a better world for all. progress towards the international … · 2002-09-20 · we cannot afford...

2000 A Better World for All

Pro

gre

sstow

ards the in te rnat iona l deve lopm

ent

go

als

goals

goals

Contents

Foreword

Setting the goals

Poverty

Education

Gender equality

Infant and child mortality

Maternal mortality

Reproductive health

Environment

What it will take to achieve the goals

Notes and sources

Indicators for the international development goals

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

24

25

www.paris21.org/betterworld

Copyright © 2000

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All rights reservedManufactured in the United States of America

First printing June 2000This report has been prepared by the staff of the four institutions and does not necessarily represent the views of their member countries

The contents may be freely reproduced for noncommercial purposes with attribution to the copyright holders

Designed, edited and produced by Communications Development, Washington DC, with its UK partner, Grundy & Northedge, London

2000 A Better World for All

Progress towards theinternational development goals

2

2000 A BETTER WORLD FOR ALL

Poverty in all its forms is the greatest challenge to theinternational community. Of special concern are the 1.2billion people living on less than $1 a day and the

additional 1.6 billion living on less than $2 a day.Setting goals to reduce poverty is an essential part of

the way forward. Building on the global United Nationsconferences and summits of the 1990s, the developmentgoals described in this report are broad goals for theentire world. They address some of the many dimensionsof poverty and its effects on people’s lives. In acceptingthese goals, the international community makes acommitment to the world’s poorest and most vulnerable—and to itself.

The goals are set in precise terms—measured in numbersto ensure accountability. The openness and transparency ofsuch numbers can help us chart a course to achieve the goalsand track progress. But people are not numbers—happinessis not a statistic. These goals are worthwhile because theywill improve the quality of human life. The world will bebetter, and safer, for its 6 billion people and for the projected7 billion people in 2015.

Goals cannot be imposed—they must be embraced. Eachcountry must identify its own particular goals, its own pathto development, and make its own commitment throughdialogue with its citizens. In this, the suppor t of theinternational community is vital. And the high-incomecountries, because of their greater resources, have muchto contribute.

It is essential for all the partners in this development effortto pursue faster, sustainable growth strategies that favourthe poor. To spend efficiently—avoiding waste and ensuringthat the mechanisms for accountability are always in place.To spend effectively—on activities aimed at human, socialand economic development, not on excessive militarycapacity or on environmentally disastrous projects. And tospend wisely—not committing public resources to activitiesthat can be best undertaken by the private sector.

What are the obstacles? Weak governance. Bad policies.Human rights abuses. Conflicts, natural disasters and otherexternal shocks. The spread of HIV/AIDS. The failure to

3

address inequities in income, education and access tohealth care, and the inequalities between men and women.

But there is more. Limits on developing countries’ accessto global markets, the burden of debt, the decline indevelopment aid and, sometimes, inconsistencies in donorpolicies also hinder faster progress.

What will it take to overcome these obstacles? Truepartnership—and a continuing commitment to eliminatepoverty in its many dimensions. Our institutions are activelyusing these development goals as a common framework toguide our policies and programmes and to assess oureffectiveness. We cannot afford to lose the fight againstpoverty. And we must be unshakeable in our unified desireto win that fight—for everyone.

Kofi A. Annan

Secretary-General of the United Nations

Donald J. Johnston

Secretary-General of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation

and Development

Horst Köhler

Managing Director of the International Monetary Fund

James D. Wolfensohn

President of the World Bank Group

4


Setting the goalsThe goals for international development address that mostcompelling of human desires—a world free of poverty and freeof the misery that poverty breeds. The goals have been set inquantitative terms, so part of the story is told in words andpictures, but most of it is in numbers and charts.

The goals come from the agreements and resolutions of theworld conferences organised by the United Nations in the firsthalf of the 1990s. These conferences provided an opportunityfor the international community to agree on steps needed toreduce poverty and achieve sustainable development.

Each of the seven goals addresses an aspect of poverty. Theyshould be viewed together because they are mutually reinforcing.Higher school enrolments, especially for girls, reduce povertyand mortality. Better basic health care increases enrolment andreduces poverty. Many poor people earn their living from theenvironment. So progress is needed on each of the sevengoals.

The goals will not be easy to achieve, but progress in somecountries and regions shows what can be done. China reducedits number in poverty from 360 million in 1990 to about 210million in 1998. Mauritius cut its military budget and investedheavily in health and education. Today all Mauritians haveaccess to sanitation, 98% to safe water, and 97% of births areattended by skilled health staff. And many Latin Americancountries moved much closer to gender equality in education.

The message: if some countries can make great progresstowards reducing poverty in its many forms, others can aswell. But conflict is reversing gains in social development in manycountries in Sub-Saharan Africa. The spread of HIV/AIDS isimpoverishing individuals, families and communities on allcontinents. And sustained economic growth—that vitalcomponent for long-run reductions in poverty—still eludes halfthe world’s countries. For more than 30 of them, real percapita incomes have fallen over the past 35 years. And wherethere is growth, it needs to be spread more equally.

So, the goals can be met. But it will take hard work. Successwill require, above all, stronger voices for the poor, economicstability and growth that favours the poor, basic social servicesfor all, open markets for trade and technology and enoughresources for development, used well.

5

Implement national strategies for sustainable development by 2005 so as to reverse the loss of environmental resources by 2015

7Despite their commitments at the Rio Earth Summit in 1992, fewer than half the world’s countries have adopted strategies, and even fewer are implementing them.

Provide access for all who need reproductive health services by 2015

6Contraceptive use is one indicator of access to reproductive health. With progress in access to reproductive health services, the rate of contraceptive use is rising in all regions.

Reduce maternal mortality ratios by three-quarters between 1990 and 2015

5Skilled care during pregnancy and delivery can do much to avoid many of the half million maternal deaths each year. But the proportion of births attended by skilled personnel rose slowly in the 1990s.

Reduce infant and child mortality rates by two-thirds between 1990 and 2015

4For every country that cut infant and under-5 child mortality rates fast enough to reach the goal, 10 lagged behind—and another one moved backwards, often because of HIV/AIDS.

Make progress towards gender equality and empowering women, by eliminating gender disparities in primary and secondary education by 2005

3Getting more girls through school is essential but not enough. The gender gap may be narrowing, but girls’ enrolments remain persistently behind those of boys.

