extended/Back Extended N/A No House 3 Structure NoTremaine Oneota 298 1 N/A 25-45 Adult Extended/Back Extended N/A No House 3 Structure NoTremaine Oneota 299 1 Female 25-45 Adult Extended/Back Extended N/A No House 3 Structure NoTremaine Oneota 308 1 N/A 15-25 Adolescent Extended/Back Extended N/A No House 3 Structure NoTremaine Oneota 309 1 Female 25-45 Adult Extended/Back Extended N/A No House 3 Structure NoTremaine Oneota 310 1 Male 25-45 Adult Extended/Back Extended N/A No House 3 Structure NoTremaine Oneota 409 1 N/A N/A N/A N/A Other N/A No House 1 Structure NoTremaine Oneota 422 1 Female >45 Adult Extended/Back Extended N/A No N/A None No 1 1Tremaine Oneota 426 1 Female 15-25 Adolescent Extended/Right Extended N/A No House 2 Structure NoTremaine Oneota 429 1 Female >45 Adult Flexed/Face down Flexed N/A No House 3 Structure NoTremaine Oneota 435 1 N/A 25-45 Adult Bundle Bundle N/A No House 4 Structure NoTremaine Oneota 438 1 N/A 0-1 Infant Extended/Back Extended N/A No House 2 Structure NoTremaine Oneota 442 1 N/A N/A N/A N/A Other N/A No N/A None NoTremaine Oneota 459 1 N/A N/A N/A N/A Other N/A No House 2 Structure NoTremaine Oneota 481 1 N/A 15-25 Adolescent Extended/Back Extended N/A No N/A None NoTremaine Oneota 499 1 N/A 1 to 10 Child Extended/Back Extended N/A No House 2 Structure No

Tremaine Oneota 507 1 Female 15-25 Adolescent Semi-reclined/Back Other N/A Yes House 2 Structure NoTremaine Oneota 534 1 N/A Subadult Adolescent N/A Other N/A No House 2 Structure NoTremaine Oneota 548 1 N/A 25-45 Adult Scattered Other N/A No N/A None NoTremaine Oneota 552 1 N/A 0-1 Infant N/A Other N/A No House 2 Structure NoTremaine Oneota 616 1 N/A 15-25 Adolescent Bundle Bundle N/A No House 1 Structure NoTremaine Oneota 616A 1 N/A 0-1 Infant N/A Other N/A No House 1 Structure NoTremaine Oneota 616B 2 N/A 25-45 Adult N/A Other N/A No House 1 Structure NoTremaine Oneota 800 1 N/A 25-45 Adult Extended/Back Extended N/A No House 5 Structure NoTremaine Oneota 807 1 Male 25-45 Adult Extended/Back Extended N/A No House 5 Structure NoTremaine Oneota 809 1 N/A 25-45 Adult Extended/Back Extended N/A No House 5 Structure NoTremaine Oneota 812 1 Male >45 Adult Extended/Back Extended N/A No House 5 Structure NoTremaine Oneota 813 1 N/A 25-45 Adult Extended/Back Extended N/A No House 5 Structure NoTremaine Oneota 814 1 N/A 25-45 Adult N/A Other N/A No House 5 Structure NoTremaine Oneota 815 1 N/A 1 to 10 Child N/A Other N/A No House 5 Structure NoTremaine Oneota 823 1 Male 25-45 Adult Extended/Back Extended N/A No House 5 Structure NoTremaine Oneota 824 1 N/A 25-45 Adult N/A Other N/A No House 5 Structure NoTremaine Oneota 827 1 N/A 25-45 Adult Extended/Back Extended N/A No House 5 Structure NoTremaine Oneota 835 1 N/A 1 to 10 Child Extended Extended N/A No House 5 Structure NoTremaine Oneota 841 1 Female 15-25 Adolescent Extended/Back Extended N/A No House 5 Structure NoTremaine Oneota 841A 1 Female 25-45 Adult N/A Other N/A No House 5 Structure NoTremaine Oneota 849 1 Female 15-25 Adolescent Extended/Back Extended N/A No House 5 Structure NoTremaine Oneota 850 1 Female 15-25 Adolescent Extended/Back Extended N/A No House 5 Structure NoTremaine Oneota 858 1 Male 25-45 Adult Flexed/Right Flexed N/A No House 5 Structure No

Bone




Bison Scapula

Elk Scapula

Lynx Scapula

Unid Scapula Awl

Dog Skull

Total Bone Nontool

Total Bone Tool

Ground Tines

Bone

Tremaine Oneota 863 1 N/A 0-1 Infant N/A Other N/A No House 6 Structure NoTremaine Oneota 904 1 Female 25-45 Adult Extended/Back Extended N/A No House 7 Structure NoTremaine Oneota 916 1 Female 25-45 Adult Extended/Back Extended N/A No House 7 Structure NoTremaine Oneota 922 1 N/A Subadult Adolescent N/A Other N/A No House 7 Structure NoTremaine Oneota 930 1 Female 25-45 Adult Extended/Back Extended N/A No House 7 Structure NoTremaine Oneota 931 1 N/A 25-45 Adult N/A Other N/A No House 7 Structure NoTremaine Oneota 933 1 N/A 25-45 Adult Scattered Other N/A No House 7 Structure No 1 1Tremaine Oneota 934 1 N/A 25-45 Adult Extended/Back Extended N/A No House 7 Structure NoTremaine Oneota 935 1 Male 25-45 Adult Extended/Back Extended N/A Yes House 7 Structure NoTremaine Oneota 937 1 Female 25-45 Adult Flexed/Right Flexed N/A No House 7 Structure NoTremaine Oneota 938 1 Female 25-45 Adult Extended/Back Extended N/A No House 7 Structure NoTremaine Oneota 939 1 N/A 25-45 Adult Extended Extended N/A No House 7 Structure NoTremaine Oneota 940 1 Female 25-45 Adult Extended/Back Extended N/A No House 7 Structure NoTremaine Oneota 941 1 N/A N/A N/A N/A Other N/A No House 7 Structure NoTremaine Oneota 942 1 Female 25-45 Adult Extended/Back Extended N/A No House 7 Structure NoTremaine Oneota 943 1 Male >45 Adult Extended/Back Extended N/A No House 7 Structure NoTremaine Oneota 944 1 N/A 25-45 Adult Extended/Back Extended N/A No House 7 Structure NoTremaine Oneota 945 1 N/A 1 to 10 Child Extended/Back Extended N/A No House 7 Structure NoTremaine Oneota 946 1 N/A 25-46 Adult Extended/Back Extended N/A No House 7 Structure NoTremaine Oneota 947 1 N/A 25-45 Adult Extended/Back Extended N/A No House 7 Structure NoTremaine Oneota 948 1 N/A 0-1 Infant N/A Other N/A No House 7 Structure NoTremaine Oneota 949 1 N/A 25-45 Adult Extended/Back Extended N/A No House 7 Structure NoTremaine Oneota 950 1 N/A 15-25 Adolescent Extended/Back Extended N/A No House 7 Structure NoTremaine Oneota 950A 1 Female 15-25 Adolescent Redeposited Other N/A No House 7 Structure NoTremaine Oneota 950B 2 N/A 15-25 Adolescent N/A Other N/A No House 7 Structure NoTremaine Oneota 952 1 N/A 0-1 Infant N/A Other N/A No House 7 Structure NoTremaine Oneota 953 1 N/A 1 to 10 Child N/A Other N/A No House 7 Structure NoTremaine Oneota 954 1 Male 25-45 Adult Extended/Back Extended N/A No House 7 Structure NoTremaine Oneota 955 1 N/A 15-25 Adolescent Bundle Bundle N/A No House 7 Structure NoTremaine Oneota 956A 1 N/A 15-25 Adolescent Extended/Back Extended N/A No House 7 Structure NoTremaine Oneota 956B 2 N/A 10 to 15 Adolescent Extended/Back Extended N/A No House 7 Structure NoTremaine Oneota 956C 3 N/A 1 to 10 Child N/A Other N/A No House 7 Structure NoTremaine Oneota 957 1 N/A 0-1 Infant N/A Other N/A No House 7 Structure NoTremaine Oneota 958 1 Female 10 to 15 Adolescent Extended/Back Extended N/A No House 7 Structure NoTremaine Oneota 959 1 Male 25-45 Adult Extended/Back Extended N/A No House 7 Structure NoTremaine Oneota 960 1 N/A 25-45 Adult Extended/Back Extended N/A No House 7 Structure NoTremaine Oneota 961 1 N/A 0-1 Infant N/A Other N/A No House 7 Structure No

