9. sedatives and hypnotics,psychopharmacology
TRANSCRIPT
Sedatives and Hypnotics
Sedative – A drug that reduces excitement and calms the person.
Hypnotic – A drug that produces sleep resembling normal sleep.
Benzodiazepines
• Nitrazepam• Clonazepam • Midazolam• Triazolam
• Diazepam• Oxazepam• Lorazepam• Flurazepam
Therapeutic uses
As sedative and hypnotic – preferred drug for short term-insomnia
Anticonvulsants
Diagnostic & minor operative procedures
- sedative, amnesic, analgesic & muscle
relaxant properties
As anxiolytic
Pre-anesthetic medication
Skeletal muscle relaxant (centrally acting)
To treat alcohol-withdrawal symptoms
Adverse effects Drowsiness, confusion, blurred vision, amnesia & disorientation
Tolerance & drug dependence
Withdrawal symptoms - insomnia, tremors, restlessness, nervousness & loss of appetite
During labor - respiratory depression & hypotonia
in newborn
Antipsychotics
• Antipsychotics are drugs used
to treat psychotic disorders
such as schizophrenia
• Positive/active symptoms include thought disturbances, delusions, auditory & visual hallucinations
• Negative/passive symptoms include social withdrawal, lack of motivation and emotion, strange speech, lack of personal hygiene
Schizophrenia
Examples of antipsychotics
• Chlorpromazine• Triflupromazine• Thiothixene • Haloperidol• Clozapine• Olanzapine• Aripiprazole
Overactivity of dopaminergic neurotransmission in the
mesolimbic system - symptoms of psychosis
Chlorpromazine Mechanism of action –
• Mainly blocks D2 receptors in the
mesolimbic system – antipsychotic effect
Uses of chlorpromazine
I. Psychiatric indications
1.Schizophrenia – positive symptoms, agitation, aggression, impulsive behaviour
2. Mania – suppress an acute attack of mania
3. Tourette’s syndrome (motor and phonic tics)
II. Non – psychiatric indications
1.As antiemetic
2.As preanesthetic medication 3. Intractable hiccups
Adverse effects of chlorpromazine
Parkinson-like syndrome – tremors,
rigidity, hypokinesia Acute dystonia Tardive dyskinesia – abnormal facial &
limb movements
Neuroleptic malignant syndrome
Hyperprolactinaemia in women
Loss of libido & infertility in men
Hypersensitivity reactions
Sedation
Thank you