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IRENE McCORMACK CATHOLIC COLLEGE

SCIENCE DEPARTMENTTEACHING & LEARNING PROGRAMME 2020

YEAR 12 PHYSICS

ATAR COURSE

Gravity and Motion Electromagnetism Wave particle duality and the quantum theory Special relativity The Standard Model

NOTES:

References: Education Perfect Oline Resource “Exploring Physics Year 12 – Experiments, Investigations & Problems”;

STAWA

Week Ending Central Ideas Content

7/2 (1.1) This is a qualitative analysis only. Acceleration of falling objects is independent of mass (Galileo)Development of our solar system due to gravitational forces. Dust and rocks in deep space forming planets. Formulation of nebula.Movement of objects in the solar system due to gravitational forces.Drawing gravity field diagrams. Understanding of apparent weight. Elevators. Understanding of the inverse square law. Introduce idea of perceived weight as Normal Force.Apparent weight.

Gravity and Motion the movement of free-falling bodies in Earth’s gravitational field is predictable all objects with mass attract one another with a gravitational force; the magnitude of this

force can be calculated using Newton’s Law of Universal Gravitation This includes applying the relationship

objects with mass produce a gravitational field in the space that surrounds them; field theory attributes the gravitational force on an object to the presence of a gravitational field

This includes applying the relationship

when a mass moves or is moved from one point to another in a gravitational field and its potential energy changes, work is done on the mass by the field

This includes applying the relationships

gravitational field strength is defined as the net force per unit mass at a particular point in the field


14/2 (1.2) Graphing of motion:• displacement / time graphs• velocity / time graphs (vertical and horizontal)Use of projectile motion marble/carts, various other projectile systems.Resolving vector componentsDiscuss qualitatively the effects of air resistance. Demonstrate how to determine maximum range when vertical displacement = 0 and the angle at which this occurs.

Gravity and Motion the vector nature of the gravitational force can be used to analyse motion on inclined

planes by considering the components of the gravitational force (that is, weight) parallel and perpendicular to the plane

projectile motion can be analysed quantitatively by treating the horizontal and vertical components of the motion independently This includes applying the relationships

21/2 (1.3) Graphing of motion:• displacement / time graphs• velocity / time graphs (vertical and horizontal)Use of projectile motion marble/carts, various other projectile systems.Resolving vector componentsDiscuss qualitatively the effects of air resistance. Demonstrate how to determine maximum range when vertical displacement = 0 and the angle at which this occurs.

Gravity and Motion projectile motion can be analysed quantitatively by treating the horizontal and vertical

components of the motion independently This includes applying the relationships


28/2 (1.4) Determination of centripetal force and acceleration. Resolution of forces on a banked track (cars, bikes, runners). Understanding of normal force (considering friction) on banked tracks. Discuss effects of friction qualitatively Ferris wheels, rollercoasters, stunt planes, experience of ‘weightlessness’. Need to determine ΣF at various points in vertical circular motion. Also criteria for not falling out of your seat when doing a ‘loop the loop’. Circus acrobats, gymnasts, centrifuges. Assuming that non-uniform CM (vertical). Car over a hump.

Gravity and Motion when an object experiences a net force of constant magnitude perpendicular to its

velocity, it will undergo uniform circular motion, including circular motion on a horizontal plane and around a banked track; and vertical circular motion


v=2πrT,ac=

vr

2

, resultant Fc=mac=

mv2

r Newton’s Law of Universal Gravitation is used to explain Kepler’s laws of planetary

motion and to describe the motion of planets and other satellites, modelled as uniform circular motion

This includes deriving and applying the relationship

6/3 (1.5)

SHORT WEEK!

