a brief history of organization theory chapter 2 mary jo hatch

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A BRIEF HISTORY OF A BRIEF HISTORY OF ORGANIZATION THEORY ORGANIZATION THEORY Chapter 2 Chapter 2 Mary Jo Hatch

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Page 1: A BRIEF HISTORY OF ORGANIZATION THEORY Chapter 2 Mary Jo Hatch

A BRIEF HISTORY OF A BRIEF HISTORY OF ORGANIZATION THEORYORGANIZATION THEORY

Chapter 2Chapter 2

Mary Jo Hatch

Page 2: A BRIEF HISTORY OF ORGANIZATION THEORY Chapter 2 Mary Jo Hatch

Why A History of OT?Why A History of OT?

Because it provides a basis for:

• Understanding the current field

• Understanding how and why the three perspectives emerged

• Understanding the relationship between theory and practice

• Avoiding reinventing the ‘theoretical wheel’

Page 3: A BRIEF HISTORY OF ORGANIZATION THEORY Chapter 2 Mary Jo Hatch

Organization Theory At Its InceptionOrganization Theory At Its Inception

• Organization theory emerged as a recognizable field of study in the 1960s.

• Two major sources of thought that formed the prehistory of organizational theory were Sociological and Managerial.

Page 4: A BRIEF HISTORY OF ORGANIZATION THEORY Chapter 2 Mary Jo Hatch

مراحل سه گانه صنعتی شدن

Page 5: A BRIEF HISTORY OF ORGANIZATION THEORY Chapter 2 Mary Jo Hatch
Page 6: A BRIEF HISTORY OF ORGANIZATION THEORY Chapter 2 Mary Jo Hatch

Modes of ReasoningModes of Reasoning

Inductive (استقرایى) developing theory from practice.

(interpretive epistemology)

Deductive (قیاسى) testing theory against practice.

(positivist epistemology)

Page 7: A BRIEF HISTORY OF ORGANIZATION THEORY Chapter 2 Mary Jo Hatch

Inductive reasoning (استقرا)• Inductive reasoning is probabilistic; it only states that, given the

premises, the conclusion is probable.• A statistical syllogism is an example of inductive reasoning:• 90% of humans are right-handed.• Joe is a human.• Therefore, the probability that Joe is right-handed is 90%

(therefore, if we are required to guess we will choose "right-handed" in the absence of any other evidence).

• As a stronger example:• 100% of life forms that we know of depend on liquid water to

exist. Therefore, if we discover a new life form it will probably depend on liquid water to exist.

Page 8: A BRIEF HISTORY OF ORGANIZATION THEORY Chapter 2 Mary Jo Hatch

deductive reasoning (قیاسى)• P→Q (conditional statement)• P (hypothesis stated)• Q (conclusion deduced)• In deductive reasoning, we can conclude Q from P by using the

law of detachment. However, if the conclusion (Q) is given instead of the hypothesis (P) then there is no valid conclusion.

• The following is an example of an argument using the law of detachment in the form of an if-then statement:

• If an angle A>90°, then A is an obtuse angle.• A=120°• A is an obtuse angle.

Page 9: A BRIEF HISTORY OF ORGANIZATION THEORY Chapter 2 Mary Jo Hatch

Adam Smith, Political-Economist Adam Smith, Political-Economist (1723-1790, Scottish)(1723-1790, Scottish)

Looked at techniques of pin manufacturing to illustrate how the division of labor can produce economic efficiency.

Image from "The Warren J. Samuels Portrait Collection at Duke University

Page 10: A BRIEF HISTORY OF ORGANIZATION THEORY Chapter 2 Mary Jo Hatch

Karl Marx, Philosopher-Economist and Karl Marx, Philosopher-Economist and RevolutionaryRevolutionary (1818-1883)(1818-1883)

Regarded as one of the

founders of sociology.