Tremaine Oneota 962 1 N/A 15-25 Adolescent Semi-reclined/Back Other N/A No House 7 Structure NoTremaine Oneota 967 1 Male 25-45 Adult Extended/Back Extended N/A Yes House 7 Structure NoTremaine Oneota 968 1 N/A 25-45 Adult Extended/Back Extended N/A No House 7 Structure NoOconto Archaic 1-1A N/A Child Child Flexed/Right Flexed S No None NoOconto Archaic 1-2A N/A Adult Adult Bundle Bundle N/A No None No

Oconto Archaic 1-3A MaleYoung Adult Adult Bundle Bundle N/A No None No

Oconto Archaic 1-3B MaleAdolescent Adolescent Flexed Flexed S No None No

Oconto Archaic 1-3C Female Adult Adult Extended/Prone Extended S-W No None NoOconto Archaic 1-4A Female Adult Adult Extended/Back Extended S-E No None No 1 1 2

Oconto Archaic 1-5A FemaleYoung Adult Adult Extended/Back Extended S-E No None No

Oconto Archaic 1-5B N/AYoung Juvenile Adolescent Extended Extended E No None No 1 1

Oconto Archaic 1-6A1 Male Adult Adult Bundle Bundle N/A No None NoOconto Archaic 1-6A2 N/A Child Child Bundle Bundle N/A No None NoOconto Archaic 1-6B Female Adult Adult Flexed/Left Flexed S-E No None No

Oconto Archaic 1-7A FemaleAdolescent Adolescent Cranium Other N/A No None No

Oconto Archaic 1-7B MaleYoung Adult Adult Flexed Flexed N/A No None No

Oconto Archaic 1-7C 2 N/A Adult Adult Bundle Bundle N/A No None NoOconto Archaic 1-7D 3 N/A N/A N/A Bundle Bundle N/A No None NoOconto Archaic 1-7E Female Adult Adult Flexed/Left Flexed S-W No None No 2Oconto Archaic 1-7F N/A Child Child Extended Extended S-E No None No 1 1Oconto Archaic 1-7G 3 Male Adult Adult Bundle Bundle N/A No None NoOconto Archaic 1-8A N/A N/A N/A Cremation Cremation N/A No None NoOconto Archaic 1-9A Female Adult Adult Flexed/Left Flexed W-N No None NoOconto Archaic 1-10A N/A Child Child Bundle Bundle N/A No None NoOconto Archaic 1-10B Female Adult Adult Bundle Bundle N/A No None NoOconto Archaic 1-10C Male 18-21 Adolescent N/A Other N/A No None NoOconto Archaic 1-12A N/A Adult Adult N/A Other N/A No None NoOconto Archaic 1-13A Female Adult Adult Bundle Bundle N/A No None NoOconto Archaic 1-13B 2 N/A Adult Adult Bundle Bundle N/A No None NoOconto Archaic 1-14A1 N/A Adult Adult Cremation Cremation N/A No None NoOconto Archaic 1-14A2 N/A Child Child Cremation Cremation N/A No None NoOconto Archaic 1-14B N/A Child Child Bundle Bundle N/A No None NoOconto Archaic 1-15A Male Adult Adult Flexed/Right Flexed N-W No None NoOconto Archaic 1-15B Female 22-28 Adult Bundle Bundle N/A No None NoOconto Archaic 1-16A Female Adult Adult Bundle Bundle N/A No None NoOconto Archaic 1-16B N/A Child Child Bundle Bundle N/A No None NoOconto Archaic 1-17A N/A 8-10 Child Flexed/Left Flexed N No None No

Oconto Archaic 1-18A FemaleYoung Adult Adult Bundle/Cremation Bundle N/A No None No

Oconto Archaic 1-19A N/A Child Child Extended/Back Extended SW No None NoOconto Archaic 1-21A N/A N/A N/A Extended Extended N No None NoOconto Archaic 1-22A Female Adult Adult Bundle Bundle N/A No None No

Oconto Archaic1-LaFaveA Female 22-24 Adult Extended Extended N/A No None No

Oconto Archaic1-LaFaveB N/A Child Child Extended Extended N/A No None No

Oconto Archaic 1-Olson 2 N/A N/A N/A Extended Extended N/A No None NoOconto Archaic 2-1B1 Male Adult Adult Extended/Back Extended W-N No None NoOconto Archaic 2-1B2 5 N/A N/A N/A Cremation Cremation N/A No None No




Bison Scapula

Elk Scapula

Lynx Scapula

Unid Scapula Awl

Dog Skull

Total Bone Nontool

Total Bone Tool

Ground Tines

Bone

Oconto Archaic 2-1C FemaleYoung Adult Adult Extended Extended E-N No None No

Oconto Archaic 2-2A N/A Adult Adult Cremation Cremation N/A No None NoOconto Archaic 2-3A 1 N/A N/A N/A Cremation Cremation N/A No None NoOconto Archaic 2-4A N/A N/A N/A Cranium Other N/A No None NoOconto Archaic 2-5A N/A N/A N/A Cranium Other N/A No None NoRiverside Archaic SF2-1 N/A Subadult Adolescent Cremation Cremation N/A No None NoRiverside Archaic SF2-2 N/A N/A N/A Cremation Cremation N/A No None NoRiverside Archaic SEx4-1 N/A N/A N/A Cremation Cremation N/A No None NoRiverside Archaic SF6-1 Male Adult Adult Flexed/Right Flexed N No None No 1 1 2 4Riverside Archaic SF10-1 N/A Adult Adult Bundle Bundle N/A No None No

Riverside Archaic SF11/12-1 N/A N/A N/A Bundle Bundle N/A No None NoRiverside Archaic SF13-1 N/A N/A N/A Cremation Cremation N/A No None No

Riverside Archaic SF14-1a Female Adult Adult Cremation Cremation N/A NoBark and an Obsidian Block Other Yes

Riverside Archaic SF14-1b N/A Child Child Cremation Cremation N/A NoBark and an Obsidian Block Other Yes

Riverside Archaic HF1-1 N/A N/A N/A N/A Other N/A No None NoRiverside Archaic HF2-1 N/A Subadult Adolescent Bundle Bundle N/A No None No

Riverside Archaic HF3-1A Female Adult Adult Bundle Bundle N/A No

Birk bark under body with awl punctures Other No

Riverside Archaic HF3-1B N/A N/A N/A Cremation Cremation N/A No None Yes

Riverside Archaic HF3-1C N/A Adult Adult Cremation Cremation N/A No None YesRiverside Archaic HF4-1 Female Adult Adult Bundle/Flexed Bundle N/A No None NoRiverside Archaic HF5-1 N/A N/A N/A Bundle/Flexed Bundle N/A No None No

