9. nutritional and nutraceutical...

Nutritional and Nutraceutical evaluation

274

9 NUTRITIONAL AND NUTRACEUTICAL

EVALUATION

Wild mushrooms are becoming more important in our diet due to their

nutritional value in view of the high protein and low fatenergy contents (Dieacutez and

Alvarez 2001 Agahar-Murugkar and Subbulakshmi 2005 Barros et al 2007 c) In

the present study the proximate composition of wild edible species of termitophilous

and lepiotoid mushrooms for the presence of nutrients and nutraceutics have been

undertaken The evaluation of nutrient composition included the determination of

proteins fats ash fibers energy value carbohydrates heavy metals and mineral

elements The evaluation of nutraceutical composition included the determination of

phenolic compounds flavonoids carotenoids alkaloids and vitamins Besides

experiments were also performed to screen and evaluate the lignocellulolytic enzyme

production by the mushroom mycelium These aspects have been worked out

following standard techniques listed under Material and Methods The results of the

chemical composition and estimated energetic value (expressed on dry weight basis)

of the wild edible mushrooms have been given in tables 4 to 7

91 Nutritional studies

Proteins The wild mushroom species are reported to contain higher contents of

protein and amino acids (Kurtzman 1975) usually around 20 - 30 by dry weight

which is quite useful for vegetarians or anyone looking to increase the protein content

in their diet Mushrooms due to high quantity and quality of proteins have been

recognized by FAO as the food contributing to the protein nutrition of the countries

depending largely on cereals During present investigations the total proteins were

estimated by AOAC (1990) method through Kjeldhal apparatus Amongst the worked

out species maximum protein content has been found in T medius (462) followed


275

by T badius (44) while T striatus (1295) contained lowest amount of protein per

100 gram of dry sample The nutrient profile in general revealed that termitophilous

mushrooms are rich source of protein (Table 4) and the values obtained are

comparable to vegetables like Soybean (365) in this regard In comparison in

lepiotoid mushrooms the net protein percentage evaluated ranged between 1645 -

1995 which is slightly higher than T striatus (1295) but much less in

comparison to rest of the termitophilous mushrooms evaluated during the present

investigations (Table 4 amp 6)

Fibers Mushrooms are a valuable source of dietary fiber and important for the

digestive system Analysis of mushrooms confirms the presence of relatively large

amounts of fiber varying from 3 - 32 (Chang and Hayes 1978) Presently crude

fibres were determined by acid and alkali digestion methods Crude fibers in dried

samples were found to be maximum in T mammiformis (8) followed by T medius

(75) and minimum percentage of these were documented in T badius (25) and

Macrolepiota rhacodes (25) (Table 4 amp 6)

Crude Fat Like proteins and carbohydrates mushrooms possess a wide range of fat

content varying from 12 to 206 (Adriano and Cruz 1933) Presently crude fat was

determined by extraction through Soxhlet apparatus using petroleum ether It was

found to be maximum in M procera (34) followed by T mammiformis (33)

while other mushrooms contain considerably low percentage of crude fat and in T

heimii the amount of crude fat is lowest (165) per 100 g of dry sample

(Table 4 amp 6)

Total Ash For ash content 5 - 10 g of sample was ignited in silica dish up to 5250C

for constant weight Presently Ash content was maximum in T microcarpus (156


276

in dry sample) followed by T striatus (1213) and lowest amount of ash was

recorded in M procera (193)

Table 4 Proximate chemical composition (g100 g) and energetic value (kJ100 g) of

wild Termitomyces species (On dry weight basis) (mean plusmn SD n = 3)

Sr

No Species

Protein

()

Moisture

()

Crude

fat ()

Fiber

()

Ash

()

Carbohydrates

()

Energy

(kJ100 g)

