9702 physics learner guide 2015

Learner GuideCambridge International AS and A LevelPhysics

9702

Cambridge Advanced

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© Cambridge International Examinations 2015

Version 2

Contents

How to use this guide ....................................................................................................... 3Section 1: How will you be tested?Section 2: Examination adviceSection 3: What will be tested?Section 4: What you need to know

Section 1: How will you be tested? ..................................................................................... 5About the examinationsAbout the papers

Section 2: Examination advice ............................................................................................. 7How to use this adviceGeneral adviceAdvice for the theory papersAdvice for the practical papers

Section 3: What will be tested? ......................................................................................... 11Assessment objectivesMarks allocated to the assessment objectives

Section 4: What you need to know ................................................................................... 15

2 Cambridge International AS and A Level Physics 9702

How to use this guide

3Cambridge International AS and A Level Physics 9702

How to use this guide

The guide describes what you need to know about your Cambridge International AS and A Level Physics examination.

It will help you to plan your revision programme for the written examinations and will explain what we are looking for in the answers that you write. It will also help you to revise more effectively using the table given in Section 4, ‘What do you need to know’.

The guide contains the following sections:

Section 1: How will you be tested?This section gives you information about the written papers and practical tests that will be available for physics. It briefl y describes the rules for AS and A Level certifi cations. It contains a table that summaries the examination papers you will take and the duration of each paper.

Section 2: Examination adviceThis section gives you advice to help you do as well as you can. Some of the ideas are general advice and some are based on the common mistakes that learners make in exams.

Section 3: What will be tested?We take account of the following areas in your examination papers:

• Knowledge with understanding

• Handling, applying and evaluating information

• Experimental skills and investigations

This section describes the assessment objectives we use to test you in the examination. It also contains a table showing the percentage of marks allocated to the three assessment objectives.

Section 4: What you need to knowThere are 26 topics in the syllabus. The details of what you need to know are given in this section. You can use it to make notes, check your progress, and as a revision aid.

Section 1: How will you be tested?



About the examinationsFind out from your teacher what papers you are going to take.

If you have been entered for AS Level Physics, then you will be taking Papers 1, 2 and 3 in a single examination session.

After having received AS Level certifi cation, if you wish to continue your studies to the full A Level qualifi cation, then your AS Level marks will be carried forward and you just take Papers 4 and 5 in the examination session in which you require certifi cation.

If you are taking the full A Level qualifi cation at the end of your course, you have to take all the papers in a single examination session.

About the papersThe table below gives you information about the physics papers.

Paper How long is the paper and how many marks?

What is in the papers? What is the paper worth as a percentage of the AS examination?

What is the paper worth as a percentage of the A Level examination?

Paper 1

MultipleChoice

1 hour 15 minutes(40 marks)

The paper will have 40 multiple-choice questions all based on the AS syllabus. You have to answer all the questions.

31% 15%

Paper 2

AS StructuredQuestions


You will have a variable number of structured questions of variable value. You have to answer all the questions and you write on the question paper.

46% 23%

Paper 3

Advanced Practical Skills

2 hours(40 marks)

Each paper will consist of two experiments drawn from different areas of physics. You will be allowed to use the apparatus for each experiment for a maximum of 1 hour. The examiners will not be restricted by the subject content. You have to answer both questions and you write on the question paper.

23% 12%



Paper How long is the paper and how many marks?

What is in the papers? What is the paper worth as a percentage of the AS examination?

What is the paper worth as a percentage of the A Level examination?

Paper 4

A Level Structured Questions

2 hours(100 marks)

This paper will consist of a variable number of structured questions of variable mark value. All questions will be based on the A Level syllabus, but may include material fi rst encountered in the AS Level syllabus. You have to answer all the questions and you write on the question paper.

38%

Paper 5

Planning, Analysis and Evaluation


This paper will consist of two questions of equal mark value based on the practical skills of planning, analysis and evaluation. The examiners will not be restricted by the subject content. You have to answer both questions and you write on the question paper.

12%

Section 2: Examination advice



How to use this adviceThis advice highlights some common mistakes made by learners. They are collected under various subheadings to help you when you revise a particular topic.

General advice• Don’t give up if you think that you have calculated the answer to the fi rst part of a question incorrectly.

You can still score marks for your follow-on answers in the remaining parts of the question provided that your follow-on calculations are correct.

• Always show your working when answering a question. This will allow you to score marks for your method, even if you make a mistake with the fi nal answer.

• When you have calculated an answer always ask yourself if it is sensible and realistic.

• If it isn’t, go back and check your working.

• Ensure that you are fully aware of what data and formulae are given at the front of the question paper. Learn those formulae that are not given.

• During the examination you should monitor your rate of progression through the paper and adjust your rate of working accordingly. This will ensure that towards the end of the examination you will have suffi cient time to complete the paper. Completing past papers under timed conditions will allow you to develop an appropriate speed of working.

• Be careful with powers of 10 and take deliberate care if you are keying these into your calculator; make sure that you do not neglect the minus sign of any negative powers and check that your fi nal answer is reasonable.

• All answers should have their correct unit. Pay particular attention to questions that ask you to give the units of your answer and any that do not give a unit in the answer space.

Advice for the theory papersPaper 1 Multiple Choice• Attempt all questions – a mark is not deducted for a wrong answer.

• Use the space on the examination paper to write down clear working for each question. If you try to do too much working solely on your calculator or in your head, you will make mistakes – many of the wrong answers to a question can be reached by manipulating the data in a plausible, but incorrect, way.

• Carefully consider every one of the four possible answers before making your fi nal decision as to which one is correct – although you may initially think that the fi rst or second option is the right answer you will need to look at all four before the correct answer becomes clear.

Paper 2 and Paper 4 Structured Questions• If you are asked to sketch a diagram, this implies that a simple, freehand drawing is acceptable.

However, care should be taken over proportions and you should clearly show and label any important details.



• If you are asked to sketch a graph, you should give as much information on your sketch as possible. Label each axis with the appropriate quantity and unit. Then draw on the shape of the graph, ensuring that it is correctly positioned relative to the axes and that the different parts of the graph line are in proportion to each other. Don’t forget to put on your sketch graph the value of any applicable intercept, asymptote, discontinuity or end point (if these are known).

• Memorise all defi nitions – you will need to be as precise as possible when quoting them in the examination. Quantities are defi ned in terms of quantities. Units are defi ned in terms of units. Remember to use “per” if a ratio is essential to the defi nition; for example, “pressure” should be defi ned as “force per unit area” (not “force on unit area”).

• A non-numerical answer can sometimes be made clearer by adding a sketch, but remember to ensure that it is clearly labelled and shows all the relevant information.

• Always give your answer to an appropriate number of signifi cant fi gures. This can be judged from the number of signifi cant fi gures of the data given in the question.

• Occasionally a question will tell you the number of signifi cant fi gures that are to be used in your answer and in this case your answer must have exactly the number of signifi cant fi gures specifi ed.

• Do not prematurely round up fi gures at an intermediate stage during a calculation – wait until the answer is reached and only then express it to an appropriate number of signifi cant fi gures.

• When doing algebra ensure that the terms on either side of an “=” sign do in fact equal each other. It is bad practice to write down a string of terms all on the same line and all connected by an “=” sign as any error can result in the fi rst element being of an entirely different nature and/or order to the last. This often leads to errors when calculating the total resistance of a number of resistors connected in parallel.

• Any explanations that you give should be as clear and precise as possible. For example, saying “A increases as B increases” would be insuffi cient if what is meant is “A is proportional to B”.

• When substituting in the value of g use 9.81 m s–2 (not 10 m s–2).

Advice for the practical papersPaper 3 Practical skills• Do not panic if the context of the practical experiment appears unfamiliar. Where appropriate the

question paper will tell you exactly what to do and how to do it.

• If you fi nd yourself in real diffi culty setting up your practical equipment you may ask your supervisor for help. You will only lose one or two marks for this.

• There are a number of things that you can do to save time: Draw a single table for your results in advance of taking any readings and enter your readings in the table as you take them (so that you do not waste time having to copy them up later). This is also important because you must record all your raw readings before you calculate and record any average readings. If the number of readings that you need to take is indicated in the question paper, do not waste time by exceeding this number. Repeat your readings, but remember that it is only necessary to repeat them once (so that you have two sets of values) – do not waste time repeating them more than once.

• All the raw readings of a particular quantity should be recorded to the same number of decimal places which should in turn be consistent with the precision of the measuring instrument.

• The uncertainty in a measurement can sometimes be larger than the smallest interval that can be measured by the measuring equipment. For example, a stopwatch can measure time to a hundredth of a second, but human reaction times will mean that the uncertainty in the reading given by a stopwatch is (typically) 0.1 s to 0.4 s.



• Each column heading in your table must contain both a quantity and its unit. For instance if you have measured time t in seconds, your column heading would be written as “t/s” (“t in s” or “t(s)” would also be acceptable). The quantity or unit or both may also be written in words rather than symbols.

• The number of signifi cant fi gures used in a derived quantity that you calculate from your raw readings should be equal in number to (or possibly one more than) the number of signifi cant fi gures in the raw readings. For example, if you measure potential difference and current to 2 and 3 signifi cant fi gures respectively, then the corresponding value of resistance calculated from them should be given to 2 or 3 signifi cant fi gures, but not 1 or 4. If both were measured to 3 signifi cant fi gures, then the resistance could be given to 3 (or 4) signifi cant fi gures.

• When drawing your graph, do not forget to label each axis with the appropriate quantity and unit, using the same format for expressing column headings in a table. Choose a scale such that the plotted points occupy at least half the graph grid in both the x and y directions. The x-axis scale should increase positively to the right and the y-axis scale should increase positively upwards. Use a convenient scale such as 1, 2 or 5 units to a 2 cm square as you will then be less likely to make a mistake with the position of your plotted points and it will be easier for you to read off points from your graph if you are calculating the gradient or fi nding an intercept. Similarly, it is good practice to mark values on at least every other 2 cm square.

• All your plotted points should be on the grid; points in the white margin area will be ignored. Plot all your observations and ensure that they are accurate to half a small square. A fi ne cross (or an encircled dot) drawn with a sharp pencil is acceptable, but be careful not to obscure the position of your points by your line of best fi t or other working.

• When drawing your line of best fi t, ensure you have an even balance of points about the line along its whole length. If it is a straight line, use a clear plastic ruler so that you can see points on both sides of the line as it is being drawn.

• Show all your working when calculating a gradient. It is helpful to draw the triangle used to calculate the gradient on the graph and to clearly label the coordinates of the vertices (accurate to half a small square). These values can then be used in the gradient calculation. The length of the hypotenuse of the triangle should be greater than half the length of the graph line.

• If you are required to give a value for the y-intercept, it may be possible to directly read it off from your graph from an axis where x=0. If this is not possible you can instead calculate the y-intercept by using the equation of a straight line. In this case you should substitute into this equation a pair of x and y values from your line of best fi t along with your calculated value of gradient.