Determining mass of earth by using horizontal circular motion. Understanding as to how to derive Kepler’s laws.Comet motion.Consider elliptical orbits and Kepler’s Laws.Kepler’s 3rd law: T2 / r3 = constant

Show how to link FG and FC and v=2πr/T

Gravity and Motion Newton’s Law of Universal Gravitation is used to explain Kepler’s laws of planetary

motion and to describe the motion of planets and other satellites, modelled as uniform circular motion

This includes deriving and applying the relationship

13/3 (1.6) Mechanical advantage.Considering position of centre of mass (centre of gravity). Stability, centre of mass and base of support. Couples

Gravity and Motion when an object experiences a net force at a distance from a pivot and at an angle to the

lever arm, it will experience a torque or moment about that pointThis includes applying the relationship

for a rigid body to be in equilibrium, the sum of the forces and the sum of the moments must be zeroThis includes applying the relationships

20/3 (1.7) Use of real life examples, such as suspended objects (2D), planks, bridges, trusses, arches, cranes, etc. Stability

Gravity and Motion when an object experiences a net force at a distance from a pivot and at an angle to the

lever arm, it will experience a torque or moment about that pointThis includes applying the relationship

for a rigid body to be in equilibrium, the sum of the forces and the sum of the moments must be zeroThis includes applying the relationships

27/3 (1.8) Catch up


3/4 (1.9)

SHORT WEEK!

(Year 12 Retreat!)

Electrons in orbit around the atom. Explaining the concept of charge.Electrons orbiting within an electrostatic field. Electrostatic forces of attraction.

Electromagnetism electrostatically charged objects exert a force upon one another; the magnitude of this

force can be calculated using Coulomb’s LawThis includes applying the relationship

9/4 (1.10) End of Term 1 – Revise, catch-up, prepare1/5 (2.1)

SHORT WEEK!

Define permittivity.

Draw simple electric field diagrams. Van der Graaff generator experiments.

point charges and charged objects produce an electric field in the space that surrounds them; field theory attributes the electrostatic force on a point charge or charged body to the presence of an electric field

a positively charged body placed in an electric field will experience a force in the direction of the field; the strength of the electric field is defined as the force per unit charge


E=Fq

=Vd

when a charged body moves or is moved from one point to another in an electric field and its potential energy changes, work is done on the charge by the field


8/5 (2.2) Flow of charge is current. Difference between electron current and conventional current.Determination of total charge.Moving charge results in the development of magnetic field. Discuss Earth’s magnetic field. Determination of north/south poles in solenoids.Shape of magnetic field.Strength of field relates to density of field lines. Shape of field due to straight wire, loop and coil.Magnetic field intensity around a conductor Definition of permeability of free space.

Electromagnetism the direction of conventional current is that in which the flow of positive charges takes

place, while the electron flow is in the opposite direction current-carrying wires are surrounded by magnetic fields; these fields are utilised in

solenoids and electromagnets the strength of the magnetic field produced by a current is a measure of the magnetic

flux density This includes applying the relationship


15/5 (2.3) Charged particles in a magnetic field. Motor effect.Force on a charge-carrying conductor. Development of the Synchrotron, etc. Principles of a Mass Spectrometer

For free particles.For particles in a wire.

Motor effect. Use of commutators. Back emf. Force is perpendicular to magnetic field and wire. Determination of maximum torque

Electromagnetism magnets, magnetic materials, moving charges and current-carrying wires experience a

force in a magnetic field when they cut flux lines; this force is utilised in DC electric motors and particle accelerators This includes applying the relationships

the force due to a current in a magnetic field in a DC electric motor produces a torque on the coil in the motor This includes applying the relationship

22/5 (2.4) Rate of change of flux will result in an emf. Faraday and Lenz’s Laws.Flux versus flux density.