Enrol all children in primary school by 2015

2Although enrolment rates continue to rise, they have not risen fast enough. On current trends, more than 100 million school-age children will not be in school in 2015.

Reduce the proportion of people living in extreme poverty by half between 1990 and 2015

1As growth increased globally in the mid-1990s, poverty rates fell— rapidly in Asia, but little or not at all in Africa. Income inequality is a barrier to progress in Latin America.

People living on less than$1 a day (%)

1990 2015

0

10

20

30

Average path to goal

Progress 1990–98

50

0

Developing countries with environmental strategies (%)

Contraceptive prevalence rate (%)

Under-5 mortality rate(per 1,000 live births)

Births attended by skilled healthpersonnel (%)




Progress 1990–98

Progress 1990–98

Progress 1988–98

Progress 1993–98

Progress 1984–97

Ratio of girls to boys in primaryand secondary school (%)

Net primary enrolment rate (%)

20151990

75

50

100

75

50

100


Progress 1990–98

100

1990 2005

1990 2015

2015

50

0

50

100

1988

19981993

75

100

0

19971984

25

50

6


Goal: Halve the proportion of people living inextreme poverty by 2015

PovertyAcross the globe 1 personin 5 lives on less than $1a day—and 1 in 7 suffers

chronic hunger

In many developing countries, the poor struggle at the marginof the formal economy. They lack political influence, education,health care, adequate shelter, personal safety, regular incomeand enough to eat.

Progress in some regions—delays and setbacks in othersProportion of people living on less than $1 a day (%)

1990

28

2

2 1 25

1

15

1990 2015

44

48 4640

22 24

1716 8

14

1998

Goal 2015

Progress to date

Rate of progressneeded to meet goal

East Asiaand the Pacific

50

40

30

20

10

0

1990 2015

50

40

30

20

10

0

1990 2015

50

40

30

20

10

01990 2015

50

40

30

20

10

0

1990 2015

50

40

30

20

10

01990 2015

50

40

30

20

10

0

Middle Eastand North Africa

Europe andCentral Asia

South Asia

Latin Americaand the Caribbean

Sub-Saharan Africa

Worldwide the number and proportion of people living in extremepoverty declined slightly through the mid-1990s. Most of thedecline was in East Asia, notably China. But progress slowedtemporarily in some Asian countries in the late 1990s, andground to a halt or reversed in others. In the rest of the world,while the proportion of people in poverty declined, populationgrowth meant that the number of poor people increased. Andin the countries of the former Soviet Union, undergoing economicand social transition, the proportion of poor more than tripled.

Poverty is pain; itfeels like a disease.It attacks a personnot only materiallybut also morally. Iteats away one’sdignity and drivesone into total despair.

7

Between 1988 and 1996Thailand’s economy grew by 7%a year, and the share of thepopulation in poverty droppedfrom 22% to 11%. But thecountry’s financial crisis pushedthat share back up to 13% in1998. In response, Thailand isredirecting its developmentstrategy to reduce inequality,

which remained high despite allthe growth.

The country’s developmentplan, now more people-centred, has increasedresources to the poorer northand north-east. The objective:to reduce poverty to less than10% by 2001. A new socialinvestment fund helps create

jobs and supports socialservices for the poor. As partof the new strategy,governance reforms aregeared to increasingaccountability and givingauthority to local districtcouncils, which now electtheir own officials andcommand greater resources.

Thailand alters its development path

People living on less than $1 a day (millions), 1998

1.2 billion people living in extreme poverty

LatinAmerica &Caribbean

78

MiddleEast &N. Africa

6

Sub-SaharanAfrica

291

SouthAsia

522

EastAsia &Pacific

278

Europe &CentralAsia

24

The numbers of poor aregreatest in South Asia, but theproportion of poor people ishighest in Sub-Saharan Africa.Most of the poor live in ruralareas, but urban poverty isgrowing faster. Women aremore likely than men to lackrights to land and other assets.They also have difficulty gettingaccess to credit. And they lackadequate employment andeconomic security in old age.

Malnutrition is a symptom of poverty. Today there are 150 millionunderweight children in the developing world. But the proportionis falling everywhere except Africa. Being underweight, evenmildly, increases the risk of death and inhibits mental andphysical development. The problem perpetuates itself from onegeneration to the next, because malnourished women aremore likely to have low-birthweight babies.

Poverty rates can be cut in half by 2015 if countries follow policiesthat reduce social and gender inequalities and create income-earning opportunities for the poor. But meeting the goal isonly a first step, because almost 900 million people will stillbe left in extreme poverty. That is why the effort to eliminatepoverty needs to be intensified.

Reaching the goal—ambitious, not impossible

People in extreme poverty World population

1990 5.3

5.9

7.1

1998

2015

Malnutrition—another dimension of poverty

1990

2000

Latin AmericaAsiaAfrica

Proportion of children under 5 who are underweight (%) World population and number in extreme poverty (billions)

0 2010 30 40

1.3

1.2

0.9

8


Goal: Enrol all children in primary school by2015

EducationIn developing

countries 1 child in 3does not complete 5

years of schooling

Providing universal primary education remains a greatchallenge—and a great opportunity. Success will give millionsmore the skills to rise out of poverty. But failure will fuel aneducational—and social—crisis in the decade ahead.

Rising enrolment—but too many children out of school


High-income countries


60

South Asia


Sub-Saharan Africa

1990

1998

Goal 2015

100

80

60

40

20

01990 2015

100

80

60

40

20

01990 2015

100

80

60

40

20

01990 2015

Middle East and North Africa

100

80

60

40

20

01990 2015

100

80

60

40

20

0

100

80

60

40

20

0

100

80

60

40

20

0

54

60

97

86

Net primary enrolment rate (%)

Progress to date


1990 2015

1990 2015 1990 2015

66

73

97

84

94

9886

9382

96

Enrolment rates are up in most regions, but the quality ofeducation has been suffering—and far too many childrenremain out of school. To increase enrolments and providebetter education, school systems have to invest in trainingteachers and improving facilities. They also have to increasefamily and community participation—and eliminate gender biasthat limits the demand for girls’ education.

I want to learn to read and write, get goodwork, so that I can send my children to agood school, so that they will be able toget good work.