1 T microcarpus 3745045 59024 25001 5011 156006 3355011 3065004

2 T radicatus 4000020 603002 18012 48004 63008 4107003 3404806

3 T mammiformis 2345004 77006 33017 8026 99009 4765002 3141001

4 T medius 4620002 6017 20005 75004 5020 333037 3360005

5 T badius 4400010 57022 22010 25001 66003 39017 3518009

6 T striatus 1295005 73018 325006 41015 1213033 6027020 3221302

7 T heimii 4095084 76023 165019 5011 86005 362072 3234502

CD (ple 005) 026 014 008 015 010 026 040

Fig 106 Proximate analysis of seven Termitomyces species

Carbohydrates Carbohydrates constitute the greatest fraction of the mushroom dry

matter Carbohydrate percentage was found to be maximum in M rhacodes (6819)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Per

cen

tage

()

Proteins () Moisture () Crude fat () Fibers () Ash () Carbohydrates ()

Species


277

followed by M procera (6082) while T medius (333) contained lowest amount

of carbohydrates (Table 4 amp 6)

Moisture Moisture content does become a limiting factor in using mushrooms as a

significant contributor to the diet although moisture content in itself may not be of

any nutritional significance however it does considerably influence the nutritional

value Fresh mushrooms like most vegetables contain high amount of moisture

content (90 on an average) which may be altered by environmental and storage

conditions (Purkayastha and Chandra 1985) The average moisture content recorded

in dried samples was highest in M dolichaula (88) followed by M procera (85)

and minimum in T badius (57) on dry weight basis

Table 5- Proximate Mineral elements (mg100 g) of wild Termitomyces species (On

dry weight basis) (mean plusmn SD n = 3)

Sr

No Species

Mineral elements (mg100 g) of dry samples

Fe Mg Cu Mn Ca Se Zn

1 T microcarpus 86100 6020 6030 3053 24142 012002 008002

2 T radicatus 482 150 272 198 9032 10015 109100 009001 004001

3 T badius 144 090 205105 7148 3032 24142 008002 006002

4 T medius 454 100 330100 7184 13079 204050 007001 006001

5 T heimii 388 074 287050 6009 5027 28135 011002 007001

6 T striatus 82082 191100 11108 2028 15022 005002 00700

7 T mammiformis 673 100 277050 4046 2053 30100 007001 006001

CD (ple005) 072 082 071 030 075 001 0008


278

Fig 107 Mineral elements of seven Termitomyces species


wild Macrolepiota species (On dry weight basis) (mean plusmn SD n = 3)

Sr

No Species

Proteins

()

Moisture

()

Crude fat

()

Fibers

()

Ash

()

Carbohydrates

()

Energy

(kJ100 g)

1 M procera 1995106 85062 34008 51022 193006 6082011 3537006

2 M rhacodes 1645054 78062 29011 25001 216014 6819017 3647060

3 M dolichaula 1995135 88147 32020 485018 73015 562010 3334011

CD (ple005) 030 054 012 011 006 082 026

Table 7 Proximate Mineral elements (mg100 g) of wild Macrolepiota species (On


Sr

No Species



1 M procera 276087 254200 9032 5030 14061 008003 006003

2 M rhacodes 248174 217050 8071 3053 28140 006003 009002

3 M dolichaula 241173 143100 5092 1023 5072 010005 008001

4 CD (ple005) 123 082 054 018 065 008 006

-100

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

Ca

Mg

Fe

Cu

Mn

Se

Zn

Species

(mg1

00g

of

Dry

Wei

gh

t)


279

Fig 108 Proximate analysis of three Macrolepiota species

Fig 109 Mineral elements of three Macrolepiota species

92 Determination of mineral elements and heavy metals

During the present investigation mineral estimation and heavy metal

detection was done by the method of Jackson (1967) with the help of Atomic

Absorption Spectrophotometer and results are documented in tables-5 7 amp 8 Out of

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

Macrolepiota procera Macrolepiota rhacodes Macrolepiota dolichaula Per

cen

tge

()

on

dry

wei

gh

t b

asi

s

Moisture () Proteins () Crude fat ()

Fibers () Ash () Carbohydrates ()

Species

-50

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

M procera M rhacodes M dolichaula

Fe

Ca

Cu

Mn

Mg

Se

Zn

Species

(mg1

00g

of

Dry

Wei

gh

t)


