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A Cognitive Approach to Motivation Theory

國立彰化師範大學

教育研究所

王智弘

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Three Approaches to motivation TheoryDomains in Cognitive Approaches Motivation theoryThe Appicability of Motivation Models to Taiwan ContextJournal resources that publish motivation articlesQuestions/Comments

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Early Theory of MotivationMotivation consists of Processes that give behavior its energy and direction

Psychologists ask:1) In what direction do our action move us?2) What makes us to initiate action to pursue a

particular goal?3) How intensely do we pursue our actions?4) Why do some people persist for longer periods

of time in things motivate them, whereas others flit from one pursuit to another?

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Early Theory of MotivationInstinct Theory:InheritedSpecies-specificStereotypedDrive Theory: hypothetical composite source of energy that all animals try do reduce

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Three Approaches to Motivation Theory

Physiological ApproachesClinical ApproachesCognitive Approaches

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Cognitive Approaches

Explore how thinking effects motivation and behavior

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Intrinsic Motivation vs. Extrinsic Motivation

Intrinsic motivation: reward comes from the desire to satisfy curiosity because it is enjoyablePeople do most of their creative work when they are intrinsically motivatedIntrinsic motivation usually produce high achievementIntrinsic motivation satisfies both need for competence and need for autonomy

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Intrinsic Motivation vs. Extrinsic Motivation

Extrinsic Motivation: Seek rewards that comes from the outsideExtrinsic rewards ensure that people accomplish what is in society’s need.Students, who were extrinsic motivated, tend to achieve less comparing to their colleagues with similar abilites

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Goal TheoryWhat students generally want to achieve…can be

academic or social◆ Goal Orientation

Mastery Goal (Learning goal, task/task-involved goal)

Performance Goal (Ego/ego-involved goal)Work-avoidant GoalMultiple Goal: performance-approach

vs. performance avoid

Goal Orientation

2 dimensional goal theory:Mastery Goal (Learning goal, task/task-involved goal)Performance Goal (Ego/ego-involved goal)

Work-avoidant Goal

3 dimensional goal theory: The emergence of multiple Goal: performance-approach

vs. performance avoid+ mastery goal

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Goal Orientation

2X2 dimensional goal theory

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Mastery Performance

approach Mastery-approach Performance -approach

avoidance Mastery-avoidance Performance-avoidance

goal theory

3X2 dimensional goal theory(

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定義（Definition）(ELLIOT, MURAYAMA, AND PEKRUN, 2011)

任務Absolute(task)

自我Intrapersonal

(self)

他人

數值（Valance）

正向趨向成功Positive 

Approach success

任務趨向成就目標

Task-approach goal

自我趨向成就目標

Self‐approach goal

他人趨向成就目標

Other‐approach goal

負向逃避失敗Negative‐Avoidance

goal

任務逃避成就目標

Task‐avoidancegoal

自我逃避成就目標

Self‐avoidance goal

他人逃避成就目標

Otheravoidancegoal

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Goal Theory

◆Social Goal: Refers to goals whose content encompasses the social aspects of the classroom, such as pleasing others

Social AffiliationSocial ApprovalSocial ResponsibilitySocial Status Social Concern

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Interest Theoryhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7htkDYcZHUg

(7:20-8:33)

Signifies the processes by which underlying needs or desires of learners are energizedIndividual interest: feeling related and value related valenceSituational interest: personal relevance, novelty, activity level, and comprehensibility

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Self-schema

Personal knowledge about oneself that represents consistent individual differences in way one perceives and responds to events; similar to self-concept but represent a much more dynamic and situational view of the self

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Self-schema

Agency: conception that individuals remain active agents in their learning and in the construction of their own self-schemataAttribution: Students’ search for understanding of their academic performances, making causal attributions to explain why they achieved a certain outcomes

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Self-schemaAttribution: three causal dimensions

locus of control: internal vs externalstability: interpretation of causes change over

time?controllability: contrast causes one can control vs.

cannot control

Self-competence: students’ self-evaluative judgements about their ability to accomplish certain tasks

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Self-efficacy Theory

Bandura’s social cognitive theory of motivation focused on the role of perception and human agency. It’s one’s confidence in their ability to organize and execute a given course of action to solve problem or accomplish a task

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Self-regulated theory

Self-regulated students as being metacognitively, motivationally, and behaviorally actively in their own learning processes and in achieving their goalsSelf-regulated learners are1) Using a variety of self-regulated strategies2) Believing that they can perform

efficaciously3) Setting various and numerous goals

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The applicability of Western Motivation to Taiwan Context

Taiwanese children may pursue both mastery and performance approach goals at the same time with both addictively affecting performance through increased cognitive and metacognitive strategy use, intrinsic value for the information learningTaiwanese students’ mastery and performance-approach goal orientations were both related to ratings of intrinsic value for the information learned

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The applicability of Western Motivation Models to Taiwan Context

Taiwanese students are socialized to believe that effort expenditure plays a pivotal role in their academic performance and may be judged on their own effort

Motivation creativity

Achievement settings can provide strong situations that activate both learning and performance goalsto enhance creativity, managers should support both learning and performance motivation.Managers should recognize that employees who are motivated to learn are more likely to explore and integrate different knowledge

domains and are thus more likely to generate original solutions to

problems. 25

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Journals that publish motivation research articles

American Educational Research Journal American Psychologist Annual Review of Psychology British Journal of Educational Psychology Child Development Cognition and Instruction Cognitive Development Contemporary Educational Psychology Educational Psychologist Journal of Applied Psychology Journal of Educational Psychology JEP: Learning, Memory, and Cognition Journal of Personality and Social PsychologyMotivation and Emotion Psychological Bulletin Reading Research Quarterly Review of Educational Research