Paper 5 Planning, Analysis and EvaluationPlanning question

• Do not panic if the context of the question appears unfamiliar to you. During your A Level studies you will have used or learnt about suitable apparatus for completing the task. If you are asked to ‘use’ any unfamiliar apparatus the question will supply you with all the details that you need to know about.

• Read the question very carefully – it may give you guidance on those aspects of your plan to which you need to pay particular attention. It will also help you to identify the independent and the dependent variables.

• When writing your answer you will need to consider some or all of the following:

– what apparatus you will use

– what experimental arrangement will be used

– what procedure will be followed



– the independent and dependent variables

– the means of keeping other variables constant – use the word ‘constant’ when identifying these variables, saying you will ‘control’ them is insuffi cient

– how the raw data readings will be processed to give the desired result, e.g. what derived quantities you might calculate or what graph you might plot

– what relevant safety precautions should be in place

• The relationship to be tested, given to you in the introduction to the task, will suggest the type of graph to be expected. You will need to describe it as precisely as possible. For example, is it linear, does it pass through the origin? If you choose a logarithmic graph, you will be expected to predict its slope from the given expression.

• When writing your answer you must write down all the information clearly and explicitly – the examiner cannot give you marks for things that are vaguely implied.

• Many of the marks can often be scored by having a good working diagram (even if the accompanying explanation is weak) and so you should spend time making sure that your diagram shows all the relevant details and is fully labelled. For example, make clear the exact points between which measurements, such as distance, are to be made.

• The equipment and procedures that you describe in your answer should be realistic and workable.

• One mark is available for describing safe working. This must relate specifi cally to the apparatus being used. It is not suffi cient to write, for example, ‘keep all bags and coats out of the way’.

• Additional marks are available for detailed descriptions of apparatus/techniques. There are always more possible answers than marks available, so if you write your plan carefully, then some these marks should be gained as you go along. It is not expected that you write a separate section solely for the detail marks.

• As part of your preparation for this question you should plan some of your own experiments, but this should be done under the close supervision of your teacher. Also practise answering past papers.

• A sketch graph is not necessary, but if drawn it should be consistent with your description of the graph.

Analysis and Evaluation question

• See advice for Paper 3: the comments regarding signifi cant fi gures, plotting graphs and calculating gradients and intercepts apply equally for this paper.

• It is particularly important that the rules previously given for signifi cant fi gures are followed.

• You will be expected to use the uncertainty given in the raw data to fi nd the uncertainty in calculated data. The latter will often involve a function such as a logarithm. This requires plenty of practice, if you are to be able do it with confi dence in the examination.

• You will need to be able to translate the calculated uncertainties into error bars on your graph and then to draw the worst acceptable line. Again, this requires plenty of practice.

• Once the graph has been drawn, you will be expected to fi nd uncertainties in both the gradient and the intercept – using your line of best fi t and your worst acceptable line. A lot of marks depend on your being able to calculate the uncertainties in the calculated data.

• Every candidate is provided with the same data and so the fi nal values calculated should be very similar.

Section 3: What will be tested?



Assessment objectivesThe areas of knowledge and skills are called assessment objectives. The theory papers test mainly AO1 (Knowledge with understanding) and AO2 (Handling, applying and evaluating information). The practical papers are used to test you on the AO3 (Experimental skills and investigations). Your teacher will be able to provide you with more detailed information on the assessment objectives.

AO1: Knowledge with understandingQuestions testing these objectives will often begin questions with one of the following words:

• Defi ne

• State

• Describe

• Explain

You should demonstrate knowledge and understanding of:

• Scientifi c phenomena

• Facts

• Laws

• Defi nitions

• Concepts

• Theories

• Scientifi c vocabulary

• Terminology

• Conventions (including symbols, quantities and units)

• Scientifi c instruments and apparatus, including techniques of operation and aspects of safety

• Scientifi c quantities and their determination

• Scientifi c and technological applications with their social, economic and environmental implications



AO2: Handling, applying and evaluating informationQuestions testing these objectives will often begin questions with one of the following words:

• Predict

• Suggest

• Deduce

• Calculate

• Determine

You should be able, in words or by using written, symbolic, graphical and numerical forms of presentation, to:

• Locate information from a variety of sources

• Select information from a variety of sources

• Organise information from a variety of sources

• Present information from a variety of sources

• Translate information from one form to another

• Manipulate numerical and other data

• Use information to identify

– patterns

– report trends

– draw inferences

– report conclusions

• Present reasoned explanations for

– phenomena

– patterns

– relationships

• Make predictions and put forward hypotheses

• Apply knowledge, including principles, to new situations

• Evaluate information and hypotheses

• Demonstrate an awareness of the limitations of physical theories and models

AO3: Experimental skills and investigationsExperimental skills are tested in Paper 3 and Paper 5.

You should be able to:

• plan experiments and investigations

• collect, record and present observations, measurements and estimates

• analyse and interpret data to reach conclusions

• evaluate methods and quality of data, and suggest improvements



Marks allocated to the assessment objectivesThe table below gives a general idea of the allocation of marks to the assessment objectives across the whole assessment, though the balance on each paper may vary slightly.

Assessment objective Marks allocated

AO1 (Papers 1, 2 and 4) 37%

AO2 (Papers 1, 2 and 4) 40%

AO3 (Papers 3 and 5) 23%

Section 4: What you need to know


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mo

tio

na)

de

fi ne

and

use

dist

ance

, dis

plac

emen

t, s

peed

, vel

ocity

and

ac

cele

ratio

n

b)

use

grap

hica

l met

hods

to

repr

esen

t di

stan

ce, d

ispl

acem

ent,

sp

eed,

vel

ocity

and

acc

eler

atio

n

c)

dete

rmin

e di

spla

cem

ent

from

the

are

a un

der

a ve

loci

ty-t

ime

grap

h

d)

dete

rmin

e ve

loci

ty u

sing

the

gra

dien

t of

a d

ispl

acem

ent-

time

grap

h

e)

dete

rmin

e ac

cele

ratio

n us

ing

the

grad

ient

of

a ve

loci

ty-t

ime

grap

h

f)

deriv

e, f

rom

the

defi

niti

ons

of v

eloc

ity a

nd a

ccel

erat

ion,

eq

uatio

ns t

hat

repr

esen

t un

iform

ly a

ccel

erat

ed m

otio

n in

a

stra

ight

line

g)

solv

e pr

oble

ms

usin

g eq

uatio

ns t

hat

repr

esen

t un

iform

ly

acce

lera

ted

mot

ion

in a

str

aigh

t lin

e, in

clud

ing

the

mot

ion

of b

odie

s fa

lling

in a

uni

form

gra

vita

tiona

l fi e

ld w

ithou

t ai

r re

sist

ance

h)

desc

ribe

an e

xper

imen

t to

det

erm

ine

the

acce

lera

tion

of f

ree

fall

usin

g a

falli

ng b

ody

i) de

scrib

e an

d ex

plai

n m

otio

n du

e to

a u

nifo

rm v

eloc

ity in

one

di

rect

ion

and

a un

iform

acc

eler

atio

n in

a p

erpe

ndic

ular

dire

ctio

n



Top

icS

ub

-to

pic

Yo

u s

ho

uld

be

able

to

:C

om

men

ts

4 D

ynam

ics

4.1

Mo

men

tum

an

d

New

ton

’s la

ws

of

mo

tio

n

a)

unde

rsta

nd t

hat

mas

s is

the

pro

pert

y of

a b

ody

that

res

ists

ch

ange

in m

otio

n

b)

reca

ll th

e re

latio

nshi

p F

= m

a an

d so

lve

prob

lem

s us

ing

it,

appr

ecia

ting

that

acc

eler

atio

n an

d re

sulta

nt f

orce

are

alw

ays

in

the

sam

e di

rect

ion

c)

defi n

e an

d us

e lin

ear

mom

entu

m a

s th

e pr

oduc

t of

mas

s an

d ve

loci

ty

d)

defi n

e an

d us

e fo

rce

as r

ate

of c

hang

e of

mom

entu

m

e)

stat

e an

d ap

ply

each

of

New

ton’

s la

ws

of m

otio

n

4 D

ynam

ics

4.2

No

n-u

nif

orm

m

oti

on

a)

desc

ribe

and

use

the

conc

ept

of w

eigh

t as

the

eff

ect

of a

gr

avita

tiona

l fi e

ld o

n a

mas

s an

d re

call

that

the

wei

ght

of a

bod

y is

equ

al t

o th

e pr

oduc

t of

its

mas

s an

d th

e ac

cele

ratio

n of

fre

e fa

ll

b)

desc

ribe

qual

itativ

ely

the

mot

ion

of b

odie

s fa

lling

in a

uni

form

gr

avita

tiona

l fi e

ld w

ith a

ir re

sist

ance

4 D

ynam

ics

4.3

Lin

ear

mo

men

tum

an

d it

s co

nse

rvat

ion

a)

stat

e th

e pr

inci

ple

of c

onse

rvat

ion

of m

omen

tum

b)

appl

y th

e pr

inci

ple

of c

onse

rvat

ion

of m

omen

tum

to

solv

e si

mpl

e pr

oble

ms,

incl

udin

g el

astic

and

inel

astic

inte

ract

ions

be

twee

n bo

dies

in b

oth

one

and

two

dim

ensi

ons

(kno

wle

dge

of

the

conc

ept

of c

oeffi

cie

nt o

f re

stitu

tion

is n

ot r

equi

red)

c)

reco

gnis

e th

at, f

or a

per

fect

ly e

last

ic c

ollis

ion,

the

rel

ativ

e sp

eed

of a

ppro

ach

is e

qual

to

the

rela

tive

spee

d of

sep

arat

ion

d)

unde

rsta

nd t

hat,

whi

le m

omen

tum

of

a sy

stem

is a

lway

s co

nser

ved

in in

tera

ctio

ns b

etw

een

bodi

es, s

ome

chan

ge in

ki

netic

ene

rgy

may

tak

e pl

ace



Top

icS

ub

-to

pic

Yo

u s

ho

uld

be

able

to

:C

om

men

ts

5 Fo

rces

, den

sity

and

pr

essu

re5.

1 T

ypes

of

forc

ea)

de

scrib

e th

e fo

rce

on a

mas

s in

a u

nifo

rm g

ravi

tatio

nal fi

eld

and

on

a c

harg

e in

a u

nifo

rm e

lect

ric fi

eld

b)

unde

rsta

nd t

he o

rigin

of

the

upth

rust

act

ing

on a

bod

y in

a fl

uid

c)

show

a q

ualit

ativ

e un

ders

tand

ing

of f

rictio

nal f

orce

s an

d vi

scou

s fo

rces

incl

udin

g ai

r re

sist

ance

(no

trea

tmen

t of

the

coe

ffi c

ient

s of

fric

tion

and

visc

osity

is r

equi

red)

d)

unde

rsta

nd t

hat

the

wei

ght

of a

bod

y m

ay b

e ta

ken

as a

ctin

g at

a

sing

le p

oint

kno

wn

as it

s ce

ntre

of

grav

ity

5 Fo

rces

, den

sity

and

pr

essu

re5.

