a case for an open source cs curriculumhomes.cs.washington.edu/~tom/talks/edslides.pdf ·...
TRANSCRIPT
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ACaseforAnOpenSourceCSCurriculum
TomAndersonh/tAdityaAkella,JeffChase,ArmandoFox,WyattLloyd,DavePatterson,GeoffVoelker
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IsThereaProblem?
BoundandMorales,WorkforceTrendsinComputerScience,2016USaddedanaverageof~100KnewjobsinCSperyearsince1994
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DoWeNeedThatManyCSGrads?
• SupplyorDemand?– 60KCSbachelorsdegreesin2015intheUS
• USadded100KnewCSjobs/year(1994-2015)– Steadystateattritionrequires60Knewhires/year
• Estimated240KCSjobopeningsinUS• Largelynotaproblemofstudentinterest– 15%ofenteringUWfreshmenintendtomajorinCS– NotsurprisinggiventhejobmarketfornonCSBAs
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HowBiganOpportunity?• ImpactofsupplyoftechdegreesonmetroGDP– Perietal.,JournalofLaborEconomics,2015
• 1%increaseintechdegreesinmetroarea– 7%increaseinavgincome,forotherBAholders– 3%increasefornon-collegeeducatedworkers
• SimilartoestimatedbenefittoDCofAmazonrelo– $15Bperyearby2030
• Plusbenefittostudentsthemselves– NewBerkeleyCSgrads2xsalariesofnon-CSgrads
• Nationwide?1%ofworkforceis1.5M– 10yearsat150Kdegrees/year=>$1T/year
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TheImpactofTechnology(1980-2014)
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TheHeroicProfessor?
• Writespapers• Managesgraduatestudents• Staysuptodateonrecentresearch• Understandshowstudentslearnbest• Determinesbestwaytoteacheachtopic• Developsgreatcustom-builtcourseprojects• Writestextbookstoshareeducationalknowledge• Leapstallbuildings
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TheReality• Shortageoffacultyforin-demandtopics– TypicalOSteachertookanundergradOSclass
• CSteachinglagstechnologyfrontier,badly– Almostnoonehastimeforcoursedevelopment
• Assignmentsandprojectsaren’twidelyshared– Itisalotofwork!– Andyou’llseeevenmoreonlinesolutionsets
• EvenslidesareoftensharedonlyonPiazza– Exceptamongfriends,orbytextbookauthors
• Fewertextbooksarebeingwritten
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PrivateSchoolsAren’tBigEnough
1. MIT(31%)2. Caltech(26%)3. Stanford(16%)4. CMU(12%)5. Princeton(10%)6. Columbia(10%)
18.Chicago(4.6%)19.Yale(4.5%)20.Hopkins(4.5%)21.NYU(4.4%)22.USC(4.2%)23.Northwestern(3.7%)
Privateschoolsintop50:3600totalBAdegrees(2017)Heroicprofessormodelworksforafewstudents.
GraduatingthemostCS/CEBAs(USNewstop50,firstmajors)
GraduatingtheleastCS/CEBAs(USNewstop50,firstmajors)
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PublicUniversitiestotheRescue?
PubliccollegesproducethelargemajorityofBAs– 65%of4yeardegreesintheUS– 73%of4yearengineeringandCSdegrees
Tier1researchschoolsaren’tenough– Top50rankedschoolsinCS(publicandprivate)
producedabout15KCS/CEBAsin2017– Stillfarshortofworkforceneed
Needsolutionsthatworkinexpensively,atscale,atnon-tier1schools
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PublicResearchUniversities
IncreasingtechnicalsophisticationofeconomyHirefacultywhodobothresearchandteaching– Developknowledgethatpushestheeconomy
forward– Trainthenextgenerationofstudentsinthat
knowledge
Aneducationopentoallwhocanbenefitfromit– apathtolevellingincomeinequality(intheory)
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TheParadoxofPublicResearchUniversities
• Thepublicthinkswearebeingpaidtoteach• Studentsarefundingmostofthecostoftheflagshipstateuniversities
• Wethinkofourjobasresearch• Wespendmostofourtimedoingresearch• Mostofustrytominimizetheamountoftimewespendteaching
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PublicSchoolsGraduatingthemostCS/CEBAs(top30publics,firstmajors)
1. GeorgiaTech(16%)2. UCSD(11%)3. Michigan(8%)4. UCIrvine(8%)5. UIUC(7%)6. Minnesota(6%)
GraduatingtheleastCS/CEBAs(top30publics,firstmajors)
25.OhioState(3%)26.Arizona(3%)27.Washington(3%)28.Utah(2.9%)29.UCSantaBarbara(2.7%)30.UCLA(2.6%)
15%ofincomingUWwanttomajorinCS.Mostpublicschoolsareservingmanyfewerstudentsthantheunderlyingworkforceneed.