9

In 1994 Malawi made primaryeducation its top priority—addressing poor access andinequality, high repetition anddropout rates and poorinfrastructure in its school

system. More governmentmoney for schools and theelimination of fees boostedenrolments by 50% and focusedMalawi’s education system onhelping the poor. In 1994–95 the

poorest fifth of the populationreceived 16% of all publiceducation spending, up from10% in 1990–91, while theshare going to the richest fifthdeclined from 38% to 25%.

Education reform in Malawi

Primary school age children (millions), 1998

113 million children out of school


High-incomecountries

In school Out of school


Sub-SaharanAfrica

EastAsia &Pacific

Europe &CentralAsia

65 6

3

2

60

71

68 46 36

124

46

SouthAsia

198

35

In most countries, disparitiesin enrolment rates continuebetween rich and poor. For somecountries, primary education ispractically universal—for oth-ers, attainment is dismal. Lowretention rates reflect poorschools, poor access and thecost to the poor of keeping theirchildren in school.

Because of declining birth rates, the world’s school-age populationwill increase by only 9 million in the next 15 years. But there arelarge regional differences. As a result of reduced fertility ratesin East Asia, the school-age population there will decline by 22million. But in Sub-Saharan Africa it will rise by 34 million. Addedto the 47 million not now in school, that means building schools,training teachers and providing textbooks for an extra 81 millionchildren in the next 15 years. South Asia and the Middle Eastand North Africa also face significant challenges.

Can we meet the need?Change in primary school age population (millions), 2000–15

–22.5

0.4

–0.3

6.1

–3.4

34.4

–5.6

East Asiaand thePacific

Europeand

CentralAsia

LatinAmericaand the

Caribbean

Middle East and

NorthAfrica

South Asia Sub-Saharan

Africa

High- income

countries

10


Goal: Empower women and eliminate gender dispar-ities in primary and secondary education by 2005

Genderequality

Closing the gender gap ineducation adds 0.5

percentage points toannual growth in GNP per

capita

Educated girls have many more choices—in marriage, inchildbearing, in work, in life. They can seize more economicopportunities. And they do more to shape their society’spolitical, social, economic and environmental progress.

Enrolment gap between girls and boys—narrowing in all regions


8083

6577



South Asia


Sub-Saharan Africa

1998

Goal 2005

1990 2005

100

80

60

40

20

0

85

1990 2005

100

80

60

40

20

0

94

93

1990 2005

100

80

60

40

20

0

79

1990 2005

100

80

60

40

20

01990 2005

100

80

60

40

20

0

90


1990 2005

100

80

60

40

20

0

94

9796

1990 2005

100

80

60

40

20

0

99

102

Ratio of girls to boys enrolled in primary and secondary school (%)

Progress to date


1990

Girls’ enrolments have increased faster than boys’. In suchcountries as Armenia, Mongolia, South Africa, Sri Lanka andVenezuela, their school enrolment rates even exceed those ofboys. At the global level, the gender gap in primary andsecondary enrolment is narrowing. But the current rate ofprogress is not fast enough to close the gender gap in educationby 2005.

When we came here, we could not writeor read anything, we sat in circles likestones and hardly made any response.Now we know how to read and write letters,we are aware of our rights and needs.

Between 1991 and 1998, girls’primary school enrolment inGuinea increased from fewerthan 20% to almost 40%. Thatwas the result of a series of

practical interventions by thegovernment. It equippedschools with girls’ latrines. Itpermitted pregnant girls to bereadmitted after childbirth. It

distributed textbooks free ofcharge and updated textbooksto remove any gender bias. Andit focused on hiring femaleteachers.

Girls’ enrolments—increasingfaster than boys’ in Guinea

In recent years the gap betweengirls’ and boys’ secondaryenrolments has narrowed,reflecting the higher enrolmentsof girls and the greater tendencyfor boys to leave school early.But even as the gender gaps ineducation decline, they persistin economic and political life.

Primary and secondary school enrolments (millions), 1998Male Female

Fewer girls in school than boys



Sub-SaharanAfrica

SouthAsia

EastAsia &Pacific

Europe &CentralAsia


114

56

4457 148

73

71 146

156

52

36

40

40

41

In many places, children of thewealthiest families are as likelyto finish their schooling as thosein high-income countries. Forthose families the proportion ofgirls in school is roughly thesame as that of boys. But forpoor families fewer of theirchildren go to school—and farfewer girls than boys. For manypoor families the value of girls’labour exceeds the returns theyexpect from educating theirdaughters—so daughters don’tgo to school.

Proportion of 15 to 19 year-olds who have completed grade 9 (%)

Côte d’Ivoire Egypt Pakistan Peru

Gender gaps often greater for the poor

0

20

40

60

80

100

FemaleMale

Rich Poor

36

81

61

49

20

79

71

Rich Poor

47

31

Rich Poor

11

60 61

2

Rich Poor

1916

11

12


Goal: Reduce infant and child mortality rates bytwo-thirds by 2015

Infant andchild mortality

11 million children under the age of 5

died in 1998, most frompreventable causes

Infant and under-5 mortality rates fell by more than half between1960 and 1990. In China, Sri Lanka and Vietnam infant mortalityfell by three-quarters—good reason to hope that such successcan be repeated in other poor countries. But progress slowedin the 1990s. And in most regions, a big effort will be neededto attain a two-thirds reduction by 2015.

The outlook for children—improving, but too slowly

1990

1998

Goal 2015


Under-5 mortality rates (deaths per 1,000 live births)

121

40

South Asia Sub-Saharan Africa

1990 2015

125

100

75

50

25

0

150

89Progress to date


55 18


1990 2015

125

100

75

50

25

0

150

43

155

52

1990 2015

125

100

75

50

25

0

150

151

71

24


1990 2015

125

100

75

50

25

0

150

55 34 11


1990 2015

125

100

75

50

25

0

150

26

49

16

1990 2015

125

100

75

50

25

0

150

37


9 31990 2015

125

100

75

50

25

0

150

6

What stands in the way? Unsafe water. Inadequate immunisation.War and civil conflict. High levels of poverty and malnutrition.Poor access to basic education, especially for girls. The spreadof HIV/AIDS and the resurgence of malaria and tuberculosis.

The boy died of measles. We all know hecould have been cured at the hospital.But the parents had no money, and so theboy died a slow and painful death.

13

Bangladesh reduced infant andunder-5 mortality rates byabout 25% between 1990 and1998. A remarkableachievement, although notquite fast enough to reach thegoal by 2015. What did it

take? A focus onimmunisation. Nationalawareness campaigns on thetreatment of diarrhoea. Specialprogrammes to reducepneumonia-related deaths.Better sanitation and better

access to safe water. Alsoimportant were strongcommunity participation in thedelivery of basic socialservices, special scholarshipsfor girls and the expansion ofmicrocredit for women.

