a chronology of the teutonic prussian bracteates / borys paszkiewicz

8/10/2019 A chronology of the Teutonic Prussian bracteates / Borys Paszkiewicz

1/16

171

A chronology of the eutonicPrussian bracteates

to time intervals of renovatio monetae. Followingthis new model, I started to prepare a wide studyon eutonic bracteates but I have never publishedit. Only a brief preliminary proposal of the newchronology was published in the early stages of myresearch, as well as the study on the beginning of the

Prussian coinage (Paszkiewicz 2000b; Paszkiewicz2002). Recently Jarosaw Dutkowski joined in thediscussion about eutonic bracteates. He aptly fo-cused on the problem of the discernment of Prussianand non-Prussian bracteates but he denied, withoutgood reason, Suchodolskis model as well as he ig-nored the hoard analysis (Dutkowski 2004).

Te previous discussion was concentrated on thefourteenth century coinage. It only rarely referred tothe thirteenth century and hardly ever to the periodbetween 1410-1525. And even the bracteate coinageof Polish Prussia after 1454 remains researched onlyroughly (Kubiak 1986, 64-66, 93-95). In order tosurvey the whole period of the coinage of the eu-tonic Order in Prussia, i.e.the years 1236-1525,in this short contribution I had to pass over theirregular and hybrid varieties, the types which I re-garded as non-eutonic coins, Polish imitations ofeutonic coins, or issues of Prussian bishoprics. Teexplanation of all these attributions would substan-tially enlarge this article. Tese questions, as well asthose of silver supply, coin metrology, iconography,

Borys Paszkiewicz

Te Prussian coinage of the eutonic Order, due tothe economic and military power of this ecclesiasticalstate, was of great importance and had a great im-pact zone. Despite that, the chronology of bracteateswhich were the predominant form of the eutoniccoinage, was researched reluctantly. And even Emil

Waschinski who made both the detailed catalogueof these coins and the monograph on the eutonicmonetary policy written in a scholarly manner, di-vided the bracteates into three stages only: before1290, 1290-1410 and post-1410 (Waschinski 1934;

Waschinski 1936; Waschinski 1952; about Waschin-ski see Jensen 1999a). Tose dividing dates weretaken from two different realities: the year 1290 wasregarded as the tpqof the important hoard fromWiele on the Note River in Great Poland (todaywe think the hoard is a couple of years later), whereasthe year 1410 was the date of the Grunwald or an-nenberg battle, which was the resounding defeat ofthe eutonic Knights. Another attempt to cataloguethe Prussian bracteate types was made by MarianGumowski who virtually passed their chronologyover, though (Gumowski 1938). It was StanisawSuchodolski who tried to determine some shortercoinage periods and, what is even more important,to change the model of interpretation of this coinage(Suchodolski 1988; Suchodolski 1993). Te basictypes, according to him, did not refer to mints but

65377_jorgen steen jensen_171-236_.indd 171 15-11-2007 14:30:07


2/16

Borys Paszkiewicz

172

mints and circulation will be perhaps discussed inanother treatise. (For the historical background seeBoockmann 1981).

1

Among bracteate coinages of the Baltic zone, thePrussian eutonic coinage stands out with its coher-ence, stability, and with the documentary evidenceof its organisation. Te Privilegium Culmensefrom1233, many times referred to later, states as follows:

(22) Statuimus denique, ut una moneta sit per totamterram, et ut de puro et mundo argento denarii

fabricentur, ipsi quoque denarii in tanto valore

perpetualiter perseverent, ut eorum LX solidiponderent unam marcam, et dicta moneta nonnisi semel in singulis decenniis renovetur, et quo-ciens renovata fuerit, XII novi nummi pro XIIIIveteribus cambiantur.(PrivCulm1986, 46).

Tat shows an unusually soft version of the renovatiomonetae system ruling in Prussia. Te Chemno/Kulm charter guaranteed that the coins would bereminted not more often than every ten years andthe exchange rate would be not worse than twelvenew pfennigs for fourteen old ones. And facing no

complaints about a violation of renovation terms,and seeing a set of types which roughly suits theregular ten-year intervals, one can believe that thePrivilegium Culmenserules remained valid for themonetary circulation in the Prussian state till themid-fourteenth century. Te fourteenth century hoards seldom, if ever,contain the thirteenth century pfennigs. Te samehoards, however, accumulate the subsequent cointypes from about 1300 till the third quarter of thefourteenth century. On the other hand, the cumula-tive finds from the same period, as those from the

Rumia church,1Gdask Spichlerze (Granary) Island(Paszkiewicz forthcoming c) or the Puck castle (Pasz-kiewicz forthcoming d), do not contain coins olderthan the beginning of the human activity on a givensite. One can observe that the way of renovation wasmodified at the end of the thirteenth century and the

1 Unpublished, described by A. Kumin and stored

in the collection of the Archaeological Museum in

Gdask.

previous coinages continued to be eliminated fromeveryday circulation but not from thesaurization. Te beginnings of the eutonic coinage in Prussiatook place in the late 1236 or in 1237 (Paszkiewicz

2002). It is also generally agreed upon that the oldesttype of eutonic coins was an Arm and Banner type(Wasch. 1-5; Fig. 1), being a derivative of the FrenchChinonais type, and struck in oru/Torn (Bahr-feldt 1901, 3; Semrau 1923, 6; Waschinski 1934,16; Paszkiewicz 2000a). According to the Privile-

gium Culmense, the coin validity lasted ten years sothe first renovation time limit was in 1246/7. But itwas just the period when the eutonic Knights statewas going through a political crisis, facing the nativePrussian peoples uprising and the war against dukewitopek of Gdask Pomerania. Communications

routes were broken and only oru and Radzy/Rah-den were not spoiled and burnt. As late as in autumn1247 the truce on Kowalowy Ostrw was concludedwith Duke witopek and this enabled the state ap-paratus to function. Tus the first renovatio monetaewas probably made in 1247/8. Let us try to put thesubsequent types within the sequence of decades. Tere is not a dispute about the second eutonictype. It is the Knight type (Wasch. 7-15; Fig. 2)with the knight standing facing. Te knight standsbehind a cross shield between two variously arrangedattributes: a banner and a cross staff or a lis staff.

Fig. 1. Arm and Banner type, 1236/7-c 1247/8: a. Wasch. 2 (The

Royal Castle in Warsaw); b. Wasch. 5 (Peus 381:2550). Approx.

1.5:1.

Fig. 2. Knight type, c 1247/8-1257/8: a. Wasch. 11b (Peus 381:2551);

b. Wasch. 14 (Peus 381:2552). Approx. 1.5:1.



3/16

A chronology of the eutonic Pru ss ian brac teates

173

Te diverse order of these attributes may be a mintindication: apart from oru, the other mint cameinto being before 1251 in Elblg/Elbing (CodWarm1860, no. 27) where the new capital of eutonicPrussia emerged. Tis type was found e.g.in a con-flagration layer in the Raci castle in Gdask Po-merania, burnt in 1256 (Kubiak 1998, no. 115/I),and in the Havelberg hoard hidden after the mid-thirteenth century (Grote 1857, 53-64, Plate 8:20).Tus it perfectly matches the theoretical time of issuebetween 1247/8 and 1257/8. Unfortunately, there are no more easy solutions.Tere are some hoards from northern Poland, hid-den in the late thirteenth century, none of thembeing buried on the territory of the eutonic state,

though. Tus we are not sure which bracteate typesare of the eutonic origin since a presence of a crossor a crosslet is not enough to establish this. As wecan see below, the type struck around 1300 is morecertain, and the scholars count the following typesamong the eutonic coins struck in the latter halfof the thirteenth century:

First Gate (Wasch. 33-5, 37-40; Fig. 3); First Greek Cross (Wasch. 16-26, 170a), also

with additional pellets, star or crescent; Double Arch (Wasch. 46-51; Fig. 4);

First Cross Arch (Wasch. 27-31; Fig. 5); First Star Shield (Wasch. 52); First Crown (Wasch. 41-44; Fig. 6).