280

10 wild samples examined for estimation maximum amount of Fe (673 mg) was

recorded in T mammiformis followed by T radicatus (482 mg) while T striatus (82

mg) contained lowest amount of Fe Other seven species also possessed significant

levels of the mineral element Mg was maximum in T medius (330 mg) followed by

T heimii (287 mg) where as minimum quantity of Mg (6 mg) was recorded in T

microcarpus Maximum amount of Ca (204 mg) was recorded in T medius followed

by T radicatus (109 mg) whereas minimum quantity was documented in M

dolichaula (5 mg) Cu was maximum in T striatus (11 mg) followed by T radicatus

(9 mg100 gm dry wt) and T badius (7 mg) where as minimum quantity of this

element was detected in T mammiformis (4 mg) Mn was maximum in T medius (13

mg) followed by T radicatus (10 mg) Minimum amount of Mn (1 mg) was recorded

in M dolichaula Zn was maximum (009 mg) in M rhacodes followed by T

microcarpus (008 mg) whereas minimum quantity (004 mg) of Zn was recorded in

T radicatus Maximum amount of Se (012 mg) was recorded in T microcarpus

followed by 011 mg in T heimii whereas minimum amount (005 mg) was recorded

in T striatus

The determination of heavy metal concentration in the fruiting bodies of

mushrooms is essential in dietary intake studies Some of the heavy metals such as

As Cd Ni Cr Pb and Hg are toxic Traces of some heavy metals viz As Pb Ag

Hg Cd and Cr were found to be present in some of the presently investigated

samples Out of 10 wild samples examined highest accumulation of Hg was found in

T medius (010 mg) followed by T striatus (0099 mg) Other seven species also

possesses significant levels of this element with T radicatus having minimum

quantity (0016 mg) Maximum amount of As was observed in T striatus (00185 mg)

followed by M rhacodes (00074 mg) and least in T mammiformis (00037 mg) No


281

As was documented in T microcarpus T heimii M procera and M dolichaula Cd

was found to be maximum in T microcarpus (00048 mg) and least amount of this

metal was recorded in M rhacodes (00014 mg) Cr Ag and Pb were found to be

absent in all these samples Maximum permissible concentrations and approximately

permissible levels of harmful concentration of heavy metals in food stuff have been

depicted in table 8 Results showed that the amount of heavy metals in lepiotoid and

termitophilous mushrooms evaluated is well within the range of permissible limits for

human consumption (FAOWHO 1976)

Table 8 Heavy elements (mg100 g) of Termitomyces and Macrolepiota species (On

dry weight basis) (ND = Not detected)

Sr

No Species

Heavy metals (mg100 g) of dry samples

As Cr Hg Pb Cd Ag

1 T microcarpus ND ND 0094 ND 000488 ND

2 T radicatus ND ND 0016 ND 00022 ND

3 T badius 000002 ND 0096 ND 00045 ND

4 T medius 000010 ND 010 ND 00039 ND

5 T heimii ND ND 0018 ND 00040 ND

6 T striatus 00185 ND 0099 ND 00017 ND

7 T mammiformis 00037 ND 0043 ND 00027 ND

8 M procera ND ND 0087 ND 00019 ND

9 M dolichaula ND ND 0062 ND 00019 ND

10 M rhacodes 00074 ND 0069 ND 00014 ND

11

Permissible limit in

individual food

article

1 mg kg 53 mgkg 1 mgkg 25 mgkg 15 mgkg

25 mgkg


282

Fig 110 Histogram showing heavy elements of Termitomyces and Macrolepiota

species

93 Neutraceutical studies

Evaluation for the presence of phenolics flavonoids carotenoids and

alkaloids in the wild edible lepiotoid and termitophilous mushrooms was done by

employing standard biochemical techniques

931 Evaluation for Phenolic compounds- Phenolic compounds in mushrooms are

known to contribute largely to antioxidant potential and are suggested to be major

bioactive compounds for health benefits associated with inhibition of atherosclerosis

and cancer (Cheung and Cheung 2005) In the last few years an increasing interest in

the consumption of mushrooms has arisen due to their elevated polyphenol

concentration which correlates with their elevated antioxidant activity Total phenolic

content of the edible termitophilous and lepiotoid mushrooms was determined

colorimetrically using Folin - phenol method Maximum amount of phenolic content

was documented in T microcarpus (2585 mgg) followed by T mammiformis (2249

mgg) and minimum amount of phenolic content was evaluated in M dolichaula (59

0

002

004

006

008

01

012

As

Cr

Hg

Pb

Cd

Ag

Species

(mg1

00g

of

Dry

Wei

ght)