Riverside Archaic HF7-1 MaleYoung Adult Adult Flexed Flexed N/A No None No

Riverside Archaic HF8-1 N/A N/A N/A N/A Other N/A No None No

Riverside Archaic HF9-1 N/AYoung Adult Adult Bundle/Flexed Bundle N/A No None No

Riverside Archaic HF10-1 N/A N/A N/A N/A Other N/A No None NoRiverside Archaic HF12-1 N/A Adult Adult Bundle Bundle N/A No None No

Riverside Archaic HF13-1 N/A Child Child Flexed Flexed N/A No

Frag of bark and fiberous material under burial Other No

Riverside Archaic HF14-1 N/A N/A N/A N/A Other N/A No None NoRiverside Archaic HF15-1 N/A N/A N/A N/A Other N/A No None NoRiverside Archaic HF16-1 N/A N/A N/A N/A Other N/A No None No

Riverside Archaic HF17-1A FemaleYoung Adult Adult Cremation Cremation N/A No None Yes

Riverside Archaic HF17-1B 2 N/A Adult/Child Adult Cremation Cremation N/A No None YesRiverside Archaic HF19-1 Female Adult Adult Flexed Flexed N/A No None NoRiverside Archaic HF21-1 N/A Juvenile Adolescent Cremation Cremation N/A No None NoRiverside Archaic HF22-1 N/A Juvenile Adolescent Bundle/Flexed Bundle N/A No None NoRiverside Archaic HF23-1 N/A N/A N/A N/A Other N/A No None NoRiverside Archaic HF26-1 2 N/A Juvenile Adolescent Bundle/Flexed Bundle N/A No None No 1

Riverside Archaic HF27-1 FemaleYoung Adult Adult Flexed Flexed N/A No None No

Riverside Archaic HF28-1 N/A Adult Adult Cremation Cremation N/A No None No

Riverside Archaic HF29-1A Female Adult Adult Cremation Cremation N/A No

Hornstone biface cache containing 44 bifaces above cremations Other Yes

Riverside Archaic HF29-1B N/A Child Child Cremation Cremation N/A No


Riverside Archaic HF29-2A N/A Child Child Cremation Cremation N/A No


Riverside Archaic HF29-2B N/A N/A N/A Cremation Cremation N/A No


Riverside ArchaicHF29-3A/B 2 Female Adult Adult Cremation Cremation N/A No

Hornstone biface cache containing 44 bifaces above cremations Other Yes 9




Bison Scapula

Elk Scapula

Lynx Scapula

Unid Scapula Awl

Dog Skull

Total Bone Nontool

Total Bone Tool

Ground Tines

Bone

Riverside Archaic HF29-3C N/A Adult Adult Cremation Cremation N/A No


Riverside Archaic HF29-3D N/A Child Child Cremation Cremation N/A No


Riverside Archaic HF30-1A N/A Adult Adult Bundle Bundle N/A No None NoRiverside Archaic HF30-1B N/A Adult Adult Flexed Flexed N/A No None No

Riverside Archaic HF31-1 N/A Child Child Bundle Bundle N/A NoLog and birch bark roof Other No

Riverside Archaic HF31-2 Female Adult Adult Cranium Other N/A No None NoRiverside Archaic HF31-3A Male Adult Adult Bundle Bundle N/A No None NoRiverside Archaic HF31-3B 2 N/A Adult Adult Bundle Bundle N/A No None No

Riverside Archaic HF32-1A MaleYoung Adult Adult Flexed Flexed N/A No

Limestone slabs Limestone Yes

Riverside Archaic HF32-1B FemaleYoung Adult Adult Cranium Other N/A No

Limestone slabs Limestone Yes

Riverside Archaic HF32-1C N/A Adult Adult Cremation Cremation N/A NoLimestone slabs Limestone Yes

Riverside Archaic HF32-2 N/AYoung Adult Adult Flexed Flexed N/A No None No

Riverside Archaic HF34-1 N/A Adult Adult Isolated Dentition Other N/A No None NoRiverside Archaic HF35-1 N/A N/A N/A N/A Other N/A No None NoRiverside Archaic HF36-1 N/A N/A N/A Bundle/Flexed Bundle N/A No None No

Riverside Archaic HF37-1A Female Adult Adult Flexed Flexed N/A No

Post molds and charred post fragments (oak) suggests burnt charnel house Structure Yes

Riverside Archaic HF37-1B N/A Child Child Flexed Flexed N/A No


Riverside Archaic HF37-2 FemaleYoung Adult Adult Cremation Cremation N/A No


Riverside Archaic HF38A-1 N/A N/A N/A Isolated Dentition Other N/A No None NoRiverside Archaic HF38B-1 N/A 9 to 12 Child Cremation Cremation N/A No None NoRiverside Archaic HF39-1 N/A 2 to 3 Child Cremation Cremation N/A No None NoRiverside Archaic HF40-1 N/A N/A N/A N/A Other N/A No None NoRiverside Archaic HF41-1 Female Adult Adult Flexed Flexed EW-W Yes None NoRiverside Archaic HF43-1 N/A N/A N/A Isolated Dentition Other N/A No None No

Riverside Archaic HF44-1 N/A

Adult/ Adolescent Adult Flexed Flexed N/A No None No

Riverside Archaic HF45-1 Female Adult Adult Flexed Flexed N/A No None NoRiverside Archaic HF52-1 N/A 12 to 14 Adolescent Flexed Flexed N/A No None No

Riverside Archaic HF53-1 N/A Adult AdultDisarticulate/ Flexed Other N/A No

2 large unmodified diabase rock slabs found near remains Rock No

Riverside Archaic HF54-1 N/A Adult Adult Iso. Bone Frags Other N/A No None NoRiverside Archaic HF55-1 N/A Adult Adult Iso. Bone Frags Other N/A No None NoRiverside Archaic HF56-1 N/A Juvenile Adolescent Iso. Bone Frags Other N/A No None NoRiverside Archaic HF60-1 N/A N/A N/A Iso. Bone Frags Other N/A No None No

Riverside Archaic HF63-1 N/A Juvenile Adolescent Isolated Dentition Other N/A NoUnmodified granite Other No

Riverside Archaic HF66-1 N/A N/A N/A Cremation Cremation N/A No None NoRiverside Archaic HF67-1 N/A N/A N/A Cremation Cremation N/A No None NoRiverside Archaic HF68-1 N/A Juvenile Adolescent Flexed Flexed N/A No None No

Riverside Archaic HF69-1A N/A N/A N/A Cremation Cremation N/A No None NoRiverside Archaic HF69-1B Female N/A N/A Bundle Bundle N/A No None NoRiverside Archaic HF73-1 N/A Adult Adult Isolated Dentition Other N/A No None NoRiverside Archaic HF74-1 N/A Adult Adult Isolated Dentition Other N/A No None NoRiverside Archaic HF77-1 N/A N/A N/A Isolated Dentition Other N/A No None No

Riverside Archaic HF80-1 FemaleYoung Adult Adult Bundle Bundle N/A No Limestone slab Limestone No