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TheCRAConsensus
1. NeedmoreCSBAs2. FundCSPhDeducationviaNSF3. Wait6years4. CSPhDstakefacultyjobs5. TheyproducemoreBAdegrees6. Wait6years7. MoreCSPhDstakefacultyjobs
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TaulbeeSurvey
• Facultyattier1researchschoolsgraduateanaverageof0.3PhDs/year– Fairlyconsistentacrosspublic/private– Alsoacrossdifferentschoolrankings
• Only30%ofCSPhDstakeacademicjobs⇒ Facultyproduceanaverageof1newassistantprofessoreverydecadeorsoMinusfacultyleavingforindustry
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IsNSFtheBottleneck?
• NSFfundingforCSresearchhasincreased3.5xsince1994– $200M/yearin1994->$712M/yearin2017– ExcludingNSFcyberinfrastructure
• RoughlyinlinewithincreaseinCSjobsinbroadereconomy– 800Kin1994->2.6Min2015
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Recap
• MassiveunderproductionofCSdegreesrelativetoindustryneed– Largemissedopportunityforeconomicgrowth
• Tier1schoolsproducingtoofewstudents– Evenlargeincreaseswouldonlymakeadent
• Needsolutionsthatworkformid-tiercolleges– TypicallynotwhereresearchPhDsgototeach– Butitiswheremiddleandlowincomestudentsgotolearn
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EqualityofOpportunityProject
Innovativestudyofanonymizedtaxrecords– Parentandchildtaxreturns,zipcodes– Anonymizedcollegestudentrecords
USneighborhoodsaresegregatedbyincome– Moveapoorchildtoawealthyneighborhood– Outcomesconvergeatrateof4%/year
Universitiesassegregatedasneighborhoods– Fewlow/middleincomestudentsattendtier1s– Thosewhodoendupsimilartowealthykids
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CollegeCanBeASocialLeveller
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DistributionofParentIncome,Ivy+
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NotJustIvy+
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TopCSResearchUniversitiesUSstudentsfromtop10%/bottom60%PublicUW 1.2Berkeley 1.3UCLA 1.0UCSD 0.6Michigan 2.9Texas 1.4GaTech 1.8
PrivateStanford 2.8MIT 1.8Princeton 4.2CMU 2.6Cornell 2.5Caltech 4.5
Dataforstudentsbornin1991,includes(most)transferstudentsInternationalstudentsatpublicschoolsarelikelyevenmoreskewed
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TopCSResearchUniversitiesMedianFamilyIncome(USonly)
PublicUW $113KBerkeley $120KUCLA $105KUCSD $82KMichigan $154KTexas $124KGaTech $130K
PrivateStanford $168KMIT $137KPrinceton $186KCMU $155KCornell $152KCaltech $146K
Dataforstudentsbornin1991,includes(most)transferstudentsInternationalstudentsatpublicschoolsarelikelyevenmoreskewed
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TopResearchUniversitiesPellGrants,allundergrads
PublicUCSD 34%UCLA 34%Berkeley 28%Texas 24%UIUC 21%UW 21%GaTech 15%Michigan 15%Wisconsin 13%
PrivateMIT 17%Cornell 16%Princeton 16%Stanford 15%Caltech 12%CMU 12%
Pellgrantthresholdisroughlymedianincome(duetoARRA)
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CollegeChoicesofLowIncomeStudents(HoxbyandAvery2013)
• 80%ofhighlyqualifiedlowincomestudentsareundermatchedinschoolquality– Top4%ofSATscores,highGPAinhighschool– Thatis,verystrongstudents
• Mostlow-incomestudentsapplyonlytocollegeswithin50milesofhome– Goingawaytocollegeisoftennotanoption