283

mgg) Out of the examined species all species of Termitomyces contained substantial

amount of phenolics (Table 9)

932 Flavonoids - Flavonoids are also polyphenolic compounds that are ubiquitous

in nature The quantity of flavonoids ranged from 136 mgg in M rhacodes to 202

mgg in T microcarpus

933 Carotenoids - The β-carotene content was found in very low amount in

different species ranging from 011 μgg in T heimii to 050 μgg in T badius

Lycopene content ranged from 003 μgg in T heimii to 027 μgg in T striatus

Table 9- Phenolic compounds (mgg) Flavonoids (mgg) β-carotene (μgg)

Lycopene (μgg) and Alkaloids (mgg) in wild Termitomyces and Macrolepiota

species (On dry weight basis) (mean plusmn SD n = 3)

Sr

No Species

Phenolic

compounds

(mgg)

Flavonoids

(mgg) β-carotene

(μgg) Lycopene

(μgg) Alkaloids

(mgg)

1 T microcarpus 2585010 202017 028001 014002 0056003

2 T badius 1500050 149008 050003 019001 0052003

3 T medius 1641001 151001 017000 004000 0053009

4 T striatus 1504002 138002 039001 027002 0050016

5 T heimii 2132033 172002 011002 003002 0046004

6 T mammiformis 2249050 186015 027002 006001 0077005

7 T radicatus 2014005 167018 029000 009001 0046008

8 M dolichaula 590058 176020 012002 005001 0103001

9 M procera 110087 146004 029007 007000 0048003

10 M rhacodes 1681005 136003 026001 012002 0053002

CD at P le

(005) 030 091 005 010 0052


284

Fig 111 Bioactive compounds of 10 wild species of Termitomyces amp Macrolepiota

934 Alkaloids- Alkaloids are a group of naturally occurring chemical compounds

with neutral and even weakly acidic properties which finds use for therapeutic and

recreational purposes in many synthetic and semi-synthetic drugs to enhance or

change the primary effect of the drug and reduce unwanted side-effects M dolichaula

contained 0103 mgg of alkaloids which was maximum in comparison to all other

evaluated species of Macrolepiota and Termitomyces

94 Vitamins

Wild edible termitophilous and lepiotoid mushrooms were evaluated for the

amount of vitamin A vitamin B-complex and vitamin C The results have been

expressed in mg100 g for all vitamins in table-10 All the studied mushrooms

possessed significant amount of vitamins (Fig 112) The maximum content of

vitamin A in the analyzed mushrooms was observed in Lepiota humei (016 mg100

g) followed by T heimii (012 mg100 g) and minimum quantity was documented in

T reticulatus 001 mg100 g

-5

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

Phenolics ( mgg)

Flavonoids ( mgg)

β-carotene (μgg)

Lycopene (μgg)

Alkaloids (mgg)

mg

g (

Ph

eno

lic

fla

vo

no

ids

amp

ala

ka

loid

s) μg

g (

β c

aro

ten

e amp

lyco

pen

e) o

n d

ry w

eig

ht

Species


285

Table 10 Vitamins in different species of termitophilous and lepiotoid mushrooms

Sr

No Species

Vitamin A

(mg100 g)

Vitamin B1

(mg100 g)

Vitamin B2

(mg100 g)

Vitamin C

(mg100 g)