Bangladesh improveschild survival

Infant deaths are most oftenthe result of unhealthyconditions around the time ofbir th. Pneumonia, diarrhoea,malaria or measles frequentlykill young children, especiallythose suffering from chronicmalnutrition.

Infant deaths (millions), 1998

Deaths at a young age


0.4



Sub-SaharanAfrica

SouthAsia

EastAsia &Pacific

Europe &CentralAsia

0.1

0.1

2.3

0.3

2.7

1.2

Under-5 mortality rates are highest among the poorest, butthey are high even for the relatively wealthy. Reducing infant andchild deaths depends on greater investments in basic socialservices and on educating parents and improving nutrition,especially for the poor.

Under-5 mortality rates (deaths per 1,000 live births) by mother’s levelof education

Under-5 mortality rates (deaths per 1,000 live births) by family assets

0 100 200

Jordan1990

Nigeria1990

Philippines1993

Primary complete

Primary incomplete

No education Secondary/higher

India1992–93

Indonesia1994

Togo1988

0 200100

10970

29

54120

155

168154

97

Poorest Middle Richest

More poor children die Educating girls saves lives

Haiti1994–95

163137

106

4131

24

138113

15295

7042

Colombia1995

7441

2925

190211

62

Education empowers women to have smaller families, to providebetter care for their children and to pass on knowledge that willimprove their children’s lives.

14


Goal: Reduce maternal mortality ratios by three-quarters by 2015

Maternal mortality

More than 500,000 women died during

pregnancy and childbir thin 1995—and many

millions more sufferedwithout treatment

Ninety-nine percent of maternal deaths occur in developingcountries, most of them preventable. Infections, blood loss andunsafe abortion account for the majority of deaths. To reducematernal mortality, more investment in health systems isneeded to improve the quality and coverage of delivery servicesand to provide prenatal and postnatal care for the poor.

I am going to the seato fetch a new baby,but the journey islong and dangerous,and I may not return.

Skilled care at birth still not available in some places


Asia, excludingChina and India Sub-Saharan Africa

1988

1998

Goal 2015


Progress

to date

Rate of progress

needed to meet goal

4870

77

61

50 60

100

80

60

40

20

01988 2015

100

80

60

40

20

01988 20151988 2015

100

80

60

40

20

0

1988 2015

100

80

60

40

20

0

29 32

90 90

46

Proportion of births attended by skilled health personnel (%)

9090

Maternal deaths are hard to measure. The proportion of birthsattended by skilled personnel helps to track progress in reducingmaternal mortality. In regions where skilled attendants are notroutinely available, the goal is to have skilled attendants at 90%of births by 2015.

15

We know what to do toreduce maternal mortality.The necessary servicesinclude family planning, basicmaternal care, skilled birthattendants, neonatal careand preventing and treating

unsafe abortions and thecomplications of pregnancyand delivery. And we knowthe cost—about $3 a persona year in low-incomecountries. Despite their lowincomes, China, Cuba and Sri

Lanka have all reducedmaternal deaths throughefforts to improve access toprimary health care,strengthen health systemsand improve the quality ofhealth care.

Commitment counts

Thousands of maternal deaths, 1995

514,000 maternal deaths


221


20

Sub-SaharanAfrica

265

SouthAsia

155

EastAsia &Pacific

48

3

Europe &CentralAsia


Maternal mor tality varieswidely in the world’s regions—low in Latin America, but veryhigh in Africa. In many poorAfrican countries, one motherdies from complications ofpregnancy and deliver y forevery 100 live births.

Skilled health personnel help to reduce maternal mortality

0 20 40 60 80 1001

10000

1000

100

10

Maternal deaths per 100,000 live births (log scale), 1995

Births attended by skilled health personnel (%), most recent year since 1992

Health workers with midwiferyskills are the key to reducingmaternal mortality. As well asattending births, they providemothers with basic informationabout prenatal and postnatalcare for themselves and theirchildren. Improving women’ssocial status and ensuringgender equity in health careare important in achieving thisgoal.

16


Goal: Provide access for all who need reproduc-tive health services by 2015

Reproductivehealth

120 million couples who want to

space the bir ths of their children or

stop having children are not

using contraception

Reproductive health services provide men and women with theknowledge they need to protect their health and the health of theirfamilies. This includes methods for planning their families,preventing and treating sexually transmitted diseases, includingHIV/AIDS, and discouraging harmful practices against women.

The use of contraception is influenced by many factors, especiallyaccess to and knowledge of affordable and quality reproductivehealth services. And because gender relations affect reproductivehealth, men need to take greater responsibility for their ownsexual behaviour as well as respect and support their partners’rights and health.

Contraceptive prevalence rising in all regions

1993 2000


80

60

40

20

0

1993 2000

80

60

40

20

0

1993 2000

80

60

40

20

01993 2000

80

60

40

20

0

1993 2000

80

60

40

20

0

1993 2000

80

60

40

20

0

1993 2000

80

60

40

20

0


East Asiaand the PacificSouth Asia


Sub-Saharan Africa


Married women using contraception (%)

1993

2000 (est.)

41

51

15

26

73 76

42 51

50 5566

70 70 72

During the 1990s the use of contraception increased in allregions, but Africa lagged far behind. With rising numbers ofpeople in poor countries in their reproductive age, the challengeis to sustain the gains in the decade ahead. Doing so wouldreduce poverty faster.

In the late 1980s, the Iraniangovernment became moreconcerned with meeting thesocial and welfare needs of itsrapidly growing population. In1989 a national family planningprogramme was integrated into

the country’s extensive primaryhealth care system. Theprogramme has increasedaccess and promoted choice ofcontraceptive use. And inresponse to the 1994 CairoInternational Conference on

Population and Development,the programme widened itsscope to include othercomponents of reproductivehealth. Between 1989 and 1997the contraceptive prevalencerate rose from 49% to 73%.

Improving reproductivehealth services in the

Islamic Republic of Iran

I do not want to make this world morecrowded, and I do not want my life to getpoorer.

More than 14 million adolescentgirls give birth each year. A largeproportion of those pregnanciesare unwanted, and an estimated4.4 million abortions are soughtby adolescent girls each year.Many adolescents also faceserious risks of contractingsexually transmitted diseases,including HIV/AIDS.

