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MASONRY 101A BEGINNER’S GUIDE TO
BRICK, BLOCK, STONEand
MASONRY DETAILINGCourse Number: RMMI2012x005Rocky Mountain Masonry InstituteBret Terry, Technical Director2012 HSW credit
“Rocky Mountain Masonry Institute” is a Registered Provider with The American Institute of Architects Continuing Education Systems (AIA/CES). Credit(s) earned on completion of this program will be reported to AIA/CES for AIA members. Certificates of Completion for both AIA members and non-AIA members are available upon request.
This program is registered with AIA/CES for continuing professional education. As such, it does not include content that may be deemed or construed to be an approval or endorsement by the AIA of any material of construction or any method or manner of handling, using, distributing, or dealing in any material or product.
Questions related to specific materials, methods, and services will be addressed at the conclusion of this presentation.
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RMMI Promotes Use of Masonry
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RMMI Promotes Use of Masonry
1. You will learn how to combine basic masonry units (brick, block and stone) into a long-lasting weather-resistant skin for the building.
2. You will compare different masonry options (brick, block and stone) for economy, aesthetics, weather-resistance and longevity.
3. You will learn where to find the code requirements for masonry construction. You will also compare Adhered Masonry Veneer to Anchored Masonry Veneer.
4. You will learn how to include flashing and weep holes in your assemblies to insure that the wall will be dry, secure and long-lasting.
Learning Objectives
Masonry lasts a long, long time!
Wood burns.Papyrus rots away.Termites and mold
can destroy many materials.
Only masonry has the capacity to last for thousands of years.
Temple of Amun at Karnac1530 B.C.
Machu Picchu 1400 A.D.
Masonry is impervious to most of the destructive forces of Mother Nature
Masonry does not burn.Termites do not eat it.It is not damaged by mold or hail.Maintenance is minimal.
The only natural hazards that destroy masonry are earthquakes and freeze-thaw cycles.
Colorado has a very low risk of earthquakes.
However, Denver has 154 freeze-thaw cycles in a typical year. If a brick is wet and then frozen, the expanding ice can fracture the masonry.
What exactly is masonry?
Masonry walls are an assemblage of small modules held together with mortar.The masonry units can be brick, concrete block, stone or precast concrete.
What is BRICK?BRICK Is made from fired clay (basically dirt).
The raw clay is crushed, moistened and formed into cubes. It is then dried and fired in kilns at temperatures exceeding 2000 degrees.
Modern brick has holes to insure even firing.
What is CONCRETE BLOCK?
CONCRETE BLOCK is made primarily of sand.You can use aggregates and additives to add color.You can run rebar and grout in the large core holes.
Concrete Block gets much of its strength from Steel Reinforcing
HORIZONTAL REINFORCING is a ladder-shaped grid of galvanized wire rods that is embedded in mortar.
REBAR is a thick piece of steel that runs vertically through the core holes in the block. It is held in place by grout.
BOND BEAMS are pieces of rebar that run horizontally.
Differences between Brick & Block
BRICK CONCRETE BLOCKMade from clay Made from sandFired in a kiln to 2000+ degrees Steam curedGROWS as it ages SHRINKS as it agesSmaller module (8” length typical) Larger module (16” length typical)Rarely needs water repellent coating ALWAYS needs water repellent coatingUsually used as a non-structural veneer Usually reinforced and structural
Both Brick and Block are MODULAR
Design the building so that window and door openings are constructed with full-sized and half-sized units.
Cut bricks and blocks look patchy and do not weather well.
STONESTONE is a natural material.It is quarried, not
manufactured. It varies greatly in quality,
color, density, strength and water repellency.
It is difficult to find technical information about stone.
STONE
Historic stone details are not applicable to modern veneer construction methods. We can no longer afford to build such solid, thick walls.
Stone Finishes
Natural stone can be finished to achieve many different looks.
Polished Honed Flamed Pitched
Stone Finishes
Installation also greatly affects the final look of the wall.
STONE is expensive
Labor costs account for most of the expense.
Hand carved and finished surfaces will cost more than rustic walls.
Manufactured Stone
Manufactured Stone is a concrete-based molded unit that has a painted finish.
Do NOT use dry-stacked installation in Colorado.Do NOT bury the stones below the soil.
Manufactured Stone
“Reconstituted limestone” is typically 4” to 5” thick. Unlike other manufactured stone products, it is homogenous and does not have a painted surface.
Before 1900 Masonry Walls were Massive
Masonry walls built before 1900 were typically massive, monolithic and very thick.
1900 to 1950 Composite Walls
Although these masonry walls are still made up of several layers of masonry, they often used larger, cheaper units on the inner layer of the wall, reserving the most expensive material for a single layer on the outside skin of the building.
1950 to Present—Cavity Walls
Cavity Walls save money by minimizing the thickness of the masonry. It is usually only about 4” deep.
This thin layer of brick, block or stone is not structural. It is only required to look good and shed weather.
The building gets all its support from the structural wall behind the masonry veneer.
The air gap between the veneer and the back-up wall channels water out of the wall.
Cavity Walls require Special Details
AIR GAP must have flashing, weep holes and a moisture barrier.
MASONRY TIES must slip vertically and be rigid horizontally.
CONTROL JOINTS prevent cracks. Install them at 24-35 feet on center. You need extra control joints around openings.
1980 to Present—Single Wythe Walls
Single Wythe Walls are made of a single vertical stack of brick or concrete block. They are not as thick as Barrier Walls or Cavity Walls.
They are one of the least expensive masonry walls you can build. Unfortunately, they are prone to leak if you do not design them carefully.
Advice for Building Single Wythe Walls
Since Single Wythe Walls do not have the built-in redundancy of thicker systems, you must detail them carefully.
Use metal or precast concrete caps and sills. Use flashing or a weep system at the base of
the wall. Ask for integral water repellent in the block and
in the mortar. Also apply spray water repellent. Do NOT clean by sandblasting. Use rigid insulation rather than batt insulation. Be sure you have enough control joints.
1990 to Present—Adhered Veneer Walls
With adhered veneer you literally paste a thin sheet of masonry to the wall with mortar. While this is cheaper than traditional anchored veneers, it will never last as long as a more conservative system.
1990 to Present—Adhered Veneer Walls
Send us an email to get a free copy of the new Adhered Veneer Installation Guide.
For more information:
Rocky Mountain Masonry Institutephone 303-893-3838 fax 303-893-3839686 Mariposa Street, Denver CO 80204
My Favorite Web Sites
Brick Industry Associationwww.bia.org (Technical Notes)
National Concrete Masonry Associationwww.ncma.org (E-Tek)
Mason Contractors’ Association of Americawww.masonrysystems.org
InspirationAward winning projectsIdeasPhoto Gallery
InformationMasonry basicsWeb linksCost calculator
11 Basic wall types
www.masonrysystems.org
Thanks for attending!See You Next Time…
Rocky Mountain Masonry Institutephone 303-893-3838 fax 303-893-3839686 Mariposa Street, Denver CO 80204
Questions?