1 T reticulates 001plusmn000 026plusmn002 023plusmn001 145plusmn010

2 T heimii 012plusmn001 021plusmn001 025plusmn001 024plusmn001

3 T mammiformis 011plusmn001 028plusmn001 021plusmn001 030plusmn001

4 T radicatus 010plusmn002 042plusmn004 020plusmn001 096plusmn003

5 M dolichaula 007plusmn001 075plusmn005 013plusmn002 048plusmn002

6 M rhacodes 009plusmn000 080plusmn004 013plusmn003 036plusmn001

7 Lepiota humei 016plusmn001 049plusmn001 020plusmn003 018plusmn001

8 CD at Ple (005) 004 007 004 0030

Fig 112 Histogram showing contents of various vitamins in different species of

termitophilous and lepiotoid mushrooms

The thiamine (vitamin B1) content ranged from 021 mg100 g in T heimii to

080 mg100 g in M rhacodes The riboflavin (vitamin B2) content was maximum in

T heimii (025 mg100 g) and minimum in M rhacodes and M dolichaula (013

mg100 g) Ascorbic acid (vitamin C) was 145 mg100 g in T reticulatus which was

-02

0

02

04

06

08

1

12

14

16

18

Vitamin A

Vitamin B1

Vitamin B2

Vitamin C

Species

(mg1

00g

of

Dry

Wei

gh

t)


286

maximum in comparison to other species while minimum amount of Vitamin C was

documented in Lepiota humei (018 mg100 g)

95 Enzyme Assay

951 Lignocellulolytic enzyme production- In this study evaluation for the

production of extracellular oxidoreductases by different species using a test based on

an agar medium with ABTS was done The extracellular ABTS-oxidizing activity of

the fungal strains on the modified Kirk medium has been shown in Figs 113(A-E)

The present study for the presence of enzyme was undertaken on seven

cultures of wild mushrooms collected from different localities of North West India

These include Macrolepiota rhacodes M dolichaula Leucocoprinus cepaestipes

Lepiota humei Termitomyces radicatus T heimii and T mammiformis Out of these

Macrolepiota rhacodes showed high ABTS-oxidizing activity while Macrolepiota

dolichaula showed very low ABTS-oxidizing activity in comparison However the

absence of extracellular ABTS-oxidizing activity does not necessarily imply the lack

of capacity to produce these oxidative enzymes but could reflect a possible inhibition

of their expression

As a matter of fact the oxidative enzyme system is not homogeneous and its

production and properties depend on the conditions and culture media (Heinzkill and

Messner 1997) Fungal strains oxidized ABTS to dark green ABTS cation radicals

(ABTS+

) indicating the production of extracellular oxidoreductases Macrolepiota

rhacodes and Lepiota humei gave positive reaction immediately after inoculation and

formed dark green zone around the mycelia bit while Leucocoprinus cepaestipes

showed light green zone on 3rd


287

Figs 113 (A-E) Showing extracellular ABTS oxidizing activity on agar plate

A Lepiota humei B M rhacodes

C L cepaestipes D T heimii

E M dolichaula


288

Fig 114 Histogram showing variation in protein concentration with respect to

number of days in Wheat straw medium (WSE)


number of days in Czapek medium(CZP)

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

After 5 days (microgml)



Con

cen

trati

on

microgm

l)

Species

-5

0

5

10

15

20




Species

Con

cen

trati

on

(micro

gm

l)


289

Fig 116 Graph showing variation in Laccase concentration with respect to



number of days in Czapek medium (CZP)

-5

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

After 5 days (Uml)

After 10 days (Uml)

After 15 days (Uml)

Species

Lacc

ase

Um

l

-5

0

5

10

15

20

25

After 5 days (Uml)

After 10 days (Uml)

After 15 days (Uml)

Species

Lacc

ase

Um

l


290

Table 11- Activities of lignolytic enzymes of different cultures on different media and

intervals

Variety Medium

5 Days 10 Days 15 Days

Laccase

(Uml)

Protein

(microgml)

Laccase

(Uml)

Protein

(microgml)

Laccase

(Uml)

Protein

(microgml)

L humei Czp 30plusmn010 17plusmn050 420plusmn033 150plusmn005 455plusmn100 087plusmn001

WSE 208plusmn070 215plusmn100 2692plusmn004 55plusmn050 3466plusmn059 350plusmn020

M dolichaula Czp 00013plusmn00 168plusmn010 039plusmn003 52plusmn018 178plusmn009 108plusmn002


M rhacodes Czp 1107plusmn012 167plusmn025 1748plusmn084 29plusmn005 1935plusmn151 018plusmn001


