991 1313 01 2_pro_diamond_drillers_hand.pdf

8/11/2019 991 1313 01 2_Pro_Diamond_Drillers_Hand.pdf

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THE PROFESSIONA L

DIAMOND DRILLER


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COMMITMENT

M ining is the foundation of industry and exploration

drilling is the foundation of m ining. H istory ow es a

great debt to the m en and w om en w ho have gone

into rem ote places and w orked under difficult

conditions to look into the earthand find the

m inerals to sustain industries and build nations.

Atlas Copco salutes you, and m akes a pledge to

Professional Diam ond Drillers the w orld over, to seek

your advice and to hearyour opinions. W e w ill use our

considerable resources to provide you w ith products

and services that enhance your safety, ease your w ork

load and increase your rew ards.

Several of your old and trusted suppliers such as

Craelius, JKS Boyles, C hristensen and H obic are now

part of the Atlas Copco G roup, m aking us a m ajor

supplier to the exploration industry. By consolidating

the talents and know ledge of these sm aller com panies

into a single dynam ic unit, w e have the resources to

provide better products and service than they couldhave on their ow n.

A tlas Copco w ill be there to support your endeavors

in both fam iliar and rem ote places. W e w ill share in

your challenges and celebrate your trium phs. W e w ill

be your supplier and partner.

A tlas Copco

The info rmat ion conta ined in t his bo oklet

provides the read er with sugg estions and

guidelines for dea ling w ith a number of

hypot het ical situa tions. ATLAS COPCO ACCEPTS NO

RESPONSIBILITY FOR DAMAG ES, CONSEQUENTIAL OR

OTHERWISE, RESULTING FROM APPLICATION O F SUCH

GUIDELINES AND SUG GESTIONS. The rea d er is

strong ly encourag ed t o conta ct a n aut horized

Atlas Copco representative to obtain guidance

in dea ling w ith specific rea l situat ions.

Cont act us a t one of the locations listed on t he

ba ck pag es of t his bo ok or loo k us up on t he

internet a t www.atlascopco.com or e -ma il us at

[email protected].

Place local com pany address sticker here

Atlas Copco Exploration Products

A C om pany w ithin the A tlas C opco G roup

640 M cKeow n A venue

N orth Bay O ntario C anada P1B 8H 2

Telephone + 1(705) 472 3320

Fax +1(705) 472 6843


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SAFETY

AN ACCIDENT IS AN UNPLANNED EVENT CAUSED

BY AN UNSAFE ACT OR CONDITION.

Most accidents can be prevented through:

Proper training.

Proper supervision.

C orrect use of tools and equipm ent.Safe w orking practices.

Some safety rules:

W ear w ell fitting protective clothing.

W ear your hard hat, eye protection and safety boots.

U se your safety belt and life line.

D ont w ear rings and jew elry at w ork.

U se the right tool for the job and use it correctly.

D ont try to repair m oving m achinery.

Store your tools properly.

D ont rush.

Keep your w ork place neat and safe.Lift heavy objects properly.

Know and respect fire hazards.

C heck w ire rope and other equipm ent regularly.

Replace w orn equipm ent.

Know your equipm ent. Study the operation m anuals

and follow the suppliers safety recom m endations.

OB TAIN A CO PY OF THE SAFETY M ANU AL FOR

DIAM OND DRILLERS AND STUD Y IT.

CONTENTS

SEC TIO N 1 Choosing a bit

SEC TIO N 2 Drill settings

SEC TIO N 3 Drilling tips

SECTIO N 4 Sharpening a bit

SECTIO N 5 Bit w ear patterns

SECTIO N 6 Nom inal core sizes

SEC TIO N 7 Rods and casing

SECTIO N 8 Atlas C opco products

SECTIO N 9 Conversion tables

SEC TIO N 10 Phone num bers

2 | 3


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IMPREGNATED BITS

DRILL BITS

To accom m odate these geological conditions, bit

m anufacturers have created a bew ildering array of

products and num bering system s that m ake it difficult

to m atch bits to rock types.

The Atlas Copco system of num bering diam ond bits has

been developed to sim plify the process. In this bookletcom m on rock form ations have been grouped into five

categories based on the sim ilarity of their drillability.

The m ost coarse grained, fractured and abrasive

form ations are classified as the first group.

The correct bit for drilling these rock types w ould be

from H obic-C raelius G roup 100. The correct bit for

the fifth group, w hich includes com petent, fine

grained non-abrasive form ations, w ould be from

H obic-C raelius G roup 500 etc.