1.1 billion adolescents need support

East Asia and the Pacific

Europe and Central Asia

Latin America and the Caribbean


South Asia

Sub-Saharan Africa

High-income countries

26

39

74

51

116

132

25

Births per 1,000 women aged 15–19, 1998

MillionsMillions Millions

New HIV infections, 1999Living with HIV/AIDS, 1999 AIDS deaths in 1999

Total Adult men Adult women Children under 15 years

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

0

5

10

15

20

25

35

30

40

5.6

2.7

2.3

0.6

2.6

1.01.1

0.5

33.6

17.6

14.8

1.2

At the end of 1999, 33.6 millionmen, women and children wereliving with HIV/AIDS, 95 percentof them in developing countries.More than 16 million have diedin the pandemic—more than13 million in Africa—leavingbehind shattered families andcrippling the prospects fordevelopment. Without effectivenational programmes andmassive international support,the pandemic will continue tospread throughout developingcountries, widening the gapsbetween rich and poor nations.

17

18


Goal: Implement national strategies for sustain-able development by 2005 so as to reverse theloss of environmental resources by 2015

Environment

In the early 1990s about 17million hectares of tropical

forests—four Switzerlands—were cleared annually. If thiscontinues, 5–10% of tropical

forest species will faceextinction in the next 30 years

Many of the world’s poor depend directly on the environment—agriculture, forestry and fisheries—for their livelihoods. The poorare also most likely to be hurt by air and water pollution andunsustainable practices for food production. Better environmentalmanagement can improve their lives, increase their productivityand build momentum towards sustainable development.

Little progress in improving water supplies

UrbanAfrica

100

80

60

40

20

0

RuralAfrica

100

80

60

40

20

0

UrbanAsia

100

80

60

40

20

0

RuralAsia

100

80

60

40

20

0

UrbanLatin America

100

80

60

40

20

0

RuralLatin America

100

80

60

40

20

0

85 8594 93 90 90

1990 1999

3746

1990 1999

6674

1990 1999

1990 1999 1990 1999

56 58

1990 1999

Population with access to an improved water source (%)

Almost 20 percent of the world’s people depend on unimprovedwater supplies to meet their daily needs. Urban populations arebetter served than rural, but even piped water from municipalsupplies may be contaminated by disease-bearing organismsand industrial pollutants. Those without access to safe watersupplies must struggle daily to meet their needs and face theconstant danger of water-borne disease.

We should live here on Earth as though wewere intending to stay for good.

19

After the 1992 Rio EarthSummit, the Philippines wasthe first country to establish acouncil for sustainabledevelopment, with partnersfrom government, civil societyand private business. The

phase-out of leaded gasoline inApril 2000 provided a rallyingpoint. The Philippine Agenda21 is the country’s blueprintfor sustainable development.Key businesses haveimplemented sustainable

production initiatives—reusingby-products, controllingpollution and includingenvironmental provisions incollective bargainingagreements with labourunions.

Active partnerships forsustainable development

in the Philippines

Forests—a disappearing resourceThousand square kilometers, 1997

Current forest areaPotential forest area



Sub-SaharanAfrica

SouthAsia

EastAsia &Pacific

Europe &CentralAsia


3,000

7,3

00

13,3

00

11,4

00

700

8,7

00

14,3

00

10,0

00

3,200

4,9

00

60080

14,4

00

8,8

00

Without human interference,large parts of the world wouldbe covered with forests. Throughunsustainable harvesting anddegradation, the world has lostmillions of acres of forests andwith them the economicallyimportant wood and non-woodproducts they supply. Lostforests can no longer conservesoil and water resources,preserve biodiversity, mitigateclimate change or protectnatural and cultural heritage.

Higher income countries make more efficient use of energy butproduce larger total emissions. And as poor countries develop,they become more energy-efficient—using the same quantityof energy, they can produce more goods and services. But totalenergy savings from efficiency gains are more than offset bygrowth in total consumption. So, if they follow the model of the

high-income countries today, their total energy use will continueto grow—and with it their emissions of greenhouse gases.Fortunately, the policies to reduce global greenhouse gasesoverlap with those to reduce local pollution and increase energyefficiency. This applies both to rich countries—the biggestemitters of carbon dioxide—and to developing countries.

0Low income High income Low income High income

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

Energy efficiency generally improves with economic growth . . .

SouthAsia

Sub-Saharan Africa

Sub-SaharanAfrica

East Asia &Pacific

Middle East & North Africa

Europe & Central Asia

Latin America &Caribbean


0

5

10

15

20

25

30

. . . but greenhouse gases also increase

East Asia &Pacific

South Asia


Latin America &Caribbean

Middle East & North Africa

Europe & Central Asia

Energy use (kilograms of oil equivalent) per unit of GDP

(1995 dollars), 1998Industrial CO2 emissions (metric tons per capita), 1998

20


What it willtake to achievethe goals

Good, honest government fosters—indeed embodies—sound legal andeconomic institutions. Corrupt judges, weak banking regulations, haphazardpublic services, limited community participation—each wastes the resourcesfor development. If administrative capacity is adequate, more local participationin the management of social services can greatly increase their effectiveness.And simplifying the rules of business can reduce the opportunities forcorruption and promote faster growth and poverty reduction.

The Republic of Korea, Malaysia and Morocco belong to aselect group of countries that halved the proportion of theirpeople living in poverty in less than a generation. So did theIndian states of Haryana, Kerala and Punjab. Another dozencountries—including Botswana and Mauritius—reduced povertyby a quarter or more in a generation. Other countries can learnmuch from the well-documented lessons of this experience, forif it has been done, it can be done again.

Voices and choices for the poorEmpowering poor people is the star ting point—providingopportunities for women, opening political space for poorpeople to organise. Democratisation has to go beyond simple

A commitment to respect fundamental human rights and the rule of law isa critical prerequisite for sustainable development. Half the world’s countrieshave ratified all six human rights conventions—up from a tenth of countriesjust 10 years ago. This is significant because, by ratifying treaties, countriesopen themselves to being held accountable for their actions.