L cepaestipes Czp 074plusmn002 175plusmn050 12plusmn020 21plusmn010 358plusmn087 080plusmn008


T heimii Czp 004plusmn001 168plusmn022 063plusmn002 33plusmn010 10plusmn033 059plusmn006


T mammiformis Czp 005plusmn001 166plusmn013 010plusmn00 51plusmn036 366plusmn091 174plusmn005


T radicatus

Czp 000plusmn000 170plusmn005 13plusmn010 11plusmn018 222plusmn020 032plusmn002


CD at Ple (005) Czp 0042 024 026 014 069 003

WSE 034 081 054 021 059 018

day after inoculation followed by Macrolepiota dolichaula on 12th

day after

inoculation while other mushroom mycelia showed very light green colour zone after

15th

day of inoculation Laccase activity has not been observed in T radicatus and T

mammiformis The results obtained are depicted in table 11 and figures 113 to 117

(a) Estimation of extracellular protein- All the cultures of termitophilous and

lepiotoid mushrooms were evaluated for the occurrence of extracellular protein

activity The net extracellular protein activity was higher after the 5th

day of

inoculation in M rhacodes (236 microgml) on wheat straw extract followed by T heimii

(222 microgml) on the same substrate and least amount of extracellular protein have

been detected in M dolichaula (199 microgml) again on wheat straw medium The


291

extracellular protein activity was maximum in M rhacodes (854 microgml) followed by

L cepaestipes (750 microgml) and least amount in M dolichaula (48 microgml) on wheat

straw extract after 10th

day of inoculation Fifteenth day of inoculation gave least

extracellular protein activity which was 483 microgml in M rhacodes followed by L

cepaestipes (330 microgml) and least amount was obtained T mammiformis (120 microgml)

on wheat straw extract thereafter increase in number of days decreased the

extracellular protein activity From the results obtained thereoff wheat straw

substrate proved to be the best substrate for extra-cellular protein activity while

Czapek Dox agar produced less protein in general Following maximum development

after 15th

the day of incubation extracellular protein activity started dipping depicting

initiation of senescence resulting in decline in enzymatic activity (Table - 11)

(b) Estimation of extracellular Laccase activity - On the basis of presence of

colour intensity of the medium extracellular enzymatic laccase activity was further

evaluated for quantitative analysis Extracellular laccase activity was observed

maximum in M rhacodes (2330 Uml) followed by L humei (208 Uml) and

minimum amount in M dolichaula (0033 Uml) on 5th

day of inoculation on wheat

straw extract Laccase activity was found to be maximum in L humei (2692 Uml)

followed by M rhacodes (2669 Uml) and minimum in T radicatus (199 Uml) on

10th

day of inoculation on wheat straw extract Laccase activity was found to be

highest in M rhacodes (3925 amp 1935 Uml) and L humei (3466 amp 455 Uml)

respectively on 15th

day of incubation in both Wheat straw extract and Czapek

medium and least extracellular laccase activity was recorded in T heimii (10 Uml)

under these conditions


292

Figs 118 (A-E) Different species showing degradation of CMC by the production of

extracellular enzyme

D M rhacodes

A M dolichaula

C L cepaestipes

E T mammiformis

B T heimii


293

952 Evaluation of Cellulase activity- Mushrooms have ability to digest

lignocellulosic substrates During the present study seven species were studied for the

production of cellulase enzymes Out of the seven species the mycelia of

Macrolepiota dolichaula M rhacodes Leucocoprinus cepaestipes Termitomyces

heimii and T mammiformis demonstrated their ability to degrade cellulose (Figs

118A-E) The conclusions drawn are based on opaque clearance zones produced

around the growing fungal colonies after 5 - 7 days of inoculation indicating

degradation of CMC by the production of extracellular enzyme ie Cellulase or

CMCase As compared the mycelia of Termitomyces radicatus and Lepiota humei

does not show any type of clear zone


275

by T badius (44) while T striatus (1295) contained lowest amount of protein per

100 gram of dry sample The nutrient profile in general revealed that termitophilous

mushrooms are rich source of protein (Table 4) and the values obtained are

comparable to vegetables like Soybean (365) in this regard In comparison in

lepiotoid mushrooms the net protein percentage evaluated ranged between 1645 -

1995 which is slightly higher than T striatus (1295) but much less in

comparison to rest of the termitophilous mushrooms evaluated during the present

investigations (Table 4 amp 6)