C oarser grained, fractured rock requires a slow er

w earing m atrix or low er G roup num ber as it tends tow ear the m atrix m ore quickly. Fine grained, com petent

rock requires a softer m atrix or higher group num ber

to fully utilize the diam onds.

THE PROFESSIONAL DIAMOND DRILLER

INTRODUCTION

Successful exploration drilling results from a clear

understanding and cooperation betw een tw o

professionals, the D iam ond D riller and the G eologist.

D rilling operations are controlled by geologists but

they lack the know ledge and experience to optim ize

the operation of the drill. The Professional D iam ond

D riller should not hesitate to share his know ledge to

im prove the operation.

ROCK FORMATIONS

The geological classifications of rock types are based

on chem istry and structure. The hardness classification

is a relative scale. So called soft rocks can prove

m ore difficult to drill than hard rock and the sam e

form ations, in separate locations, can drill very

differently. A specific rock type can change drastically,

even in the sam e drill hole, requiring another choice ofdrill bit. Each rock type m ust be considered as a range

w ith a num ber of variables affecting its drillability.

The factors m ost affecting the drillability of rock are:

gra in size, rock ha rdness, w ea the ring an d

fracturing. Larger grain size and fracturing m ake the

rock m ore abrasive, w hile fine grained, hard rock is

less abrasive. W eathering reduces rock strength.

4 | 5

1


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BIT SELECTIONBIT SELECTION

Professional D iam ond D rillers have chosen and

depended on both H obic and C raelius bits for m any

years and are fam iliar w ith the num bering system s

used. A tlas Copco w ill continue to use those

num bering system s by including them in the new

groups, as seen on the follow ing pages.

WHEN CHOOSING A BIT THE FOLLOWING CROWN

DESIGN FEATURES ARE CONSIDERED.

MATRIX - The m atrix is a m ixture of syntheticdiam onds and various m etals. Each of the m atrices

has a different resistance to abrasion and consequently

a different rate of w ear. A balanced rate of w ear

betw een the m atrix m aterial and the diam onds ensures

a high rate of penetration and optim um bit life.

GAUGE- This refers to the outer and inner diam eters

of the bit that are in direct contact w ith the rock.These can be reinforced if required.

WATERWAYS- There are different w aterw ayconfigurations available depending on the

drilling conditions.

CROWN HEIGHT - C raelius bits are m anufacturedw ith standard crow n heights of 6, 9 and12 m m and

H obic w ith 6, 8 and10m m . O ther crow n heights are

available on request. The height of crow n chosen is a

cost decision based on hole depth and w ear rate.

6 | 7

11


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BIT SELECTIONBIT SELECTION

8 | 9

11

See the list contained in the pocket of the back page

for detailed inform ation for ordering drill bits, ream ing

shells and casing shoes and contact our C ustom er

Service Reps for help in m aking the correct choice.

See th e ba ck pa g es fo r the Atlas Copco Compa nynearest you.


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PERFORMANCE

BIT PERFORMANCE

Sharp diam onds cut rock, as they becom e dull they do

so less effectively. The bit m atrix should w ear at a rate

that continually exposes sharp diam onds and releases

the w orn ones.

Flushing fluid should be pum ped across the bit at a rate

that rem oves each tiny rock chip as it is loosened by thediam onds. Failure to do this results in the chip being re-

ground, and the RO P and bit life are adversely affected.

The W O B is required to m ake the diam onds bite

into the rock.

The RPM determ ines the rate at w hich the chips are

being gouged from the rock.

Through his know ledge and experience the

Professional D iam ond D riller balances all these

param eters to achieve the best econom ic perform ance

from the drill and drilling tools.

W hile the m anufacturer does his best to m ake drill

setting recom m endations, he cannot know w hat rock

type or conditions the bit w ill eventually be used in.

O ther factors affecting drill settings are:

The size and pow er of the diam ond drill.

The type and size of the core barrel used.

The flushing m edia.

A tlas Copco has w orld w ide experience and specially

trained representatives to assist you.

INITIAL DRILL SETTINGS

H aving chosen the right bit for the rock type

and conditions, based on the inform ation at hand,

the correct drill settings m ust be used to get the

best perform ance.

The bit label has recom m endations printed on it and

these are a useful guide to begin drilling. H ow ever, it

is likely that som e adjustm ents to these values w ill be

required to get optim um perform ance from the bit.

READING THE BIT LABEL

Bit O.D. S

Ma trix KS+ +

Forma tion Hard Very Hard

RPM 400 - 600

Pen et ra t ion Ra t e 8 - 12 cm/min (3-5 in/min )

Wa t er Flow Minimum 60 l/min (15.9 g pm )

RPM- The RPM is given as a fairly broad range.