Price III Archaic 1-1 MaleMiddle-Aged Adult Cremation Cremation N/A No

Sandstone slabs upon burial Sandstone No

Price III Archaic 2-1 Male Adult Adult Cremation Cremation N/A No

Sandstone slabs upon burial Sandstone No

Price III Archaic 3-1 FemaleYoung Adult Adult Cremation Cremation W No

Granite on top of sandstone slabs upon burial Other No

Price III Archaic 4 N/A N/A N/A N/A Other N/A No None No




Bison Scapula

Elk Scapula

Lynx Scapula

Unid Scapula Awl

Dog Skull

Total Bone Nontool

Total Bone Tool

Ground Tines

Bone

Price III Archaic 5-1 MaleYoung Adult Adult Cremation Cremation N/A No

Sandstone slabs above burial Sandstone No

Price III Archaic 6-1 MaleMiddle-Aged Adult Cremation Cremation N/A No None No

Price III Archaic 7-1 N/A N/A N/A Cremation Cremation N/A No


Price III Archaic 8-1 Male Adult Adult Bundle reburial Bundle N/A No

Sandstone slabs above burial and below (covering burial 2) Sandstone No

Price III Archaic 8-2 MaleYoung Adult Adult Cremation Cremation N/A No


Price III Archaic 9-1A FemaleMiddle-Aged Adult Cremation Cremation N/A Yes None No

Price III Archaic 9-1B Male Adult Adult Cremation Cremation N/A No


Price III Archaic 9-2 FemaleMiddle-Aged Adult Cremation Cremation N/A No

Sandstones slabs above burial Sandstone No

Price III Archaic 10-1A N/A Child Child Bundle reburial Bundle N/A No


Price III Archaic 10-1B N/A Child Child Bundle reburial Bundle N/A No None No

Price III Archaic 10-2 N/A3-6 months Infant Bundle reburial Bundle N/A No None No

Price III Archaic 10-3 MaleMiddle-Aged Adult Extended/Back Extended S No

Sandstone slabs above legs Sandstone No

Price III Archaic 11-1 MaleAdolescent Adolescent Cremation Cremation N/A No

Sandstone slabs above and below burial Sandstone No

Price III Archaic 11-2 3 N/A Adult Adult Cremation Cremation N/A No


Price III Archaic 11-3 N/A Child Child Cremation Cremation N/A No


Price III Archaic 11-4 MaleYoung Adult Adult Flexed/Right Flexed W No

Under sandstone slab below 11-1 Sandstone No

Price III Archaic 13-1 N/A N/A N/A Bundle reburial Bundle N/A No None No

Price III Archaic 13-2A MaleMiddle-Aged Adult Bundle reburial Bundle N/A No


Price III Archaic 13-2B FemaleMiddle-Aged Adult Bundle reburial Bundle N/A No


Price III Archaic 13-3 N/A Adult Adult Bundle reburial Bundle N/A No None NoPrice III Archaic 13-4 Female Adult Adult Cremation Cremation N/A No None NoPrice III Archaic 13-5 Male Adult Adult Bundle reburial Bundle N/A No None NoPrice III Archaic 13-6 N/A Adult Adult Bundle reburial Bundle N/A No None No

Price III Archaic 13-7 MaleAdolescent Adolescent Cremation Cremation N/A No


Price III Archaic 14-1 N/A N/A N/A Cremation Cremation N/A No

Flat piece of granite above burial Other No

Price III Archaic 16-1 Female Adult Adult Cremation Cremation N/A No None NoPrice III Archaic 17-1 N/A N/A N/A Cremation Cremation N/A No None No

Price III Archaic 18-1 N/A N/A N/A Cremation Cremation N/A NoSandstone slab above burial Sandstone No

Price III Archaic 19 N/A N/A N/A N/A Other N/A No None No

Price III Archaic 21-1 N/A Adult Adult Bundle reburial Bundle N/A No


Price III Archaic 23-1A N/A Adult Adult Bundle reburial Bundle N/A No None No

Price III Archaic 23-1B FemaleAdolescent Adolescent Bundle reburial Bundle N/A No None No

Price III Archaic 23-1C N/A Child Child Bundle reburial Bundle N/A No None No

Price III Archaic 24 2 N/A N/A N/A N/A Other N/A No

Sandstone slab above and below concentration Sandstone No

Price III Archaic 25-1 N/A Adult Adult Cremation Cremation N/A No None No

Price III Archaic 25-3A MaleMiddle-Aged Adult Flexed/Left Flexed NE No None No

Price III Archaic 25-3B N/A Adult Adult Bundle reburial Bundle N/A No None No

Price III Archaic 25-4 MaleAdolescent Adolescent Bundle reburial Bundle N/A No



Limestone slab above burial Limestone No




Bison Scapula

Elk Scapula

Lynx Scapula

Unid Scapula Awl

Dog Skull

Total Bone Nontool

Total Bone Tool

Ground Tines

Bone

Price III Archaic 25-5B FemaleYoung Adult Adult Bundle reburial Bundle N/A No

Sandstone slab above burial Sandstone No

Price III Archaic 25-6 FemaleMiddle-Aged Adult Bundle reburial Bundle N/A No None No

Price III Archaic 25-7 N/A Child Child Bundle reburial Bundle N/A No

Small piece of granite above burial Other No

Price III Archaic 25-8? N/A Child Child Bundle reburial Bundle N/A No


Price III Archaic 25-9A MaleYoung Adult Adult Flexed/Left Flexed NE No

Group of limestone and sandstone slabs above burial Other No

Price III Archaic 25-9B MaleMiddle-Aged Adult Bundle reburial Bundle N/A No

Under same as 9A Other No

Price III Archaic 25-10 Male Adult Adult Cremation Cremation N/A NoUnder same as 9A and B Other No

Price III Archaic 25-11A N/A Adult Adult Cremation Cremation N/A No


Price III Archaic 25-11B N/A Child Child Bundle reburial Bundle N/A No


Price III Archaic 25-12A MaleYoung Adult Adult Cremation Cremation N/A Yes




Price III Archaic 25-12C N/A Child Child Bundle reburial Bundle N/A No


Price III Archaic 25-13 Male Adult Adult Cremation Cremation N/A NoBurial on top of sandstone slab Sandstone No

Price III Archaic 25-14A Male Adult Adult Bundle reburial Bundle N/A No None NoPrice III Archaic 25-14B Male Adult Adult Bundle reburial Bundle N/A No None No

Price III Archaic 25-15 N/A Adult Adult Cremation Cremation N/A No


Price III Archaic 25-16A Male Adult Adult Cremation Cremation N/A No

Group of sandstone slabs above burial Sandstone No

Price III Archaic 25-16B MaleAdolescent Adolescent Bundle reburial Bundle N/A No


Price III Archaic 25-16C Male Adult Adult Bundle reburial Bundle N/A No

Sandstone slabs lay on the bones Sandstone No

Price III Archaic 25-17 N/A Adult Adult Cremation Cremation N/A No None No

Price III Archaic 25-18 MaleMiddle-Aged Adult Cremation Cremation N/A No


Price III Archaic 25-19 N/A Child Child Cremation Cremation N/A No

Limestone slabs above burial Limestone No

Price III Archaic 25-20A N/A Child Child Cremation Cremation N/A No

Group of limestone slabs above burial Limestone No

Price III Archaic 25-20B N/A Adult Adult Cremation Cremation N/A NoUnder same as 20A Limestone No

Price III Archaic 25-21 N/A Child Child Flexed Flexed N No


Price III Archaic 25-21A MaleMiddle-Aged Adult Bundle reburial Bundle N/A No None No

Price III Archaic 25-21B FemaleMiddle-Aged Adult Bundle reburial Bundle N/A No None No

Price III Archaic 25-22A MaleAdolescent Adolescent Bundle reburial Bundle N/A No

Group of sandstone and burial 25-7/20 above burial Sandstone Yes



Price III Archaic 25-22C Male Adult Adult Bundle reburial Bundle N/A No


Price III Archaic 25-22D Female Adult Adult Bundle reburial Bundle N/A No


Price III Archaic 25-22E Male Adult Adult Bundle reburial Bundle N/A No





Bison Scapula

Elk Scapula

Lynx Scapula

Unid Scapula Awl

Dog Skull

Total Bone Nontool

Total Bone Tool

Ground Tines

Bone


Sandstone slabs and burial 25-19 above burials Sandstone Yes

Price III Archaic 25-23B Female Adult Adult Bundle reburial Bundle N/A No


Price III Archaic 25-23C N/A Child Child Bundle reburial Bundle N/A No


Price III Archaic 25-24 N/A Adult Adult Bundle reburial Bundle N/A No None No

Price III Archaic 25-25 FemaleAdolescent Adolescent Bundle reburial Bundle N/A No