Fibers Mushrooms are a valuable source of dietary fiber and important for the

digestive system Analysis of mushrooms confirms the presence of relatively large

amounts of fiber varying from 3 - 32 (Chang and Hayes 1978) Presently crude

fibres were determined by acid and alkali digestion methods Crude fibers in dried

samples were found to be maximum in T mammiformis (8) followed by T medius

(75) and minimum percentage of these were documented in T badius (25) and

Macrolepiota rhacodes (25) (Table 4 amp 6)

Crude Fat Like proteins and carbohydrates mushrooms possess a wide range of fat

content varying from 12 to 206 (Adriano and Cruz 1933) Presently crude fat was

determined by extraction through Soxhlet apparatus using petroleum ether It was

found to be maximum in M procera (34) followed by T mammiformis (33)

while other mushrooms contain considerably low percentage of crude fat and in T

heimii the amount of crude fat is lowest (165) per 100 g of dry sample

(Table 4 amp 6)

Total Ash For ash content 5 - 10 g of sample was ignited in silica dish up to 5250C

for constant weight Presently Ash content was maximum in T microcarpus (156


276





Sr

No Species

Protein

()

Moisture

()

Crude

fat ()

Fiber

()

Ash

()

Carbohydrates

()

Energy

(kJ100 g)

1 T microcarpus 3745045 59024 25001 5011 156006 3355011 3065004

2 T radicatus 4000020 603002 18012 48004 63008 4107003 3404806

3 T mammiformis 2345004 77006 33017 8026 99009 4765002 3141001

4 T medius 4620002 6017 20005 75004 5020 333037 3360005

5 T badius 4400010 57022 22010 25001 66003 39017 3518009

6 T striatus 1295005 73018 325006 41015 1213033 6027020 3221302

7 T heimii 4095084 76023 165019 5011 86005 362072 3234502

CD (ple 005) 026 014 008 015 010 026 040




0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Per

cen

tage

()


Species


277













Sr

No Species



1 T microcarpus 86100 6020 6030 3053 24142 012002 008002

2 T radicatus 482 150 272 198 9032 10015 109100 009001 004001

3 T badius 144 090 205105 7148 3032 24142 008002 006002

4 T medius 454 100 330100 7184 13079 204050 007001 006001

5 T heimii 388 074 287050 6009 5027 28135 011002 007001

6 T striatus 82082 191100 11108 2028 15022 005002 00700

7 T mammiformis 673 100 277050 4046 2053 30100 007001 006001

CD (ple005) 072 082 071 030 075 001 0008


278




Sr

No Species

Proteins

()

Moisture

()

Crude fat

()

Fibers

()

Ash

()

Carbohydrates

()

Energy

(kJ100 g)

1 M procera 1995106 85062 34008 51022 193006 6082011 3537006

2 M rhacodes 1645054 78062 29011 25001 216014 6819017 3647060

3 M dolichaula 1995135 88147 32020 485018 73015 562010 3334011

CD (ple005) 030 054 012 011 006 082 026



Sr

No Species



1 M procera 276087 254200 9032 5030 14061 008003 006003

2 M rhacodes 248174 217050 8071 3053 28140 006003 009002

3 M dolichaula 241173 143100 5092 1023 5072 010005 008001

4 CD (ple005) 123 082 054 018 065 008 006

-100

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

Ca

Mg

Fe

Cu

Mn

Se

Zn

Species

(mg1

00g

of

Dry

Wei

gh

t)


279







0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90


cen

tge

()

on

dry

wei

gh

t b

asi

s



Species

-50

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350


Fe

Ca

Cu

Mn

Mg

Se

Zn

Species

(mg1

00g

of

Dry

Wei

gh

t)