• Needtoteachstudentswheretheylive
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AFewExamples
• UniversityofCentralFlorida– 38%Pellgrant;37%URM– Graduated480CS+CEmajorsin2017(3.6%)
• TexasA&MCommerce– 47%Pell;43%URM– Graduated42CSmajors(2.5%)
• UMassBoston– 40%Pell;31%URM– Graduated37CSmajors(1.4%)
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FallacyofEliteProjection
Beliefthatpublicservicesshouldbedesignedtobeattractivetotheelite
Worldclassairports,trainstations,universities,…MeansfewerservicesgetbuiltLeavesmostcitizensbehind
Instead,weneedsolutionsthataredesignedtoworkforeveryone
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GeographicDispersion
• Softwareiseatingtheworld– Becominganessentialelementofeverymajorenterprise
– Ex:manufacturing,agriculture,healthcaremanagement,elections…
• Geographicallydispersedeconomicbenefitsifwecancreateadispersedknowledgebase– Noteveryonewillmovetothevalley
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TypesofTeachingKnowledge(h/t:CMUEberlyCenter)
• Howtoteachingeneral– Notmyexpertise!
• Subjectknowledge– Concentratedattier1schools– Whicharehighlyincomesegregated
• Howtoteachsubject(incontext)– Alsoconcentratedattier1’s,butlessonsmaynotapplytoallaudiences
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Coursera/EdX?
• Successfulmodelforstudentswhoarealreadyself-guidedlearners– Wherevertheylivearoundtheglobe
• Whatabouteveryoneelse?– Needahumanbeingtohelpproblemsolve– Whyaremystudentshavingdifficultywithaconcept?HowcanIexplainitbettertothem?
• Notacurriculum– MostoftheeffortatCS1/CS2andspecificskills,partlyduetotheeconomicmodel
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FlippedClassrooms?
• Usingsomeoneelse’svideosatanotherinstitution?– Undercutstheauthorityoftheteacher– Stillneedlocalproblemsolvingandadaptation– MayworkwellforCS1outreachtohighschools
• Usingsomeoneelse’stextbook/assignments/autogradingscriptsatanotherinstitution?– Thisoftenworksreallywell– Fewerbugs,clearerexpectations,…
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TailoredInstruction
• ControlledexperimentatTexas-Austin(Psych1)– Lecturevs.lecture+onlinequizaboutpreviouslecture– Quizauto-tailoredtothestudent’scomprehension,basedonpreviousanswers
– Almostnoeffectongradesforhighincomestudents– AboutahalfagradepointdifferenceinGPAforlowincomestudents=>impactonotherclasses!
• Intheskillsetofeveryinstructor– Outsideofthetimebudgetofalmosteveryinstructor
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SIGCSE
• Isn’ttherealreadyaconferencededicatedtoeducationalissues?– Almostexclusivelyattendedbyinstructors– Verylittlemixingwithresearchfaculty
• LotsofinnovationforCS1,CS2– Manycompetingalternatives
• Notasmuchprogressasyougohigherintothecurriculum– Notforalackoftrying
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Whatistobedone?• Solutionsthatareeffectiveatscale• Atschoolswithoutresearchprograms• Withthefacultyatthoseschoolsasallies• Withoutspendingalotofmoney• Andyouwon’tgetrichorfamous
• IncreasenumberofCSstudentsnationwide• ImprovequalityofCSteachingnationwide• ImproveincomediversityofCSgraduates• ImproveethnicdiversityofCSgraduates
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Whatistobedone?