Rocks above burial Rock No


Sandstone slabs partially above burials Sandstone Yes



Price III Archaic 25-26C MaleMiddle-Aged Adult Bundle reburial Bundle N/A No


Price III Archaic 25-27A MaleYoung Adult Adult Bundle reburial Bundle N/A No

Large sandstone slab above burials Sandstone Yes

Price III Archaic 25-27B MaleMiddle-Aged Adult Bundle reburial Bundle N/A No


Price III Archaic 25-27C MaleYoung Adult Adult Bundle reburial Bundle N/A No


Price III Archaic 25-28A/B 2 N/A Adult Adult Bundle reburial Bundle N/A No None No

Price III Archaic 25-29A MaleMiddle-Aged Adult Cremation Cremation N/A No None No

Price III Archaic 25-B FemaleAdolescent Adolescent Bundle reburial Bundle N/A No None No

Price III Archaic 25-29C N/A Child Child Bundle reburial Bundle N/A No None No

Price III Archaic 25-30A MaleMiddle-Aged Adult

Kneeling/heels to hips Other NE No None No

Price III Archaic 25-30B Female Adult Adult Bundle reburial Bundle N/A No None NoPrice III Archaic 25-30C N/A Child Child Bundle reburial Bundle N/A No None No

Price III Archaic 25-31A Female Adult Adult Bundle reburial Bundle N/A No

Large rock and burial 25-22 above burial Rock No

Price III Archaic 25-31B Male Adult Adult Bundle reburial Bundle N/A No None No

Price III Archaic 25-31C1 FemaleMiddle-Aged Adult Flexed/Back Flexed N/A No None No

Price III Archaic 25-31C2 N/A Child Child Bundle reburial Bundle N/A No None No

Price III Archaic 25-31D1-4 3 Male

Adult/ Adolescent Adult Bundle reburial Bundle N/A No None No

Price III Archaic 25-31E1/2 2 N/A Adult Adult Bundle reburial Bundle N/A No None No

Price III Archaic 25-31F1 MaleMiddle-Aged Adult Kneeling/flexed frog Other NW No None No




Bison Scapula

Elk Scapula

Lynx Scapula

Unid Scapula Awl

Dog Skull

Total Bone Nontool

Total Bone Tool

Ground Tines

Bone

Price III Archaic 25-31F2 MaleAdolescent Adolescent Bundle reburial Bundle N/A No None No

Price III Archaic 25-32 N/A N/A N/A Cremation Cremation N/A No None No

Price III Archaic 25-33A MaleAdolescent Adolescent Bundle reburial Bundle N/A No None No

Price III Archaic 25-33B Male Adult Adult Bundle reburial Bundle N/A No None NoPrice III Archaic 25-34 Female Adult Adult Bundle reburial Bundle N/A No None No

Price III Archaic 25-35A FemaleAdolescent Adolescent Kneeling/flexed frog Other SW No None No

Price III Archaic 25-35B MaleMiddle-Aged Adult

Kneeling/flexed right Other NE No None No

Price III Archaic 25-35C MaleMiddle-Aged Adult Bundle reburial Bundle N/A No None No

Price III Archaic 25-35D/E 2 N/A N/A N/A Bundle reburial Bundle N/A No None NoPrice III Archaic 25-35F N/A Child Child Bundle reburial Bundle N/A No None No

Price III Archaic 25-36A FemaleMiddle-Aged Adult Bundle reburial Bundle N/A No None No

Price III Archaic 25-36B MaleMiddle-Aged Adult Bundle reburial Bundle N/A No None No

Price III Archaic 25-36C MaleMiddle-Aged Adult Bundle reburial Bundle N/A No None No

Price III Archaic 25-36D N/A Child Child Bundle reburial Bundle N/A No None NoPrice III Archaic 25-36E N/A Adult Adult Bundle reburial Bundle N/A No None No

Price III Archaic 25-37A FemaleMiddle-Aged Adult Bundle reburial Bundle N/A No None No

Price III Archaic 25-37B N/A Child Child Bundle reburial Bundle N/A No None NoPrice III Archaic 25-37C N/A Child Child Bundle reburial Bundle N/A No None NoPrice III Archaic 26-1 Male Adult Adult Bundle reburial Bundle N/A No None NoWisley Oneota 1 2 N/A 4 to 6 Child Frag bones Other N/A N/A None NoWisley Oneota 2 Female 25-35 Adult Extended/Back Extended E-NE N/A None NoWisley Oneota 3 Female 14-21 Adolescent Cranium Other N/A N/A None NoWisley Oneota 4 3 Female 14-16 Adolescent Extended Extended N/A N/A None No

Wisley Oneota 5 Male 12 to 14 AdolescentDisturbed/Frag bones Other N/A N/A None No

Wisley Oneota 8 2 Male 40-50 Adult Frag bones Other N/A N/A None No

Wisley Oneota 9 3 Female Adult Adult Extended Extended N/A N/ALimestone slab above the burial Limestone No

Wisley Oneota 10 Female Adult AdultDisturbed/Frag bones Other N/A N/A None No

Wisley Oneota 11 N/A Adult AdultDisturbed/Frag bones Other N/A N/A None No

Wisley Oneota 12 3 Female Adult Adult Frag bones Other N/A N/A None NoWisley Oneota 13 Female 30-40 Adult Extended Extended E-NE N/A None No

Wisley Oneota 14 2 Female Adult Adult Frag bones Other N/A N/A

Skull lay on top of sandstone slab Sandstone No

Rehbein Woodland M1B1 N/A 10 to 12 Adolescent Extended/Back Extended N/A No None YesRehbein Woodland M1B2 Male 14-18 Adolescent Secondary Other N/A No None Yes

Rehbein Woodland M1B3 N/A0-6 months Infant Disarticulate Other N/A No None Yes

Rehbein Woodland M1B4 N/A0-6 months Infant Disarticulate Other N/A No None Yes

Rehbein Woodland M1B5 Female 20-26 Adult Secondary Other E-W No None Yes

Rehbein Woodland M1B6 Female 40-55 AdultSecondary/ Disarticulated Other N/A No None Yes

Rehbein Woodland M1B7 Male 60-70 Adult Secondary Other N/A No None YesRehbein Woodland M1B8 N/A 2.5-4.5 Child Extended/Back Extended W No None YesRehbein Woodland M1B9 Female 25 Adult Secondary Other N/A No None Yes

Rehbein Woodland M1B10 N/A0-6 months Infant Disarticulated Other N/A No None Yes

Rehbein Woodland M1B12 N/A16-18 month Infant Disarticulated Other N/A No None Yes

Rehbein Woodland M1B13 N/A0-6 months Infant Disarticulated Other N/A No None Yes

Rehbein Woodland M1B14 N/A5-18 months Infant Extended/Left Extended E No None Yes

Rehbein Woodland M2 Male 50-65 Adult Extended/Back Extended S No None NoRehbein Woodland M3IA Male >40 Adult Concentrations Other N/A No None YesRehbein Woodland M3IB N/A Adult Adult Bundle reburial Bundle N/A No None NoRehbein Woodland M3IC N/A 5 to 15 Child Disarticulated Other N/A No None No