A num ber in the m iddle of the range should be used

w hen starting and adjusted as required.

ROP- A gain this is given as a range and w ill have tobe adjusted as the W O B and RPM are varied.

GPM - The w ater flow is given as a m inim um and theactual pum p setting should be w ell above this.

WOB- The w eight on bit given is the m axim umadvisable. The initial drill setting should be below this.

10 | 11

22


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WOB

The w eight placed on the bit depends on the Rock Type

and condition, bit type, RPM , RO P and w ater flow .

The W O B is a very im portant indicator of the actual

drilling conditions.

Excessive WOB can result in:

A bnorm al bit w ear.

H ole deviation.

C ore barrel and rod dam age.

Too little W O B w ill also result in a loss of productivity

as the bit w ill lose its ability to self-sharpen and could

becom e polished (see the page on bit sharpening).

Try to m aintain a constant penetration rate by

increasing the W O B if the RO P falls.

ALERT!The ma ximum permitted WOB show n o n t he b it

label is based on the structural integ rity o f t he b it

and may result in dama ge t o the rods and core

ba rrel if e xceed ed . Excessive WOB ca n a lso lead to

hole deviation.

ROP

The ra te o f penetra t ion is the key param eter w hen

drilling w ith im pregnated bits. Finding the optim um

RO P for a given Rock Type, rock condition, bit and

m odel of diam ond drill is the goal of the Professional

D iam ond D riller. O nce found, this ideal RO P is

m aintained by adjusting the W O B and RPM . A high

w ater flow across the bit face should alw ays be

m aintained at high rates of penetration.

Optimum ROP en sures:

The best overall econom y of the operation.

The least w ork and highest rew ards for the drill crew .

That the bit rem ains sharp and does not polish.

The best bit life.

U se the recom m ended RO P on the bit label as a

starting point and then vary the W O B and RPM in

sm all increm ents until the optim um RO P is found.

ALERT!An excessive ROP w ill result in a high rat e o f m a trix

w ear and diamo nds will be expelled w hile they are

still sha rp. In th is case an y g ain in ROP ma y be o ff set

by more frequent b it changes , more w ork for the

dril l crew an d a n overall reduction in the e conomy

of the o pera t ion .

12 | 13

22


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FLUSHING

D rilling perform ance is directly related to the fluid flow

over the bit. W ater flushing fills the follow ing functions.

Rem oval of cuttings.

C ooling the bit.

Lubricating the bit and rods.

A nnular fluid velocity m ust be sufficient to keep the

cuttings suspended. A nnular velocity can be calculatedusing the chart below .

RPM

Rotation of the drill bit causes the diam onds to tear

chips from the rock. Therefore, generally speaking, the

m ore rotations per m inute the higher the RO P. The

rotation speed also serves to w ork the m atrix to

achieve a constant rate of exposure of new sharp

diam onds and release of the w orn ones.

14 | 15

ALERT!Excessive RPM witho ut m at ching penet ration rate

can result in po lishing the bit a nd ne ga tively af fect

the overall drilling economy.

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VIBRATION

Excessive drill rod vibrations result in:

Im pact loads on the bit resulting in early failure.

Loss of core.

Stress fatigue and prem ature failure of drill rods

and core barrel.

H igher fuel costs.

Prem ature m achine failure.

Excessive vibrat ion ca n b e t he result o f:

M isaligned in-the-hole equipm ent.

U ndersize, w orn, bent or oval rods.

Vibration induced from the chuck or drill head.

Incorrect pressure and volum e of fluid.

Loose rods not properly torqued.

D rilling over core.

Incorrect bit.

Im proper use of rod grease.

Som e vibration is inevitable in rotating equipm ent. It

can becom e excessive and destructive w hen a num berof factors such as RPM , W O B, rock type, bit type, etc

are accidently com bined in proportions that set up large

vibrations. A fter elim inating any cause related to the

above list, The Professional D iam ond D riller can usually

find a com bination of W O B and RPM that elim inates

the excessive vibration and gives a good RO P.

RPI / RPC 2

Revolutions per inch (or centim eter) of advance has

been used in the past as an index to m aintain the

correct relationship betw een RPM and RO P, eg for a

rotation speed of 1200 RPM and a penetration rate

of 6 in (15 cm ) per m inute:

RPI = 1200/6 = 200

RPC= 1200/15=80

The com m on recom m endation of 200 - 250 RPI (80 -

100 RPC ) can only be considered as a starting point:

in m odern drilling practices m uch higher penetration

rates are often expected for a given rotation speed,

resulting in a low er RPI value. A tlas C opco bits have

been developed to accom m odate these conditions.