– Theory of Capital– Managerial Control– Exploitation

(استثمار)– Alienation

Image from "The Warren J. Samuels Portrait Collection at Duke University

Page 11: A BRIEF HISTORY OF ORGANIZATION THEORY Chapter 2 Mary Jo Hatch

MARX’S THEORY OF CAPITAL MARX’S THEORY OF CAPITAL (1867)(1867)

Humans interact with the physical environment

Physical needs emerge

Power relations

(capitalists/labor)

Labor – need for collective work

Emergence of society & culture

Page 12: A BRIEF HISTORY OF ORGANIZATION THEORY Chapter 2 Mary Jo Hatch

Emile Durkheim, SociologistEmile Durkheim, Sociologist (1858-1917)(1858-1917)

- Informal (social needs) and Formal organization.

- Development of objectivist research methods; objective measurement, statistical description and analysis.

Page 13: A BRIEF HISTORY OF ORGANIZATION THEORY Chapter 2 Mary Jo Hatch

Max Weber, SociologistMax Weber, Sociologist (1864-1920)(1864-1920)

Types of Authority:

Traditional ~ inherited

Charismatic ~ attraction

Rational-Legal ~ technical abilities

Page 14: A BRIEF HISTORY OF ORGANIZATION THEORY Chapter 2 Mary Jo Hatch

Max Weber’s Theory of BureaucracyMax Weber’s Theory of Bureaucracy

Bureaucracy can rationalize social order:

Formal Rationality - calculative techniques

Substantive Rationality - desired ends

Page 15: A BRIEF HISTORY OF ORGANIZATION THEORY Chapter 2 Mary Jo Hatch

Frederick Winslow Taylor, Engineer Frederick Winslow Taylor, Engineer (1856-1915)(1856-1915)

Founder of Scientific Management - applying scientific methods to work to maximize the benefits to employees, employers, and society.

Developed work standards, uniform work methods, order-of-work sequences, methods of placing workers, methods of supervision, and incentive schemes.

Page 16: A BRIEF HISTORY OF ORGANIZATION THEORY Chapter 2 Mary Jo Hatch

Mary Parker Follett, Scholar, Social Reformer, Mary Parker Follett, Scholar, Social Reformer, Consultant Consultant (1868-1933)(1868-1933)

Promoted employee involvement and democratic forms of organization.

Developed the principle of self-government of groups.

Page 17: A BRIEF HISTORY OF ORGANIZATION THEORY Chapter 2 Mary Jo Hatch

Henri Fayol, Engineer, CEO, Henri Fayol, Engineer, CEO, Administrative Theorist Administrative Theorist (1841-1925)(1841-1925)

Developed administrative principles including:

Span-of-control ~ number of subordinates supervised by a manager.

Departmentation ~ grouping similar activities.

Unity-of-command ~ one person - one boss.

Scalar principle ~ linking organizational members in a hierarchy.

Page 18: A BRIEF HISTORY OF ORGANIZATION THEORY Chapter 2 Mary Jo Hatch

Luther H. Gulick, Administrative Theorist Luther H. Gulick, Administrative Theorist (1892-1992)(1892-1992)

Developed a science of administration:

- Organizational efficiency through the division of work

into small, specialized segments; clear task definition,

instruction etc.

- Defined the work of the chief executive through POSDCoRB.

Page 19: A BRIEF HISTORY OF ORGANIZATION THEORY Chapter 2 Mary Jo Hatch

POSDCoRBPOSDCoRB

PlanningOrganizing

StaffingDirecting

CoordinatingReporting

Budgeting

Page 20: A BRIEF HISTORY OF ORGANIZATION THEORY Chapter 2 Mary Jo Hatch

Chester Barnard, Executive and Chester Barnard, Executive and Management Theorist Management Theorist (1886-1961)(1886-1961)

Organizations as cooperative social systems:

- the communication of goals

- worker motivation

Page 21: A BRIEF HISTORY OF ORGANIZATION THEORY Chapter 2 Mary Jo Hatch

Modernism - Enlightenment Modernism - Enlightenment (Kant, Descartes, Locke)(Kant, Descartes, Locke)

• Replace superstition with reason

• Control the environment through scientific knowledge

• Human progress through scientific knowledge

• The modern organization

Page 22: A BRIEF HISTORY OF ORGANIZATION THEORY Chapter 2 Mary Jo Hatch

General Systems Theory General Systems Theory (von (von Bertalanffy, 1968)Bertalanffy, 1968)

General Systems Theorists focus on the law-like regularities underlying and uniting all phenomena across the various branches of science.