Tere are six types and the time space for only four ofthem. Can we point out two types to be eliminated?Te First Star Shield was counted among euton-ic coins because of the existence of the Second StarShield, obviously eutonic, in the mid-fourteenthcentury (Gumowski 1938, 33). Voberg attributedthem both to Grand Master Michael von Sternberg(1414-22) (Voberg 1843, 87). Te thirteenth centu-

ry coins are greater and the shield is more triangular.Tey occurred in the Wiele and Sarbsk hoards (Bey-er 1876, no. 38; Dannenberg 1885, 292; Waschin-ski 1934, 25). Te literature observes them in twofourteenth century hoards as well, i.e.in Kryszko-

wice and Nipkowie/Gro Nipkau (Mora Morzycki1895; Karow 1884; Kubiak 1998, nos. 444, 545). Inboth instances it seems improbable. In the Kryszko-

wice hoard the Voberg reference number had beenprobably misprinted (36 instead of 39). In Nipko-

wie the Star Shield had to be the fourteenth centuryissue, i.e.the Second Star Shield type. Te weightof the First Star Shield bracteates is too low: in the

Warsaw and Cracow National Museums they weigh0.19, 0.18g (Miehle 1998, nos. 59-60), 0.250, and0.241g, whereas other eutonic coins from the thir-teenth century weigh c0.25-0.30g. Another type to be crossed off the list of euton-ic bracteates is the First Greek Cross. A sole cross isto be met among various ecclesiastical issues, andthere is little to distinguish one from another. Tereare similar but smaller, and obviously eutonic issuesof that type in the fourteenth and fifteenth centu-

Fig. 6. First Crown type, c 1287/8-1297/8: a. Wasch. 41 (Peus

381:2572); b. Wasch. 43 (WAG 33:888). Approx. 1.5:1.

Fig. 3. First Gate type, c 1257/8-1267/8: a. Wasch. 37a (PDA 9:203,

ex Bytw hoard); b. Wasch. 40 (ex Bytw hoard). Approx. 1.5:1.

Fig. 4. Double Arch type, c 1267/8-1277/8: a. Wasch. 46 (PDA 9:199,

ex Bytw hoard); b. Wasch. 47b (ex Bytw hoard). Approx. 1.5:1.

Fig. 5. First Cross Arch type, c 1277/8-1287/8: a. Wasch. 28a (WAG

26:1135); b. Wasch. 28a var. (PDA 9:200, ex Bytw hoard). Approx.

1.5:1.



4/16

Borys Paszkiewicz

174

ries. Te thirteenth century Greek Cross bracteatesare more flat and more simple than the undoubt-edly eutonic types of that period. Te profile ofthe former differs from the latter as well. Te GreekCross with pellets (Wasch. 170a) is a rare and lightcoin of a non-eutonic fabric. And the group with anadditional crescent and star (Wasch. 19-26) predomi-nates the Wiele hoard thus it is probably of GreatPolish origin (Suchodolski 1996, 72; the author pro-poses Gdask Pomerania, Masovia or Kuiavia). Te relative chronology of the four remaining,eutonic types is difficult to establish. Te hoards

which contained them were hidden mostly over thelast dozen years of the thirteenth century (Paszkie-wicz forthcoming a). I propose to place the First

Gate type at the first position because it is the onlytype among these four which never occurs in thehoards from the first half of the fourteenth century.Moreover, in the Brzegi hoard (near Kielce) hid-den after c1275, there is a Polish imitation of theeutonic First Gate (Przypkowski 1924, no. 42).On the other hand, the First Crown type is absentfrom the Kik hoard in the Dobrzy Land (hiddenc1290) as far as we know it (Stronczyski 1847,62). Of these four types, the latter one is the mostfrequent in the fourteenth century hoards. Its formis also the closest to the fourteenth century eutonic

coins. Te most uncertain one is the sequence of thetwo arch types. Te hoards give no indication. Andonly the form of flan of the First Cross Arch seemsmore similar to that of the First Crown type whichsuggests finally the following sequence: First Gate,Double Arch, First Cross Arch, First Crown.

2

A group of eutonic types from the first six decadesof the fourteenth century was isolated by StanisawSuchodolski. He grouped most of them in the half-century before 1345 but he failed to determine theirsequence (Suchodolski 1988 and 1993). Te Prus-sian and neighbouring hoards containing the four-teenth century eutonic bracteates are mostly ho-mogenous, virtually deprived of foreign admixtures.Tey, however, enable to establish the relative chro-nology of virtually all types as it is shown in able 1.Te type definitions are somewhat specified in com-parison to those by Suchodolski (see the Waschinskinumbers given in able 2; Fig. 7-15). Te alleged

urawiec/Schwansdorf hoard had to be passed over,being undoubtedly made in the nineteenth centuryfrom several mixed components and not necessari-ly of find provenance. In the published information(Bahrfeldt 1894-7b) it shows an unusual diversityand incoherence. As we can see in Table 1, only two pairs: theSlanted Gate with the Modified Gate types and the

Fig. 7. First Rectangle type, c 1297/8-1307/8: Wasch. 186 (PDA

9:229). Approx. 1.5:1.

Fig. 8. First Cross Shield type, c 1307/8-1317/18: a. Wasch. 62a

(PDA 9:218); b. Wasch. 78 (Peus 381:2558). Approx. 1.5:1.

Fig. 9. Latin Cross type, c 1317/8-1327/8: a. Wasch. 151a (ex Powce

hoard); b. Wasch. 157 (Allegro no. 164158856); c. Wasch. 158a

(PDA 9:198); d. Wasch. 162 (ex Powce hoard). Approx. 1.5:1.

Fig. 10. Second Gate type, c 1327/8-1337/8: a. Wasch. 116a (PDA

9:205); b. Wasch. 117b (ex Lbork cumulat ive find); c. Wasch. 123

var. (WCN 35:115). Approx. 1.5:1.

Fig. 11. Second Crown type, c 1337/8-1347/8: a. Wasch. 142b (PDA

9:222); b. Wasch. 137a (ex Powce hoard). Approx. 1.5:1.



5/16


175

D-Rectangle with the Second Star Shield types donot show their mutual relationships clearly. It is pos-sible that the Slanted Gate with Modified Gate typesare two mint varieties of one coinage or, in otherwords, two forms of one type: the Last Gate. Tiscannot be said about the Second Star Shield and D-Rectangle types whose sequence remains uncertain.

And what is the most important, the First Rectangletype which by all authors, along with Suchodolski,

was placed not earlier than in the mid-fourteenthcentury (since it was absent from the Wiele hoard)(Suchodolski 1988, 43; Piniski 1988), is to bemoved back to the turn of the thirteenth and four-teenth centuries, at the beginning of the fourteenth-century bracteate suit under consideration.

o get the absolute chronology we need to gothrough external hoards where eutonic pfennigsmake a small admixture to other bracteates:

Gro Briesen,Lower Lusatia. Hidden shortly after1300 (Hatz 1954, 298). Te hoard containedthe First Cross Shield type (Wasch. 97 (?) 3).