16 | 17

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SHARPENING A BIT

Im pregnated bits are self sharpening. A s the m atrix

w ears aw ay new sharp diam onds are exposed at a

constant rate. H ow ever som etim es the diam onds on

the face of the bit can becom e w orn w ithout the

m atrix abrading aw ay. The bit w ill stop cutting.

G enerally this occurs w hen:

The drill settings do not suit the conditions.

The bit does not suit the rock.

This often results from rapid form ation change.

The bit can be sharpened in the hole and drilling

continued but this a tricky operation and m ay

consum e a lot of m atrix.

To sharpen the bit increase the W O B by 15 to 20

percent m om entarily at the sam e tim e reducing

the w ater flow to near the m inim um indicated on

the bit label.

W hen the bit begins to cut, im m ediately low er the

W O B and increase the w ater flow . Try different drillsettings than used previously to prevent reoccurrence

of the problem .

DRILLING TIPS

ALWAYS

Treat diam ond bits w ith care and store properly.

Start fluid circulation before running the bit to bottom .

Start a new bit several centim eters above bottom

and spin into the form ation. D o not go to full RO P

until you have drilled 10-20 centim eters (4-8inches).

C heck all rod joints for leaks.

C heck the rods and core barrel for alignm ent.

Keep the inside of rods and core barrel free from

scale and dirt.

M ake sure the ream ing shell is w ithin gauge and out

lasts the bit.

Call Atlas Copco w hen you n eed assista nce.

Numbe rs on ba ck pa ge s.

NEVER

D rop the bit onto the hole bottom .

Start the bit turning w ith w eight on it.

C ollar a hole w ith a new bit.C ontact the bit m atrix w ith a pipe w rench.

G rind the core.

A llow vibration to occur.

Force the bit, if it w ill not drill w ith norm al pressure.

18 | 19

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WHY? POSSIBLE REASONS

Rock relat ed : Form ation m ay have changed and is too

coarse grained, fractured or abrasive for the bit used.

Drilling related: The fluid volum e or solids content

m ay be too high. Excessive RO P is causing a high rate

of m atrix w ear and prem ature diam ond release.

Bit relate d: M atrix too fast w earing (soft), or

w aterw ay design unsuitable.

WHAT TO DO? POSSIBLE SOLUTIONS

Drilling related: Im prove drilling fluid control.

Bit related: C hange bit to slow er w earing m atrix or

different w aterw ay design. Reduce RO P if optim um

bit life is to be achieved.

Call Atlas Copco. Numbers on back pages.

ALERT! Advance carefully w hen reentering th ehole if there has been a lot o f g aug e w ear.


Rock related: This bit w as w ell suited to the

rock form ation and conditions.

Drilling related: D rill settings and flushing

provided optim um drilling.

Bit related: The diam ond and m atrix w ear are

balanced to provide optim um perform ance.

WHAT TO DO? POSSIBLE SOLUTIONS

Drilling related: C ontinue to use the sam e drill

settings unless the conditions change.

Bit relate d: C ontinue to drill w ith this bit type unless

the rock form ation and conditions change.


ALERT! Continue to w at ch fo r chang es in the rockconditions and the perfo rmance of t he dri ll.

20 | 21

THE RIGHT CHOICE

OPTIMUM BIT WEAR ANALYSIS

Bit feels sharp to

the touch

G ood com et tails

The w ear is even

O D and ID w ithin gauge

WHAT WENT WRONG?

MATRIX EROSION ANALYSIS

Very rough to the touch

Rapid crow n w ear

Diam onds overexposed

G auges eroded

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Rock related: Form ation m ay have changed to a

coarser grained, abrasive or fractured rock type.

Drilling related: The solids content of the drilling

fluid m ay be too high. M ay be core grinding. Rpm

too low or RO P too high.

Bit related: M atrix too soft or unsuitable w aterw ay design.

WHAT TO DO? POSSIBLE SOLUTIONSDrilling relat ed : Low er solids in the drill fluid. Check the

pum p and drills string for leaks, increase pum p output.

Check and adjust length of the inner tube. Increase rpm .

Bit related: Try harder m atrix bit or one w ith a

different w aterw ay configuration.


ALERT! Continued dri ll ing w ith concave fa ce wea rw il l cause the bit ID to ring -out .