• Howdowehelprankedschoolsteachmorestudentsandmoreadvancedmaterial?– Manyalreadyteachingverylargeclasses– Lotsoftimespenttreadingwater
• Howdowehelpmid-tierschoolsteachmorestudentsandmoreadvancedmaterial?– Oftenteachmultipleclasses/term– Lotsoftimespenttreadingwater
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WeHaveaLotAlready
• Forsometopics,textbookauthorshavealreadyputtogethermostofwhatweneed– Examples:CS:APP,others
• Forsometopics,projectsinwideuse– Someevenwithautograding
• Forothertopics,there’sworktodo– Especiallytrueinsystems,imo– It’salargestepfromlocalusetoglobaluse
• Whatifwecoordinatedourefforts?
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AnOpenSourceCSCurriculum
• Anentireundergraduatecurriculum– Roughly20courses
• Focusoncoursesoftware,notlecturedelivery– Everyschoolhasteachers– Needtoenablethem,notcompetewiththem– Needrangeofassignmentdifficulty
• Courseinabox– Problemsets,programmingmodules,documentation– Automatedgrading,autotuningofdifficulty
• Opensource:designforchange
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OpenSource:LinuxModel
Architectforextensibility– Ex:addinganewfilesystem,oranewpacket
queuescheduler,oranewdevicedriver– Allowslargenumberofpeopletocontribute
Corearchitectureteam– definesAPIs– decideswhichcommunitycontributionsare
adoptedintomainlinesourcetreeAnyonecanforkandcustomize– Ethicofadoptionofcommunitycontributions
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ACurriculum
• Hardtomakecoursematerialseffectiveinisolation– Whathavestudentsalreadymastered?
• Needthesettohangtogetherasagroup– Ananswerto:whatdoIneedtodotolearnCS?– Requirescoordination
• Enableotherstocontributecontent– Ex:MIThasanumberofP/Fskillscoursesofferedbystudentsforstudents
– Loosenideathatonlyfacultysetstandards
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HowManyCourses?
• CS1• CS2• Webprogramming• Discretemath• Probabilisticreasoning• Datastructures• Softwaredesignandtesting• Machinestructures• Systemsprogramming• Programminglanguages
• Databasesystems• Algorithms• Databaseimplementation• Operatingsystems• Distributedsystems• Computersecurity• Networks• AI• Machinelearning• Computervision
AtUW,20(quarter)coursestakenbyamajorityofmajors
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CaseStudy:DistributedSystems
Grewcoursefrom42to175in3years– TA’sentirelyself-generated– Buildadynamicallyshardedlinearizableandhighlyavailablekey-valuestorewithmultikeytransactions
OdditydistributedsystemsdebuggerModelchecked,autogradedassignments– Studentsself-diagnose
Lecturesandlabsonline– AndsolutionsetsL
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CommunityColleges
• Canweextendthismodeltonon-4yeardegrees?– Twoyearprograminmath,datascience,andcomputing– Withemployersattheotherend
• Improvegraduationrates– Focusteachersonhelpingstudents– Notongrading,assignmentcreation,…
• Continuingedispartoftheircharter– Notjustforyoungadults
• Berkeleyisprototypingthis– ¼ofallcommunitycollegestudentsareinCA
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WhatAboutCopying/Cheating?
• We’relosingthebattle– Postingsolutions,andusingpostedsolutions,isendemic
• Studentshaveanexittest:theirjobinterview– Enhancedbyhavingastandardcurriculum!– Copyingoftentriggeredbylackofhelpandunclearexpectations
• Reducesalienceofprojectgrades?– Examscantestwhetherstudentmasteredthematerial
• Centralizetoolsforcopydetection– Teachersdon’thaveenoughtimetomakethisapriority
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Cost
• Developinga2-weekassignment,hostedinthecloudwithdocumentationandautograding– Asmallintegernumberofperson-monthsofeffort– Eachcourseneedsfourorfiveofthese,possiblybuildingontopofeachother
• Pluscommonsoftwareinfrastructure• AboutthecostofanNSFExpedition,intotalacrossallsubjects
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NextSteps
• Communitybuilding• Whitepaperexplainingtheeffort• Workshoptoorganizeaproposal• Contactmeifyouareinterested
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Summary
Wehaveanopportunityforalargestepimprovementincomputerscienceeducationonanationalscale,bytakingtheeffortwearealreadyputtingintocoursesoftware,andorganizingitabitdifferently