Starosiedle/Starzeddel, Lower Lusatia (Bahrfeldt1926, 178-226). According to the new typol-ogy of Brandenburg pfennigs by Hans-DieterDannenberg, the tpq is 1315-25.2Te hoardcontained the First Cross Shield type (Wasch.97a 1).

Przyk, Cracow Duchy. Tpq1314 (Paszkiewicz1994, 32). First Cross Shield (Wasch. 88a?

1), Latin Cross (Wasch. 163 1).Broda, Mecklenburg. Hidden c 1340-50. LatinCross (Wasch. 161b, simplified version 1).(Dannenberg 1896, Taf. V, XIX:94, the Teutoniccoin is not recognized there; the date accordingto Szczurek 1999, 34).

Crivitz, Mecklenburg. Hidden c 1340-50. FirstCross Shield (Wasch. 67 1), Latin Cross(Wasch. 161b 1, not recognized in the pub-lication), Second Gate (Wasch.? 1) and notdescribed (1). (Maybaum 1912, eutonic coinssee pp. 482, nos. 117, 118, 125; ill. 69, 75. Te

date, determined by Maybaum, is supported bySzczurek 1999, 38).

Gedesby, Falsters Snder herred, Storstrms amt,Denmark. Tpq1354/5. Latin Cross (Wasch.151-6 1). (Jensen 1992, no. 196).

Tnsberg, Vestfold, Norway. Tpq1354. Latin Cross(Wasch. 151-6 1). (Holst 1936, 16, no. D5;Holst 1946, 145, no. 42; Holst 1954, 69).

Korsbetningen,Gotland. Hidden in 1361. FirstCross Shield (Wasch. 80 2), Latin Cross (notregistered by Waschinski 1), Second Crown(Wasch. 140 1; Wasch. 147a 1; not registeredby Waschinski 1). (Tordeman 1932, 31).

Hehlingen,Brunswick. Tpq1364, but the core ofthe hoard was formed by c 1330. Latin Cross

2 Te date according to the presence of the type BftB

I.557 = DbgB 167, struck c. 1315/8; the type BftB

I.575 = DbgB 187 is dated to c. 1325 but H.-D.

Dannenberg does not take such a late chronology

into consideration (Dannenberg 1997, 120, 185).

Fig. 15. Slanted Gate type (Last Gate coinage), c1360-1363: a.

Wasch. 198 (found at Bezawki, photo Marcin Rudnicki); b. Wasch.

198 (Alytaus Kratotyros muziejus, Alytus, Lithuania). Approx.

1.5:1.

Fig. 12. Second Star Shield type, c 1347/8-c1360: a. Wasch. 104

(photo S. Stube); b. Wasch. 106 (PDA 9:212). Approx. 1.5:1.

Fig. 13. D-Rectangle type, c 1347/8-c1360: a. Wasch. 200a (PDA

9:231); b. Wasch. 204 (WCN 35:120). Approx. 1.5:1.

Fig. 14. Modified Gate type (Last Gate coinage), c1360-1363:

Wasch. 208a (PDA 9:227). Approx. 1.5:1.



6/16

Borys Paszkiewicz

176

Table 1. Hoards containing Teutonic pfennigs from c1300-c 1370

3 Te data on the 1888 egotki hoard are presented here according to the description of the parcel of 733 coins whichwere originally dug out, made by F. Skrzydlewski (Szuda 1970, 233). Another parcel of the hoard, having c. 500coins, was never described. Its remnants are probably 11 coins stored in the Vor- und Frhgeschichte Museum in Ber-

lin-Charlottenburg, as the 1894 Waldau or Mhlengrund bei Strelno hoard (inventory no. Id 3552): First Rectangle(8), First Cross Shield (3).

4 A coin of the Wachinski 123d(?) variety from this hoard is stored in the Cracow National Museum, inv. no. VII-P-6215.

5 Te data from the collection of Te Royal Castle in Warsaw. 6 Te data are supplemented from the collection of Te Royal Castle in Warsaw. 7 Paszkiewicz forthcoming b. 8 Te complex was found on a secondary site and may not be an authentic hoard. Tough, having rejected the shil-

lings by Michael Kchmeister and groschen by Albert, the remnants seem reliably enough as a hoard. Only the smallnumber of the Latin Cross pfennigs may be surprising.

9 In publications, four Wasch. 114 bracteates were misinterpreted as Opole coins.

Kubiak1998

no.

Hoard\Type

FirstRectang

le

FirstCrossSh

ield

LatinCross

SecondGate

SecondCrow

n

SecondStar

Shield

D-Rectangle

ModifiedGate

SlantedGate

SecondGree

kCross

latertypes

873 egotki3 685 40

650 Radziejw-okolica 1 4 3 3

653 Rawa Mazowiecka 8 21 17 10

334 Gromice x x x x x

355 Ignacewo 2 x x x 1

361 Izbica Kujawska ? ? ? x4 x

416 Koniec5 6 137 99 92 14

444 Kryszkowice 15 21 40 20 26 ?

547 Nowa Dbrowa x x x x x

580 Ostrowo 143 77 31 46454/I Kwidzyn 82 43 52 33 4 21

605/II Powce6 109 82 33 66 13 19

776/IV Toru (Kaszownik) 900 343 165 200 70 109

751 Szerokie x x x x x x x

512 Mikanowo 1 2153 1361 866 1555 406 722 60 56

545 Nipkowie >1 1409 947 >681 525 43 276 >4

Gdask Green Gate7 1 21 16 16 11 6 9 1 6 3

497/III Malbork (?)8 215 5 82 1 1

293/II Elblg 2

313 Gniezno environs x x

683 Splno Krajeskie 1 3 x 2 3 4 1 x 2089

776/IX Rubinkowo 1 1 1 764



7/16


177

(Wasch. 162? 1), Second Gate (Wasch. 123? 1). (Menadier 1895, 131, 136).

Kirial, Djurs Nrre herred, rhus amt, Enslev sogn,Denmark. Hidden c 1365.First Cross Shield(Wasch. 74 1; Wasch. 80 1), Latin Cross(Wasch. 157 1; Wasch. 164 var. 1; Wasch.177a 2), Second Gate (Wasch. 123-126 1;

Wasch. 129a 1), Second Crown (Wasch. 135 2; Wasch. 131-145 1/2). (Jensen 1970).