Rock related: Form ation has changed to harder,

fine grained and less abrasive conditions.

Drilling related: RO P m ay be too low for the

rpm used or flushing inadequate.

Bit related: M atrix m ay be too slow w earing (hard)

or w aterw ay design unsuitable.

WHAT TO DO? POSSIBLE SOLUTIONSDrilling related: Increase RO P or decrease the rpm .

Bit related: Strip or dress the bit before starting to

drill. Try a bit w ith a softer m atrix or different

w aterw ay design if the problem persists.


ALERT! Watch the pump pressure and ROPcarefully w hen starting to dril l.

22 | 23

WHAT WENT WRONG?

POLISHED CROWN FAILURE ANALYSIS

Sm ooth to the touch

M atrix sm eared,

glazed appearance

No com et tails

W aterw ays restricted

WHAT WENT WRONG?

CONCAVE FACE WEAR FAILURE ANALYSIS

Bit w ear uneven

Face w ear angled to ID

Diam onds poorly supported

ID gauge loss

55


14/27


Rock related: Form ation m ay have changed to

very fractured rock.

Drilling related: Poor bit cooling, pum p failure,

low flushing w ater, leaking drill string, plugged bit

or lost circulation.

Bit related: Problem not likely bit related.

WHAT TO DO? POSSIBLE SOLUTIONSDrilling related: C heck the pum p and drill string

for leaks. C heck the inner tube adjustm ent. C heck the

fluid circulation. C em ent the hole.

Bit related: N o change required if the bit is suited

to the form ation.


ALERT!Be very caref ul wh en restarting to drill. Wat chfor pump pressure cut-off, loss of ROP, loss of circulation.


Rock related: Fractured form ation.

Drilling related: Poor core barrel stabilization or

rod vibration, insufficient fluid flow . Ream ing dow n

undersize hole.

Bit related: Probably not bit related. Ream ing shell

m ay be w orn and undersize.

WHAT TO DO? POSSIBLE SOLUTIONSDrilling related: C heck for vibration, stabilize rods

and core barrel, try a different rpm . C heck the stability

of the drill. C heck the pum p and drill string for leaks,

increase pum p output.

Bit related: C hange the ream ing shell.


ALERT! Continued dril ling w ith concave fa ce wea rw il l cause the b it OD to ring-out.

24 | 25

WHAT WENT WRONG?

CONVEX FACE WEAR FAILURE ANALYSIS

O uter edge of the

face rounded

O D gauge w ear

WHAT WENT WRONG?

BURNT BIT FAILURE ANALYSIS

Blackened areas

Sm eared or broken

out m atrix

C losed w aterw ays

55


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NOMINAL HOLE & CORE SIZESNOMINAL HOLE & CORE SIZES

26 | 27

66


16/27

WIRELINE DRILL RODS

WIRELINE RODS - STANDARD

SIZE OD ID WEIGHT CONTENT(M M ) (M M ) KG /3M (L/100M )

AO 44.5 34.9 13.9 96.0

BO 55.6 46.0 17.9 166.0

NO 69.9 60.3 22.9 286.0

HO 88.9 77.8 34.2 477.0

N ote:"O " series rods are com patible w ith "Q " series rods

WIRELINE RODS - HEAVY DUTY


AT 44.5 34.9 13.9 96.0

BT 55.6 46.0 17.9 166.0

NT 69.9 60.3 22.9 286.0

HT 88.9 77.8 34.2 477.0

WIRELINE RODS - THIN WALL


ATT 44.5 36.8 11.8 106.0

BTT 56.5 48.8 15.3 189.0

NOMINAL HOLE & CORE SIZES

28 | 29

6

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ATLAS COPCO EXPLORATION PRODUCTS

A tlas Copco m anufactures and supplies a full range

of exploration drilling equipm ent from m ore than 20

locations around the w orld.

DIAMOND DRILLS

Boyles surface drills are available in light duty

(fly-in), m edium duty and deep hole m odels.

D iam ec underground drills are also available for

three duty ranges.

DRILL RODS

A tlas Copco offers all popular sizes of drill rod

including the revolutionary w ireline Tuff rod.

CORE BARRELS

A tlas Copco supplies a full range of both conventional

and w ireline core barrels.C ontact A tlas Copco at one of the locations show n in

the back of this book or visit our w eb-site for m ore

inform ation www.atlascopco.com.