2 T

urn

ing

eff

ects

of

forc

esa)

de

fi ne

and

appl

y th

e m

omen

t of

a f

orce

b)

unde

rsta

nd t

hat

a co

uple

is a

pai

r of

for

ces

that

ten

ds t

o pr

oduc

e ro

tatio

n on

ly

c)

defi n

e an

d ap

ply

the

torq

ue o

f a

coup

le

5 Fo

rces

, den

sity

and

pr

essu

re5.

3 E

qu

ilib

riu

m o

f fo

rces

a)

stat

e an

d ap

ply

the

prin

cipl

e of

mom

ents

b)

unde

rsta

nd t

hat,

whe

n th

ere

is n

o re

sulta

nt f

orce

and

no

resu

ltant

tor

que,

a s

yste

m is

in e

quili

briu

m

c)

use

a ve

ctor

tria

ngle

to

repr

esen

t co

plan

ar f

orce

s in

equ

ilibr

ium

5 Fo

rces

, den

sity

and

pr

essu

re5.

4 D

ensi

ty a

nd

p

ress

ure

a)

defi n

e an

d us

e de

nsity

b)

defi n

e an

d us

e pr

essu

re

c)

deriv

e, f

rom

the

defi

niti

ons

of p

ress

ure

and

dens

ity, t

he e

quat

ion

Δp =

ρgΔ

h

d)

use

the

equa

tion Δp

= ρ

gΔh

6 W

ork,

ene

rgy

and

pow

er6.

1 E

ner

gy

con

vers

ion

an

d c

on

serv

atio

na)

gi

ve e

xam

ples

of

ener

gy in

diff

eren

t fo

rms,

its

conv

ersi

on a

nd

cons

erva

tion,

and

app

ly t

he p

rinci

ple

of c

onse

rvat

ion

of e

nerg

y to

sim

ple

exam

ples



Top

icS

ub

-to

pic

Yo

u s

ho

uld

be

able

to

:C

om

men

ts

6 W

ork,

ene

rgy

and

pow

er6.

2 W

ork

an

d e

ffi c

ien

cya)

un

ders

tand

the

con

cept

of

wor

k in

ter

ms

of t

he p

rodu

ct o

f a

forc

e an

d di

spla

cem

ent

in t

he d

irect

ion

of t

he f

orce

b)

calc

ulat

e th

e w

ork

done

in a

num

ber

of s

ituat

ions

incl

udin

g th

e w

ork

done

by

a ga

s th

at is

exp

andi

ng a

gain

st a

con

stan

t ex

tern

al

pres

sure

: W =

p∆

V

c)

reca

ll an

d un

ders

tand

tha

t th

e ef

fi cie

ncy

of a

sys

tem

is t

he r

atio

of

use

ful e

nerg

y ou

tput

fro

m t

he s

yste

m t

o th

e to

tal e

nerg

y in

put

d)

show

an

appr

ecia

tion

for

the

impl

icat

ions

of

ener

gy lo

sses

in

prac

tical

dev

ices

and

use

the

con

cept

of

effi c

ienc

y to

sol

ve

prob

lem

s

6 W

ork,

ene

rgy

and

pow

er6.

3 P

ote

nti

al e

ner

gy

and

kin

etic

en

erg

ya)

de

rive,

fro

m t

he e

quat

ions

of

mot

ion,

the

for

mul

a fo

r ki

netic

en

ergy

Ek =

m

v21

2

b)

reca

ll an

d ap

ply

the

form

ula

E k =

m

v21

2

c)

dist

ingu

ish

betw

een

grav

itatio

nal p

oten

tial e

nerg

y an

d el

astic

po

tent

ial e

nerg

y

d)

unde

rsta

nd a

nd u

se t

he r

elat

ions

hip

betw

een

forc

e an

d po

tent

ial

ener

gy in

a u

nifo

rm fi

eld

to s

olve

pro

blem

s

e)

deriv

e, f

rom

the

defi

nin

g eq

uatio

n W

= F

s, t

he f

orm

ula

∆E p

= m

g∆h

for

pote

ntia

l ene

rgy

chan

ges

near

the

Ear

th’s

su

rfac

e

f)

reca

ll an

d us

e th

e fo

rmul

a ∆

E p =

mg∆

h fo

r po

tent

ial e

nerg

y ch

ange

s ne

ar t

he E

arth

’s s

urfa

ce

6 W

ork,

ene

rgy

and

pow

er6.

4 P

ow

era)

de

fi ne

pow

er a

s w

ork

done

per

uni

t tim

e an

d de

rive

pow

er a

s th

e pr

oduc

t of

for

ce a

nd v

eloc

ity

b)

solv

e pr

oble

ms

usin

g th

e re

latio

nshi

ps P

tW=

and

P =

Fv

7 M

otio

n in

a c

ircle

7.1

Kin

emat

ics

of

un

ifo

rm c

ircu

lar

mo

tio

n

a)

defi

ne

the

rad

ian

an

d e

xpre

ss a

ng

ula

r d

isp

lace

men

t in

ra

dia

ns

b)

un

der

stan

d a

nd

use

th

e co

nce

pt

of

ang

ula

r sp

eed

to

so

lve

pro

ble

ms

c)

reca

ll an

d u

se v

= rω

to

so

lve

pro

ble

ms



Top

icS

ub

-to

pic

Yo

u s

ho

uld

be

able

to

:C

om

men

ts

7 M

otio

n in

a c

ircle

7.2

Cen

trip

etal

ac

cele

rati

on

an

d

cen

trip

etal

fo

rce

a)

des

crib

e q

ual

itat

ivel

y m

oti

on

in a

cu

rved

pat

h d

ue

to

a p

erp

end

icu

lar

forc

e, a

nd

un

der

stan

d t

he

cen

trip

etal

ac

cele

rati

on

in t

he

case

of

un

ifo

rm m

oti

on

in a

cir

cle

b)

reca

ll an

d u

se c

entr

ipet

al a

ccel

erat

ion

eq

uat

ion

s a

= rω

2 an

d

a

= v

2 r

c)

reca

ll an

d u

se c

entr

ipet

al f

orc

e eq

uat

ion

s F

= m

rω2 a

nd

F

= m

v 2

r

8 G

ravi

tatio

nal fi

eld

s8.

1 G

ravi

tati

on

al fi

eld

a)

un

der

stan

d t

he

con

cep

t o

f a

gra

vita

tio

nal

fi el

d a

s an

ex

amp

le o

f a

fi el

d o

f fo

rce

and

defi

ne

gra

vita

tio

nal

fi el

d

stre

ng

th a

s fo

rce

per

un

it m

ass

8 G

ravi

tatio

nal fi

eld

s8.

2 G

ravi

tati

on

al f

orc

e b

etw

een

po

int

mas

ses

a)

un

der

stan

d t

hat

, fo

r a

po

int

ou

tsid

e a

un

ifo

rm s

ph

ere,

th

e m

ass

of

the

sph

ere

may

be

con

sid

ered

to

be

a p

oin

t m

ass

at

its

cen

tre

b)

reca

ll an

d u

se N

ewto

n’s

law

of g

ravi

tati

on

in t

he

form

F

= G

m1m

2

r 2

c)

anal

yse

circ

ula

r o

rbit

s in

inve

rse

squ

are

law

fi el

ds,

incl

ud

ing

g

eost

atio

nar

y o

rbit

s, b

y re

lati

ng

th

e g

ravi

tati

on

al f

orc

e to

th

e ce

ntr

ipet

al a

ccel

erat

ion

it c

ause

s

8 G

ravi

tatio

nal fi

eld

s8.

3 G

ravi

tati

on

al fi

eld

o

f a

po

int

mas

sa)

d

eriv

e, f

rom

New

ton

’s la

w o

f g

ravi

tati

on

an

d t

he

defi

nit

ion

o

f g

ravi

tati

on

al fi

eld

str

eng

th, t

he

equ

atio

n g

= G

M r 2 f

or

the

gra

vita

tio

nal

fi el

d s

tren

gth

of

a p

oin

t m

ass

b)

reca

ll an

d s

olv

e p

rob

lem

s u

sin

g t

he

equ

atio

n g

= G

M r 2 f

or

the

gra

vita

tio

nal

fi el

d s

tren

gth

of

a p

oin

t m

ass

c)

sho

w a

n a

pp

reci

atio

n t

hat

on

th

e su

rfac

e o

f th

e E

arth

g is

ap

pro

xim

atel

y co

nst

ant



Top

icS

ub

-to

pic

Yo

u s

ho

uld

be

able

to

:C

om

men

ts

8 G

ravi

tatio

nal fi

eld

s8.

4 G

ravi

tati

on

al

po

ten

tial

a)

defi

ne

po

ten

tial

at

a p

oin

t as

th

e w

ork

do

ne

per

un

it m

ass

in b

rin

gin

g a

sm

all t

est

mas

s fr

om

infi

nit

y to

th

e p

oin

t

b)

solv

e p

rob

lem

s u

sin

g t

he

equ

atio

n φ

= –

GM r

fo

r th

e p

ote

nti

al in

th

e fi

eld

of

a p

oin

t m

ass

9 D

efor

mat

ion

of

solid

s9.

1 S

tres

s an

d s

trai

na)

ap

prec

iate

tha

t de

form

atio

n is

cau

sed

by a

for

ce a

nd t

hat,

in o

ne

dim

ensi

on, t

he d

efor

mat

ion

can

be t

ensi

le o

r co

mpr

essi

ve

b)

desc

ribe

the

beha

viou

r of

spr

ings

in t

erm

s of

load

, ext

ensi

on,

elas

tic li

mit,

Hoo

ke’s

law

and

the

spr

ing

cons

tant

(i.e

. for

ce p

er

unit

exte

nsio

n)

c)

defi n

e an

d us

e th

e te

rms

stre

ss, s

trai

n an

d th

e Y

oung

mod

ulus

d)

desc

ribe

an e

xper

imen

t to

det

erm

ine

the

You

ng m

odul

us o

f a

met

al in

the

for

m o

f a

wire

9 D

efor

mat

ion

of

solid

s9.

2 E

last

ic a

nd

pla

stic

b

ehav

iou

ra)

di

stin

guis

h be

twee

n el

astic

and

pla

stic

def

orm

atio

n of

a m

ater

ial

b)

unde

rsta

nd t

hat

the

area

und

er t

he f

orce

-ext

ensi

on g

raph

re

pres

ents

the

wor

k do

ne

c)

dedu

ce t

he s

trai

n en

ergy

in a

def

orm

ed m

ater

ial f

rom

the

are

a un

der

the

forc

e-ex

tens

ion

grap

h

10 Id

eal g

ases

10.1

Eq

uat

ion

of

stat

ea)

re

call

and

so

lve

pro

ble

ms

usi

ng

th

e eq

uat

ion

of

stat

e fo

r an

idea

l gas

exp

ress

ed a

s p

V =

nR

T, w

her

e n

= a

mo

un

t o

f su

bst

ance

(n

um

ber

of

mo

les)

10 Id

eal g

ases

10.2

Kin

etic

th

eory

of

gas

esa)

in

fer

fro

m a

Bro

wn

ian

mo

tio

n e

xper

imen

t th

e ev

iden

ce f

or

the

mo

vem

ent

of

mo

lecu

les

b)

stat

e th

e b

asic

ass

um

pti

on

s o

f th

e ki

net

ic t

heo

ry o

f g

ases

c)

exp

lain

ho

w m

ole

cula

r m

ove

men

t ca

use

s th

e p

ress

ure

ex

erte

d b

y a

gas

an

d h

ence

ded

uce

th

e re

lati

on

ship

p

V =

1 3N

mâc

2 ä, w

her

e N

= n

um

ber

of

mo

lecu

les

[A

sim

ple

mo

del

co

nsi

der

ing

on

e-d

imen

sio

nal

co

llisi

on

s an

d

then

ext

end

ing

to

th

ree

dim

ensi

on

s u

sin

g 1 3

âc2 ä =

âcx2 ä=i

s su

ffic

ien

t.]



