15 Envirvnment (poilution, health protection, safety)

96/02040 the effect of CO,-hydratea on deep ocean carbon dloxldo drooaltlon ootloru Lund, P. C. ’ Energy &vers. Mgmr., Jun.&p. 1995, 36, (6). 543-546. CO, hydrate formation is expected to have significant intluence on all deep occineCO, deposition opt&s. This papr focus on two aspects of th& theme. First, a discussion on the formation and stability of CO, hydrates from a thermodynamic point of view is done. Second, the result from the micmscalc study is applied on the macroscale phenomena involved in spreading and solution of large amounts of CO, in the ocean. The paper concludes that hydrate formation will have an inhibiting effect on the spreading of Co, in deep oceans, and make deep ocean deposition of CO, an option to be seriously considered. However more studies and experi- ments are rquired to elucidate features around hydrate behaviour and fluid-dynamic phenomenon.

95/02041 The effect of fuel catane improver on dlrael pollu- tant emlsslona Ladommatoa. N. et a&. FueL Jan. 19%. 75. (1). 8-14. A base fuel daving a c&e o;mber of 4012 w*& &it into nine batches. To eight of these batches, varying quantities of ignition improver were added, resulting in cetanc numbers up to 62. The base fuel and each of the blends with &&ion improver were-used in a co-o diesel engine, and the exhaust emission o p”

rativc fuel research (CFR) NOz unburnt hydrocarbons

fIJIit and smoke were measured. to ascertain the effect of varvinn octane &n&r on emissions when the. basic chemical structure add ihysical properties of the fuel were almost unaltered. The results showed that the -&&st NOX progressively decreased with increasing cetanc number, due to the reduction in ignitloo delay and amount of premixed fuel burnt. Similarly, the UHC decreased. However, the smoke increased due to the reduction in the amount of relatively smoke-free premixed fuel burnt.

%I02042 The effect of heather burnln on the transfer of radlocaeslum to smoke and the solublllty o P radlocae8lum arso- clated wlth different type8 of heather ash Horrlll, A. D. et a&, J. Environ Radioacrivify, 1995, 29. (1). l-10. Heather (Calluna vulgaris) dominates large tracts of the United Kingdom and fire is used as a management tool to encourage new growth. Heather contaminated with radiocaesium from the Chernobyl accident was burnt under controlled conditions giving a ‘hot’ (660°C) and ‘cool’ (550°C) fire. Losses of up to 40% of the radiocaesium activity were recorded in the smoke and subsequent leaching experiments, usmg artificial rainwater, demonstrated that a further 20% of the activity could be mobilised in a short period. The implications of using heater burning as a management tool are considered.

96/02043 The effect of preeorbed water on the adeorptlon of CFC-113 by a carbon adsorbent Cho, S. Y. Carbon, 1995. 33, (8), 1091-1095. Chlomfluorocarbons (CFCs) such as l,l.Ztrichlom-1,2,2,-trifluoroethane are now considered to be the prime contribution to stratospheric ozone depletion. Under the circumstances. the use of carbon beds to recover the specific CFCs from air merit commercial attention. Therefore, in order to assist the design of adsorption facilities, studies on the adsorption equilib- ria and diffusion by some R

mperties of chlorinated chemicals have been carried out researc ers. In this study, the adsorption capacity of 1,1,2-

trichlom-1,2,2&fluoroethane on the activated carbon pellet involving presorbed water is investigated at 298 K.

96/02044 Effect of 8011 P

otaeslum and calcium on caeslum and rtrontlum uptake by p ant roota F4-;5y C. and Vallejo, V. R. J. Environ. Radioactivity, 1995, 28, (2),

Caesiui-134 and -Sr root uptake was studied in lettuce plants growing in two contaminated soils with contrasting properties. The soil was contami- nated b aerosols representative of a nuclear power plant accidental release of far- leld conditions. The results suggest that radionuclide uptake by P roots depended on the availability in the soil of the radionuclides and root uptake selectivity, which were both related to the nutrient concentrations in the soil solution.

96102045 Effectiveness of CO, requertratlon In the oceana conrlderlng locatlon and depth 133;ass8w, R. B. et al., Energy Convers. Mgmt., Jun.-Sep. 1995, 36, (6),

A carboi cycle model baaed on a 15 level ocean general circulation model is em loyed to estimate the effectiveness of ocean sequestration of fossil fuel 8. enved CO, at locations near Tokyo, San Francisco, New York, and Miami. Significant differences are found. Off the East Coast of the USA, the atmospheric concentration quickly rises to near the final equilibrium value, for all depths below about 800 m. Off the West Coast of the USA, the CO, is effectively hidden from the atmos here

r ears, for depths below 800 m. Then the atmosp 1

for several hundred eric concentration rises to

arger values than for sequestration off the East Coast. Sequestration off the coast of Japan at 800 m is similar to sequestration off the West Coast of the USA, but without the delay. These predicted differences are due to the effect of ocean circulation.