DRILL RODS & CASING

CONVENTIONAL RODS


AW J 44.5 34.9 14.3 75.0

BW J 54.0 46.0 18.4 155.0

N W J 66.7 60.3 24.4 256.0

FLUSH JOINT CASING


AW 57.1 48.4 16.9 184.0

BW 73.0 60.3 31.2 285.0

N W 88.9 76.2 38.8 456.0

H W 114.3 101.6 50.8 811.0

PW 139.7 127.0 64.3 1267.0

30 | 31

7

8


18/27

PDC/TSP BITS

A tlas Copco produces a full range of PD C

(Polycrystalline D iam ond C om pact) and TSP

(Therm ally Stable Polycrystalline) bits. These bits are

a high perform ance alternative to TC and surface

set bits for soft to m edium -hard form ations.

SURFACE SET BITS

A tlas C opco produces a full line of Surface Set Bits for

use in very soft, soft and m edium hard rock conditions.

Surface set bits are available in a num ber of profiles

for different rock types and conditions.

32 | 33

8

SEMI-ROUND PROFILE

Standard profile for

thin kerf bits

FACE DICHARGE PROFILE

For soft form ations

MULTI STEP PROFILE

H igher penetration rate

than sem i-round

CONCAVE PROFILE

O nly in non-coring bits

See A tlas Copco bit catalogue for detailed inform ation

for ordering drill bits or contact our custom er service

desk for help in m aking the correct choice.


8

DIAPAX

D iapax bits have PD C

elem ents set w ith a large

exposure, resulting in

very high rates of

penetration in soft

form ations.

TRIPAX

Tripax bits are set w ith

TSP cutting elem ents,

w hich are capable of

productively handling

soft to m edium

hard form ations.


19/27

CASING SHOES

A tlas Copco supplies im pregnated and surface

set casing shoes.

REAMING SHELLS

Atlas Copco produces a range of ream ing shells in

diam ond im pregnated, surface set and tungsten carbide

styles. Ream ing shells are essential for m aintaining

proper hole size and stabilizing the core barrel.

SURFACE SET REAMING SHELLS

Standard A tlas C opco surface set

ream ing shells are set w ith speciallychosen diam onds. The spiral ribs

are both longer lasting and provide

better stabilization.

TUNGSTEN CARBIDE REAMING SHELLS

TC ream ing shells are used m ainly in

non-consolidated form ations w here

they w ill perform m ore econom ically

than surface set shells.

See A tlas C opco catalogue for detailed inform ation

for ordering ream ing shells or contact our custom er

service desk for help in m aking the correct choice.


34 | 35

8 8

IMPREGNATED

CASING SHOES

These are the m ost

com m only used

econom ical shoes

and are available in

all popular sizes.

SURFACE SET

CASING SHOES

These shoes are an

alternative to the

im pregnated style

and are available in

m ost sizes.

See A tlas C opco catalogue for detailed inform ation

for ordering casing shoes or contact our custom er

service desk for help in m aking the correct choice.



20/27

CONVERSION TABLES

THIS UNIT TIMES EQUALS

VOLUME

l (liters) x 0.001 = m 3

m l (m illiliters) x 0.001 = l

dm 3 (cubic decim eters) x 1.0 = l

cm 3 (cubic centim eters) x 1.0 = m l

m m 3 (cubic m illim eters) x 0.001 = m lin3 (cubic inches) x 16.39 = m l

ft3 (cubic feet) x 28.316 = l

Im perial gallon x 4.546 = l

U .S. gallon x 3.785 = l

O unces (Im p. fluid oz) x 28.41 = m l

O unces (U .S. fluid oz) x 29.57 = m l

Pints (U .S. liq) x 0.4732 = l

Q uarts (U .S. liq) x 0.9463 = l

yd3 (cubic yards) x 0.7646 = m 3


MASS (WEIGH T)