Rehbein Woodland M3ID Male >15 AdolescentSecondary/ Disarticulated Other N/A No None No

Rehbein Woodland M3IE Female 30-40 AdultSecondary/ Disarticulated Other N/A No None No

Rehbein Woodland M3IF Female 18-25 Adolescent Extended/Back Extended N/A No None Yes

Rehbein Woodland M3IG N/A18-24 month Infant Disturbed/Flexed Other N/A No None Yes

Rehbein Woodland M3IH N/A Fetus InfantDisarticulated/ Scatter Other N/A No None Yes

Rehbein Woodland M3II N/A Adult Adult Cranium Other N/A No None YesRehbein Woodland M3IJ N/A Infant Infant Disarticulated Other N/A No None NoRehbein Woodland M3IK N/A 5 to 15 Child Isolated Bones Other N/A No None YesRehbein Woodland M4 N/A >7 Child Cremation Cremation N/A No None NoRehbein Woodland M5C1 N/A Adult Adult Cremation Cremation N/A No None Yes

Rehbein Woodland M5C2 N/A N/A N/A Cremation Cremation N/A No None YesRehbein Woodland M6 7 N/A N/A N/A Disturbed Other N/A No None No

Site Affiliation Burial

Hogback Oneota 0-1947

Hogback Oneota 1Hogback Oneota 14/2Hogback Oneota 3

Hogback Oneota 4Hogback Oneota 5

Hogback Oneota 6

Hogback Oneota 7Hogback Oneota 8Hogback Oneota 9Hogback Oneota 10Hogback Oneota 11Hogback Oneota 12Hogback Oneota 13Hogback Oneota 15Hogback Oneota 16Hogback Oneota 17Hogback Oneota 18Hogback Oneota 19


Hogback Oneota 22

Hogback OneotaUnnumbered

Tremaine Oneota 133Tremaine Oneota 159Tremaine Oneota 198Tremaine Oneota 198ATremaine Oneota 255Tremaine Oneota 257Tremaine Oneota 258Tremaine Oneota 263Tremaine Oneota 269Tremaine Oneota 271Tremaine Oneota 277Tremaine Oneota 278Tremaine Oneota 279Tremaine Oneota 290Tremaine Oneota 291Tremaine Oneota 293Tremaine Oneota 298Tremaine Oneota 299Tremaine Oneota 308Tremaine Oneota 309Tremaine Oneota 310Tremaine Oneota 409Tremaine Oneota 422Tremaine Oneota 426Tremaine Oneota 429Tremaine Oneota 435Tremaine Oneota 438Tremaine Oneota 442Tremaine Oneota 459Tremaine Oneota 481Tremaine Oneota 499

Tremaine Oneota 507Tremaine Oneota 534Tremaine Oneota 548Tremaine Oneota 552Tremaine Oneota 616Tremaine Oneota 616ATremaine Oneota 616BTremaine Oneota 800Tremaine Oneota 807Tremaine Oneota 809Tremaine Oneota 812Tremaine Oneota 813Tremaine Oneota 814Tremaine Oneota 815Tremaine Oneota 823Tremaine Oneota 824Tremaine Oneota 827Tremaine Oneota 835Tremaine Oneota 841Tremaine Oneota 841ATremaine Oneota 849Tremaine Oneota 850Tremaine Oneota 858

ModifiedTotal Antler

Deer Tooth

Elk Tooth

Bear Tooth

Moose Tooth

Beaver Incisors

Total Teeth Catlinite Stone

Pipestone Bar

Limestone Elbow

Total Pipe

Copper Tube Shell Copper Glass

Total Beads Vessel Sherd Bowl

Total Pottery Obsidian Quarzite Quartz Flint Unknown Retouched

Total Flakes Biface Triangular Projectile

1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1

3 31 1 3 1 4

1 1

1 1 1 1

16 1 1 183 34 1 38

2 2120 2 17 139

1

6 6 1 1

1 1 1 1

11.4 11.4 5 51 124.9 24.9 16 16

1 1 2 21 1 6 4 10

6.4 6.4 2 21 1

7.8 7.8 2 21 1 12 3 15

4.6 4.6 6 1 71 1 14 14 11 1

13.9 13.9 3 1 427.4 27.4 21 21

5 53 3 1.8 1.8 2 2

1 1

1 1

1 13.2 3.2 3 3

1 114.4 14.4 4 4

2 2

1 1 7.4 7.4 5 5 3

3 3

23.5 23.5 5 5

1 1

1 11 1 11.2 11.2 10 10

1 1

1 145.2 45.25.9 5.9 4 4

1 1 1 15.2 5.2 17 17

1 10.9 0.9 3 3

Beads Pottery FlakesAntler Animal Teeth Pipe

Site Affiliation BurialTremaine Oneota 863Tremaine Oneota 904Tremaine Oneota 916Tremaine Oneota 922Tremaine Oneota 930Tremaine Oneota 931Tremaine Oneota 933Tremaine Oneota 934Tremaine Oneota 935Tremaine Oneota 937Tremaine Oneota 938Tremaine Oneota 939Tremaine Oneota 940Tremaine Oneota 941Tremaine Oneota 942Tremaine Oneota 943Tremaine Oneota 944Tremaine Oneota 945Tremaine Oneota 946Tremaine Oneota 947Tremaine Oneota 948Tremaine Oneota 949Tremaine Oneota 950Tremaine Oneota 950ATremaine Oneota 950BTremaine Oneota 952Tremaine Oneota 953Tremaine Oneota 954Tremaine Oneota 955Tremaine Oneota 956ATremaine Oneota 956BTremaine Oneota 956CTremaine Oneota 957Tremaine Oneota 958Tremaine Oneota 959Tremaine Oneota 960Tremaine Oneota 961

Tremaine Oneota 962Tremaine Oneota 967Tremaine Oneota 968Oconto Archaic 1-1AOconto Archaic 1-2A

Oconto Archaic 1-3A

Oconto Archaic 1-3BOconto Archaic 1-3COconto Archaic 1-4A

Oconto Archaic 1-5A

Oconto Archaic 1-5BOconto Archaic 1-6A1Oconto Archaic 1-6A2Oconto Archaic 1-6B

Oconto Archaic 1-7A

Oconto Archaic 1-7BOconto Archaic 1-7COconto Archaic 1-7DOconto Archaic 1-7EOconto Archaic 1-7FOconto Archaic 1-7GOconto Archaic 1-8AOconto Archaic 1-9AOconto Archaic 1-10AOconto Archaic 1-10BOconto Archaic 1-10COconto Archaic 1-12AOconto Archaic 1-13AOconto Archaic 1-13BOconto Archaic 1-14A1Oconto Archaic 1-14A2Oconto Archaic 1-14BOconto Archaic 1-15AOconto Archaic 1-15BOconto Archaic 1-16AOconto Archaic 1-16BOconto Archaic 1-17A

Oconto Archaic 1-18AOconto Archaic 1-19AOconto Archaic 1-21AOconto Archaic 1-22A

Oconto Archaic1-LaFaveA

Oconto Archaic1-LaFaveB

Oconto Archaic 1-OlsonOconto Archaic 2-1B1Oconto Archaic 2-1B2


Deer Tooth

Elk Tooth

Bear Tooth

Moose Tooth

Beaver Incisors


Pipestone Bar

Limestone Elbow

Total Pipe






1 15.8 5.8

2.4 2.4 6 6

1 1 9 3 12

1 1

1 1

1 14 4

1 1

1 1 1 11 1

1

21


Oconto Archaic 2-1COconto Archaic 2-2AOconto Archaic 2-3AOconto Archaic 2-4AOconto Archaic 2-5ARiverside Archaic SF2-1Riverside Archaic SF2-2Riverside Archaic SEx4-1Riverside Archaic SF6-1Riverside Archaic SF10-1