More countries are becoming democratic

Proportion of countries with democratic governments (%)

1974

1988

1993

1998

70600 10 20 30 40 50

More human rights treaties ratified

Number of countries that have ratified the treaties

1990 1999

International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (1966)

International Convention on theElimination of All Forms of

Racial Discrimination (1965)

Convention on theElimination of Discrimination

against Women (1979)

Convention on the Rightsof the Child (1989)

Convention against Torture(1984)

International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural

Rights (1966)

0 50 100 150 200

28

40

58

61

127

155

96

142

91

144

102

165

53

118

62191

Stronger voices for the poor,economic stability and growth

that favours the poor, basic social services for all, open

markets for trade and technology,and enough development

resources, used well

21

rule by the majority to include minorities in all aspects ofpolitical participation—in cabinets, legislatures, civil servicesand local governments. Such inclusive democracy promotesan independent judiciary, an open civil society and a freemedia—all of which can ensure respect for human rights andmake governments accountable for their promises andactions.

Pro-poor growthEconomic growth is not a guarantee of poverty reduction—butit is absolutely essential for sustaining poverty reduction overthe longer run. And it needs to be pro-poor. How? It has togenerate more income-earning opportunities so that poor people

can engage in productive and well-paid work. It has to give poorpeople more access to assets to help unleash their productivepotential and allow them to feed themselves. And it has to befair in creating better opportunities for poor women. This willrequire measures to strengthen women’s land rights, increasetheir bargaining power and broaden their access to credit,training and new technology.

Many countries today need substantially faster pro-poorgrowth, among them the 30 developing countries whose realper capita incomes are lower today than they were 35 years ago.That growth will be built on increased production among the poorthemselves: by productivity increases among small farmers; bysmall enterprises, both rural and urban; by informal producers

Countries need to invest more in social services

Latin Americaand the

Caribbean

Sub-SaharanAfrica

Asia

Share of government budget spent on basic social services (%)

0 153 6 9 12

Basic education Basic health and nutrition

Low-cost water and sanitation

The growing importance of trade

Exports and imports of goods ($ billions)


Latin Americaand Caribbean


Middle East andNorth Africa

South Asia

East Asia and Pacific

Sub-SaharanAfrica

0

2,000

4,000

6,000

8,000

12,000

10,000

1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 1998

14

14

12

What a country invests in basic health and education signals its commitmentto long-term development. At the Copenhagen Social Summit in 1995 theworld’s leaders suggested as a rough guideline that 20% of budgetaryexpenditure and 20% of aid flows should be allocated to basic socialservices. The objective was for countries to have a healthy, well-educatedworkforce, able to compete in the global economy. Although the budgetallocations to basic social services have recently increased in manycountries, such as the Dominican Republic, Guatemala, Malawi andNamibia, few developing countries or donors meet the guideline.

Over the past 40 years, trade has grown faster than global output. But heavilyprotected economies and those dependent on commodity exports havelagged behind or suffered from price fluctuations. More countries nowrecognise the advantage of open trade, which boosts their exports andincreases their capacity to import.

22

and by the many women and men providing a host of small-scaleservices.

Economic policies must also be sound, well balanced andsustainable. This requires strengthening national institutionsto build the capacity to implement the right economic andsocial policies.

In all this is a concern for equity, so that all groups in societyprogress. But the concern for equity also extends to futuregenerations. This means that economic growth must besustainable—so that what we do to the environment todayleaves the natural resources to support life on our planet forfuture generations.

Basic social services for allPolicies have to go beyond the purely economic to focus on theneeds of the poor—to ensure minimum social standards anduniversal access to basic social services. Countries have toinvest in education—especially girls’ education, which producesone of the highest payoffs in development. They also have todeliver high-quality and cost-effective services to the poor—healthcare, water, sanitation and other basic services. Part of this isensuring action to reduce malnutrition, with a special focus onwomen of child-bearing age and young children. Countries also

have to provide safety nets for the vulnerable—in times ofcrisis, whether global, national or local.

Open markets for trade, technology and ideasGlobalisation offers enormous opportunities to the developingcountries—better ways of tapping the world’s knowledge, bettertechnology for delivering products and services, better accessto the world’s markets. But taking advantage of the opportunitiesrequires action. Countries have to lower their tariffs and othertrade barriers and streamline their systems for the flow ofimports, exports and finance. They also have to manage theirinflation, interest and exchange rates—to be seen as good placesfor doing business. And they have to maintain consistentpolicies—to be credible to investors, both domestic and foreign.The high-income countries have their part to play too—reducingtariffs and other trade barriers to imports from developingcountries and providing assistance to build the capacity totrade effectively.

Not all countries are enjoying the possible benefits, however.With a legacy of poor policies and poor performance, too manyof them are being left behind in trade, in finance, in technology,in ideas—in precisely the things that could help them grow andreduce poverty.

Crossing the digital divide is essential for being competitive

Personal computers per 1,000 people


Latin America and Caribbean

Europe and Central Asia


East Asia and Pacific

Sub-Saharan Africa

South Asia

0

50

40

30

20

10

100

200

300

19981997199619951994

Many countries could do more to mobilisetheir own resources


Middle-incomecountries

Low-incomecountries

Taxes as share of GDP (%), 1994–98

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

26

19

9

The cost of telecommunications plummeted in the past two decades,opening the opportunity for the use of cellular telephones by, say, cocoatraders in Ghana who need to know world prices. And now the Internet offersemail, online training and an infinity of resources on the Web. Theseresources have become a reality for some, but clearly not for most. So amajor challenge is to plug all of civil society, all of developing countrybusiness, into the networks that offer so much. To grasp this opportunitywill require major investments in telecommunications.

One thing countries can do to raise more money for development is to buildtheir capacity to collect taxes, not from the easy sources of tariffs andlicenses, which make the allocation of resources less efficient, but froma broad base of equitable taxation. The tax system should also be set upin ways that do not invite corruption.

23

Effective and equitable use of resources fordevelopmentDevelopment costs money. Much comes from the investmentsby people—and much, from the investments by government.What has spurred the growth of many East Asian countries istheir high savings rates, often more than 30% of gross nationalproduct. That’s allowed them to invest in infrastructure and socialservices. Many African countries, by contrast, have had savingsrates of only 10–15% of national income, too low to sustaingrowth fast enough to lift more people from poverty.

It’s important for countries to spend wisely—on basic servicesfor the poor, not on subsidised services for the rich, and on soundinvestments for future development. How governments spendtheir money matters as much as what they spend it on. Instabilityand unpredictability in government expenditures make progressin poverty reduction more difficult. The quality of people thatgovernments recruit also makes a difference. Governmentsthat hire and promote based on merit perform better than thosethat give the best jobs to friends and political allies.