%I02040 Effectlvenesa of ocaan Intermedlate depth In actlon Nakashiki, N. and Hikita, T. Energy Conwrs. Mgmt, Jun.-Sep. 1 I9

4-i 6) 453-456.

5.36,

c effectiveness of isolation (i.e. retention time) for the CO, injected at the North Pacific intermediate deep water was examined, based on the calculation of the annual mean circulation in the world ocean. Particle tracing was carried out to study the water mass movement at the intermedi- ate depth in the North Pacific Ocean, which suggests that the CO, section into 1OOOm depths of the North Pa&c Ocean could provide an c i ective measure of the short term isolation of the collected CO,.

%I02047 Efflclent carbon dloxlde metal complexer and It8 reactlon met PT

hotoreductlon by novel anlsmr

Hori, H. et a&, Energy Convers. Mgmr, Jun.-Sep. 1995,36, (6), 621624.

%I02045 agreementn

Efflolent Incomplete International ollmate

G$o~bek, R. et a&, Resource % Energy Econmks, May 1995.17, (l),

The authors studied the optimal design of a carbon tax when a group of wuntriea aeeka to maximize its net income minus its environmental costs, which depend on the sum of CO, emissions from all wuntries. When both production and consumption of i&emationally traded fossil fuels are taxed, a particular combination of producer and consumer taxes exists which is optimal. It is also shown that with this tax the sum of the consumer tax and pmduccr tax should be qua1 across all fossil fuels per unit of carbon. On the other hand, when the cooperating countries use a tax on consumption (or production) of fossil fuels as the only policy instrument, the tax per unit of carbon should in general be differentiated acmss fossil fuels. The paper closes by giving an empirical illustration of the theoretical analysis, assum- ing that the cooperating countries are those of the OECD.

96lO2049 stove8

Emlsrlon control of briquette-fired slow burning

Ahland, E. et a&, Sk&-Reinhalt. Lufi 1995, 55, (7). 263-268. (In German) On a test bench for coal-fired stoves 7 commercial slow burning stoves were tested. The air pollutants including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons were determined when buminn bitumen-bonded hard coal briauets at dii- ferent load stages. A study Gas made in a sjn~ially wnstr&d model stove of combustion at lowest load. The cmisslons were influenced by the construction of the stove and by the operating conditions.

96102050 Emlsslon of chlorine corn bustlon In pulverized-fuel or tluldlzed- t

ounds during coal com- ed bollera

Luckos, A. Iru Apar. Ckm., 1995, 34, (3), 10-15. (In Polish) Discusses the study of chlorine concentration and forms of occurrence in coal. The mechanism of chlorine liberation and chlorine effects on nitric oxide emission and combustion process cffkziency are presented. The experimental data and their computation proved that limestone or dolomite application as a HCl absorbent may not be sufficient for chlorine wm- pound emission reduction.

96/02051 Emlsslon of polycycllc aromatlc hydrocarbons dur- In9 heatlng oil combustion Wdk, R. er a&, Gospod. Paliwami Energ., 1995, 43, (2), 2-7. (In Polish) The papr discusses how in boiler firing with heavy fuel oi$ polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) emissions depends on wmbusnon tempera- ture, coal 0 concentration in the flame, residence time, and the PAH wn- tent of the fuel oil. As excess air ratio increases from 1 to 1.3 PAH emissions decrease with decreasing soot concentration.

96lO2052 Price, C.

Emlsslonr, concentrations and dlsappearlng CO, Resource & Energy Economics, May 1995, 17, (1). 87-97.

The view seems wmmon among economists that a large art of CO, emis- sions is very rapidly absorbed. Regressions using data or emissions and P atmospheric concentrations of CO, give erroneous conclusions if land use sources are ‘missing sinks’ are excluded or underestimated, and if oceanic uptake is modelled BS a simple exponential. The wsts of CO2 emissions may then be seriously underestimated, especially at low discount rates.

96102053 Energy and envlronment policy Integration. The case of energy conrervatlon pollcler and technologlea In Japan Fukasaku, Y. Energy Policy, Dec. 1995, 23, (12), 1063.1076. Among the OECD countries. Japan has achieved one of the lowest energy intensities and has been successful in reducing emissions of key air pollu- tants and CO, associated with energy use while maintaining a relatively high rate of economic growth, indicating that in Japan energy-and envimn- ment policies have been able to address each other effectively. This study shows that in both policy domains, considerable importance was attached to the enhancement of energy conservation. The industrial sector has been the most responsive in reducing ener pollution. kded by government fist a!

y intensity as well as in controllink measures, the iron and steel, cheml-

cals and automobile industries have pursued both energy conservation and pollution control through suitable process or product innovations.

1% Fuel and Energy Abstract8 March 1996