– Hierarchy of Subsystems– Interdependence– Holistic view

Page 23: A BRIEF HISTORY OF ORGANIZATION THEORY Chapter 2 Mary Jo Hatch

Table 2.1Table 2.1 Boulding’s Hierarchy of Systems Boulding’s Hierarchy of Systems

Level 1 Framework

Level 2 Clock work

Level 3 Control

Level 4 Open (living)

Level 5 Genetic

Level 6 Animal

Level 7 Human

Level 8 Social organization

Level 9 Transcendental

Page 24: A BRIEF HISTORY OF ORGANIZATION THEORY Chapter 2 Mary Jo Hatch
Page 25: A BRIEF HISTORY OF ORGANIZATION THEORY Chapter 2 Mary Jo Hatch

A SystemA System

Environment

System (input transformation output)

Subsystem Subsystem Subsystem

Subsystem Subsystem ………

feedback

feedback

Page 26: A BRIEF HISTORY OF ORGANIZATION THEORY Chapter 2 Mary Jo Hatch

Socio-Technical Systems TheorySocio-Technical Systems Theory

Human behavior and technology are interrelated, therefore any changes in technology will affect social relationships, attitudes, and feelings about work. Both need to be balanced.

• Autonomous work groups• Psychological needs of individuals

Page 27: A BRIEF HISTORY OF ORGANIZATION THEORY Chapter 2 Mary Jo Hatch

Contingency TheoryContingency Theory (1960s)(1960s)

Contingency theorists believe that the most

appropriate way of designing and managing an

organization depends upon the characteristics of the

situation in which the organization finds itself.

Page 28: A BRIEF HISTORY OF ORGANIZATION THEORY Chapter 2 Mary Jo Hatch

Contingency TheoryContingency Theory

• Identify contingent factors.

• Determine the ‘best fit’.

“If ……. then ……”

Technology

Goals

People Environment

Page 29: A BRIEF HISTORY OF ORGANIZATION THEORY Chapter 2 Mary Jo Hatch

Symbolic Interpretive InfluencesSymbolic Interpretive Influences

1. The crisis of representation: questions our relationship with our social world and the ways in which we account for our experience.

2. Social constructionism: we construct our social world and our knowledge of that world in our everyday interactions.

Page 30: A BRIEF HISTORY OF ORGANIZATION THEORY Chapter 2 Mary Jo Hatch

Symbolic-InterpretivismSymbolic-Interpretivism

• Challenges objective science and modernism.

• Applies ethnographic and interpretive approaches to organizations.

• Uncovers multiple interpretations of organizational members.

• Emphasizes the role of context in shaping and interpreting meaning.

Page 31: A BRIEF HISTORY OF ORGANIZATION THEORY Chapter 2 Mary Jo Hatch

Symbolic-Interpretivists Explore…Symbolic-Interpretivists Explore…

• How people create meanings in organizations through their interpretation of utterances (نطق), stories, rituals (تشريفات), actions, and so on.

• How individuals and groups create multiple meanings and interpret them from their own cultural contexts.

• How multiple interpretations of individuals and subcultures blend to socially construct organizational reality.