Riverside Archaic SF11/12-1Riverside Archaic SF13-1

Riverside Archaic SF14-1a

Riverside Archaic SF14-1bRiverside Archaic HF1-1Riverside Archaic HF2-1

Riverside Archaic HF3-1A

Riverside Archaic HF3-1B

Riverside Archaic HF3-1CRiverside Archaic HF4-1Riverside Archaic HF5-1

Riverside Archaic HF7-1Riverside Archaic HF8-1

Riverside Archaic HF9-1Riverside Archaic HF10-1Riverside Archaic HF12-1

Riverside Archaic HF13-1Riverside Archaic HF14-1Riverside Archaic HF15-1Riverside Archaic HF16-1


Riverside Archaic HF17-1BRiverside Archaic HF19-1Riverside Archaic HF21-1Riverside Archaic HF22-1Riverside Archaic HF23-1Riverside Archaic HF26-1






Riverside ArchaicHF29-3A/B


Deer Tooth

Elk Tooth

Bear Tooth

Moose Tooth

Beaver Incisors


Pipestone Bar

Limestone Elbow

Total Pipe






1 1 9 9 3

102 102

51 51

92 92

330 330

1 1

1

9

90 90

200 200 2

1 1 3 3


Riverside Archaic HF29-3C

Riverside Archaic HF29-3DRiverside Archaic HF30-1ARiverside Archaic HF30-1B

Riverside Archaic HF31-1Riverside Archaic HF31-2Riverside Archaic HF31-3ARiverside Archaic HF31-3B







Riverside Archaic HF37-2Riverside Archaic HF38A-1Riverside Archaic HF38B-1Riverside Archaic HF39-1Riverside Archaic HF40-1Riverside Archaic HF41-1Riverside Archaic HF43-1


Riverside Archaic HF53-1Riverside Archaic HF54-1Riverside Archaic HF55-1Riverside Archaic HF56-1Riverside Archaic HF60-1


Riverside Archaic HF69-1ARiverside Archaic HF69-1BRiverside Archaic HF73-1Riverside Archaic HF74-1Riverside Archaic HF77-1

Riverside Archaic HF80-1

Price III Archaic 1-1


Price III Archaic 3-1Price III Archaic 4


Deer Tooth

Elk Tooth

Bear Tooth

Moose Tooth

Beaver Incisors


Pipestone Bar

Limestone Elbow

Total Pipe






113

142 2

3

12

560 560

1 1 8

21 1 1

6 6 5 1 6 1

12 12 106







Price III Archaic 9-1A

Price III Archaic 9-1B


Price III Archaic 10-1APrice III Archaic 10-1B






Price III Archaic 11-4Price III Archaic 13-1


Price III Archaic 13-2BPrice III Archaic 13-3Price III Archaic 13-4Price III Archaic 13-5Price III Archaic 13-6


Price III Archaic 14-1Price III Archaic 16-1Price III Archaic 17-1


Price III Archaic 21-1Price III Archaic 23-1A

Price III Archaic 23-1BPrice III Archaic 23-1C

Price III Archaic 24Price III Archaic 25-1





Deer Tooth

Elk Tooth

Bear Tooth

Moose Tooth

Beaver Incisors


Pipestone Bar

Limestone Elbow

Total Pipe






1

1





Price III Archaic 25-8?








Price III Archaic 25-12C

Price III Archaic 25-13Price III Archaic 25-14APrice III Archaic 25-14B




Price III Archaic 25-16CPrice III Archaic 25-17











Price III Archaic 25-22D

Price III Archaic 25-22E


Deer Tooth

Elk Tooth

Bear Tooth

Moose Tooth

Beaver Incisors


Pipestone Bar

Limestone Elbow

Total Pipe






1

1











Price III Archaic 25-27CPrice III Archaic 25-28A/B


Price III Archaic 25-BPrice III Archaic 25-29C

Price III Archaic 25-30APrice III Archaic 25-30BPrice III Archaic 25-30C


Price III Archaic 25-31C1Price III Archaic 25-31C2

Price III Archaic 25-31D1-4

Price III Archaic 25-31E1/2

Price III Archaic 25-31F1


Deer Tooth

Elk Tooth

Bear Tooth

Moose Tooth

Beaver Incisors


Pipestone Bar

Limestone Elbow

Total Pipe






1 1


Price III Archaic 25-31F2Price III Archaic 25-32

Price III Archaic 25-33APrice III Archaic 25-33BPrice III Archaic 25-34



Price III Archaic 25-35CPrice III Archaic 25-35D/EPrice III Archaic 25-35F



Price III Archaic 25-36CPrice III Archaic 25-36DPrice III Archaic 25-36E


Price III Archaic 25-37BPrice III Archaic 25-37CPrice III Archaic 26-1Wisley Oneota 1Wisley Oneota 2Wisley Oneota 3Wisley Oneota 4

Wisley Oneota 5Wisley Oneota 8

Wisley Oneota 9

Wisley Oneota 10

Wisley Oneota 11Wisley Oneota 12Wisley Oneota 13

Wisley Oneota 14Rehbein Woodland M1B1Rehbein Woodland M1B2

Rehbein Woodland M1B3

Rehbein Woodland M1B4Rehbein Woodland M1B5

Rehbein Woodland M1B6Rehbein Woodland M1B7Rehbein Woodland M1B8Rehbein Woodland M1B9




Rehbein Woodland M1B14Rehbein Woodland M2Rehbein Woodland M3IARehbein Woodland M3IBRehbein Woodland M3IC

Rehbein Woodland M3ID

Rehbein Woodland M3IE

Rehbein Woodland M3IF

Rehbein Woodland M3IG

Rehbein Woodland M3IHRehbein Woodland M3IIRehbein Woodland M3IJRehbein Woodland M3IKRehbein Woodland M4Rehbein Woodland M5C1