Electromagnetism is utilised in a range of technological applications, including: DC electric motor

with commutator, and back emf

AC and DC generators

transformers regenerative

braking induction hotplates large scale AC

power distribution systems

Electromagnetism an induced emf is produced by the relative motion of a straight conductor in a magnetic

field when the conductor cuts flux linesThis includes applying the relationship

where magnetic flux is defined in terms of magnetic flux density and area


a changing magnetic flux induces a potential difference; this process of electromagnetic induction is used in step-up and step-down transformers, DC and AC generators This includes applying the relationships

AC generator emfmax ¿2N l vB=2πNB A⊥ f , emfrms =emf max

√2

29/5 (2.5) Year 12 Semester 1 Exams5/6 (2.6) Year 12 Semester 1 Exams12/5 (2.7) Electromagnetism

a changing magnetic flux induces a potential difference; this process of electromagnetic induction is used in step-up and step-down transformers, DC and AC generators This includes applying the relationships

AC generator emfmax ¿2N l vB=2πNB A⊥ f , emfrms =emf max

√2

conservation of energy, expressed as Lenz’s Law of electromagnetic induction, is used to determine the direction of induced current


19/6 (2.8) Define mechanical wave. Define e/m wave. Understand vacuum characteristics. Understand space is a vacuum. Revise wave properties (reflection, refraction, diffraction, interference). Dual nature of light. Electromagnetic radiation, wavelike properties - quanta of light.Define polarisation, reflection, refraction, diffraction, dispersion and interference - with examples. Understand what a transverse wave is. Use the "picket fence" analogy to explain polarisation. Limitations of models.

Wave particle duality and the quantum theory light exhibits many wave properties; however, it cannot only be modelled as a

mechanical wave because it can travel through a vacuum a wave model explains a wide range of light-related phenomena, including reflection,

refraction, dispersion, diffraction and interference; a transverse wave model is required to explain polarisation

electromagnetic waves are transverse waves made up of mutually perpendicular, oscillating electric and magnetic fields

oscillating charges produce electromagnetic waves of the same frequency as the oscillation; electromagnetic waves cause charges to oscillate at the frequency of the wave

26/6 (2.9) Particle nature exhibited in p/e effect, Compton effect, de Broglie's Equation. Wave nature exhibited in interference, diffraction. Construct a simple diagram of how "polaroid" sunglasses work.

Wave particle duality and the quantum theory atomic phenomena and the interaction of light with matter indicate that states of matter

and energy are quantised into discrete values

3/7 (2.10) Detail description of photoelectric effect. Wave model of light inadequate. Dual nature of light explored with reference to Einstein’s explanation of photoelectric effect. Interpret graphs of photoelectric effect. Effect of threshold voltage in p/e cell. (i.e. Ek vs f graph) Determine the gradient of this graph and note its significance. Interpret the intercepts of this graph. Energy level diagrams. Threshold frequencies. See particle theory above.

Wave particle duality and the quantum theory on the atomic level, electromagnetic radiation is emitted or absorbed in discrete packets

called photons. The energy of a photon is proportional to its frequency. The constant of proportionality, Planck’s constant, can be determined experimentally using the photoelectric effect and the threshold voltage of coloured LEDs This includes applying the relationships

a wide range of phenomena, including black body radiation and the photoelectric effect, are explained using the concept of light quanta

End of Term 2


24/7 (3.1)

SHORT WEEK!

Understand hydrogen atom spectra. The Bohr Model of the atom - understand hydrogen atom, electron shells, energy levels. Define "photon" and link to quantisation in matter / energy levels (n=1, n=2, etc.) Energy level diagrams. Quantum Physics. Absorption and emission of photons (E = h f).Spectra. Bohr model of the atom/ Balmer - Lyman series. Define continuous emission spectra, line emission spectra, band emission spectra, line absorption spectra and band absorption spectra. Supply examples (AAS, forensics, contaminants CSIRO HE). Unique energy level diagrams for each atom to explain line emission / absorption (in relation to transitions between ground state and intermediate energy levels as needed).