Top

icS

ub

-to

pic

Yo

u s

ho

uld

be

able

to

:C

om

men

ts

10 Id

eal g

ases

10.3

Kin

etic

en

erg

y o

f a

mo

lecu

lea)

re

call

that

th

e B

olt

zman

n c

on

stan

t k

is g

iven

by

the

ex

pre

ssio

n k

=

R NA

b)

com

par

e p

V =

1 3N

mâc

2 ä wit

h p

V =

NkT

an

d h

ence

ded

uce

th

at t

he

aver

age

tran

slat

ion

al k

inet

ic e

ner

gy

of a

mo

lecu

le is

p

rop

ort

ion

al t

o T

11 T

empe

ratu

re11

.1 T

her

mal

eq

uili

bri

um

a)

app

reci

ate

that

(th

erm

al)

ener

gy

is t

ran

sfer

red

fro

m a

reg

ion

o

f h

igh

er t

emp

erat

ure

to

a r

egio

n o

f lo

wer

tem

per

atu

re

b)

un

der

stan

d t

hat

reg

ion

s o

f eq

ual

tem

per

atu

re a

re in

th

erm

al

equ

ilib

riu

m

11 T

empe

ratu

re11

.2 T

emp

erat

ure

sc

ales

a)

un

der

stan

d t

hat

a p

hys

ical

pro

per

ty t

hat

var

ies

wit

h

tem

per

atu

re m

ay b

e u

sed

fo

r th

e m

easu

rem

ent

of

tem

per

atu

re a

nd

sta

te e

xam

ple

s o

f su

ch p

rop

erti

es

b)

un

der

stan

d t

hat

th

ere

is a

n a

bso

lute

sca

le o

f te

mp

erat

ure

th

at d

oes

no

t d

epen

d o

n t

he

pro

per

ty o

f an

y p

arti

cula

r su

bst

ance

(i.e

. th

e th

erm

od

ynam

ic s

cale

an

d t

he

con

cep

t o

f ab

solu

te z

ero

)

c)

con

vert

tem

per

atu

res

mea

sure

d in

kel

vin

to

deg

rees

Cel

siu

s an

d r

ecal

l th

at T

/ K

= T

/ °

C +

273

.15

11 T

empe

ratu

re11

.3 P

ract

ical

th

erm

om

eter

sa)

co

mp

are

the

rela

tive

ad

van

tag

es a

nd

dis

adva

nta

ges

of

ther

mis

tor

and

th

erm

oco

up

le t

her

mo

met

ers

as p

revi

ou

sly

calib

rate

d in

stru

men

ts



Top

icS

ub

-to

pic

Yo

u s

ho

uld

be

able

to

:C

om

men

ts

12 T

herm

al p

rope

rtie

s of

mat

eria

ls12

.1 S

pec

ifi c

hea

t ca

pac

ity

and

sp

ecifi

c la

ten

t h

eat

a)

exp

lain

usi

ng

a s

imp

le k

inet

ic m

od

el f

or

mat

ter:

• th

e st

ruct

ure

of

solid

s, li

qu

ids

and

gas

es

• w

hy

mel

tin

g a

nd

bo

ilin

g t

ake

pla

ce w

ith

ou

t a

chan

ge

in

tem

per

atu

re

• w

hy

the

spec

ifi c

late

nt

hea

t o

f va

po

risa

tio

n is

hig

her

th

an s

pec

ifi c

late

nt

hea

t o

f fu

sio

n f

or

the

sam

e su

bst

ance

• w

hy

a co

olin

g e

ffec

t ac

com

pan

ies

evap

ora

tio

n

b)

defi

ne

and

use

th

e co

nce

pt

of

spec

ifi c

hea

t ca

pac

ity,

an

d

iden

tify

th

e m

ain

pri

nci

ple

s o

f it

s d

eter

min

atio

n b

y el

ectr

ical

m

eth

od

s

c)

defi

ne

and

use

th

e co

nce

pt

of

spec

ifi c

late

nt

hea

t, a

nd

id

enti

fy t

he

mai

n p

rin

cip

les

of

its

det

erm

inat

ion

by

elec

tric

al

met

ho

ds

12 T

herm

al p

rope

rtie

s of

mat

eria

ls12

.2 I

nte

rnal

en

erg

y an

d t

he

fi rs

t la

w o

f th

erm

od

ynam

ics

a)

un

der

stan

d t

hat

inte

rnal

en

erg

y is

det

erm

ined

by

the

stat

e o

f th

e sy

stem

an

d t

hat

it c

an b

e ex

pre

ssed

as

the

sum

of

a ra

nd

om

dis

trib

uti

on

of

kin

etic

an

d p

ote

nti

al e

ner

gie

s as

soci

ated

wit

h t

he

mo

lecu

les

of

a sy

stem

b)

rela

te a

ris

e in

tem

per

atu

re o

f a

bo

dy

to a

n in

crea

se in

its

inte

rnal

en

erg

y

c)

reca

ll an

d u

se t

he

fi rs

t la

w o

f th

erm

od

ynam

ics ΔU

= q

+ w

ex

pre

ssed

in t

erm

s o

f th

e in

crea

se in

inte

rnal

en

erg

y, t

he

hea

tin

g o

f th

e sy

stem

(en

erg

y tr

ansf

erre

d t

o t

he

syst

em b

y h

eati

ng

) an

d t

he

wo

rk d

on

e o

n t

he

syst

em



Top

icS

ub

-to

pic

Yo

u s

ho

uld

be

able

to

:C

om

men

ts

13 O

scill

atio

ns13

.1 S

imp

le h

arm

on

ic

osc

illat

ion

sa)

d

escr

ibe

sim

ple

exa

mp

les

of

free

osc

illat

ion

s

b)

inve

stig

ate

the

mo

tio

n o

f an

osc

illat

or

usi

ng

exp

erim

enta

l an

d g

rap

hic

al m

eth

od

s

c)

un

der

stan

d a

nd

use

th

e te

rms

amp

litu

de,

per

iod

, fre

qu

ency

, an

gu

lar

freq

uen

cy a

nd

ph

ase

dif

fere

nce

an

d e

xpre

ss t

he

per

iod

in t

erm

s o

f b

oth

fre

qu

ency

an

d a

ng

ula

r fr

equ

ency

d)

reco

gn

ise

and

use

th

e eq

uat

ion

a =

–ω

2 x as

th

e d

efi n

ing

eq

uat

ion

of

sim

ple

har

mo

nic

mo

tio

n

e)

reca

ll an

d u

se x

= x

0 si

n ω

t as

a s

olu

tio

n t

o t

he

equ

atio

n

a

= –ω

2 x

f)

reco

gn

ise

and

use

th

e eq

uat

ion

s v

= v 0

cos ω

t an

d

v

= ± ω

xx

022

-

g)

des

crib

e, w

ith

gra

ph

ical

illu

stra

tio

ns,

th

e ch

ang

es in

d

isp

lace

men

t, v

elo

city

an

d a

ccel

erat

ion

du

rin

g s

imp

le

har

mo

nic

mo

tio

n

13 O

scill

atio

ns13

.2 E

ner

gy

in s

imp

le

har

mo

nic

mo

tio

na)

d

escr

ibe

the

inte

rch

ang

e b

etw

een

kin

etic

an

d p

ote

nti

al

ener

gy

du

rin

g s

imp

le h

arm

on

ic m

oti

on

13 O

scill

atio

ns13

.3 D

amp

ed a

nd

fo

rced

osc

illat

ion

s,

reso

nan

ce

a)

des

crib

e p

ract

ical

exa

mp

les

of

dam

ped

osc

illat

ion

s w

ith

p

arti

cula

r re

fere

nce

to

th

e ef

fect

s o

f th

e d

egre

e o

f d

amp

ing

an

d t

he

imp

ort

ance

of

crit

ical

dam

pin

g

b)

des

crib

e p

ract

ical

exa

mp

les

of

forc

ed o

scill

atio

ns

and

re

son

ance

c)

des

crib

e g

rap

hic

ally

ho

w t

he

amp

litu

de

of

a fo

rced

o

scill

atio

n c

han

ges

wit

h f

req

uen

cy n

ear

to t

he

nat

ura

l fr

equ

ency

of

the

syst

em, a

nd

un

der

stan

d q

ual

itat

ivel

y th

e fa

cto

rs t

hat

det

erm

ine

the

freq

uen

cy r

esp

on

se a

nd

sh

arp

nes

s o

f th

e re

son

ance

d)

app

reci

ate

that

th

ere

are

som

e ci

rcu

mst

ance

s in

wh

ich

re

son

ance

is u

sefu

l an

d o

ther

cir

cum

stan

ces

in w

hic

h

reso

nan

ce s

ho

uld

be

avo

ided



Top

icS

ub

-to

pic

Yo

u s

ho

uld

be

able

to

:C

om

men

ts

14 W

aves

14.1

Pro

gre

ssiv

e w

aves

a)

desc

ribe

wha

t is

mea

nt b

y w

ave

mot

ion

as il

lust

rate

d by

vi

brat

ion

in r

opes

, spr

ings

and

rip

ple

tank

s

b)

unde

rsta

nd a

nd u

se t

he t

erm

s di

spla

cem

ent,

am

plitu

de, p

hase

di

ffer

ence

, per

iod,

fre

quen

cy, w

avel

engt

h an

d sp

eed

c)

dedu

ce, f

rom

the

defi

niti

ons

of s

peed

, fre

quen

cy a

nd

wav

elen

gth,

the

wav

e eq

uatio

n v

= f

λd)

re

call

and

use

the

equa

tion

v =

f λ

e)

unde

rsta

nd t

hat

ener

gy is

tra

nsfe

rred

by

a pr

ogre

ssiv

e w

ave

f)

reca

ll an

d us

e th

e re

latio

nshi

p in

tens

ity ∝

(am

plitu

de)2

14 W

aves

14.2

Tra

nsv

erse

an

d

lon

git

ud

inal

wav

esa)

co

mpa

re t

rans

vers

e an

d lo

ngitu

dina

l wav

es

b)

anal

yse

and

inte

rpre

t gr

aphi

cal r

epre

sent

atio

ns o

f tr

ansv

erse

and

lo

ngitu

dina

l wav

es

14 W

aves

14.3

Det

erm

inat

ion

of

freq

uen

cy a

nd

w

avel

eng

th o

f so

un

d w

aves

a)

dete

rmin

e th

e fr

eque

ncy

of s

ound

usi

ng a

cal

ibra

ted

cath

ode-

ray

osci

llosc

ope

(c.r

.o.)