Rehbein Woodland M5C2Rehbein Woodland M6


Deer Tooth

Elk Tooth

Bear Tooth

Moose Tooth

Beaver Incisors


Pipestone Bar

Limestone Elbow

Total Pipe






1 1

15 5 1 1

1 1

1 1





Hogback Oneota 6



Hogback Oneota 22




Bracelet

Madison Kramer Waubesa AntlerPrice

StemmedCopper Point

Total Points

Chert Knife Scraper Drill

Chert Hoe

Flaked Chopper Core

Grinding Stone Celt Bannerstone Whetstone

Total Stone Tool

Arrow Shaft Straightner

Copper Bracelet

Shell Necklace Muti artifact

Total Jewelry Coil

Flake Piece

Copper Fishhook Knife

Copper Awl

Total Copper

Belt Girdle

Tool Covering

1

1

1 1 2 2 2 1

1 15 5

3 3 16 6

11 1 1 1

1 1 1

1 1

1 11 11 1

1 1

1 11

1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1

1 11 1

1 1

3

1 1

1 12 2

1 1

1 1 2

1 1

Necklace Copper LeatherPoints



Oconto Archaic 1-3A


Oconto Archaic 1-5A


Oconto Archaic 1-7A






Bracelet


StemmedCopper Point

Total Points


Chert Hoe

Flaked Chopper Core


Total Stone Tool


Copper Bracelet


Total Jewelry Coil

Flake Piece


Copper Awl

Total Copper

Belt Girdle

Tool Covering


2 2

2 2

1 2 3

1 1

1 1

1 1

4 4

1 1

1

1 1

1

1 1

2 21 1




















Bracelet


StemmedCopper Point

Total Points


Chert Hoe

Flaked Chopper Core


Total Stone Tool


Copper Bracelet


Total Jewelry Coil

Flake Piece


Copper Awl

Total Copper

Belt Girdle

Tool Covering


9 12 16 1 17 1 11 1

1 1

25 25

1 1

1 1

1 1

2 2

4 4 2 2 4

9 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

2




















Bracelet


StemmedCopper Point

Total Points


Chert Hoe

Flaked Chopper Core


Total Stone Tool


Copper Bracelet


Total Jewelry Coil

Flake Piece


Copper Awl

Total Copper

Belt Girdle

Tool Covering


113

14

1 1 1 1

3 1 1

12 1 1

8

2 1 11

2 2

1 1 1

2 2 1101 1




























Bracelet


StemmedCopper Point

Total Points


Chert Hoe

Flaked Chopper Core


Total Stone Tool


Copper Bracelet


Total Jewelry Coil

Flake Piece


Copper Awl

Total Copper

Belt Girdle

Tool Covering


1

1 1

1































Bracelet


StemmedCopper Point

Total Points


Chert Hoe

Flaked Chopper Core


Total Stone Tool


Copper Bracelet


Total Jewelry Coil

Flake Piece


Copper Awl

Total Copper

Belt Girdle

Tool Covering


1

1




















Bracelet


StemmedCopper Point

Total Points


Chert Hoe

Flaked Chopper Core


Total Stone Tool


Copper Bracelet


Total Jewelry Coil

Flake Piece


Copper Awl

Total Copper

Belt Girdle

Tool Covering


2 2

1 1













Wisley Oneota 9

Wisley Oneota 10
















Bracelet


StemmedCopper Point

Total Points


Chert Hoe

Flaked Chopper Core


Total Stone Tool


Copper Bracelet


Total Jewelry Coil

Flake Piece


Copper Awl

Total Copper

Belt Girdle

Tool Covering


1 1

11





Hogback Oneota 6



Hogback Oneota 22




Total Leather Clam/Mussel

Basalt Grooved

AxeFiber

FragmentHermatite

FragUnknown

Rock LimoniteLimestone (in grams) Sandstone FCR

Total Stone Frag

Wood Frag

Textile Continer

Total Textiles

Total Artifacts Soil

Total Domestic Tools

Total Lithic Tools Copper Orn Copper Tool

5 No 2 2 1

5 No 55 No 3

No

No2 No

1 1 8 No 1 1 3

19 No 21 44 No 8

NoNo

1 6 No 31 146 No 8

NoNo

2 NoNo

1 1 No 21 1 4 No 1

No4 15 Yes 1 8 1

2 No

No17.4 No 11.4 61 No 1

1 131.1 41.9 No 24.9 16No

1 5 No 1 31 13 No 1 101 10.4 No 6.4 2

1 No 1No

25.7 10.8 No 7.8 316 No 1 1512.6 No 4.6 8

145.8 16 No 1 153 No 1 217.9 Yes 13.9 450.4 No 27.4 235 No 57.8 No 1.8 3 32 No 1

Yes1 2 No

No2 No 1 16.2 No 3.2 3

1 2 No 1452 19.4 No 14.4 5

1 1 NoNoYesNo

2 No 2

16.4 Yes 7.4 8 1Yes

3 No 3No

201 29.5 No 23.5 6NoNo

1 2 No 1Yes

2 Yes 1248.6 24.2 No 11.2 12

1 Yes1 2 No 1

No3 Yes 345.2 No 45.210.9 No 5.9 52 No 1 1

216 22.2 No 5.2 17NoYes

1 Yes 13.9 No 0.9 3



Oconto Archaic 1-3A


Oconto Archaic 1-5A


Oconto Archaic 1-7A







Basalt Grooved

AxeFiber

FragmentHermatite

FragUnknown


Total Stone Frag

Wood Frag

Textile Continer

Total Textiles




1 No 11 6.8 No 5.8

2 No 2NoNoNo

1 No1 1 9.4 No 2.4 6

2 No 2No

1 17 No 1 15No

1 2 No 1NoNo

1 No 1NoNoNoNoYesNo

1 No 14 No 4

No1 No 1

No1 No 1

No1 No 1

NoNoYesNoNo

1 No 1No

1 1 1 No6 No 1 5

1 2 No 12 3 No

No

No

1 No 1No

2 No

No

2 2 3 No1 No 1 1

NoNo

No

NoNoNo

2 No 22 No 1 1

NoNoNoNoNoNoNoNoNoNoNoNoNoNoNoNo

1 No 1

NoNoNoNo

No

No2 No 2 2

1 1 2 No 1 1No





















Basalt Grooved

AxeFiber

FragmentHermatite

FragUnknown


Total Stone Frag

Wood Frag

Textile Continer

Total Textiles




NoNoNoNoNoNoYesNo

44 Yes 1 39 101 Yes

1 Yes 1 1No

102 Yes 102

NoYesYes

Yes

76 Yes 25 51

YesYesYes

YesYes

1 2 YesNoYes

93 Yes 1 92No

1 No 1 1Yes

2 2 334 Yes 2 330

YesYes

9 Yes 2 7 8YesYes

1 Yes 1

1 13 Yes 1 10 1No

1 1 91 Yes 1 90

Yes

1 1 203 Yes 1 2 200

Yes

7 20 Yes 3





















Basalt Grooved

AxeFiber

FragmentHermatite

FragUnknown


Total Stone Frag

Wood Frag

Textile Continer

Total Textiles




Yes

Yes1 No 113 No 13

14 Yes 142 Yes

YesYes

Yes

Yes

Yes

2 Yes 2 2Yes

1 1 2 4 8 Yes 41 1 2 2 Yes

13 Yes 13

560 Yes 560

9 Yes 8NoYesYesNo

3 Yes 31 1 3 No 1 1

Yes2 Yes 2 2

Yes

YesNoYes

14 Yes 1 13 1Yes

122 Yes 1221 No 1 1

YesYes

YesYesYesYesYes

No

No

No

NoNo





























Basalt Grooved

AxeFiber

FragmentHermatite

FragUnknown


Total Stone Frag

Wood Frag

Textile Continer

Total Textiles




No

No

No

No

No

No

No

No

NoNo

No

Yes

No

No

No

NoNo

No

NoNoNoNo

1 No 1

No

NoNo

1 No 1

NoNo

NoNo

NoNo

1 No 1No

NoNo

No

No
































Basalt Grooved

AxeFiber

FragmentHermatite

FragUnknown


Total Stone Frag

Wood Frag

Textile Continer

Total Textiles




1 No 1

No

No

No

No

No

No

No

No

1 No 1

No

No

NoNoNo

No

No

No

NoNo

No

No

No

No

No

No

No

No

No

No

No

No





















Basalt Grooved

AxeFiber

FragmentHermatite

FragUnknown


Total Stone Frag

Wood Frag

Textile Continer

Total Textiles




No

No

NoNo

No

No

No

No

No

No

No2 No 2

No

NoNo

NoNoNo

NoNo

YesYes

1 No 1 1

No

1 No













Wisley Oneota 9

Wisley Oneota 10

















Basalt Grooved

AxeFiber

FragmentHermatite

FragUnknown


Total Stone Frag

Wood Frag

Textile Continer

Total Textiles




NoNo

NoNoNo

No

No

NoNoNo

Yes

Yes

YesYesYes

No

NoNoNoNo

1 No 1No

1 No 1

1 No 11 7 No 1 5

No

No

NoNo

1 No 1

NoNoNo

No

NoNo

NoNoNoNo

No

No

No

NoNoNoNoNo

No

No

No

1 1 No

NoNoNoNoNo

1 2 No 1

NoNo

a comparative study of human mortuary practices …

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