Wave particle duality and the quantum theory atoms of an element emit and absorb specific wavelengths of light that are unique to

that element; this is the basis of spectral analysis This includes applying the relationships

the Bohr model of the hydrogen atom integrates light quanta and atomic energy states to explain the specific wavelengths in the hydrogen spectrum and in the spectra of other simple atoms; the Bohr model enables line spectra to be correlated with atomic energy-level diagrams

31/7 (3.2) Wave particle duality and the quantum theory on the atomic level, energy and matter exhibit the characteristics of both waves and

particles. Young’s double slit experiment is explained with a wave model but produces the same interference and diffraction patterns when one photon at a time or one electron at a time are passed through the slits

7/8 (3.3) Consequences of Special Theory explored. Define inertial frame of reference. Define the speed of light. Ultimate speed in universe.Graphing Lorentz transformations. Frame of reference.Define the speed of light. Define relativistic / quantum Physics. Define Newtonian Physics. Relative versus absolute speeds (differences).

Special relativity observations of objects travelling at very high speeds cannot be explained by

Newtonian physics. These include the dilated half-life of high-speed muons created in the upper atmosphere, and the momentum of high-speed particles in particle accelerators

Einstein’s special theory of relativity predicts significantly different results to those of Newtonian physics for velocities approaching the speed of light

the special theory of relativity is based on two postulates: that the speed of light in a vacuum is an absolute constant, and that all inertial reference frames are equivalent


14/8 (3.4) Understand the concept of relativity. Time as not being an absolute. Mass as not being absolute. Understand the concept of ‘rest mass’. Describe time dilation. Atomic clock evidence of time dilation. Frame of reference. Relative motion. Limitations of Newton's laws (relatively low speeds). Relativity - frames of reference, comparing speed. GPS only works if the clock on moving satellite is corrected for time dilation. CERN (LHC) at 0.99999c - the mass of a proton dilates dramatically and therefore the B strength must be increased to keep a constant radius of motion. At low speeds m is constant, at ‘c’ it is not.

Special relativity motion can only be measured relative to an observer; length and time are relative

quantities that depend on the observer’s frame of reference This includes applying the relationships

21/8 (3.5)

SHORT WEEK!

Special relativity relativistic momentum increases at high relative speed and prevents an object from

reaching the speed of lightThis includes applying the relationship

the concept of mass-energy equivalence emerged from the special theory of relativity and explains the source of the energy produced in nuclear reactions This includes applying the relationship

28/8 (3.6)

SHORT WEEK!

Higgs boson and LHC. Feynman diagrams (How many = photons only, one step only). Feynman diagrams to represent force mediation.Conservation of lepton and baryon number. Standard Model families.

The Standard Model the Standard Model explains three of the four fundamental forces (strong, weak and

electromagnetic forces) in terms of an exchange of force-carrying particles called gauge bosons; each force is mediated by a different type of gauge boson

Lepton number and baryon number are examples of quantities that are conserved in all reactions between particles; these conservation laws can be used to support or invalidate proposed reactions. Baryons are composite particles made up of quarks


4/9 (3.7) Development of synchrotrons-colliders. Australian synchrotron explored with links to Braggs diffraction. CERN – LHC.Relate to circular motion.Bosons to hadrons explored. Students understand basic Gell-Mann model for Quarks.

The Standard Model high-energy particle accelerators are used to test theories of particle physics, including

the Standard Model This includes deriving and applying the relationship

the Standard Model is based on the premise that all matter in the universe is made up from elementary matter particles called quarks and leptons; quarks experience the strong nuclear force; leptons do not

11/9 (3.8) Evolution of matter and particles as the universe cools and expands - exploring the evidence. Linking in the SKA. Difference between red and blue shift. Doppler effect. Analysis of Hubble's data - extrapolation of data gradient to find age of universe. Microwave background radiation. Doppler effect.

The Standard Model the expansion of the universe can be explained by Hubble’s law and cosmological

concepts, such as red shift and the Big Bang theory the Standard Model is used to describe the evolution of forces and the creation of

matter in the Big Bang theory

18/9 (3.9) Revise25/9 (3.10) Revise2/10 (Hols.) Year 12 Semester 2 Exams16/10 (4.1) Year 12 Semester 2 Exams

25/10 (4.2) Year 12 Exam Review

November WACE Examinations

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