The Human Body: An Orientation Ch1Learning Goals:• An overview of A & P

1. Define anatomy & physiology.2. Explain how anatomy & physiology are related.

• Levels of structure & organization3. Name the levels of structural organization that make up the human body

and explain how they are related.4. Name the organ systems of the body and briefly state the major functions

of each system.5. Classify by organ system all organs discussed.6. Identify the organs shown on a diagram or a dissectible torso.

• Maintaining life7. Define homeostasis and explain its importance.8. Define negative feedback and describe its role in maintaining

homeostasis and normal body function.

• The language of anatomy9. Describe the anatomical position verbally or demonstrate it.10. Use proper anatomical terminology to describe body directions,

surfaces, and body planes.11. Locate the major body cavities and list the chief organs in each cavity.

An Overview of Anatomy & PhysiologyAnatomy – study of structure; identification of body parts

Physiology – the study of function; how the body parts work

Structure is related to function. Things work the way they work because of their structure.

Levels of Structural Organization

Organ System Overview

Integumentary SystemSkin• Waterproofs, cushions & protects

deeper tissues• Excretes salts & urea• Helps regulate temp• Contains sense receptors (temp,

pressure, pain)

Skeletal System

• Consists of bone, cartilage, ligaments & joints

• Support• Provides framework for skeletal

muscles for movement• Protection• Produces blood cells

Muscular System

• Contract to cause movement

Nervous System

• Fast acting control system• Consists of brain, spinal cord,

nerves & sensory receptors (eyes, ears…)

• Responds to external & internal stimuli

Endocrine System

• Slower acting control system

• Consists of endocrine glands that produce hormones (chemical messengers) that regulate other structures

Cardiovascular System

• Transports chemicals through body

• Consists of heart, blood vessels & blood

Lymphatic System

• Return fluid back to blood vessels that has leaked out

• Involved in immunity• Lymphatic vessels, lymph

nodes, spleen, tonsils

Respiratory System

• Supply oxygen & remove carbon dioxide (gas exchange)

• Consists of nasal passages, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi & lungs

Digestive System

• Breaks down food & deliver the small food molecules to the blood for dispersal to the body.

• Consists of oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, small & large intestines.

Urinary System

• Aka Excretory System• Removes nitrogen -

containing wastes (urea & uric acid)

• Consists of kidneys, ureters, bladder & urethra

• Maintains water, salt & pH balance of blood

Reproductive System

• Produce offspring• Consists of scrotum, penis

& duct system in males• Uterine tubes, uterus,

vagina in females

Maintaining LifeNecessary Life Functions• Maintain boundaries• Move• Respond to environmental changes (responsiveness or

irritability)• Take in & digest nutrients• Carry out metabolism (chemical rx)• Dispose of wastes• Reproduce• Grow

All the organ systems work together to enable these to occur.How can you remember these? Picture yourself walking to

McDonalds, eating a Big Mac…

Survival Needs• Nutrients – used for energy &

cell building• Oxygen – enables us to release

energy from our food• Water – provides fluid base for

body• Body temperature – must be

maintained @ 37 degrees C (98 F)

• Atmospheric pressure (force exerted on surface of body by the weight of air) – breathing depends on appropriate pressure

All of these must be present in appropriate amounts for survival.

Homeostasis• The bodies ability to

maintain relatively stable internal conditions, regardless of outside conditions.

• Homeo = unchanging• Stasis = standing still• Internal conditions aren’t

still, but they vary within very narrow limits

The thermostat in your house maintains a set temperature.

Now… apply this the human body & how it maintains a steady level (amount) of glucose in

the blood.

• Negative feedback – a stimulus causes a response in the opposite direction of the stimulus.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1oBquWer8R8

• Above link to Mr. Ford’s Body Position video• The correct anatomical position is standing up (erect)

with the feet parallel and the arms hanging at the sides with the palms facing forward and the thumbs pointing away from the body. Body Landmarks

• To precisely point out the chief complaint of a patient, the nurse or physician uses anatomical terms representing a certain body part. For example, a patient walks in the emergency room with a hacking wound on the posterior portion of the left lower leg. To clearly state the area of injury the nurse uses the term “sural” which means the posterior surface of the lower leg rather than writing “back area of the lower leg”. Knowing these terms not only give the nurse a more accurate formulation of chief complaints but it also saves time of a good deal of description.

Anatomical Position

Orientation & Directional TermsUsed to clearly explain the relation of one body structure to

another

• Superior – above• Inferior – below• Anterior – in front of• Posterior – behind• Medial – middle• Lateral – away from the middle; at outer the sides• Intermediate – between a more medial and a more a

lateral surface• Proximal – close to the body part• Distal – away from a body part• Superficial – external; at the surface• Deep – internal; away from the surface

Orientation & Directional Terms

Regional Terms

Anterior Body Landmarks

• Abdominal – anterior body trunk inferior to ribs• Acromial – point of shoulder• Antecubital – anterior surface of elbow• Axillary – armpit• Brachial – arm• Buccal – cheek area• Carpal – wrist• Cervical – neck region• Coxal – hip• Crural – leg• Digital – fingers, toes• Femoral – thigh• Fibular – lateral part of the leg• Inguinal – area where thigh meets body part• Nasal – nose area• Oral – mouth• Orbital – eye area• Patellar – anterior knee• Pelvic – area overlying the pelvis anteriorly• Pubic – genital region• Sternal – breastbone area• Tarsal – ankle region• Thoracic – chest• Umbilical – navel

Posterior Body Landmark

• Calcaneal – heel of foot• Cephalic – head• Deltoid – curve of shoulder formed

by large deltoid muscle• Femoral – thigh• Gluteal – buttock• Lumbar – area of back between

ribs and hips• Occipital – posterior surface of

head• Olecranal – posterior surface of

elbow• Popliteal – sacral• Scapular – shoulder blade region• Sural – posterior surface of the

lower leg• Vertebral – area of spine• Plantar – sole of the foot

Body Planes & Sections

Median Frontal or Coronal

Transverse

Body CavitiesLateral View

Body CavitiesAnterior View

Abdominopelvic Cavity Regions

Adominopelvic Cavity Quadrants

View without skeleton

Interactive Region Body Parts Site

• http://www.wisc-online.com/objects/ViewObject.aspx?ID=AP14904

• http://nhscience.lonestar.edu/biol/dropdrag/regions1.htm

Flash Cards of Body Regionshttp://quizlet.com/11406/anatomy-regional-terms-flash-cards/

Body Organization Quiz / Games

• http://msjensen.cehd.umn.edu/webanatomy/timed/01.htm