b)

dete

rmin

e th

e w

avel

engt

h of

sou

nd u

sing

sta

tiona

ry w

aves

14 W

aves

14.4

Do

pp

ler

effe

cta)

un

ders

tand

tha

t w

hen

a so

urce

of

wav

es m

oves

rel

ativ

e to

a

stat

iona

ry o

bser

ver,

the

re is

a c

hang

e in

obs

erve

d fr

eque

ncy

b)

use

the

expr

essi

on f o

=

f sv

(v ±

vs)

for

the

obse

rved

fre

quen

cy

w

hen

a so

urce

of

soun

d w

aves

mov

es r

elat

ive

to a

sta

tiona

ry

obse

rver

c)

appr

ecia

te t

hat

Dop

pler

shi

ft is

obs

erve

d w

ith a

ll w

aves

, in

clud

ing

soun

d an

d lig

ht

14 W

aves

14.5

Ele

ctro

mag

net

ic

spec

tru

ma)

st

ate

that

all

elec

trom

agne

tic w

aves

tra

vel w

ith t

he s

ame

spee

d in

fre

e sp

ace

and

reca

ll th

e or

ders

of

mag

nitu

de o

f th

e w

avel

engt

hs o

f th

e pr

inci

pal r

adia

tions

fro

m r

adio

wav

es t

o γ-

rays



Top

icS

ub

-to

pic

Yo

u s

ho

uld

be

able

to

:C

om

men

ts

14 W

aves

14.6

Pro

du

ctio

n a

nd

u

se o

f u

ltra

sou

nd

in

dia

gn

osi

s

a)

exp

lain

th

e p

rin

cip

les

of

the

gen

erat

ion

an

d d

etec

tio

n o

f u

ltra

son

ic w

aves

usi

ng

pie

zo-e

lect

ric

tran

sdu

cers

b)

exp

lain

th

e m

ain

pri

nci

ple

s b

ehin

d t

he

use

of

ult

raso

un

d t

o

ob

tain

dia

gn

ost

ic in

form

atio

n a

bo

ut

inte

rnal

str

uct

ure

s

c)

un

der

stan

d t

he

mea

nin

g o

f sp

ecifi

c ac

ou

stic

imp

edan

ce a

nd

it

s im

po

rtan

ce t

o t

he

inte

nsi

ty r

efl e

ctio

n c

oef

fi ci

ent

at a

b

ou

nd

ary

d)

reca

ll an

d s

olv

e p

rob

lem

s b

y u

sin

g t

he

equ

atio

n I

= I

0e–μ

x fo

r th

e at

ten

uat

ion

of

ult

raso

un

d in

mat

ter

15 S

uper

posi

tion

15.1

Sta

tio

nar

y w

aves

a)

expl

ain

and

use

the

prin

cipl

e of

sup

erpo

sitio

n in

sim

ple

appl

icat

ions

b)

show

an

unde

rsta

ndin

g of

exp

erim

ents

tha

t de

mon

stra

te

stat

iona

ry w

aves

usi

ng m

icro

wav

es, s

tret

ched

str

ings

and

air

colu

mns

c)

expl

ain

the

form

atio

n of

a s

tatio

nary

wav

e us

ing

a gr

aphi

cal

met

hod,

and

iden

tify

node

s an

d an

tinod

es

15 S

uper

posi

tion

15.2

Dif

frac

tio

na)

ex

plai

n th

e m

eani

ng o

f th

e te

rm d

iffra

ctio

n

b)

show

an

unde

rsta

ndin

g of

exp

erim

ents

tha

t de

mon

stra

te

diff

ract

ion

incl

udin

g th

e di

ffra

ctio

n of

wat

er w

aves

in a

rip

ple

tank

with

bot

h a

wid

e ga

p an

d a

narr

ow g

ap

15 S

uper

posi

tion

15.3

In

terf

eren

ce, t

wo

-so

urc

e in

terf

eren

cea)

un

ders

tand

the

ter

ms

inte

rfer

ence

and

coh

eren

ce

b)

show

an

unde

rsta

ndin

g of

exp

erim

ents

tha

t de

mon

stra

te t

wo-

sour

ce in

terf

eren

ce u

sing

wat

er r

ippl

es, l

ight

and

mic

row

aves

c)

unde

rsta

nd t

he c

ondi

tions

req

uire

d if

two-

sour

ce in

terf

eren

ce

frin

ges

are

to b

e ob

serv

ed

d)

reca

ll an

d so

lve

prob

lem

s us

ing

the

equa

tion λ

= ax D

for

doub

le-

slit

inte

rfer

ence

usi

ng li

ght

15 S

uper

posi

tion

15.4

Dif

frac

tio

n g

rati

ng

sa)

re

call

and

solv

e pr

oble

ms

usin

g th

e fo

rmul

a d

sin θ

= nλ

b)

desc

ribe

the

use

of a

diff

ract

ion

grat

ing

to d

eter

min

e th

e w

avel

engt

h of

ligh

t (t

he s

truc

ture

and

use

of

the

spec

trom

eter

ar

e no

t in

clud

ed)



Top

icS

ub

-to

pic

Yo

u s

ho

uld

be

able

to

:C

om

men

ts

16 C

omm

unic

atio

n16

.1 C

om

mu

nic

atio

n

chan

nel

sa)

ap

pre

ciat

e th

at in

form

atio

n m

ay b

e ca

rrie

d b

y a

nu

mb

er o

f d

iffe

ren

t ch

ann

els,

incl

ud

ing

wir

e-p

airs

, co

axia

l cab

les,

rad

io

and

mic

row

ave

links

, op

tic

fi b

res

16 C

omm

unic

atio

n16

.2 M

od

ula

tio

na)

u

nd

erst

and

th

e te

rm m

od

ula

tio

n a

nd

be

able

to

dis

tin

gu

ish

b

etw

een

am

plit

ud

e m

od

ula

tio

n (

AM

) an

d f

req

uen

cy

mo

du

lati

on

(FM

)

b)

reca

ll th

at a

car

rier

wav

e, a

mp

litu

de

mo

du

late

d b

y a

sin

gle

au

dio

fre

qu

ency

, is

equ

ival

ent

to t

he

carr

ier

wav

e fr

equ

ency

to

get

her

wit

h t

wo

sid

eban

d f

req

uen

cies

c)

un

der

stan

d t

he

term

ban

dw

idth

d)

reca

ll th

e fr

equ

enci

es a

nd

wav

elen

gth

s u

sed

in d

iffe

ren

t ch

ann

els

of

com

mu

nic

atio

n

e)

dem

on

stra

te a

n a

war

enes

s o

f th

e re

lati

ve a

dva

nta

ges

of

AM

an

d F

M t

ran

smis

sio

ns

16 C

omm

unic

atio

n16

.3 D

igit

al

com

mu

nic

atio

na)

re

call

the

adva

nta

ges

of

the

tran

smis

sio

n o

f d

ata

in d

igit

al

form

, co

mp

ared

wit

h t

he

tran

smis

sio

n o

f d

ata

in a

nal

og

ue

form

b)

un

der

stan

d t

hat

th

e d

igit

al t

ran

smis

sio

n o

f sp

eech

or

mu

sic

invo

lves

an

alo

gu

e-to

-dig

ital

co

nve

rsio

n (

AD

C)

bef

ore

tr

ansm

issi

on

an

d d

igit

al-t

o-a

nal

og

ue

con

vers

ion

(D

AC

) af

ter

rece

pti

on

c)

un

der

stan

d t

he

effe

ct o

f th

e sa

mp

ling

rat

e an

d t

he

nu

mb

er

of

bit

s in

eac

h s

amp

le o

n t

he

rep

rod

uct

ion

of

an in

pu

t si

gn

al

16 C

omm

unic

atio

n16

.4 R

elat

ive

mer

its

of

chan

nel

s o

f co

mm

un

icat

ion

a)

dis

cuss

th

e re

lati

ve a

dva

nta

ges

an

d d

isad

van

tag

es o

f ch

ann

els

of

com

mu

nic

atio

n in

ter

ms

of

avai

lab

le b

and

wid

th,

no

ise,

cro

sslin

kin

g, s

ecu

rity

, sig

nal

att

enu

atio

n, r

epea

ters

an

d r

egen

erat

ion

b)

reca

ll th

e re

lati

ve m

erit

s o

f b

oth

geo

stat

ion

ary

and

po

lar

orb

itin

g s

atel

lites

fo

r co

mm

un

icat

ing

info

rmat

ion



Top

icS

ub

-to

pic

Yo

u s

ho

uld

be

able

to

:C

om

men

ts

16 C

omm

unic

atio

n16

.5 A

tten

uat

ion

a)

un

der

stan

d a

nd

use

sig

nal

att

enu

atio

n e

xpre

ssed

in d

B a

nd

d

B p

er u

nit

len

gth

b)

reca

ll an

d u

se t

he

exp

ress

ion

nu

mb

er o

f d

B =

10

lg

PP 21cm

for

the

rati

o o

f tw

o p

ow

ers

17 E

lect

ric F

ield

s17

.1 C

on

cep

t o

f an

el

ectr

ic fi

eld

a)

unde

rsta

nd t

he c

once

pt o

f an

ele

ctric

fi el

d as

an

exam

ple

of a

fi e

ld o

f fo

rce

and

defi n

e el

ectr

ic fi

eld

stre

ngth

as

forc

e pe

r un

it po

sitiv

e ch

arge

act

ing

on a

sta

tiona

ry p

oint

cha

rge

b)

repr

esen

t an

ele

ctric

fi el

d by

mea

ns o

f fi e

ld li

nes

17 E

lect

ric F

ield

s17

.2 U

nif

orm

ele

ctri

c fi

eld

s a)

re

call

and

use

E =

ΔV Δd t

o ca

lcul

ate

the

fi eld

str

engt

h of

the

un

iform

fi el

d

be

twee

n ch

arge

d pa

ralle

l pla

tes

in t

erm

s of

pot

entia

l diff

eren

ce

and

sepa

ratio

n

b)

calc

ulat

e th

e fo

rces

on

char

ges

in u

nifo

rm e

lect

ric fi

elds

c)

desc

ribe

the

effe

ct o

f a

unifo

rm e

lect

ric fi

eld

on t

he m

otio

n of

ch

arge

d pa

rtic

les

17 E

lect

ric F

ield

s17

.3 E

lect

ric

forc

es

bet

wee

n p

oin

t ch

arg

es

a)

un

der

stan

d t

hat

, fo

r an

y p

oin

t o

uts

ide

a sp

her

ical

co

nd

uct

or,

th

e ch

arg

e o

n t

he

sph

ere

may

be

con

sid

ered

to

ac

t as

a p

oin

t ch

arg

e at

its

cen

tre

b)

