A Brief History of the Study of

Human Anatomy

Early Egyptians

• Perfected the science of mummification.

• Major organs were removed and placed in jars.

• Body cavity was filled with a “sawdust-like” material.

• Body was wrapped in linen cloth shrouds.

Alexandria, Egypt

• The study of anatomy flourished in Alexandria between 300-150 B.C.

• Only criminals were allowed to be dissected because these early cultures were very superstitious and believed that an intact body was necessary for a successful afterlife.

Roman Influence

• In 30 B.C. Alexandria was conquered by the Roman Empire.

• The Romans were interested in power, wealth and military strength, not in anatomical studies.

• Romans outlawed anatomical studies and human dissections.

Roman Empire

Galen of Pergamen

• Perhaps one of the brightest spots in the early history of anatomy was the work of a Greek physician named Galen (120-300 A.D.).

• Galen had been trained in the Alexandrian tradition and wanted to further the scientific study of the human body.

Galen of Pergamen120-300 A.D.

Galen’s Work

• Because human dissections were outlawed by the Romans, Galen wrote an anatomy textbook based on his dissections of the Barbary ape, a primate similar to man.

• While the text was helpful it had many inaccuracies.

The Barbary Ape

Title Page of Galen’s Anatomy Text

Illustration from Galen’s Text

Galen’s Influence

• Galen’s anatomy textbook, based on the dissection of the Barbary ape, became the accepted authority on human anatomy for 1300 years!

• How could this be?

The Dark Ages (400 – 1100 A.D.)

• Barbarians from Asia, such as Attila and the Huns, overran and destroyed the Roman Empire.

• Many of the scientific writings were destroyed.

Dark Ages

• Fortunately some of these documents were salvaged by the Moslems and translated into their language, Arabic.

Rediscovery

• About 1100 A.D., Christian scholars discovered these Arabic translations and began the slow process of translating them into Latin.

• This exposed a wealth of lost and forgotten information.

• Not until the 16th century were these works finally translated.

First Autopsy

• In the year 1286 we have reference to a human dissection being performed to determine the cause of death.

• Today, this procedure is called an autopsy.

Rise of Medical Schools

• By the early 1300’s anatomical studies were again becoming fashionable.

• In the medical schools in Italy anatomy professors were highly respected figures and so they would sit in large throne-like chairs, wear academic robes, and read from the re-translated text of Galen.

Rise of Medical Schools

• Barbers actually performed the dissections on human subjects while students stood and observed.

• Students were not allowed to participate in the dissections.

A Major Contribution

• During the early Renaissance years, artists, sculptors and painters strove to make their artwork as human and life-like as possible.

• To do this, they had to study human anatomy on a first-hand basis; that is, they had to perform their own human dissections.

A Major Contribution

• One of the most famous of these Renaissance artists was Leonardo DaVinci.

• His anatomically accurate drawings gave to anatomists for the first time illustrations with correct anatomical proportions and great attention to detail.

DaVinci’s “Last Supper”

Mona Lisa

Leonardo’s Anatomy Drawings

Leonardo’s Anatomy Drawings

Andreas Vesalius

• The man who revolutionized the study of anatomy was Andreas Vesalius.

• He realized that to learn anatomy students needed to be involved with the dissections.

• He also realized that Galen’s textbook was severely flawed and must be replaced.

Andreas Vesalius

• Vesalius revolutionized the study of anatomy by doing away with the barbers, instead doing human dissections himself and having students assist instead of just observe.

• He also published his own anatomy textbook which contained many anatomically accurate drawings based on human dissections.

De Humani Corporis Fabrica (1543)

De Humani Corporis Fabrica

De Humani Corporis Fabrica

De Humani Corporis Fabrica

Killing Sacred Cows

• Vesalius introduced the idea of “killing sacred cows”, that is, challenging accepted authority for the purpose of improving it.

• Because of his revolutionary work at the University of Padua, Andreas Vesalius is considered to be the “Father of Modern Anatomy”

Fabricius

• Vesalius was replaced at the University of Padua by a man named Fabricius.

• Fabricius discovered the presence of one-way valves in veins, he called them the “little doors”.

“Little Doors”

William Harvey

• The English physician, William Harvey, a student of Fabricius, became interested in the circulation of the blood.

• Harvey was the first person to describe the heart as a pump for blood and he also described arteries and veins as blood vessels that carry blood throughout the body.

William Harvey

• Harvey showed that “function can be inferred from structure” and thus became known as the “Father of Physiology”.

Marcello Malpighi

• With the development of the microscope, the Italian anatomist, Marcello Malpighi was able to see the tiny blood vessels that Harvey could not see but had predicted their presence.

• These tiny vessels Malpighi named “capillaries”, which means “hair-like” in Latin.

19th Century Anatomy

• Body Snatching• Resurrection men

(grave robbers)• Burke and Hare

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b8O32J4_ODk

During 1827 and 1828, Burke and Hare brought a new dimension to the trade of selling corpses "to the doctors" by murdering rather than grave-robbing and supplying their victims' fresh corpses for medical dissection. Their activities, and those of the London Burkers who imitated them, resulted in the passage of the Anatomy Act of 1832.

Anatomy Act 1832

- is an Act of parliament of the United Kingdom that gave freer license to doctors, teachers of anatomy and bona fide medical students to dissect donated bodies. It was enacted in response to public revulsion at the illegal trade in corpses.

19th Century• Histology• Developmental biology

20th & 21st Century Anatomy

Evolutionary and molecular biology

Medical imaging

Pathology

Endocrinology

DNA

The End? (anyone been to this show?)