Risegrd, Olsker sogn, Bornholms Nrre herred,Bornholms amt. pq1380(Winrich von Kni-prodes shilling). D-Rectangle (Vob. 96 1).(Jensen 1992, no. 223; Mikoajczyk 1977, p. 15,no. 28).10

Also the Powce in Kuiavia hoard is regarded a strongchronological indication. Jan Pakulski linked it withthe famous battle fought there in 1331 (Pakulski1970). But it is not the Korsbetningen case: Powcewas a well functioning parish settlement during theLate Middle Ages (Guldon & Powierski 1974, 30)and there is no good reason to date the hoard backto 1331. Te archaeological excavations in towns give animportant indication ex absentio. On the GranaryIsland in Gdask, established c. 1340, the followingtypes occurred: the Second Crown (Wasch. 137a

1; Wasch. 137b 1), the Second Star Shield(Wasch. 106? 1; Wasch. 107b), the Slanted Gate(Wasch. 199 1; not registered by Waschinski 1), and the Second Greek Cross (Wasch. 180 1).(Paszkiewicz forthcoming c). In the Puck Castle,

10 Te former author observed one eutonic bracte-

ate, without description. Te latter author noticed

here the First Cross Shield, Vob. 27 (1), and the

D-Rectangle, Vob. 96 (1), but he did not quote

his source. Mr. Jrgen Steen Jensen from Te Royal

Collection of Coins and Medals in Copenhagen on

25thMay, 2001, explained: We have two Prussianbracteates put at the same place and with the same

ticket. One is from the Tomsen collection (T.8338),

it was according to the catalogue of 1874 Vossberg III,

95. Te other one, which is a little fragmentary, is

Vossberg 96. Consequently this is the coin which comes

from the Risegrd hoard, I believe. I see no other coins

from the Risegrd hoard in the Prussian part of the

tray, so Vossberg 27 is enigmatic in the Risegrd con-

nection. Many thanks to Mr. Jensen for this infor-

mation.

founded in 1338, in the same layer two coins werefound: the D-Rectangle (W. 200-204 1) and theSlanted Gate (1). In the town of Puck, re-establishedin 1348, only the later coins were found (Paszkie-wicz forthcoming d). Tus, among numerous coinsfrom the fourteenth century there are no coin ofthe most popular eutonic bracteate types of thatcentury there: the First Cross Shield and the LatinCross. Tese two types may be older than 1340. According to the cumulative finds and hoardsfrom outside the circulation area of the Prussianmoney, the First Cross Shield occurred after c. 1300and the Latin Cross after 1314. Tey both disap-peared from circulation (but not from hoards!) inPrussia before 1340. Te Second Gate type is visible

inc.

1340, and the Second Crown one inc.

1360. Aswe can see, these finds confirm in concert the rela-tive chronology from Table 1. Differently speaks theinteresting case of the mast-step coins from the Vejbywreck described by Jrgen Steen Jensen. A LatinCross bracteate co-occurred there with a halbscoterstruck between 1364-1379, but the ship was built inGdask or Elblg in 1372 (Bonde & Jensen 1995,107-108; Jensen 1999b, 95). However, it is knownthat Latin Cross pfennigs remained a long time intreasures, being hoarded still in the fifteenth century.Perhaps the coin was chosen as the mast-step offering

due to the religious sense of the type. On the other hand, the absolute chronology, aswe have it determined according to the ten-year in-tervals of renovatio monetaein Table 2, enables us toadjust the dates of hoards. Te Gro Briesen hoardwas hidden after c.1308 and the Przyk hoard washidden after c.1318. Some disturbances are visiblenear the end of the sequence of the fourteenth cen-tury types. o make them clear, we need to deter-mine the date of the end of the renovation system,and to point out the bracteate type which followedthat reform.

It is not necessary to agree with Suchodolski whohad said: ist es kaum wahrscheinlich, da irgend-welche Brakteaten whrend der Durchfhrung derReform oder direkt danach geschlagen wordenwren (Suchodolski 1993, 71), and for that rea-son he moved the Second Greek Cross type beforethe halbscoter reform which he placed c.1360. Itcould be just the opposite: the introduction of thehalbscoter and fourpence (vierchen) coinages was



8/16

Borys Paszkiewicz

178

Table 2. The chronology of Teutonic Prussian bracteates

11 Te Second Cross Arch type (Wasch. 165-169), from the fourteenth century, is not eutonic.

12 Te Tird Crown type (Wasch. 224-225), from the late fifteenth century, is not Prussian.

13 Te First Star Shield (Wasch. 52), from the thirteenth century, is not Prussian. Te Wasch. 107e variety is not eu-

tonic.

14 Te First Greek Cross ype (Wasch. 16-26, 170a) gathers various non-eutonic issues from the thirteenth century.

15 Te variety Wasch. 227 is Livonian.

Type Waschinski nos. Time of issue Remarks

Arm and Banner 1-5 1236/7-c 1247/8

Knight 7-15 c 1247/8-1257/8

First Gate 33-35, 37-40 c 1257/8-1267/8

Double Arch 46-51 c 1267/8-1277/8

First Cross Arch11 27-31 c 1277/8-1287/8

First Crown 41-44 c 1287/8-1297/8

First Rectangle 181-186 c 1297/8-1307/8

First Cross Shield 53-63, 66-88ab, 89-97, Thorn 4 c 1307/8-1317/18

Latin Cross 151-164, 170b, 176-177 c 1317/8-1327/8

Second Gate 115-129 c 1327/8-1337/8

Second Crown12 131-132, 134-149 c 1337/8-1347/8

Second Star Shield13 104-107abcd c 1347/8-c1360 Two issues, uncertain

sequenceD-Rectangle 200-207 c 1347/8-c1360

Modified Gate 208-210 c1360-1363 One issue (Last Gate),

probably from different mintsSlanted Gate 187-190, 195-199 c1360-1363

Second Greek Cross14 180 1364-1379

First Eagle 108-111, part of 113, 114 c 1380-1415 with many breaks No. 114 from the years

1410-1415

Third Greek Cross 178, 218-220, 222, 223a=170d 1416-1460 No. 222 struck by 1442

Second Eagle 112, part of 113 1460-1490 And Rubinkowo 59-60, 62-63

Fourth Greek Cross 221 1490-1510 (1515?)

Last Cross Shield15 226, 228-230 1511 (1520?)-1525



9/16


179

a groschen reform. And a typical groschen reformcreated two sorts of coins: a full-value moneta bonaand a base moneta nigra (Kiersnowski 1969, 227),and the latter was aptly identified by Suchodolski

with the third monetary metal (after gold and silver),noticed as arelatby Philippe de Mzires in Prussiain 1364. In the 2001 Gdask hoard from the GreenGate (Zielona Brama), the bracteate Wasch. 180 (across potent over a simple cross) ended the eutonicbracteate series without other Second Greek Crosscoins. Tis hoard also contained three halbscotersand one fourpence. Tat shows the Wasch. 180 is theearliest variety of the Second Greek Cross type (Fig.16) started probably together with the halbscoterand fourpence coinage.

Te date of the first groschen reform by GrandMaster Winrich has not been evidenced directly.Emil Waschinski dated it to 1370, following theopinion by David Braun, a Prussian historian fromthe eighteenth century (Waschinski 1952, 74). Re-cently Oliver Volckart notices that halbscoters werementioned in 1368 (Volckart 1996, 41) but he over-looked that some older pieces of information hadbeen found. Marian Gumowski observed a mentionof halbscoter in a Kuiavian charter from 1365, andfor that reason he proposed the date of the reformc.1360 (Gumowski 1951, 19). Suchodolski noticed

a fourpence in the same charter as well. Moreover,he revealed the larger eutonic coins in the Philippede Mziress information about the monetary con-ditions in Prussia in 1364 (Suchodolski 1988, 38).Here we can add one more early piece of evidenceof the reformed system. On July 25th, 1364, thecommander of Gdask, Ludecke von Essen, grantedan island to Iohann Pyangow, schultheissof Schn-baum near Nowy Dwr/iegenhof. Using the Cul-mer Law, the commander imposed the annual rentduas marcas leves Prutenicalis monete (PrUb1986,no. 304). Such an unusual expression, a light mark,used neither earlier nor later, indicates that in a newmonetary situation the commander allows schultheissto pay rent in arelat, black money, not in groschencoins. One can guess that the reform was introducedshortly before that, in the first half of 1364. Tus between c.1297/8 and 1364 we have gotnearly seven decades and eight eutonic coin issues:First Rectangle, First Cross Shield, Latin Cross, Sec-ond Gate, Second Crown, Second Star Shield, D-Rectangle, and Last Gate (Modified Gate/Slanted

Gate). Te former five of them are of large volume,whereas the three latter issues occurred distinctlymore rarely. I think that the regular renovation inter-vals were given up after the fifth type, i.e.the SecondCrown one. After c.1347/8 the renovation becameirregular, although not particularly frequent. Te

three coinages (and four types) were issued betweenc1347/8 and 1364, the Gate types being the lastof them.16Te groschen reform eventually finishedthe renovatio monetaesystem in eutonic Prussia.Te largest volume of the First Cross Shield coin-age, struck between 1307/8-1317/18, was probablycaused by the conquest of Gdask Pomerania in1308/9 and the consequent necessity to introducethe Prussian monetary system into this large terri-tory. Te subsequent coinages were smaller as it ap-pears from the hoard proportions, and this suggeststhe gradually decreased role of the pfennig coinage in

the Prussian monetary market during the fourteenthcentury.