External aid plays an important part in supporting development,especially in poor countries. There is a growing consensus thatcountry ownership of development policies and country leadershipin development programmes are essential for success—and that

donor procedures and reporting need to be co-ordinated andharmonised to reduce administrative burdens. Donors andinternational financial institutions are now working more closelywith developing countries on strategies for poverty reduction,formulated through a participatory process and driven bycountries. They are also being more selective in the kind of aidthat goes to a country, better ensuring that it is tailored tocountry priorities and local needs.

Donors realise the need to build strategic partnerships thatcapitalise on each partner’s intrinsic strengths, reflect sharedgoals and objectives and build on existing achievements.Working in partnership with developing countries, the high-income countries need to supply more aid. They also need toprovide more and faster debt relief. They need to offer easieraccess to their markets, including duty-free and quota-freeaccess for poor countries. And they need to finance programmesof benefit to many countries, such as research on vaccines fortropical diseases. These are the essential ingredients forpromoting growth and reducing poverty in the poorest andleast developed countries. These are also essential for reducinghuman suffering and the number of violent conflicts, sustainingthe environment and stemming the spread of such globalthreats as HIV/AIDS.

Aid, on the decline in the 1990s, needs a major boost,especially for the poorest countries

Aid by region (1997 $ billions)

Bilateral Multilateral

19901998

19901998

19901998

0 2015105

Sub-SaharanAfrica



19901998

East Asia andthe Pacific

19901998


19901998

South Asia

More effort needed to attract foreign investment,now concentrated in a handful of countries

Average annual aid and private flows ($ billions), 1996–98

0 20–10 40 60 80 100 120

Sub-SaharanAfrica



East Asia andthe Pacific


South Asia

Other privateTotal bond lendingInternational bank lending

Direct investmentOfficial development finance

7

5

19

13

9

9

7

5

4

7

5

4

9

21

39

15

47

101

Most OECD countries have adopted a target to provide 0.7% of their GNPas aid, but only Denmark, the Netherlands, Norway and Sweden have metthis. Worse, the inclination to help developing countries declined in the 1990s.In just five years, from 1992 to 1997, OECD aid fell from 0.33% to 0.22%of GNP, a decline that halted in 1998 and 1999. Donors need to providemore aid to poor countries, especially to those that use it effectively.Accelerated debt relief to the most heavily indebted poor countries will helpto support national strategies for poverty reduction.

Some regions rely almost entirely on aid for their external finance. Privatecapital flows can add much to what countries put into their developmentefforts. But these flows are concentrated in fewer than 20 developingcountries, and some types of these flows, such as bonds and bank lending,can be volatile. Countries need to create the conditions that attract longerterm investments from overseas as well as locally. Mozambique andUganda are beginning to do just that.

24


East Asia andthe Pacific American SamoaCambodiaChinaFijiIndonesiaKiribatiKorea, Dem. Rep.Korea, Rep.Lao PDRMalaysiaMarshall IslandsMicronesia, Fed. Sts.MongoliaMyanmarPalauPapua New GuineaPhilippinesSamoaSolomon IslandsThailandTongaVanuatuVietnam

Europe andCentral Asia AlbaniaArmeniaAzerbaijanBelarusBosnia andHerzegovina

BulgariaCroatiaCzech RepublicEstoniaGeorgiaHungaryIsle of ManKazakhstanKyrgyz RepublicLatviaLithuaniaMacedonia, FYRMoldovaPolandRomaniaRussian FederationSlovak RepublicTajikistanTurkeyTurkmenistanUkraineUzbekistanYugoslavia, FR(Serbia/Montenegro)

Latin Americaand the Caribbean Antigua and BarbudaArgentinaBarbadosBelizeBolivia

BrazilChileColombiaCosta RicaCubaDominicaDominican RepublicEcuadorEl SalvadorGrenadaGuatemalaGuyanaHaitiHondurasJamaicaMexicoNicaraguaPanamaParaguayPeruPuerto RicoSt. Kitts andNevis

St. LuciaSt. Vincent and theGrenadines

SurinameTrinidad and TobagoUruguayVenezuela, RB

Middle East andNorth Africa AlgeriaBahrainDjiboutiEgypt, Arab Rep.Iran, Islamic Rep.IraqJordanLebanonLibyaMoroccoOmanSaudi ArabiaSyrian Arab Republic

TunisiaWest Bank and Gaza

Yemen, Rep.

South Asia AfghanistanBangladeshBhutanIndiaMaldivesNepalPakistanSri Lanka

Sub-Saharan Africa AngolaBeninBotswana

Burkina FasoBurundiCameroonCape VerdeCentral African Republic

ChadComorosCongo, Dem. Rep.Congo, Rep.Côte d’IvoireEquatorial GuineaEritreaEthiopiaGabonGambia, TheGhanaGuineaGuinea-BissauKenyaLesothoLiberiaMadagascarMalawiMaliMauritaniaMauritiusMayotteMozambiqueNamibiaNigerNigeriaRwandaSão Tomé and Principe

SenegalSeychellesSierra LeoneSomaliaSouth AfricaSudanSwazilandTanzaniaTogoUgandaZambiaZimbabwe

High incomeAndorraArubaAustraliaAustriaBahamas, TheBelgiumBermudaBruneiCanadaCayman IslandsChannel IslandsCyprusDenmarkFaeroe IslandsFinlandFranceFrench Polynesia

GermanyGreeceGreenlandGuamHong Kong, ChinaIcelandIrelandIsraelItalyJapanKuwaitLiechtensteinLuxembourgMacao, ChinaMaltaMonacoNetherlandsNetherlands AntillesNew CaledoniaNew ZealandNorthern Mariana Islands

NorwayPortugalQatarSingaporeSloveniaSpainSwedenSwitzerlandUnited Arab Emirates

United KingdomUnited StatesVirgin Islands (U.S.)

Members of theDevelopment Assis-tance Committee of the Organisation forEconomic Co-operation andDevelopment (OECD)are shown in italics.

Regional definitionsThe regional groupings in this report are basedon geographic and cultural affinities and theaverage income of residents. Developingcountries and territories are divided into sixregions. In some instances, broader aggregates,roughly corresponding to continental areas, areused. Countries or territories with gross nationalproduct per capita of more than $9,360 in 1998are considered to be high income and are treatedas a single group. The term country does notimply political independence or official recognitionbut refers to any territory for which authoritiesreport separate social or economic statistics.