reca

ll an

d u

se C

ou

lom

b’s

law

in t

he

form

F =

Q1Q

2

4πε 0

r 2 fo

r th

e fo

rce

b

etw

een

tw

o p

oin

t ch

arg

es in

fre

e sp

ace

or

air

17 E

lect

ric F

ield

s17

.4 E

lect

ric

fi el

d o

f a

po

int

char

ge

a)

reca

ll an

d u

se E

=

Q

4πε 0

r 2 fo

r th

e fi

eld

str

eng

th o

f a

po

int

ch

arg

e in

fre

e sp

ace

or

air



Top

icS

ub

-to

pic

Yo

u s

ho

uld

be

able

to

:C

om

men

ts

17 E

lect

ric F

ield

s17

.5 E

lect

ric

po

ten

tial

a)

defi

ne

po

ten

tial

at

a p

oin

t as

th

e w

ork

do

ne

per

un

it

po

siti

ve c

har

ge

in b

rin

gin

g a

sm

all t

est

char

ge

fro

m in

fi n

ity

to t

he

po

int

b)

stat

e th

at t

he

fi el

d s

tren

gth

of

the

fi el

d a

t a

po

int

is e

qu

al t

o

the

neg

ativ

e o

f p

ote

nti

al g

rad

ien

t at

th

at p

oin

t

c)

use

th

e eq

uat

ion

V =

Q

4πε 0

r fo

r th

e p

ote

nti

al in

th

e fi

eld

of

a p

oin

t ch

arg

e

d)

reco

gn

ise

the

anal

og

y b

etw

een

cer

tain

qu

alit

ativ

e an

d

qu

anti

tati

ve a

spec

ts o

f el

ectr

ic fi

eld

s an

d g

ravi

tati

on

al fi

eld

s

18 C

apac

itanc

e18

.1 C

apac

ito

rs a

nd

ca

pac

itan

cea)

d

efi n

e ca

pac

itan

ce a

nd

th

e fa

rad

, as

app

lied

to

bo

th is

ola

ted

co

nd

uct

ors

an

d t

o p

aral

lel p

late

cap

acit

ors

b)

reca

ll an

d u

se C

= Q V

c)

der

ive,

usi

ng

th

e fo

rmu

la C

= Q V

, co

nse

rvat

ion

of

char

ge

and

th

e

ad

dit

ion

of

po

ten

tial

dif

fere

nce

s, f

orm

ula

e fo

r co

mb

ined

ca

pac

itan

ce f

or

cap

acit

ors

in s

erie

s an

d in

par

alle

l

d)

solv

e p

rob

lem

s u

sin

g t

he

cap

acit

ance

fo

rmu

lae

for

cap

acit

ors

in s

erie

s an

d in

par

alle

l

18 C

apac

itanc

e18

.2 E

ner

gy

sto

red

in a

ca

pac

ito

ra)

d

edu

ce, f

rom

th

e ar

ea u

nd

er a

po

ten

tial

-ch

arg

e g

rap

h, t

he

eq

uat

ion

W =

1 2Q

V a

nd

hen

ce W

= 1 2

CV

2

b)

sho

w a

n u

nd

erst

and

ing

of

the

fun

ctio

ns

of

cap

acit

ors

in

sim

ple

cir

cuit

s

19 C

urre

nt o

f el

ectr

icity

19.1

Ele

ctri

c cu

rren

ta)

un

ders

tand

tha

t el

ectr

ic c

urre

nt is

a fl

ow o

f ch

arge

car

riers

b)

unde

rsta

nd t

hat

the

char

ge o

n ch

arge

car

riers

is q

uant

ised

c)

defi n

e th

e co

ulom

b

d)

reca

ll an

d us

e Q

= I

t

e)

deriv

e an

d us

e, f

or a

cur

rent

-car

ryin

g co

nduc

tor,

the

exp

ress

ion

I =

Anv

q, w

here

n is

the

num

ber

dens

ity o

f ch

arge

car

riers



Top

icS

ub

-to

pic

Yo

u s

ho

uld

be

able

to

:C

om

men

ts

19 C

urre

nt o

f el

ectr

icity

19.2

Po

ten

tial

dif

fere

nce

an

d p

ow

era)

de

fi ne

pote

ntia

l diff

eren

ce a

nd t

he v

olt

b)

reca

ll an

d us

e V

= W Q

c)

reca

ll an

d us

e P

= VI

and

P =

I2 R

19 C

urre

nt o

f el

ectr

icity

19.3

Res

ista

nce

an

d

resi

stiv

ity

a)

defi n

e re

sist

ance

and

the

ohm

b)

reca

ll an

d us

e V

= I

R

c)

sket

ch a

nd d

iscu

ss t

he I

–V c

hara

cter

istic

s of

a m

etal

lic

cond

ucto

r at

con

stan

t te

mpe

ratu

re, a

sem

icon

duct

or d

iode

and

a

fi lam

ent

lam

p

d)

stat

e O

hm’s

law

e)

reca

ll an

d us

e R

= ρ

L A

19 C

urre

nt o

f el

ectr

icity

19.4

Sen

sin

g d

evic

esa)

sh

ow

an

un

der

stan

din

g o

f th

e ch

ang

e in

res

ista

nce

wit

h

ligh

t in

ten

sity

of

a lig

ht-

dep

end

ent

resi

sto

r (L

DR

)

b)

sket

ch t

he

tem

per

atu

re c

har

acte

rist

ic o

f a

neg

ativ

e te

mp

erat

ure

co

effi

cien

t th

erm

isto

r

c)

sho

w a

n u

nd

erst

and

ing

of

the

acti

on

of

a p

iezo

-ele

ctri

c tr

ansd

uce

r an

d it

s ap

plic

atio

n in

a s

imp

le m

icro

ph

on

e

d)

des

crib

e th

e st

ruct

ure

of

a m

etal

-wir

e st

rain

gau

ge

e)

rela

te e

xten

sion

of a

str

ain

gaug

e to

cha

nge

in r

esis

tanc

e of

th

e ga

uge



Top

icS

ub

-to

pic

Yo

u s

ho

uld

be

able

to

:C

om

men

ts

20 D

.C. c

ircui

ts20

.1 P

ract

ical

cir

cuit

sa)

re

call

and

use

appr

opria

te c

ircui

t sy

mbo

ls a

s se

t ou

t in

the

AS

E

publ

icat

ion

Sign

s, S

ymbo

ls a

nd S

yste

mat

ics

(exa

mpl

e ci

rcui

t sy

mbo

ls a

re g

iven

in S

ectio

n 5.

5.)

b)

draw

and

inte

rpre

t ci

rcui

t di

agra

ms

cont

aini

ng s

ourc

es,

switc

hes,

res

isto

rs, a

mm

eter

s, v

oltm

eter

s, a

nd/o

r an

y ot

her

type

of

com

pone

nt r

efer

red

to in

the

syl

labu

s

c)

defi n

e el

ectr

omot

ive

forc

e (e

.m.f

.) in

ter

ms

of t

he e

nerg

y tr

ansf

erre

d by

a s

ourc

e in

driv

ing

unit

char

ge r

ound

a c

ompl

ete

circ

uit

d)

dist

ingu

ish

betw

een

e.m

.f. a

nd p

oten

tial d

iffer

ence

(p.d

.) in

te

rms

of e

nerg

y co

nsid

erat

ions

e)

unde

rsta

nd t

he e

ffec

ts o

f th

e in

tern

al r

esis

tanc

e of

a s

ourc

e of

e.

m.f

. on

the

term

inal

pot

entia

l diff

eren

ce

20 D

.C. c

ircui

ts20

.2 K

irch

ho

ff’s

law

sa)

re

call

Kirc

hhof

f’s

fi rst

law

and

app

reci

ate

the

link

to c

onse

rvat

ion

of c

harg

e

b)

reca

ll K

irchh

off’

s se

cond

law

and

app

reci

ate

the

link

to

cons

erva

tion

of e

nerg

y

c)

deriv

e, u

sing

Kirc

hhof

f’s

law

s, a

for

mul

a fo

r th

e co

mbi

ned

resi

stan

ce o

f tw

o or

mor

e re

sist

ors

in s

erie

s

d)

solv

e pr

oble

ms

usin

g th

e fo

rmul

a fo

r th

e co

mbi

ned

resi

stan

ce o

f tw

o or

mor

e re

sist

ors

in s

erie

s

e)

deriv

e, u

sing

Kirc

hhof

f’s

law

s, a

for

mul

a fo

r th

e co

mbi

ned

resi

stan

ce o

f tw

o or

mor

e re

sist

ors

in p

aral

lel

f)

solv

e pr

oble

ms

usin

g th

e fo

rmul

a fo

r th

e co

mbi

ned

resi

stan

ce o

f tw

o or

mor

e re

sist

ors

in p

aral

lel

g)

appl

y K

irchh

off’

s la

ws

to s

olve

sim

ple

circ

uit

prob

lem

s



Top

icS

ub

-to

pic

Yo

u s

ho

uld

be

able

to

:C

om

men

ts

20 D

.C. c

ircui

ts20

.3 P

ote

nti

al d

ivid

ers

a)

unde

rsta

nd t

he p

rinci

ple

of a

pot

entia

l div

ider

circ

uit

as a

sou

rce

of v

aria

ble

p.d.

b)

reca

ll an

d so

lve

prob

lem

s us

ing

the

prin

cipl

e of

the

po

tent

iom

eter

as

a m

eans

of

com

parin

g po

tent

ial d

iffer

ence

s

c)

un

der

stan

d t

hat

an

ele

ctro

nic

sen

sor

con

sist

s o

f a

sen

sin

g

dev

ice

and

a c

ircu

it t

hat

pro

vid

es a

n o

utp

ut

that

can

be

reg

iste

red

as

a vo

ltag

e

d)

exp

lain

th

e u

se o

f th

erm

isto

rs, l

igh

t-d

epen

den

t re

sist

ors

an

d s

trai

n g

aug

es in

po

ten

tial

div

ider

s to

pro

vid

e a

po

ten

tial

d

iffe

ren

ce t

hat

is d

epen

den

t o

n t

emp

erat

ure

, illu

min

atio

n

and

str

ain

res

pec

tive

ly

21 E

lect

roni

cs21

.1 T

he

idea

l o

per

atio

nal

am

plifi

er

a)

reca

ll th

e m

ain

pro

per

ties

of

the

idea

l op

erat

ion

al a

mp

lifi e

r (o

p-a

mp

)