3

Te Second Greek Cross coinage contained the elab-orate variety Wasch. 180, with the heraldic cross ofthe Grand Master and it lasted probably until theend of the monetary system introduced in 1364,i.e.till 1379. Te halbscoter currency was replaced in Janu-ary 1380 with the shilling coinage (Voberg 1843,94-95; Waschinski 1952, 72-73). Volckart is of theopinion that the 1380 mint regulation on shillingcoinage only changed the shilling standard (Volckart

16 As we observed above, the Modified Gate and

Slanted Gate types might be the elements of one

issue, the Last Gate, struck in different mints. It

disagrees, however, with A. Semraus opinion that c.

1357 Grand Master Winrich allowed only one mint

to work (Semrau 1923, 17).

Fig. 16. Second Greek Cross type: a. Wasch. 180 (WCN 34:136), c

1364; b. Wasch. 179a (WCN 28:158), 1364-1379. Approx. 1.5:1.



10/16

Borys Paszkiewicz

180

1996, 45, 51) but neither hoards nor documentsgive reason to date shillings before that date.17Teshilling system lasted more than a century, beingmodified several times. Te type of small changewas hardly observed by contemporary writers butwe may expect that substantial modifications of theshilling system would cause changes in bracteatetypes. Tanks to Suchodolskis study, the first shil-ling-accompanied pfennig coinage is identified withthe First Eagle type (Fig. 17). It displayed the GrandMasters coat of arms, i.e.an eagle shield put on theheraldic cross of the Grand Master, which on a smallcoin gave the effect of three short rays on each sideof the shield with the eagle inside (Wasch. 108).Tis was gradually simplified and finally the type

showed the sole eagle (Wasch. 114). Te changesin details and mint standard reflect the long periodof coinage (1380-1415). As Suchodolski observed,it was not a continuous activity. Te letter exchangebetween the Grand Master and the Prussian townsabout the resuming or break of the pfennig coinagereflects difficulties in balancing the white and blackmoney supply, typical for every groschen coinageon its early stage. Te coining phases are evidenced

with documents during the years 1391-3, 1395-8,1404-6 and from after 1410 till 1415 (with breaks)(Suchodolski 1988, 36). Suchodolski suggests that

the oldest phase of the First Eagle was made before1380, i.e.during the halbscoter period. However, theGdask Green Gate hoard shows the Second GreekCross being contemporary to the halbscoter coin-age and the ylkowo/Scheufelsdorf hoard placed theFirst Eagle alongside the shillings by Master Winrich(Kubiak 1986, no. 792). It is quite possible but notproved that the oldest First Eagles were struck in1380 or slightly later. We cannot link the separate

Waschinski numbers with the coinage phases save

17 Te inventory of the Brodnica/Strasburg castlefrom 1374 contains Czum ersten 1,700 nobiln, item

200 florenen, item 1,150 marc schillinger, 350 schog

groschen(Volckart 1996, 41), and that is the reason

of Volckarts opinion. However, if the nobles and

florins are obviously not eutonic, it is difficult to

say why shillings would be eutonic here. One can

think the word schillinger describes sterlings which

were many times evidenced in Prussia in the four-

teenth century and they assumed the name of shil-

lings just in the 1370s. (See e.g.Klendorf 1985).

only for Wasch. 114. Bracteates of this simplifiedvariety were well represented near the annenbergMemorial Chapel that suggests they were struck af-ter the Grunwald defeat in 1410. It was the periodof a rapid debasement caused by the war expenses(Waschinski 1952, 106; Volckart 1996, 70-72). In September 1415 a complex reform was an-nounced, reintroducing the halbscoter system ofMaster Winrich. Save for the new greater coins, halb-scoter,shilling and fourpence, new pfennigs were to

replace the old ones according to the exchange rate2:3. Te new coins occurred at the beginning ofthe following year and the pfennig exchange ratewas modified in May 1416 as 1:2. Te monetarysystem was changed once again in September 1416

when halbscoter and fourpence were withdrawn andit was stated that the pfennigs sullen swarcz syn, und

geczeichnet mit eyme crucze(Waschinski 1952, 133).Pakulski and Suchodolski identified the latter withthe Tird Greek Cross coinage (Pakulski 1984, 185;Suchodolski 1988, 31-32). If a problem of old, inter-mediate and new pfennigs did not come into beingthen, it is clear enough that there was no other pfen-nig issue between the First Eagle and Tird GreekCross. Te type change in 1416 is well illustrated bythe small coin complex found in the Blackfriars areain Gdask in 2001. It consisted of two pre-reformcoins (Master Michaels short-cross shilling struck1414-15, and a First Eagle bracteate, Wasch. 114)together with two post-reform ones (the Tird GreekCross bracteates, Wasch. 222): the devaluated oldshillings became small change alongside bracteates.

Fig. 17. First Eagle type: a. Wasch. 110b (WCN 34:129), c 1380-1410;

b. Wasch. 111 (found near Olsztyn), c 1380-1410; c. Wasch. 114

(ex Podwiesk hoard), 1410-1415; d. Wasch. 114 var. (found at

Grunwald, Muzeum Warmii i Mazur, Olsztyn), 1410-1415. Approx.

1.5:1.



11/16


181

Te Tird Greek Cross type (Fig. 18) was struckin great quantities, being more lucrative than shil-lings (Volckart 1996, 92-99). In 1441/2 the Estatesof Prussia asked the Grand Master to make pfen-nigs somewhat smaller and thicker. After the Tir-teen Year War had broken out in 1454, pfennigs

were considerably debased again (Waschinski 1952,126-127, 140). As we can guess, both times the cointype was not changed substantially and we cannotdiscern these phases of coinage in the coin type. Inprinciple, Waschinskis variety no. 222 seems older.In the Domkowo hoard, which contained mostlyshillings of Michael Kchmeister (1414-22) and Paulvon Rudorf (1422-41) with only few shillings ofConrad von Erlichshausen (1441-9) and one of theEstates of Prussia (1454-7), only pfennigs of theWasch. 222 variety occurred. However, in the Pod-wiesk hoard, hidden after 1422, the Tird Greek