Data sourcesThe statistics in this report were provided byvarious international agencies, which compiledor estimated them on the basis of reports fromnational authorities. They are the best availabletoday. But the picture they portray is flawedbecause for some countries the data areincomplete, unreliable or unavailable.Recognising this, PARIS21—a consortium ofpartner countries, international organisations anddonors brought together under the bannerPartnership In Statistics for development in the21st Century—-is working to improve the capacityof countries to produce good statistics. Formore information on the PARIS21 programme, seewww.paris21.org.

The notes below identify the principal sources forA Better World for All. For definitions, bibliographicinformation and additional sources of data,please go to the Better World Website:www.paris21.org/betterworld.

Poverty Estimates of the number of peopleliving in extreme poverty are from the World Bank.Data on malnutrition among children under-5are from the Sub-Committee on Nutrition of theUN Administrative Committee on Co-ordination.

Education Primary school enrolments andprojections of school-age children are from theUnited Nations Educational Scientific and CulturalOrganisation (UNESCO) Institute of Statistics.

Gender Data on primary and secondary schoolenrolments by gender are from the UNESCO Instituteof Statistics. The estimates of gender gaps byfamily assets are based on work by the World Bank.

Infant and child mortality Mortality rates comefrom the United Nations Population Division andUnited Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF). Thedistribution of under-5 mortality rates by familyassets is based on an analysis of Demographicand Health Surveys by the World Bank and MacroInternational. The analysis of under-5 mortalityrates by mother’s level of education is from astudy by Macro International.

Maternal mortality Data on births attended byskilled health personnel and maternal mortality

ratios are preliminary estimates from the WorldHealth Organisation (WHO) and UNICEF.

Reproductive health Estimates of contraceptiveprevalence rates and fertility rates for womenaged 15–19 are from the United NationsPopulation Division. Data on HIV infections anddeaths from AIDS come from the WHO and theJoint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS(UNAIDS).

Environment Estimates of the population withaccess to an improved water source are from thereport of the Secretary General to the UnitedNations Commission on Sustainable Development(May 2000). Estimates of current and potentialforest areas are from the World Wide Fund forNature. Energy use per unit of GDP was estimatedby the World Bank using data from theInternational Energy Agency. Data on carbondioxide emissions come from the Carbon DioxideInformation Analysis Center.

What it will take to achieve the goals Estimatesof the number of countries with democraticgovernments are from the World Bank’s WorldDevelopment Report 1999/2000. Data on thenumber of countries ratifying human rights treatieswere compiled by the United Nations DevelopmentProgramme (UNDP). Shares of governmentbudgets spent on basic social services wereestimated by UNICEF and UNDP. The value ofmerchandise trade is from the World TradeOrganisation. The number of personal computersper capita was estimated from data provided bythe International Telecommunication Union. Dataon tax revenues are from the InternationalMonetary Fund’s Government Finance Statistics.Data on aid and private capital flows are from theOECD.

Other sourcesQuotations throughout the report were takenfrom Voices of the Poor, volumes 1 and 2,published by the World Bank, and from reportsby development workers around the world.

The accounts of successful programmes toreduce pover ty and meet the internationaldevelopment goals are from repor ts bypar ticipants at the Forum on DevelopmentProgress held in Paris in March 2000. Additionalinformation comes from reports by the WorldBank and United Nations agencies.

The world by region Sources

Notes and sources

Indicators for the international development goals

A BETTER WORLD FOR ALL2000

Economic well-being

Social development

Environmental sustainability and regeneration

Reducing extreme povertyThe proportion of people living in extreme poverty in developing countries should be reduced by at least one-half between 1990 and 2015.

Universal primary educationThere should be universal primary education in all countries by 2015.

Gender equalityProgress towards gender equality and the empowerment of women should be demonstrated by eliminating gender disparity in primary and secondary education by 2005.

Reducing infant and child mortalityThe death rates for infants and children under the age of five years should be reduced in each developing country by two-thirds between 1990 and 2015.

Reducing maternal mortalityThe rate of maternal mortality should be reduced by three-quarters between 1990 and 2015.

Reproductive healthAccess should be available through the primary healthcare system to reproductive health services for all individuals of appropriate ages, no later than 2015.

EnvironmentThere should be a current national strategy for sustainable development, in the process of implementation, in every country by 2005, so as to ensure that current trends in the loss of environmental resources are effectively reversed at both global and national levels by 2015.

Incidence of extreme poverty: people living on less than $1 a dayPoverty gap ratio: incidence times depth of povertyInequality: poorest fifth’s share of national consumptionChild malnutrition: proportion of children under 5 who are underweight

Net enrolment in primary educationCompletion of 4th grade of primary educationLiteracy rate of 15 to 24 year-olds

Ratio of girls to boys in primary and secondary educationRatio of literate females to males (15 to 24 year-olds)

Infant mortality rateUnder-5 mortality rate

Maternal mortality ratioBirths attended by skilled health personnel

Contraceptive prevalence rateHIV prevalence in 15 to 24 year-old pregnant women

Countries with effective processes for sustainable developmentPopulation with access to an improved water sourceForest area as a percentage of national surface areaBiodiversity: protected land areaEnergy efficiency: GDP per unit of energy useCarbon dioxide emissions per capita

More information about these goals and indicators can be found at www.oecd.org/dac/indicators. For a broader set of goals and indicators used by the United Nations in its common country assessments, see www.cca-undaf.org.Data for the international development goals and related indicators are available from the World Bank at www.worldbank.org/data. The International Monetary Fund provides links to national data sources and information on data quality and standards through its Dissemination Standards Bulletin Board: dsbb.imf.org.

Goals Indicators

goals

25

World Bank Group

www.worldbank.org

United Nations

www.un.org

Organisation for Economic

Co-operation and Development

www.oecd.org

International

Monetary Fund

www.imf.org

The goals for international development address that most compelling of human desires—a world free of poverty and free of the misery that poverty breeds. This report focuses on seven goals, which, if achieved in the next 15 years, will improve the lives of millions of people. In words and pictures, with numbers and charts, it describes progress towards the goals, what has been achieved and the effort required to reach them.

a better world for all. progress towards the international … · 2002-09-20 · we cannot afford...

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