21 E

lect

roni

cs21

.2 O

per

atio

nal

am

plifi

er

circ

uit

sa)

d

edu

ce, f

rom

th

e p

rop

erti

es o

f an

idea

l op

erat

ion

al

amp

lifi e

r, t

he

use

of

an o

per

atio

nal

am

plifi

er

as a

co

mp

arat

or

b)

un

der

stan

d t

he

effe

cts

of

neg

ativ

e fe

edb

ack

on

th

e g

ain

of

an o

per

atio

nal

am

plifi

er

c)

reca

ll th

e ci

rcu

it d

iag

ram

s fo

r b

oth

th

e in

vert

ing

an

d t

he

no

n-i

nve

rtin

g a

mp

lifi e

r fo

r si

ng

le s

ign

al in

pu

t

d)

un

der

stan

d t

he

virt

ual

ear

th a

pp

roxi

mat

ion

an

d d

eriv

e an

ex

pre

ssio

n f

or

the

gai

n o

f in

vert

ing

am

plifi

ers

e)

reca

ll an

d u

se e

xpre

ssio

ns

for

the

volt

age

gai

n o

f in

vert

ing

an

d o

f n

on

-in

vert

ing

am

plifi

ers



Top

icS

ub

-to

pic

Yo

u s

ho

uld

be

able

to

:C

om

men

ts

21 E

lect

roni

cs21

.3 O

utp

ut

dev

ices

a)

un

der

stan

d t

hat

an

ou

tpu

t d

evic

e m

ay b

e re

qu

ired

to

m

on

ito

r th

e o

utp

ut

of

an o

p-a

mp

cir

cuit

b)

un

der

stan

d t

he

use

of

rela

ys in

ele

ctro

nic

cir

cuit

s

c)

un

der

stan

d t

he

use

of

ligh

t-em

itti

ng

dio

des

(LE

Ds)

as

dev

ices

to

ind

icat

e th

e st

ate

of

the

ou

tpu

t o

f el

ectr

on

ic

circ

uit

s

d)

un

der

stan

d t

he

nee

d f

or

calib

rati

on

wh

ere

dig

ital

or

anal

og

ue

met

ers

are

use

d a

s o

utp

ut

dev

ices

22 M

agne

tic fi

elds

22.1

Co

nce

pt

of

mag

net

ic fi

eld

a)

un

der

stan

d t

hat

a m

agn

etic

fi el

d is

an

exa

mp

le o

f a

fi el

d o

f fo

rce

pro

du

ced

eit

her

by

curr

ent-

carr

yin

g c

on

du

cto

rs o

r b

y p

erm

anen

t m

agn

ets

b)

rep

rese

nt

a m

agn

etic

fi el

d b

y fi

eld

lin

es

22 M

agne

tic fi

elds

22.2

Fo

rce

on

a c

urr

ent-

carr

yin

g c

on

du

cto

ra)

ap

pre

ciat

e th

at a

fo

rce

mig

ht

act

on

a c

urr

ent-

carr

yin

g

con

du

cto

r p

lace

d in

a m

agn

etic

fi el

d

b)

reca

ll an

d s

olv

e p

rob

lem

s u

sin

g t

he

equ

atio

n F

= B

IL s

in θ,

w

ith

dir

ecti

on

s as

inte

rpre

ted

by

Flem

ing

’s le

ft-h

and

ru

le

c)

defi

ne

mag

net

ic fl

ux

den

sity

an

d t

he

tesl

a

d)

un

der

stan

d h

ow

th

e fo

rce

on

a c

urr

ent-

carr

yin

g c

on

du

cto

r ca

n b

e u

sed

to

mea

sure

th

e fl

ux

den

sity

of

a m

agn

etic

fi el

d

usi

ng

a c

urr

ent

bal

ance



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Yo

u s

ho

uld

be

able

to

:C

om

men

ts

22 M

agne

tic fi

elds

22.3

Fo

rce

on

a m

ovi

ng

ch

arg

ea)

p

red

ict

the

dir

ecti

on

of t

he

forc

e o

n a

ch

arg

e m

ovi

ng

in a

m

agn

etic

fi el

d

b)

reca

ll an

d s

olv

e p

rob

lem

s u

sin

g F

= B

Qv

sin

θ

c)

deri

ve t

he e

xpre

ssio

n V

H =

BI

ntq

for

the

Hal

l vol

tage

, whe

re t

=

thic

knes

s

d)

des

crib

e an

d a

nal

yse

qu

alit

ativ

ely

the

defl

ect

ion

of b

eam

s o

f ch

arg

ed p

arti

cles

by

un

iform

ele

ctri

c an

d u

nifo

rm m

agn

etic

fi

eld

s

e)

exp

lain

ho

w e

lect

ric

and

mag

net

ic fi

eld

s ca

n b

e u

sed

in

velo

city

sel

ecti

on

f)

exp

lain

th

e m

ain

pri

nci

ple

s o

f on

e m

eth

od

for

the

det

erm

inat

ion

of

v

and

e m

e fo

r el

ectr

on

s

22 M

agne

tic fi

elds

22.4

Mag

net

ic fi

eld

s d

ue

to c

urr

ents

a)

sket

ch fl

ux

pat

tern

s d

ue

to a

lon

g s

trai

gh

t w

ire,

a fl

at

circ

ula

r co

il an

d a

lon

g s

ole

no

id

b)

un

der

stan

d t

hat

th

e fi

eld

du

e to

a s

ole

no

id is

infl

uen

ced

by

the

pre

sen

ce o

f a

ferr

ou

s co

re

c)

exp

lain

th

e fo

rces

bet

wee

n c

urr

ent-

carr

yin

g c

on

du

cto

rs a

nd

p

red

ict

the

dir

ecti

on

of

the

forc

es

d)

des

crib

e an

d c

om

par

e th

e fo

rces

on

mas

s, c

har

ge

and

cu

rren

t in

gra

vita

tio

nal

, ele

ctri

c an

d m

agn

etic

fi el

ds,

as

app

rop

riat

e

22 M

agne

tic fi

elds

22.5

Nu

clea

r m

agn

etic

re

son

ance

imag

ing

a)

exp

lain

th

e m

ain

pri

nci

ple

s b

ehin

d t

he

use

of

nu

clea

r m

agn

etic

res

on

ance

imag

ing

(N

MR

I) t

o o

bta

in d

iag

no

stic

in

form

atio

n a

bo

ut

inte

rnal

str

uct

ure

s

b)

un

der

stan

d t

he

fun

ctio

n o

f th

e n

on

-un

ifo

rm m

agn

etic

fi el

d,

sup

erim

po

sed

on

th

e la

rge

con

stan

t m

agn

etic

fi el

d, i

n

dia

gn

osi

s u

sin

g N

MR

I



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pic

Yo

u s

ho

uld

be

able

to

:C

om

men

ts

23 E

lect

rom

agne

tic

indu

ctio

n23

.1 L

aws

of

elec

tro

mag

net

ic

ind

uct

ion

a)

defi

ne

mag

net

ic fl

ux

and

th

e w

eber

b)

reca

ll an

d u

se Φ

= B

A

c)

defi

ne

mag

net

ic fl

ux

linka

ge

d)

infe

r fr

om

ap

pro

pri

ate

exp

erim

ents

on

ele

ctro

mag

net

ic

ind

uct

ion

:

• th

at a

ch

ang

ing

mag

net

ic fl

ux

can

ind

uce

an

e.m

.f. i

n a

ci

rcu

it

• th

at t

he

dir

ecti

on

of

the

ind

uce

d e

.m.f

. op

po

ses

the

chan

ge

pro

du

cin

g it

• th

e fa

cto

rs a

ffec

tin

g t

he

mag

nit

ud

e o

f th

e in

du

ced

e.m

.f.

e)

reca

ll an

d s

olv

e p

rob

lem

s u

sin

g F

arad

ay’s

law

of

elec

tro

mag

net

ic in

du

ctio

n a

nd

Len

z’s

law

f)

exp

lain

sim

ple

ap

plic

atio

ns

of

elec

tro

mag

net

ic in

du

ctio

n

24 A

ltern

atin

g cu

rren

ts24

.1 C

har

acte

rist

ics

of

alte

rnat

ing

cu

rren

ts

a)

un

der

stan

d a

nd

use

th

e te

rms

per

iod

, fre

qu

ency

, pea

k va

lue

and

ro

ot-

mea

n-s

qu

are

valu

e as

ap

plie

d t

o a

n a

lter

nat

ing

cu

rren

t o

r vo

ltag

e

b)

ded

uce

th

at t

he

mea

n p

ow

er in

a r

esis

tive

load

is h

alf

the

max

imu

m p

ow

er f

or

a si

nu

soid

al a

lter

nat

ing

cu

rren

t

c)

rep

rese

nt

a si

nu

soid

ally

alt

ern

atin

g c

urr

ent

or

volt

age

by

an

equ

atio

n o

f th

e fo

rm x

= x

0 si

nω

t

d)

dis

tin

gu

ish

bet

wee

n r

.m.s

. an

d p

eak

valu

es a

nd

rec

all a

nd

so

lve

p

rob

lem

s u

sin

g t

he

rela

tio

nsh

ip I

=

I 0 2 f

or

the

sin

uso

idal

ca

se

24 A

ltern

atin

g cu

rren

ts24

.2 T

he

tran

sfo

rmer

a)

u

nd

erst

and

th

e p

rin

cip

le o

f o

per

atio

n o

f a

sim

ple

lam

inat

ed

iro

n-c

ore

d t

ran

sfo

rmer

an

d r

ecal

l an

d s

olv

e p

rob

lem

s

u

sin

g N

s

Np =

Vs

Vp =

I p I s f

or

an id

eal t

ran

sfo

rmer

b)

un

der

stan

d t

he

sou

rces

of

ener

gy

loss

in a

pra

ctic

al

tran

sfo

rmer



Top

icS

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-to

pic

Yo

u s

ho

uld

be

able

to

:C

om

men

ts

24 A

ltern

atin

g cu

rren

ts24

.3 T

ran

smis

sio

n o

f el

ectr

ical

en

erg

ya)

ap

pre

ciat

e th

e p

ract

ical

an

d e

con

om

ic a

dva

nta

ges

of

alte

rnat

ing

cu

rren

t an

d o

f h

igh

vo

ltag

es f

or

the

tran

smis

sio

n

of

elec

tric

al e

ner

gy

24 A

ltern

atin

g cu

rren

ts24

.4

Rec

tifi

cati

on

a)

dis

tin

gu

ish

gra

ph

ical

ly b

etw

een

hal

f-w

ave

and

fu

ll-w

ave

rect

ifi ca

tio

n

b)

exp

lain

th

e u

se o

f a

sin

gle

dio

de

for

the

hal

f-w

ave

rect

ifi ca

tio

n o

f an

alt

ern

atin

g c

urr

ent

c)

exp

lain

th

e u

se o

f fo

ur

dio

des

(b

rid

ge

rect

ifi er

) fo

r th

e fu

ll-w

ave

rect

ifi ca

tio

n o

f an

alt

ern

atin

g c

urr

ent

d)

anal

yse

the

effe

ct o

f a

sin

gle

cap

acit

or

in s

mo

oth

ing

, in

clu

din

g t

he

effe

ct o

f th

e va

lue

of

cap

acit

ance

in r

elat

ion

to

th

e lo

ad r

esis

tan

ce

25 Q

uant

um p

hysi

cs25

.1 E

ner

gy

of

a p

ho

ton

a)