Cross pfennigs of varieties 220 and 223a were alsorepresented. (Domkowo: Kubiak 1998, no. 285; Ja-nuszkiewicz 2001, 18-19. Podwiesk: Kubiak 1998,no. 607/II; Paszkiewicz 2000c, 40-41; Paszkiewicz2001, 49-50). In 1460 the coinage of the first war years was de-valuated. Te debased pfennigs were withdrawn andthen the newly struck ones were declared as being asgood as the old ones (Waschinski 1952, 141-143). Itis not clear whether the coin type was changed then.On the other hand, the cancellation of debased coinswould be difficult to carry out without changingthe current type, so we can regard that possibilityas probable. In the hoards hidden by c.1470 we meet twomain varieties of the Greek Cross: Wasch. 222 and219. Te variety no. 221, tiny and light, with theMaltese cross, is completely absent from them. Onthe other hand, this variety is the most numerouseutonic pfennig type in the Rubinkowo hoardhidden after 1498. As we will see, both groups ofGreek crosses were separated by another type. Tus

we have to regard the Wasch. 221 variety as the sepa-rate Fourth Greek Cross type restored in 1490 andwe must guess that the Tird Greek Cross coinagecame to the end in 1460. What was going on with the Orders pfennigcoinage between these dates? During the archaeo-logical excavation in the Puck castle between the

years 1993-1999 a small hoard was found, consistingof eight coins. Tere was one Elblg/Elbing pfen-nig among them, accompanied by seven bracteateswith a Gothic shield and an uncrowned eagle (Fig.19). Tis form of eagle resembles the variety Wasch.111 and 112 but there is nothing outside the shieldon the Puck coins, like in the variety Wasch. 113which, however, presents a differently shaped eagle.Such a variety was present but not singled out inother finds, e.g. in the Rubinkowo hoard, and itwas usually counted among the First Eagle coins(Musiaowski 2001, no. 26).

Te pfennigs with the Elblg coat of arms werestruck from 1457 till the third decade of the six-teenth century (Biskup 1997) but nobody tried todetermine a relative chronology of separate varietiesof the shield upon them. Te shape of the Elblgshield on the Puck coin (Wasch. Elbing 1b) maybe regarded as an early one and probably the earli-est of this long lasting series. Tere is no doubt,however, that none of these coins was struck before1457 when Elblg was granted the minting right bythe king of Poland (Kubiak 1986, 27-29). Tere-fore, it is unlikely that the eagle pfennigs from Puckwere struck before 1416 as an element of the FirstEagle coinage. Te eight pfennigs from Puck wereprobably contents of a purse or something of thatkind, so these coins were nearly contemporary andof a Prussian origin. Te uncrowned eagle was mostprobably a eutonic symbol there, the same as theone displayed in the middle of the Grand Masterscoat of arms. It is interesting that one can see a verysimilar eagle among shillings of Grand Master Con-rad von Erlichshausen (1441-1449) (Fig. 20) but not

Fig. 18. Third Greek Cross type, 1416-1460: a. Wasch. 222 (WCN

34:133); b. Wasch. 220 (ex Podwiesk hoard); c. Wasch. 223 (ex

Podwiesk hoard). Approx. 1.5:1.

Fig. 19. Second Eagle type, 1460-1467 (ex Puck hoard, photo M.

Zawadzki). Approx. 1.5:1.



12/16

Borys Paszkiewicz

182

upon those of Louis von Erlichshausen (1450-1467)(Fig. 21). Te eutonic Knights, having lost thePuck castle since 1454, recovered it in 1460 andkept till 1464. Although there is also a possibilityto attribute the Second Eagle coins to the Estates ofPrussia between 1454-1457 or to the City of Gdaskfrom 1457, I tend to think that they belong to theeutonic coinage from between 1460-1467. Andlater it was continued by a series of bracteates withthe eagle without shield which is to be observed

in the Rubinkowo hoard (Musiaowski 2001, nos.59-60, 62-63). Te first time we may expect the next pfennigtype change was the year 1490 when Grand MasterJohn von ieffen introduced new, three times morevaluable shillings, called later scoters or groschen(Kubiak 1986, 21; Volckart 1996, 218). Waschin-ski was of the opinion that pfennigs contemporaryto the Master Johns reform were the Fourth GreekCross (Fig. 22) and the Last Cross Shield (Waschin-ski 1952, 155, note 47). As the Rubinkowo hoardshows, the introduction of the latter type, with arounded shield (Fig. 23), seems much later than1490. Tus perhaps the next changes in the eutoniccoinage made by Grand Master Frederick of Saxony(1498-1510) were the opportunity to introduce theLast Cross Shield? Master Frederick imitated Saxonywhile introducing his monetary reforms in Prussia,and the replacing of the Fourth Greek Cross with theLast Cross Shield, analogous to Saxon hellers withdynastic shields, might have taken place c.1500. Te Last Cross Shield pfennigs scarcely occur in

hoards. Tey were observed in the Frombork/Frau-enburg Chapter treasure (Kubiak 1998, no. 294/I),

an interesting complex which has never been hiddenbut kept in the archive, probably from the generalmonetary reform in 1526/8. Now this coin complexis not available, like the hoard found near Sztumprobably in 1999, containing mostly or exclusivelythe Last Cross Shield pfennigs (J. Dutkowski & W.Nakielski, pers. comms.). Te Last Cross Shield isabsent from the Rubinkowo hoard (tpq1498) andstill from the Pomeranian Mirocice/Bullenwinkelhoard (tpq1513) (Dannenberg 1882). Both hoardshad the Fourth Greek Cross as the most recent andthe most numerous eutonic coinage. Tis indicatesthe Last Cross Shield was introduced by the lastGrand Master in Prussia, Albert of Brandenburg(1511-25). Te eutonic pfennig coinage is evidenced in1508 and in 1515 (Waschinski 1952, 163, note 35;Akta1979, no. 115). On the other hand, mint con-tracts from 1516 and 1519 do not mention pfen-nigs, which may indicate an interruption in the LastCross Shield coinage (Volckart 1996, 240). Tere isalso another possibility that the Fourth Greek Cross

Fig. 20. Eagles from Conrad von Erlichshausens shil-

lings (1441-1449).

Fig. 21. Eagle from Louis von Erlichs-

hausens shilling (1450-1467).

Fig. 22. Fourth Greek Cross type, 1467-1510(?): Wasch. 221 (ex

Puck cumulative find, photo M. Zawadzki). Approx. 1.5:1.

Fig. 23. Last Cross Shield type, 1511(?)-1525: a. Wasch. 226b (found

near Gdask); b. Wasch. 228a (WCN 34:126). Approx. 1.5:1.



13/16


183

lasted till 1515 and the Last Cross Shield was intro-duced as late as in 1520. In 1521 the Grand Mastergranted two greater merchants from Knigsberg theright to order private pfennig issues. Tis right wascancelled by the landtag in 1523. Te Knigsbergcity mint by then worked alongside the Order one

(Volckart 1996, 253). Perhaps the pellets placed invarious quarters of the shield on pfennigs (Wasch.229 and 230) indicated such special issues. Te LastCross Shield coinage was probably continued till thesecularization of the Prussian branch of the eutonicOrder in 1525 and this was the last eutonic pfennigtype. Te coins with a high Gothic crown, part of them

with rays (Wasch. 224-5; Fig. 24), which are re-garded as partly Prussian and partly Lower Lusatian,were probably all Lusatian from the late fifteenthcentury (Bahrfeldt 1893; Bahrfeldt 1894-7a), and

their presence in Prussian hoards was only an effectof the coin import. Tey never make a dominantgroup in Prussian hoards, and the symbol of crown,though utilised earlier in Prussia, was rather obsoletein the eutonic Order of that time. Te rayed edgeson bracteates were rarely used in Prussia and suchfeatured coins of other types turned out to be offoreign, mostly Danish, Lower German or Livonianorigin (e.g.Wasch. 133, 171, Torn 6). Te proposed absolute chronology of Prussianeutonic bracteate coinages is gathered in able 2.We may reserve that the set of types from the otherhalf of the thirteenth century still needs confirma-tion and so does the chronology of them. Te coin-age of the last thirty years of the existence of thePrussian ecclesiastical state was researched here onlyroughly. It urgently needs both coin and documentstudies.