Page 32: A BRIEF HISTORY OF ORGANIZATION THEORY Chapter 2 Mary Jo Hatch

Symbolic-Interpretive Theories IncludeSymbolic-Interpretive Theories Include::

(Berger & Luckmann, 1966)تئوری ساخت اجتماعی واقعیت

(Weick, 1979, 1995) تئوری وضع واقعیت

(Selznick, 1949)نهادی سازی

(Clifford & Marcus, 1986) بازتاب پذیری

Page 33: A BRIEF HISTORY OF ORGANIZATION THEORY Chapter 2 Mary Jo Hatch

Berger & Luckmann’s Social Construction of RealityBerger & Luckmann’s Social Construction of Reality (1966)(1966)

Externalization (برون سازی) (creating personal & shared social meanings,

routines etc intersubjectively)

Socialization

Objectification (سازی گونه (شیئ

(stable interactions, meanings etc make the world seem real to us)

Internalization (درونی سازی)

(taking on social eanings roles

actions)

Page 34: A BRIEF HISTORY OF ORGANIZATION THEORY Chapter 2 Mary Jo Hatch

Sensemaking TheorySensemaking Theory (Weick, 1995)(Weick, 1995)

Organizations exist in the minds of organizational members in the form of cognitive maps, or images

of experience.

• We make them real in our actions (reification) (جسميت دادن).

• We talk and act organizations into existence (enactment) ( تجسم.( بخشی

Page 35: A BRIEF HISTORY OF ORGANIZATION THEORY Chapter 2 Mary Jo Hatch

Sensemaking TheorySensemaking Theory (Weick, 1995)(Weick, 1995)

کارل وی7ک ب7ا ط7رح نظری7ه معنابخش7ی، نظری7ه س7اخت اجتم7اعی واقعیت را ب7ه ح7وزه س7ازمان وارد ک7رد. اعض7ای س7ازمان ب7ه

نقش7ه ش7ناختی ط7ور مس7تمر س7ازمان را تجرب7ه می کنن7د و در ذهنش7ان ش7کل می گ7یرد ک7ه تم7ام اتفاق7ات س7ازمان را ب7ر اس7اس آن نقش7ه معن7ا می دهن7د و در ط7ول زم7ان، این نقش7ه ش7ناختی تکمی7ل می ش7ود. اگ7ر نقش7ه ش7ناختی ص7رفا حاص7ل

) نابهنج7ار، abnormalک7ار خ7ود ف7رد باش7د ب7ه ف7رد برچس7ب در نتیج7ه عناص7ر نقش7ه ش7ناختی س7اخته غیرع7ادی( می زنن7د.

باش7د تنه7ایی نمی ب7ه واقعیت در فض7ای ف7رد . هنگ7امی ک7ه گفتمان شکل گرفت، تجسم بخشی می شود.

Page 36: A BRIEF HISTORY OF ORGANIZATION THEORY Chapter 2 Mary Jo Hatch

InstitutionalizationInstitutionalization

Organizations compete and adapt to the demands and values of their environment,

society, and of internal groups.

.نهاد: ساخت اجتماعی است که زیر سؤال نمی رودInstitutionalization occurs as actions are

repeated.

Page 37: A BRIEF HISTORY OF ORGANIZATION THEORY Chapter 2 Mary Jo Hatch

Reflexivity - Constructionist ApproachesReflexivity - Constructionist Approaches

((بازتاب پذیری))

• Every view is a situated one - based on our interpretive community.

• We need to accept that we not only construct our realities, but also our knowledge of those realities.

چون تفس7یریون معتقدن7د واقعیت وج7ود ن7دارد، بی7ان می کنن7د بای7د خ7ود را •ب7ه خوانن7ده مع7رفی کنی7د، چ7ون واقعیت ب7ر خاس7ته از ذهن اف7راد اس7ت و

همه پژوهشگران خود را معرفی می کنند.

Page 38: A BRIEF HISTORY OF ORGANIZATION THEORY Chapter 2 Mary Jo Hatch

SomeSome PostmodernPostmodern InfluencesInfluences

نظری7ه • ب7ه م7درن پس7ت س7ازمان تئ7وری مهم بس7یار ه7ای جنب7ه ب7رمی اروپ7ا در خصوص7ا نئومارکسیس7ت و مارکسیس7ت پ7ردازی

گردد.

• Critical Theory and the critique of

- the Enlightenment Project (rational, universal knowledge) (روشنگری)

- the Progress Myth (progress through science) (افسانه پیشرفت).