app

reci

ate

the

par

ticu

late

nat

ure

of

elec

tro

mag

net

ic

rad

iati

on

b)

reca

ll an

d u

se E

= h

f

25 Q

uant

um p

hysi

cs25

.2 P

ho

toel

ectr

ic

emis

sio

n o

f el

ectr

on

s

a)

un

der

stan

d t

hat

th

e p

ho

toel

ectr

ic e

ffec

t p

rovi

des

evi

den

ce

for

a p

arti

cula

te n

atu

re o

f el

ectr

om

agn

etic

rad

iati

on

wh

ile

ph

eno

men

a su

ch a

s in

terf

eren

ce a

nd

dif

frac

tio

n p

rovi

de

evid

ence

fo

r a

wav

e n

atu

re

b)

reca

ll th

e si

gn

ifi ca

nce

of

thre

sho

ld f

req

uen

cy

c)

exp

lain

ph

oto

elec

tric

ph

eno

men

a in

ter

ms

of

ph

oto

n e

ner

gy

and

wo

rk f

un

ctio

n e

ner

gy

d)

exp

lain

wh

y th

e m

axim

um

ph

oto

elec

tric

en

erg

y is

in

dep

end

ent

of

inte

nsi

ty, w

her

eas

the

ph

oto

elec

tric

cu

rren

t is

pro

po

rtio

nal

to

inte

nsi

ty

e)

reca

ll, u

se a

nd

exp

lain

th

e si

gn

ifi ca

nce

of

hf

= Φ

+ 1 2

mv m

ax2

25 Q

uant

um p

hysi

cs25

.3 W

ave-

par

ticl

e d

ual

ity

a)

des

crib

e an

d in

terp

ret

qu

alit

ativ

ely

the

evid

ence

pro

vid

ed

by

elec

tro

n d

iffr

acti

on

fo

r th

e w

ave

nat

ure

of

par

ticl

es

b)

reca

ll an

d u

se t

he

rela

tio

n f

or

the

de

Bro

glie

wav

elen

gth

λ

= h p



Top

icS

ub

-to

pic

Yo

u s

ho

uld

be

able

to

:C

om

men

ts

25 Q

uant

um p

hysi

cs25

.4 E

ner

gy

leve

ls in

at

om

s an

d li

ne

spec

tra

a)

sho

w a

n u

nd

erst

and

ing

of

the

exis

ten

ce o

f d

iscr

ete

elec

tro

n

ener

gy

leve

ls in

iso

late

d a

tom

s (e

.g. a

tom

ic h

ydro

gen

) an

d

ded

uce

ho

w t

his

lead

s to

sp

ectr

al li

nes

b)

dis

tin

gu

ish

bet

wee

n e

mis

sio

n a

nd

ab

sorp

tio

n li

ne

spec

tra

c)

reca

ll an

d s

olv

e p

rob

lem

s u

sin

g t

he

rela

tio

n h

f =

E1

– E

2

25 Q

uant

um p

hysi

cs25

.5 B

and

th

eory

a)

app

reci

ate

that

, in

a s

imp

le m

od

el o

f b

and

th

eory

, th

ere

are

ener

gy

ban

ds

in s

olid

s

b)

un

der

stan

d t

he

term

s va

len

ce b

and

, co

nd

uct

ion

ban

d a

nd

fo

rbid

den

ban

d (

ban

d g

ap)

c)

use

sim

ple

ban

d t

heo

ry t

o e

xpla

in t

he

tem

per

atu

re

dep

end

ence

of

the

resi

stan

ce o

f m

etal

s an

d o

f in

trin

sic

sem

ico

nd

uct

ors

d)

use

sim

ple

ban

d t

heo

ry t

o e

xpla

in t

he

dep

end

ence

on

lig

ht

inte

nsi

ty o

f th

e re

sist

ance

of

an L

DR

25 Q

uant

um p

hysi

cs25

.6 P

rod

uct

ion

an

d

use

of

X-r

ays

a)

exp

lain

th

e p

rin

cip

les

of

the

pro

du

ctio

n o

f X

-ray

s b

y el

ectr

on

bo

mb

ard

men

t o

f a

met

al t

arg

et

b)

des

crib

e th

e m

ain

fea

ture

s o

f a

mo

der

n X

-ray

tu

be,

in

clu

din

g c

on

tro

l of

the

inte

nsi

ty a

nd

har

dn

ess

of

the

X-r

ay

bea

m

c)

un

der

stan

d t

he

use

of

X-r

ays

in im

agin

g in

tern

al b

od

y st

ruct

ure

s, in

clu

din

g a

sim

ple

an

alys

is o

f th

e ca

use

s o

f sh

arp

nes

s an

d c

on

tras

t in

X-r

ay im

agin

g

d)

reca

ll an

d s

olv

e p

rob

lem

s b

y u

sin

g t

he

equ

atio

n I

= I

0e–μ

x fo

r th

e at

ten

uat

ion

of

X-r

ays

in m

atte

r

e)

un

der

stan

d t

he

pu

rpo

se o

f co

mp

ute

d t

om

og

rap

hy

or

CT

sc

ann

ing

f)

un

der

stan

d t

he

pri

nci

ple

s o

f C

T s

can

nin

g

g)

un

der

stan

d h

ow

th

e im

age

of

an 8

-vo

xel c

ub

e ca

n b

e d

evel

op

ed u

sin

g C

T s

can

nin

g



Top

icS

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pic

Yo

u s

ho

uld

be

able

to

:C

om

men

ts

26 P

artic

le a

nd n

ucle

ar

phys

ics

26.1

Ato

ms,

nu

clei

an

d

rad

iati

on

a)

infe

r fr

om t

he r

esul

ts o

f th

e α-

part

icle

sca

tter

ing

expe

rimen

t th

e ex

iste

nce

and

smal

l siz

e of

the

nuc

leus

b)

desc

ribe

a si

mpl

e m

odel

for

the

nuc

lear

ato

m t

o in

clud

e pr

oton

s,

neut

rons

and

orb

ital e

lect

rons

c)

dist

ingu

ish

betw

een

nucl

eon

num

ber

and

prot

on n

umbe

r

d)

unde

rsta

nd t

hat

an e

lem

ent

can

exis

t in

var

ious

isot

opic

for

ms,

ea

ch w

ith a

diff

eren

t nu

mbe

r of

neu

tron

s

e)

use

the

usua

l not

atio

n fo

r th

e re

pres

enta

tion

of n

uclid

es

f)

appr

ecia

te t

hat

nucl

eon

num

ber,

pro

ton

num

ber,

and

mas

s-en

ergy

are

all

cons

erve

d in

nuc

lear

pro

cess

es

g)

show

an

unde

rsta

ndin

g of

the

nat

ure

and

prop

ertie

s of

α-, β-

and

γ-

radi

atio

ns (b

oth β– a

nd β

+ a

re in

clud

ed)

h)

stat

e th

at (e

lect

ron)

ant

ineu

trin

os a

nd (e

lect

ron)

neu

trin

os a

re

prod

uced

dur

ing β– a

nd β

+ d

ecay

26 P

artic

le a

nd n

ucle

ar

phys

ics

26.2

Fu

nd

amen

tal

par

ticl

esa)

ap

prec

iate

tha

t pr

oton

s an

d ne

utro

ns a

re n

ot f

unda

men

tal

part

icle

s si

nce

they

con

sist

of

quar

ks

b)

desc

ribe

a si

mpl

e qu

ark

mod

el o

f ha

dron

s in

ter

ms

of u

p, d

own

and

stra

nge

quar

ks a

nd t

heir

resp

ectiv

e an

tiqua

rks

c)

desc

ribe

prot

ons

and

neut

rons

in t

erm

s of

a s

impl

e qu

ark

mod

el

d)

appr

ecia

te t

hat

ther

e is

a w

eak

inte

ract

ion

betw

een

quar

ks,

givi

ng r

ise

to β

dec

ay

e)

desc

ribe β– a

nd β

+ d

ecay

in t

erm

s of

a s

impl

e qu

ark

mod

el

f)

appr

ecia

te t

hat

elec

tron

s an

d ne

utrin

os a

re le

pton

s



Top

icS

ub

-to

pic

Yo

u s

ho

uld

be

able

to

:C

om

men

ts

26 P

artic

le a

nd n

ucle

ar

phys

ics

26.3

Mas

s d

efec

t an

d

nu

clea

r b

ind

ing

en

erg

y

a)

sho

w a

n a

pp

reci

atio

n o

f th

e as

soci

atio

n b

etw

een

en

erg

y an

d m

ass

as r

epre

sen

ted

by

E =

mc2 a

nd

rec

all a

nd

use

th

is

rela

tio

nsh

ip

b)

un

der

stan

d t

he

sig

nifi

can

ce o

f th

e te

rms

mas

s d

efec

t an

d

mas

s ex

cess

in n

ucl

ear

reac

tio

ns

c)

rep

rese

nt

sim

ple

nu

clea

r re

acti

on

s b

y n

ucl

ear

equ

atio

ns

of

the

form

147N

+ 4 2H

e →

17 8O +

1 1H

d)

defi

ne

and

un

der

stan

d t

he

term

s m

ass

def

ect

and

bin

din

g

ener

gy

e)

sket

ch t

he

vari

atio

n o

f b

ind

ing

en

erg

y p

er n

ucl

eon

wit

h

nu

cleo

n n

um

ber

f)

exp

lain

wh

at is

mea

nt

by

nu

clea

r fu

sio

n a

nd

nu

clea

r fi

ssio

n

g)

exp

lain

th

e re

leva

nce

of

bin

din

g e

ner

gy

per

nu

cleo

n t

o

nu

clea

r fu

sio

n a

nd

to

nu

clea

r fi

ssio

n

26 P

artic

le a

nd n

ucle

ar

phys

ics

26.4

Rad

ioac

tive

dec

aya)

in

fer

the

ran

do

m n

atu

re o

f ra

dio

acti

ve d

ecay

fro

m t

he

fl u

ctu

atio

ns

in c

ou

nt

rate

b)

sho

w a

n a

pp

reci

atio

n o

f th

e sp

on

tan

eou

s an

d r

and

om

n

atu

re o

f n

ucl

ear

dec

ay

c)

defi

ne

the

term

s ac

tivi

ty a

nd

dec

ay c

on

stan

t an

d r

ecal

l an

d

solv

e p

rob

lem

s u

sin

g A

= λ

N

d)

infe

r an

d s

ketc

h t

he

exp

on

enti

al n

atu

re o

f ra

dio

acti

ve d

ecay

an

d s

olv

e p

rob

lem

s u

sin

g t

he

rela

tio

nsh

ip x

= x

0e–λ

t , wh

ere

x co

uld

rep

rese

nt

acti

vity

, nu

mb

er o

f u

nd

ecay

ed n

ucl

ei o

r re

ceiv

ed c

ou

nt

rate

e)

defi

ne

hal

f-lif

e

f)

solv

e p

rob

lem

s u

sin

g t

he

rela

tio

n λ

= 0.

693

t 1 – 2

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9702 physics learner guide 2015

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