g (gram s) x 0.001 = kg

t (tonnes, m etric) x 1000 = kg

grains x 0.0648 = g

oz (ounce) x 28.35 = g

lb (pounds) x 0.4536 = kg

tons (long, U S) x 1016 = kg

tons (U .K.) x 1016 = kg

tons (short) x 907 = kg

CONVERSION TABLES


LENG TH

m m (m illim eters) x 0.001 = m

cm (centim eters) x 0.01 = m

dm (decim eters) x 0.1 = m

km (kilom eters) x 1000 = m

in (inches) x 25.4 = m mft (feet) x 0.305 = m

yd (yard) x 0.914 = m

m iles x 1609 = m


AREA

m m 2 (square m m ) x 0.000001 = m 2

cm 2 (square cm ) x 0.0001 = m 2

in2 (square inches) x 645 = m m 2

ft2 (square feet) x 0.929 = m 2

yd2 (square yards) x 0.8361 = m 2

A cres x 4047 = m 2

Square m iles x 2.590 = km 2

36 | 37

99


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CONVERSION TABLES


PRESSURE

bar x 100 = kPa

bar x 100 000 = Pa

kp/cm 2 x 0.98 = bar

atm (atm ospheres) x 1.01 = bar

psi (pounds/in2) x 6.895 = kPapsi x 0.06895 = bar


FORCE

kN (kilonew ton) x 1000 = N

kp (kilopond) x 9.81 = N

kgf (kilogram force) x 9.81 = N

lbf (pound force) x 4.45 = N


TORQUE

kpm (kilopondm etres) x 9.81 = N m

lbf in (pound force inch) x 0.11 = N m

lbf ft (pound force foot) x 1.36 = N m

CONVERSION TABLES


POWER

kW (kilow atts) x 1000 = W

H orsepow er, m etric x 735.5 = W

H orsepow er, U .K. x 745.7 = W

ft.lbf/sec x 1.36 = W

Btu/h x 0.29 = W


SPEED

km /h (kilom eters/hour) x 0.2777 = m /s

m /s x 3.6 = km /h

m ph (m iles/hour) x 0.45 = m /s

m ph x 1.61 = km /h

ft/s (foot/second) x 0.3048 = m /s

ft/s (foot/second) x 18.29 = ft/m in

ft/m in (foot/m inute) x 0.3048 = m /m in


FREQUENCY

blow s/m inute x 0.017 = H z

kHz (kiloH ertz) x 1000 = H z

r/m in (rev./m inute) x 0.01667 = r/s

degrees/second x 0.1667 = r/m in

radians/second x 0.1592 = r/s

38 | 39

99


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FINLANDAtla s Cop co Lou hinta te kniikka AB

Tuupakankuja 1, FIN -01740 Vantaa

Tel +358 (0) 9 296 442 Fax +358 (0) 9 296 4218

FRANCEAtlas Copco Forage et Dmolition S.A.

B.P. 7181, F-95056 C ergy-Pontoise, C edex

Tel +33 (0)1 39 09 32 22 Fax +33 (0)1 39 09 32 49

GERMANYAtla s Cop co MCTGmb H

Langem arckstrasse 35, D -45141 Essen

Tel +49 (0) 201 217 70 Fax +49 (0) 201 217 7454

GHANAAtlas Copco Gh an a Ltd .

A tlas C opco H ouse, N o. 14 A kosom bo Street,

A irport Residential A rea, A ccra

Tel +233 (0) 21 77 4512 Fax +233 (0) 21 77 6147

GREAT BRITAINAtlas Copco Construction &Mining Ltd.

Sw allow dale Lane, H em el H em pstead,

H ertfordshire H P2 7H A

Tel +44 (0) 1442 22 2100 Fax +44 (0) 1442 23 4467

ICELANDAtlas Copco Anleg g - o g Gruve te knikk A/S

P.O . Box 334, N -1401 Ski, N orw ay

Tel +47-64 86 03 61 Fax +47-64 86 03 30

AUSTRIAAtla s Cop co Gm bH CMT

C sokorgasse 11, W ien 11

Tel +43(0) 176 0120 Fax +43 (0)1 769 5672

AUSTRALIAAtla s Cop co Construction & Mining Austra lia

P.O . Box 6134, D elivery C entre, Blacktow n, N SW 2148

Tel +61 (0) 2 96 21 97 00 Fax +61 (0) 2 96 21 98 13

BRAZILAtlas Copco Brazil

Av.Eng. Euserio, Stevaux, 1600, Sao Paulo SP, 04696 000

Tel +55 (0) 11 56 87 8800 Fax +55 (0) 11 55 41 7671

CANADAAtlas Copco Exploration Products

640 M cKeow n A venue, N orth Bay, O N P1B 8H 2

Tel +1 705 472-3320 Fax +1 705 472-6843

CHILE

Atlas Copco Chilena SACPanam ericana N orte, 5001 C onchali Santiago

Tel +56 (0) 2 442-3600 Fax +56 (0) 2 623-4460

CHINAAtlas Copco China /Hong Kong Ltd. CMTChina

41-1 H uang Jia W ei, 210037 N anjing

Tel +86 (0) 25 562 01 18 Fax +86 (0) 25 551 52 25

ETHIOPIAAtlas Copco Kenya Ltd . - see KENYA

40 | 41

ATLAS COPCO LOCATIONS ATLAS COPCO LOCATIONS

1010


23/27

MOROCCOAtlas Copco Maroc SA

2-6 Rue Ibnou Adara EI M arrakouchi, 20 300 C asablanca

Tel +212 (0) 22 6000 40 Fax +212 (0) 22 60 05 22

PERUAtla s Cop co Perua na S.A.