Bibliography

Akta 1979

M. Biskup & I. Janosz-Biskupowa (eds.), Akta Stanw

Prus Krlewskich, vol. 4, part 1, oru 1979.

Bahrfeldt 1893

E. Bahrfeldt, Vinkenaugen, in: Festschrift zur Feier desfnfzigjhrigen Bestehens der Numismatischen Gesells-chaft zu Berlin, Berlin 1893, 113-125.

Bahrfeldt 1894-7a

E. Barhfeldt, Der Fund von Lieberose,Archiv fr Bract-eatenkundeIII, 1894-7, 12-16.

Bahrfeldt 1894-7b

E. Bahrfeldt, Der Mnzenfund von Schwansdorfbei Marienburg in Westpreussen, Archiv frBractetatenkundeIII, 1894-7, 2-11.

Bahrfeldt 1901

E. Bahrfeldt, Die Mnzen- und Medaillen-Sammlung inder Marienburg,vol. I, Danzig 1901.

Bahrfeldt 1926

E. Bahrfeldt, Zur Mnzkunde der Niederlausitz, Nieder-lausitzer Mitteilungen17, 1926, 137-259.

Beyer 1876K. Beyer, Wykopalisko wieleskie (Filehne), Warszawa

1876.

Biskup 1997

M. Biskup, Uwagi o pnoredniowiecznej monecie miastPrus Krlewskich, in: J. Kowecki & J. azbir (eds.),Ludzie kontakty kultura XVI-XVIII w. Prace ofiarowaneProfesor Marii Boguckiej, Warszawa 1997, 61-64.

Bonde & Jensen 1995

N. Bonde & J. Steen Jensen, Te dating of a Hanseaticcog-find in Denmark: What coins and tree rings revealin maritime archaeology, in: Shipshape: Essays for OleCrumlin-Pedersen On the occasion of his 60th anniver-sary February 24th 1995, Roskilde 1995, 103-122.

Boockmann 1981

H. Boockmann, Der Deutsche Orden: Zwlf Kapitel ausseiner Geschichte, Mnchen 1981.

Fig. 24. Lower Lusatian bracteate of the Second Crown type,

second half of the fifteenth century, Wasch. 225 (found at

Choczewo). Approx. 1.5:1.



14/16

Borys Paszkiewicz

184

CodWarm 1860

C. P. Woelky & J. M. Saage (Hrsg.), Codex diplomaticusWarmiensis oder Regesten und Urkunden zur GeschichteErmlands, Bd. I, Mainz 1860.

Dannenberg 1882

H. Dannenberg, Mnzfund von Bullenwinkel, BaltischeStudien32, 1882, H. 3-4, 380-387.

Dannenberg 1885

H. Dannenberg, Zwei unweit Leba gemachte Mnzfunde,1., Der Brakteatenfund von Sarbske,Zeitschrift frNumismatik12, 1885, 280-306.

Dannenberg 1896

H. Dannenberg,Mnzgeschichte Pommerns im Mittelalter.

Nachtrag, Berlin 1896.

Dannenberg 1997

H.-D. Dannenberg, Die brandenburgischen Denare des13. und 14. Jahrhunderts, Berlin 1997.

Dutkowski 2004

J. Dutkowski, Brakteaty Zakonu Krzyackiego: prbachronologii 1233-1360-1454, Przegld Numizmaty-czny2004, no. 3, 3-16.

Grote 1857

H. Grote,Mnzstudien,Bd. 1, Leipzig 1857.

Guldon & Powierski 1974

Z. Guldon & J. Powierski, Podziay administracyjne Kujawi Ziemi Dobrzyskiej w XIII-XIV wieku, Warszawa-Pozna 1974.

Gumowski 1938

M. Gumowski, Krzyackie brakteaty, Toru 1938.

Gumowski 1951

M. Gumowski, Moneta u krzyakw,Zapiski Towarzystwa

Naukowego w ToruniuXVII, 1951, fasc. 3-4, 7-68.

Hatz 1954

G. Hatz, Zur mittelalterlichen Mnzgeschichte der Nied-erlausitz, Hamburger Beitrge zur Numismatik II/8,1954, 241-308

Holst 1936

H. Holst, Funn av myntskatter i Norge inntil slutten av.19 rhundre, NN1936, 5-33.

Holst 1946

H. Holst, Svenske myntern og polletter i norske funn,nedlagt etter r 1100, NN1946, 137-152.

Holst 1954

H. Holst, Supplerende bildrag til kunnskapen om norskemynter fra norske funn, NN1954, 63-74.

Januszkiewicz 2001

Z. Januszkiewicz, Skarby monet w zbiorach MuzeumWarmii i Mazur w Olsztynie, Olsztyn 2001.

Jensen 1970

J.S. Jensen, Mntfundet fra Kirial p Djursland, NN1970, 37-168.

Jensen 1992J.S. Jensen et al., Danmarks middelalderlige skattefund,

Kbenhavn 1992.

Jensen 1999a

J.S. Jensen, Ernst [recte: Emil] Waschinski, Numismatiskforening for Nord- og Sydslesvig38, 1999, no. 8, pp. 1,2, 7.

Jensen 1999b

J.S. Jensen, Die Mnzen des Deutschen Ordens und derNorden, in: Z.H. Nowak (hrgb., unter Mitarbeit von

R. Czaja), Der Deutsche Orden in der Zeit der KalmarerUnion 1397-1521, Toru 1999 (Ordines militares.Colloquia Torunensia historica X), 91-98.

Karow 1884

H. Karow, Der Bracteatenfund von Gr. Nipkau beiRosenberg in Westpr., Sitzungsberichte der Alter-tumsgesellschaft Prussia zu Knigsberg39, 1882-1883[1884], 51-54.

Kiersnowski 1969

R. Kiersnowski, Wielka Reforma Monetarna XIII-XIV w.,part I, Warszawa 1969.

Klendorf 1985

N. Klendorf, Vom Sterling zum Schilling: Eine rhein-ische Entwicklung des 14. Jahrhunderts, in: Nummuset Historia: Pienidz Europy redniowiecznej, Warszawa1985, 177-185.

Kubiak 1986

S. Kubiak,Monety i stosunki monetarne w Prusach Krlews-kich w 2 poowie XV wieku, Wrocaw 1986.



15/16

A chronology of the Teutonic Pru ss ian brac teates

185

Kubiak 1998

S. Kubiak, Znaleziska monet z lat 1146-1500 z terenuPolski. Inwentarz, Pozna 1998.

Maybaum 1912

J. Maybaum, Mecklenburgische und pommersche Hohl-pfennige des XIV. Jahrhunderts, Berliner Mnzbltter,1912, 431-435, 453-456, 480-483.

Menadier 1895

J. Menadier, Der Fund von Hehlingen, in: J. Menadier,Deutsche Mnzen,vol. III, Berlin 1895, 110-137.

Miehle 1998

D. Miehle,Monety Zakonu Krzyackiego, Warszawa 1998(Katalog monet ziem historycznie z Polsk zwizanych:

Zbiory Muzeum Narodowego w Warszawie).

