98. sections 3 & 4 - berwick area school district...98. sections 3 & 4: biogeography –the...
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98. Sections 3 & 4:
Biogeography – the study of where organisms live and
their methods of dispersal to those places
The Earth’s biogeography has been affected by continental
drift – the slow movement of land masses riding atop the
hot, liquid core of the Earth.
99. Changing Earth:
225 million years ago only one large land mass called
Pangaea existed; over time the continents we know today
separated and took up their present locations
100. Dispersal – the movement of
organisms from one place to another
Large organisms may be able to walk, swim or fly to new
locations
Methods of dispersal for small organisms:
1) Wind – blows bacteria, fungi spores,
seeds and tiny insects or spiders
2) Water – moves floating objects like
coconuts, leaves or branches that serve
as rafts for insects and small animals
3) Animals – eat seeds and carry them elsewhere
4) Humans travel all over the globe and may carry
parasites, insect pests, rodents, etc.
101. Limits to Dispersal
Three things can stop the spread of new species:
1) physical barriers – water, mountains and deserts are hard to cross
2) competition – if one species uses all of the resources, new species will be kept out of the area; especially true among plants
3) climate – each organism requires a certain climate
102. Species Types:
Native Species – those organisms that evolved naturally in
an area; raccoons are native to N. America
Endemic Species – native species that are
different from those found anywhere else
in the world; kangaroos are endemic to
Australia (no other continent has them)
Invasive Species – organisms that have been transported
to new locations where they create problems as they
compete with native species
Let’s see some native species…
This link shows a unique museum that includes many
species native to the Arizona desert:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gGCCfbOPV60
Let’s see some endemic species…
These clips features species found only in the Galapagos Islands (off the coast of S. America):
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E7IK_qt0hEw
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i6oQQfy3K9c
Let’s look at some invasive species…
America faces a growing problem with thousands of
organisms invading our country:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mUssO68D2eM
Do Not Copy
Biomes – a group of ecosystems with
similar climate & organisms (handout #103)
Six major land biomes:
1) Desert – very hot, dry climate; cacti are specially adapted for low rainfall
2) Grassland - not enough rain for large trees; mostly grass;2 kinds exist a) prairie (hot summers & cold winters); central U.S.
b) savanna (warm all year; some small trees); Africa
3) Deciduous Forest – hot summers; cold winters cause trees to shed their leaves and animals to hibernate; trees include maples, oaks, elms, etc. this is our biome
4) Rain Forests – plentiful rainfall2 kinds exista) Tropical Rain Forest (hot all year); near equator
b) Temperate Rain Forest (cooler climate); Northwest U.S.
5) Boreal Forest (also called Taiga) – winters are long & very cold; trees are coniferous w/ needles to conserve water since snow has no chance to soak down into soil during cold months
6) Tundra – extremely cold & dry; permafrost is soil that stays frozen all year; mostly small plants; north of Arctic Circle
Major Land Biomes: Cold
Hot
Dry Wet
TUNDRA
Boreal
Forest
Prairie
Grassland
Deciduous
Forest
Temperate
Rain Forest
DesertSavanna
GrasslandTropical Rain Forest
104. Miscellaneous Geographic Regions (some areas do not fit any biome description):
1) Mountain Ranges – the conditions
of temperature and moisture change
from the base of a mountain to the
peak so that a single biome doesn’t
apply;
2) Polar Regions – Most of Greenland
(near North Pole) and all of Antarctica
(South Pole) are covered by thick sheets
of ice so there are no plants there
105. Freshwater Biomes
1) Still water: holds less dissolved oxygen;
inhabited by bass, sunfish, carp, catfish, etc.
a) ponds – small, shallow and warmer
b) lakes – larger, deeper and colder
2) Moving water: holds more dissolved
oxygen (due to mixing of air with the
water); inhabited by trout, salmon, etc.
a) streams – small, swift, cold
b) rivers – larger, slower, warmer
Do Not Copy
Marine Biomes (handout #106):
1) Estuary – where a river meets the ocean; lots of nutrients
and sediments are dumped here creating a habitat suitable for
many organisms to live
2) Intertidal Zone – the shallows between the high tide mark
and the low tide mark; only covered by water some of the time
3) Neritic Zone – shallow water from the low tide mark out
to the edge of the continental shelf (where deep water begins)
4) Photic Zone – water near the surface extending down only
a few hundred meters; this is where light is able to penetrate; all
the producers (algae and plankton) here & the most animal life
5) Benthic Zone – all along the ocean floor from shallow
water to the deepest parts; can be total darkness
107. Succession: changes in the
environment over time
Two types:
1) Primary Succession- These changes occur
in an area that starts with no soil (just bare
rock) and no organisms; example could be a volcanic
island where eventually soil forms and organisms move in.
2) Secondary Succession – These changes occur after a
disturbance in an ecosystem wipes out all the organisms,
but soil remains; examples could be a forest fire or a
hurricane followed by slow recovery during which plants
and animals return.
Animation of Primary Succession:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vNHnwHaSolA
Explanation of Secondary Succession:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O8-
LZdIyUQg&feature=related
Image Credits:
Pangaea: http://www.google.com/imgres?q=Pangaea+illustrations&hl=en&sa=X&biw=1024&bih=600&tb
m=isch&prmd=imvnsb&tbnid=5hrJFjFO1pvJ2M:&imgrefurl=http://www.exploratorium.edu/faul
tline/activezone/slides/pangea-
slide.html&docid=rqFgtIUIIFxqQM&imgurl=http://www.exploratorium.edu/faultline/basics/imag
es/pangea_lrg.gif&w=530&h=661&ei=DV0dT9KnIqPz0gHoh9ylCg&zoom=1&iact=rc&dur=498
&sig=109441506116969674550&page=1&tbnh=143&tbnw=115&start=0&ndsp=11&ved=1t:42
9,r:2,s:0&tx=69&ty=64
Continental Drift: http://www.google.com/imgres?q=continental+drift&hl=en&biw=1024&bih=600&tbm=isch&tb
nid=OBKPYukkvVniDM:&imgrefurl=http://www.enchantedlearning.com/subjects/dinosaurs/glo
ssary/Contdrift.shtml&docid=l2op6CXHs2IpJM&imgurl=http://www.enchantedlearning.com/eg
ifs/Earthscrust.GIF&w=472&h=243&ei=a14dT4jwEebi0QHdr6jmCw&zoom=1&iact=hc&vpx=
381&vpy=187&dur=8096&hovh=161&hovw=313&tx=187&ty=86&sig=1094415061169696745
50&page=1&tbnh=77&tbnw=150&start=0&ndsp=18&ved=1t:429,r:2,s:0
Image Credits:
Galapagos: http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.worldatlas.com/webimage/countrys/sameri
ca/galpsa.gif&imgrefurl=http://www.worldatlas.com/webimage/countrys/samerica/galap.htm&h=
350&w=320&sz=24&tbnid=NNJsiCJU3tml1M:&tbnh=84&tbnw=77&prev=/search%3Fq%3Dma
p%2Bof%2Bgalapagos%26tbm%3Disch%26tbo%3Du&zoom=1&q=map+of+galapagos&docid=P
c5gO_2NI6uC0M&hl=en&sa=X&ei=bWwdT7DNJIW-0QH-
rKXQCw&sqi=2&ved=0CDcQ9QEwAQ&dur=31