زب7ان سیس7تمی اس7ت از عالیم ک7ه م7ا اب7داعش ک7ردیم و در این سیس7تم همیش7ه ی7ک دال •لت7 ش7ده داری7م. رابط7ه بین دال و د7اریم و ی7ک م7دلول7. د7ال اش7اراتی ا7س7ت ک7ه م7ا7 ب7ه7 دال7م7دلو7ل ط7بیعی نیس7ت 7و اختی7اری اس7ت 7و مفه7وم 7ب7ه ط7ور7 ط7بیعی 7متن7ا7ظر 7ب7ا واقعیت نمی

ه7ر7 چ7ی7زی 7را بت7وان ب7اش7د. پ7س7ت7 مد7رن7یس7ت ه7ا7 از7 این تئ7وری 7ا7س7تفاد7ه ک7ردن7د و 7بی7ان ک7ر7دن7د و7 زب7ان ب7ه 7ای7ده7 ه7ای7 اف7ر7اد جن7ب7ه واقع7یت می ( 7داد7، واقعیت 7اس7ت labelب7ه7 آ7ن ب7رچس7ب )

ده7د و ای7ن که7 واق7عیت 7در چه7 بستری 7ساخته شود، متف7اوت است.

Page 39: A BRIEF HISTORY OF ORGANIZATION THEORY Chapter 2 Mary Jo Hatch

A Few Postmodern IdeasA Few Postmodern Ideas

Language Games (بازی های زبانی)

Grand Narratives (روایت های بلند)

Discursive Practices (اعمال استداللی)

Deconstruction ( ساختار شکنی – شالوده(شکنی

Page 40: A BRIEF HISTORY OF ORGANIZATION THEORY Chapter 2 Mary Jo Hatch

Language and MeaningLanguage and Meaning (Saussure, 1959)(Saussure, 1959)

Signifier (دال)

Bird

Fugl

Oiseau ….

The bird is swimming on the water.

اینک7ه چ7ه قاع7ده ای ب7ر بس7تری ک7ه م7ا ب7ر آن ق7رار   در7 ب7اش7د، ح7اکم م7ا 7ب7ه label7د7اریم، ک7ه

و7اقعیت می دهیم؛ اث7ر م7ی گ7ذار7د. ه7ر ب7ازی ق7واع7د خ7اص7 خ7و7د را7 دارد و ه7ر قاع7ده ای تع7ی7ین می کن7د م7ا چ7ه ب7رچس7بی 7ب7دهیم 7ت7ا در

آن فضا معنا دهد.

Signified( شده (داللت

Page 41: A BRIEF HISTORY OF ORGANIZATION THEORY Chapter 2 Mary Jo Hatch

Language - A Postmodern ViewLanguage - A Postmodern View

• Modernism assumes words (signs) are a neutral medium for representing external objective reality

• Postmodernism takes a non-representational view: language constitutes ‘reality’

زبان واقعیت را توصیف نمی کند بلکه آن را می سازد.•

• Saussure: the meaning of words does not reside in what is signified; words take their meaning from other words

معانی زبان بستگی به این دارد که از چه کلماتی استفاده کنیم•

Page 42: A BRIEF HISTORY OF ORGANIZATION THEORY Chapter 2 Mary Jo Hatch

Language GamesLanguage Games (Wittgenstein , 1953, 1980)(Wittgenstein , 1953, 1980)

• The meaning of a word depends upon how it is used.

• Language use is influenced by ‘rules’ - how words and responses are connected.

• Language and rules have stability but also change in practice.

• Meanings and rules are socially situated and vary across communities, i.e. language games.