Francisco G rana, 150 152, La V ictoria, Lim a

Tel +51 (0) 1 411 6100 Fax +51 (0) 1 224 0153

PORTUGALSoc. Atlas Copco de Portugal, Lda.

Av. D o Forte 3, P-2795-504 C arnaxide

Tel +351 214 16 8500 Fax +351 214 17 0941

RUSSIAZAO Atlas Copco

27 Viatskaya Street, Building 14, 125015 M oscow

Tel +7 (0) 95 933 5550 Fax +7 (0) 95 933 5560

SLOVENIA

Atla s Cop co Gm bH CMTC sokorgasse 11, W ien 11, A ustria

Tel +43 (0) 1 76 0120 Fax. +43 (0) 1 769 5672

SOUTH AFRICAAtla s Cop co Explora tion Prod ucts Africa

P.O . Box 1521, Edenvale, South A frica 1610

Tel +27 (0) 11 608 1741 Fax. +27 (0) 11 608 1746

SPAINAtlas Copco S.A.E. CMT

Av. Jos G rate, 3 Poligono Ind., C oslada (M adrid)

Tel +34 91 627 9100 Fax. +34 91 627 9239

INDIAAtla s Cop co India Ltd .

Sveanagar, Bom bay, Pune Road, D apodi, Pune 411 012

Tel +91 (0) 20 27 14 64 16 Fax +91 (0) 20 27 14 66 37

IRELANDAtlas Copco Construction &Mining Ltd.

Sw allow dale Lane, H em el H em pstead,

H ertfordshire H P2 7H A G B

Tel +44 (0) 1442 22 2100 Fax +44 (0) 1442 23 4467

ITALYAtlas Copco Italia S.p.A.

Via Fratelli G racchi 39, I-20092 C inisello, Balsam o M I

Tel +39 (0) 2 61 7991 Fax +39 (0) 2 66 01 3299

JAPANAtlas Co pco KK CMTDivision

Shiba Bldg 11F, 13-4 Shiba 2-chom e, M inato-ku,

Tokyo 105-0014

Tel +81 (0) 3 57 65 78 90 Fax +81 (0) 3 57 65 31 99

KENYAAtla s Cop co Kenya Ltd .

A irport N orth Road, off M om basa Road,

Em bakasi, N airobi

Tel +254 (0) 20 82 52 65/7 Fax. +254 (0) 20 82 52 15

MEXICOAtla s Cop co Mexica na SA de CV

A partado Postal 104, Zona Industrial,

54073 Tlalnepantla, Edo de M exico

Tel +52 (0) 55 53 21 06 67 Fax +52 (0) 55 55 65 62 65

42 | 43

ATLAS COPCO LOCATIONS ATLAS COPCO LOCATIONS

1010


24/27

NOTES

SWITZERLANDAtla s Cop co Boh r- und Tunn elba ut echnik

C H 2557 Studen / Biel

Tel +41 (0) 32 374 1500 Fax. +41 (0) 32 374 1515

SWEDENAtlas Copco CMTSw eden AB

Sickla Industrivg 3, N acka, SE-105 23 Stockholm

Tel +46 (0) 8 743 9249 Fax. +46 (0) 8 743 9246

TANZANIAAtlas Copco Kenya Ltd . - see KENYA

UGANDAAtlas Copco Kenya Ltd . - see KENYA

UNITED STATESChriste nsen Pro du cts

3120 W est C alifornia A ve., Suite B,

Salt Lake C ity, U tah 84122

Tel +1-801 973 8635 Fax +1 801 974 10 12

ZAMBIAAtlas Copco Zambia Ltd.

N o. 210 K abundi Road, C hingola

Tel +260 (0) 2 31 12 81 Fax +260 (0) 2 31 38 77

ATLAS COPCO LOCATIONS


25/27


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NOTES ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Much of the info rmat ion cont ained in th is boo k is

the result of the experience ga ined t hroug h ma ny

years of close cooperat ion w ith o ur custo mers.

Anot her valuable source o f informat ion w as The

Diam on d Drilling Ha nd bo ok by W. F. Heinz. Atla s

Copco grat efully acknow ledges the important

w ork don e by Dr. Heinz.

At las Copco


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total rock drilling technology

991 1313 01 2_pro_diamond_drillers_hand.pdf

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