Mikoajczyk 1977

A. Mikoajczyk, Materiay do inwentaryzacji znaleziskmonet polskich, lskich, pomorskich i krzyackichXIII-XVIII w. w Skandynawii, Wiadomoci Numiz-matyczneXXI, 1977, fasc. 1, 12-23.

Mora Morzycki 1895

[M. Mora Morzycki], Wykopalisko w Kryszkowicach,Wiadomoci Numizmatyczno-Archeologiczne2, 1895,389-390.

Musiaowski 2001

A. Musiaowski, Pnoredniowieczny skarb brakteatowyz Torunia, Rocznik Muzeum w Toruniu X, 2001,154-170.

Pakulski 1970

J. Pakulski, Skarb krzyacki w Powcach, KomunikatyMazursko-Warmiskie1 (107), 1970, 83-94.

Pakulski 1984

J. Pakulski, Nowe materiay numizmatyczne do sytuacjimonetarnej zakonu krzyackiego po klsce grunwaldz-

kiej, in: A. Czacharowski (ed.), Prace z dziejw pastwai zakonu krzyackiego,Toru 1984, 177-186.

Paszkiewicz 1994

B. Paszkiewicz, Brakteaty polskie w 1. tercji XIV w.,Wiadomoci NumizmatyczneXXXVIII, 1994, fasc.1-2, 1-55.

Paszkiewicz 2000a

B. Paszkiewicz, French patterns and Teutonic coins, in: B.Kluge & B. Weisser (eds.),XII. Internationaler Numis-matischer Kongress Berlin 1997. Akten Proceedings

Actes II, Berlin 2000, 1056-1060.

Paszkiewicz 2000b

B. Paszkiewicz, Krtki przegld brakteatw krzyackich,Gdaskie Zeszyty Numizmatyczne43, 2000, 3-20.

Paszkiewicz 2000c

B. Paszkiewicz, Znaleziska monet zarejestrowane w Kat-edrze Archeologii UMCS w 1999 r., Fontes Numis-maticiI, 2000, 9-75.

Paszkiewicz 2001

B. Paszkiewicz, Znaleziska monet zarejestrowane w Kat-edrze Archeologii UMCS w 2000 r., Fontes Numis-maticiII, 2001 [2002], 5-84

Paszkiewicz 2002

B. Paszkiewicz, Die Anfnge des Mnzwesens des Deut-schen Ordens in Preuen, in: J. T. tefan (ed.), Penzev promnch asu. Sbornk,III, Sancta Ecclesia in num-mis, Ostrava 2002 (Acta numismatica Bohemiae,Moraviae et Silesiae 6), 41-45.

Paszkiewicz forthcoming a

B. Paszkiewicz, Brakteaty polskie ze schyku XIII i

pocztku XIV wieku a skarb spod Bytowa (2001),Folia Numismatica[forthcoming].

Paszkiewicz forthcoming b

B. Paszkiewicz, Gdask, Zielona Brama. Monety, Pomo-rania Antiqua[forthcoming].

Paszkiewicz forthcoming c

B. Paszkiewicz, Monety z bada archeologicznychredniowiecznego i nowoytnego Gdaska, PomoraniaAntiqua[forthcoming].

Paszkiewicz forthcoming dB. Paszkiewicz, Puck, m. pow., woj. pomorskie,

Wiadomoci Numizmatyczne[forthcoming].

Piniski 1988

J. Piniski, Skarb monet z Rawy Mazowieckiej a problem-atyka mennictwa i obiegu brakteatw na Mazowszuw XIV wieku, Prace i Materiay Muzeum Archeologic-znego i Etnograficznego w odzi. Seria Numizmatycznai Konserwatorska8, 1988, 69-80.



16/16

Borys Paszkiewicz

186

PrivCulm 1986

Privilegium Culmense, in: K. Zieliska-Melkowska, Przy-wilej chemiski 1233 i 1251, Toru 1986.

PrUb 1986

H. Koeppen & K. Conrad(eds.), Preuisches Urkunden-buchVI, Marburg 1986.

Przypkowski 1924

T. Przypkowski, Wykopalisko monet XIII w. w Brzegachnad Nid. Cz IV, Wiadomoci Numizmatyczno-Ar-cheologiczne(new series) 10, 1924, 65-71.

Semrau 1923

A. Semrau, Die ltesten Mnzsttten des DeutschenOrdens (Torn, Elbing, Knigsberg), Mitteilungen

des Coppernicus-Verein fr Wissenschaft und Kunst zuTorn, H. 31, 1923, 5-19.

Stronczyski 1847

[K. Stronczyski], Pienidze Piastw do roku 1300,Warszawa 1847.

Suchodolski 1988

S. Suchodolski, Prba datowania brakteatw krzyackich,Wiadomoci NumizmatyczneXXXII, 1988, fasc. 1-2,29-59.

Suchodolski 1993

S. Suchodolski, Ein Datierungsversuch fr die Brakteatendes Deutschen Ordens aus dem 14.15. Jahrhundert,Hamburger Beitrge zur Numismatik36/38, 1982/84[1993], 57-86.

Suchodolski 1996

S. Suchodolski, Die Bemerkungen ber die Mnzen vonPommerellen im 13. Jahrhundert, Wiadomoci Nu-mizmatyczneXL, 1996, fasc. 1-2 (Polish NumismaticNewsVI), 67-84.

Szczurek 1999

T. Szczurek, Brakteaty z wie: zachodniopomorskie czydolnopoabskie? Uwagi do mennictwa zachodniopo-morskiego z XIII w., Wrocawskie Zapiski Numizmaty-czne1999, nos. 1-2, 31-42.

Szuda 1970

K. Szuda, Skarby brakteatw krzyackich z egotek i zOstrowa nad Gopem, Wiadomoci NumizmatyczneXIV, 1970, fasc. 4, 233-236.

Tordemann 1932

B. Tordeman, Myntfynden i Korsbetningens massgravar,Fornvnnen27, 1932, 23-87.

Volckart 1996

O. Volckart, Die Mnzpolitik in Ordensland und Herzog-tum Preuen von 1370 bis 1550, Wiesbaden 1996.

Voberg 1843

F. A. Voberg, Geschichte der Preuischen Mnzen undSiegel von frhester Zeit bis zum Ende der Herrschaftdes Deutschen Ordens, Berlin 1843.

Waschinski 1934

E. Waschinski, Brakteaten und Denare des Deutschen Or-dens,Frankfurt a. M. 1934.

Waschinski 1936

E. Waschinski, Brakteaten und Denare des DeutschenOrdens. Nachtrge, Deutsche MnzbltterLVI, 1936,82-86, 108-112.

Waschinski 1952

E. Waschinski, Die Mnz- und Whrungspolitik des Deut-schen Ordens in Preussen, ihre historischen Probleme undseltenen Geprge, Gttingen 1952.

AbbreviationsVob. Voberg 1843

Wasch. Waschinski 1934; Waschinski 1936

BftB I E. Bahrfeldt, Das Mnzwesen der Mark Branden-burg von ltesten Zeiten bis zum Anfange der Regierungder Hohenzollern (Berlin, 1889)

DbgB Dannenberg 1997

Peus Dr. Busso Peus Nachf., Frankfurt am Main, salecatalogue

PDA Poznaski Dom Aukcyjny Podlaski GabinetNumizmatyczny, sale catalogue

WAG Westflische Auktionsgesellschaft, salecatalogue

WCN Warszawskie Centrum Numizmatyczne, salecatalogue

Allegro www.allegro.pl, Internet auction

a chronology of the teutonic prussian bracteates / borys paszkiewicz

Documents