Page 43: A BRIEF HISTORY OF ORGANIZATION THEORY Chapter 2 Mary Jo Hatch

Grand NarrativesGrand Narratives

مدرنیس7ت ه7ا می گوین7د مأخ7ذ پیش7رفت، خ7رد اس7ت و اگ7ر عق7ل •بخوابد، کابوس می آید

لیوت7ار می گوی7د عق7ل هم7ان ک7ابوس وحش7تناک اس7ت ک7ه • ولی ع7ده 7ای آن ر7ا بی7ان 7می7 کن7ن7د ت7ا7 د7نی7ا ر7ا 7آن ط7ور 7ک7ه م7ی خ7واهن7د

بسازن7د و 7وی عقالنیت را در امتداد از 7خود بیگا7نگی می7 داند. از • جهانش7مول فهم راس7تای در گرفت7ه ص7ورت ه7ای تالش وی

پدیده ها را به استهزا روایت بلند نامیده است. ) روایت بلن7د: اش7اره ب7ه چ7ارچوب ه7ای کالن دارد ک7ه اف7راد در زی7ر •

س7ایه 7آنه7ا می با7یس7ت هم7ه ر7فتار7ه7ای خ7ود 7را ت7نظیم کن7د. روایت بل7ن7د چن7ان فراگ7یر ا7س7ت ک7ه ه7م7ه رش7ته 7ه7ای 7علمی7 را 7در راس7تای محوره7ای م7ورد ن7ظ7ر ب7ه هم 7پیون7د می د7ه7د؛7 ط7وری ک7ه 7ب7ر اس7اس

آن روایت حرکت می کنند.(

Page 44: A BRIEF HISTORY OF ORGANIZATION THEORY Chapter 2 Mary Jo Hatch

Grand NarrativesGrand Narratives

(، 2و درجه1لیوت7ار بی7ان می کن7د ک7ه تقس7یمانی مانن7د )درج7ه •حاص7ل ... و ک7ار( محافظ7ه و )رادیک7ال چپ(، و )راس7ت روایت بلن7د اس7ت ک7ه ب7ر هم7ه ج7ا گس7ترانیده ش7ده اس7ت و در این روایت بلن7د اس7ت ک7ه م7ا اینگون7ه فک7ر می ک7نیم. ص7احبان ق7درت دانش7ی تولی7د می کنن7د ک7ه مأخ7ذ ش7کل گ7یری نهاده7ایی بلن7د را حف7ظ کن7د) دانش7ی ک7ه وج7ود این روایت اس7ت ک7ه

آنان را تثبیت کند(. •( توتالیتاریس7م ن7وعی دچ7ار جامع7ه ح7الت این رژیم در

( می ش7ود و جامع7ه حک7ومت متمرک7ز در ی7ک ق7درت مرک7زیهیچوقت نوآوری را تجربه نخواهند کرد.

Page 45: A BRIEF HISTORY OF ORGANIZATION THEORY Chapter 2 Mary Jo Hatch

Grand NarrativesGrand Narratives

ای7ده ه7ای پس7ت م7درن ب7رای اص7الح • یکی از ع7دم تع7ادل آن اس7ت ک7ه اج7ازه دهی7د س7کوت

از خود صدایی درآورد. این ام7ر ب7ه معن7ای جس7تجوی س7طوح بیش7تر •

ران7ده حاش7یه ب7ه اعض7ای توس7ط مش7ارکت نظ7یر ه7ا س7ازمان ه7ای ش7ده اقلیت زن7ان،

ق7ومی و ب7ه ش7ما ن7ژادی این ح7رکت اس7ت. اج7ازه خواه7د داد ک7ه راهکاره7ایی ب7رای جه7ان

مسلم فرض شده خود تصور کنید.

Page 46: A BRIEF HISTORY OF ORGANIZATION THEORY Chapter 2 Mary Jo Hatch

Grand NarrativesGrand Narratives

Postmodernists criticize Grand Narratives (progress myth, universal Truth, wealth creation) because they legitimize ways of thinking and acting that promote:

what is True what is ‘good’ knowledge self-interest

…. and silence and marginalize others.

We need to give voice to silence.

Page 47: A BRIEF HISTORY OF ORGANIZATION THEORY Chapter 2 Mary Jo Hatch

Discourse and Discursive PracticesDiscourse and Discursive Practicesگفتمان و اعمال استداللی

اب7زاری می ش7ود میش7ل فوک7و: دانش7ی ک7ه در ی7ک جامع7ه تولی7د می ش7ود، •)ه7ر ب7رای7 برخ7ورد ب7ا 7کس7انی7 ک7ه 7ب7ر اس7اس 7آن د7انش عم7ل نمی ک7نن7د

جامع7ه د7انش7ی7 ت7أیی7د7 ش7ده ب7ر7ای بر7خ7ور7د7 ب7ا7 م7س7ائل 7خ7ودش 7دار7د7 و 7اگ7ر ک7س7ی از 7آن ت7خطی7 کن7د7،7 ک7ژرو ن7امی7ده 7م7ی ش7و7د(7. غ7رب 7ا7ختی7ار جامع7ه 7را د7ر 7اختی7ا7ر عل7وم7 انس7انی7 ق7رار 7داده و7 عل7وم7 انس7ان7ی، دا7نش7ی7 تولی7د می7

کند 7که از 7آن قدرت م7ی خواه7د. ب7ر جامع7ه ح7اکم ش7ود تع7یین می کن7د، چ7ه رفت7اری • اینک7ه چ7ه گفتم7انی

خ7و7ب7 اس7ت7 7و چ7ه7 7رفت7ا7ر7ی ب7د.7 ع7ده 7ا7ی ه7س7تندکه ب7گوی7ن7د چ7ه ک7س7ی خ7وب7 و چه کسی بد است.

کاربرد در س7ازمان: هنگ7امی ک7ه گفتم7انی در س7ازمان ح7اکم می ش7ود •ع7ده ا7ی 7در س7ازما7ن مح7ور 7م7ی ش7وند 7مثال در 7گفتم7ا7ن م7ش7ت7ری م7داری7،

مشتری محور است.

Page 48: A BRIEF HISTORY OF ORGANIZATION THEORY Chapter 2 Mary Jo Hatch

Discourse and Discursive PracticesDiscourse and Discursive Practicesگفتمان و اعمال استداللی

Foucault argued that power/knowledge are entwined and influence / are influenced by discursive practices.

Discursive practices are systems of rules that determine the rationality and legitimacy of particular forms of knowledge. These rules are powerful because they create and regulate:

- social institutions (the university, hospital)

- ‘good’ knowledge

- who we are (expert or not)

- what we say (discourse)

- how we act.

Page 49: A BRIEF HISTORY OF ORGANIZATION THEORY Chapter 2 Mary Jo Hatch

Power/KnowledgePower/Knowledge

• Knowledge is produced and maintained through historical, cultural, and discursive codes and practices.

• Certain people or groups define what is ‘normal’ and ‘not normal’ by codifying knowledge.

• These groups use this knowledge to define and regulate who and what is ‘normal’.

• Thus power is exercised through knowledge as individuals are disciplined and controlled based on these definitions and codes.

Page 50: A BRIEF HISTORY OF ORGANIZATION THEORY Chapter 2 Mary Jo Hatch

Power/KnowledgePower/Knowledge

“In every society the production of discourse is at once

controlled, selected, organized and redistributed according

to a number of procedures whose role is to avert its powers

and its dangers, to cope with chance events, to evade its

ponderous, awesome materiality” (Foucault, 1972: 216)

Page 51: A BRIEF HISTORY OF ORGANIZATION THEORY Chapter 2 Mary Jo Hatch

DifféranceDifférance

Derrida suggested that meaning is subject to the play of différance, because meaning:

Defers ~ is postponed because we explain words by using (بتعویق انداختن) yet more words, and so move further away from

the original.

Differs ~ words derive meaning from the interplay with their (متمایز بودن) opposite, e.g., good/bad, organization/

disorganization

Page 52: A BRIEF HISTORY OF ORGANIZATION THEORY Chapter 2 Mary Jo Hatch

Deconstruction exposes the many

ways in which texts can be

interpreted: the silences, absences,

and gaps. It exposes the instability

of meaning; makes visible the

‘other’; and is suspicious of

dichotomies(دوگانگی).

Page 53: A BRIEF HISTORY OF ORGANIZATION THEORY Chapter 2 Mary Jo Hatch

HyperrealityHyperreality

The collapse of reality into images. The production of simulations or fantasies of worlds that do not exist.

Page 54: A BRIEF HISTORY OF ORGANIZATION THEORY Chapter 2 Mary Jo Hatch

توصیه هایی برای پست مدرن شدنتوصیه هایی برای پست مدرن شدن

بیاموزید چیزی را مسلم فرض نکنید. •خ7راب • ش7الوده از را حقیقت ب7ه نس7بت ادعاه7ا هم7ه

ی7ا تحوی7ل متض7من کنی7د) ش7الوده ش7کنی(. ش7الوده ش7کنی شکستن یک برهان به پیش فرض های بنیادی آن است.

انتق7ادی • ه7ای مدرنیس7ت پس7ت خ7اص ه7ای ای7ده از یکی مس7أله زا ک7ردن و ش7الوده ش7کنی ق7درت اس7ت. ب7رای مث7ال، نظری7ه پ7ردازان مدرنیس7ت س7ازمان م7دعی ان7د م7ادامی ک7ه م7دیران ب7رای راهنم7ایی و ه7دایت عملی7ات س7ازمان ه7ای خ7ود از فن7ون عقالیی اس7تفاده می کنن7د، س7ازمان ه7ا و جامع7ه از

قدرت بیشتر مدیریت منتفع می شوند.

Page 55: A BRIEF HISTORY OF ORGANIZATION THEORY Chapter 2 Mary Jo Hatch

توصیه هایی برای پست مدرن شدنتوصیه هایی برای پست مدرن شدن

پس7ت مدرنیس7ت ه7ای انتق7ادی م7دعی ان7د ک7ه اعط7ای ق7درت •بیش7تر ب7ه م7دیران ب7ر اس7اس ادعایش7ان مب7نی ب7ر بک7ارگیری و س7رمایه م7دیران تحکم ب7ازآفرینی ب7رای عقالنیت، ص7رفا دارانی ک7ه آنه7ا را اس7تخدام می کنن7د ب7ه ک7ار می آی7د. ب7ه گفت7ه نخبگ7ان ح7اکمیت و تحکم انتق7ادی، ه7ای مدرنیس7ت پس7ت

حاکم سرمایه دار، هدف مدرنیست است.پس7ت مدرنیس7ت نگ7اهی بنی7ادی اس7ت ک7ه دارای برنام7ه ای •

ب7رای آغ7از تغی7یری انقالبی در س7طح شخص7ی از طری7ق ظ7اهر ک7ردن و س7پس تغی7یر کام7ل پیش ف7رض ه7ای مس7لم ش7ما در

مورد خود و دیگران و سازمان اجتماعی است.

Page 56: A BRIEF HISTORY OF ORGANIZATION THEORY Chapter 2 Mary Jo Hatch

مقایسه

Page 57: A BRIEF HISTORY OF ORGANIZATION THEORY Chapter 2 Mary Jo Hatch

استعاره های تئوری سازمان

مدیر به عنوان... سازمان به عنوان... استعاره دیدگاهمهندسی که ماشین

سازمانی را طراحی کرده و راه اندازی می کند.

ماشینی که مدیریت برای تحقق اهداف از قبل تعریف شده خود طراحی و می

سازد.

ماشین کالسیک

بخشی از یک سیستم انطباقی که با دیگر اجزاء سیستم وابستگی متقابل

دارد.

سیستم زنده ای که کارویژه های ضروری برای بقا با جهانی متخاصم را

انجام می دهد.

موجود زنده مدرن

مصنوعی که دوست دارد نماد سازمان باشد.

الگویی از معانی که به واسطه روابط انسانی از طریق ارزش های مشترک،

سنت ها و رسوم خلق و حفظ می شود.

فرهنگ نمادین- تفسیری

یک نظریه پرداز، نظریه پرداز یک هنرمند است.

تئوری سازمان نوعی اثر هنری است متشکل از قطعات دانش و درک که

برای تشکیل دیدگاهی جدید که ریشه در گذشته دارد، کنار هم قرار می

گیرند.

پرده نقاشی )کوالژ(

پست مدرن