280
















in T striatus











281











Sr

No Species


As Cr Hg Pb Cd Ag



3 T badius 000002 ND 0096 ND 00045 ND

4 T medius 000010 ND 010 ND 00039 ND







11


individual food

article


25 mgkg


282


species















0

002

004

006

008

01

012

As

Cr

Hg

Pb

Cd

Ag

Species

(mg1

00g

of

Dry

Wei

ght)


283












Sr

No Species

Phenolic

compounds

(mgg)

Flavonoids

(mgg) β-carotene

(μgg) Lycopene

(μgg) Alkaloids

(mgg)

1 T microcarpus 2585010 202017 028001 014002 0056003

2 T badius 1500050 149008 050003 019001 0052003

3 T medius 1641001 151001 017000 004000 0053009

4 T striatus 1504002 138002 039001 027002 0050016

5 T heimii 2132033 172002 011002 003002 0046004

6 T mammiformis 2249050 186015 027002 006001 0077005

7 T radicatus 2014005 167018 029000 009001 0046008

8 M dolichaula 590058 176020 012002 005001 0103001

9 M procera 110087 146004 029007 007000 0048003

10 M rhacodes 1681005 136003 026001 012002 0053002

CD at P le

(005) 030 091 005 010 0052


284








94 Vitamins








-5

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

Phenolics ( mgg)

Flavonoids ( mgg)

β-carotene (μgg)

Lycopene (μgg)

Alkaloids (mgg)

mg

g (

Ph

eno

lic

fla

vo

no

ids

amp

ala

ka

loid

s) μg

g (

β c

aro

ten

e amp

lyco

pen

e) o

n d

ry w

eig

ht

Species


285


Sr

No Species

Vitamin A

(mg100 g)

Vitamin B1

(mg100 g)

Vitamin B2

(mg100 g)

Vitamin C

(mg100 g)








8 CD at Ple (005) 004 007 004 0030







-02

0

02

04

06

08

1

12

14

16

18

Vitamin A

Vitamin B1

Vitamin B2

Vitamin C

Species

(mg1

00g

of

Dry

Wei

gh

t)


286



95 Enzyme Assay













of their expression




(ABTS+






287




E M dolichaula


288





0

5

10

15

20

25

30




Con

cen

trati

on

microgm

l)

Species

-5

0

5

10

15

20




Species

Con

cen

trati

on

(micro

gm

l)


289





-5

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

After 5 days (Uml)

After 10 days (Uml)

After 15 days (Uml)

Species

Lacc

ase

Um

l

-5

0

5

10

15

20

25

After 5 days (Uml)

After 10 days (Uml)

After 15 days (Uml)

Species

Lacc

ase

Um

l


290


intervals

Variety Medium


Laccase

(Uml)

Protein

(microgml)

Laccase

(Uml)

Protein

(microgml)

Laccase

(Uml)

Protein

(microgml)













T radicatus



CD at Ple (005) Czp 0042 024 026 014 069 003

WSE 034 081 054 021 059 018


day after


15th






day of





291











after 15th











10th








292



D M rhacodes

A M dolichaula

C L cepaestipes

E T mammiformis

B T heimii


293












276





Sr

No Species

Protein

()

Moisture

()

Crude

fat ()

Fiber

()

Ash

()

Carbohydrates

()

Energy

(kJ100 g)

1 T microcarpus 3745045 59024 25001 5011 156006 3355011 3065004

2 T radicatus 4000020 603002 18012 48004 63008 4107003 3404806

3 T mammiformis 2345004 77006 33017 8026 99009 4765002 3141001

4 T medius 4620002 6017 20005 75004 5020 333037 3360005

5 T badius 4400010 57022 22010 25001 66003 39017 3518009

6 T striatus 1295005 73018 325006 41015 1213033 6027020 3221302

7 T heimii 4095084 76023 165019 5011 86005 362072 3234502

CD (ple 005) 026 014 008 015 010 026 040




0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Per

cen

tage

()


Species


277













Sr

No Species



1 T microcarpus 86100 6020 6030 3053 24142 012002 008002

2 T radicatus 482 150 272 198 9032 10015 109100 009001 004001

3 T badius 144 090 205105 7148 3032 24142 008002 006002

4 T medius 454 100 330100 7184 13079 204050 007001 006001

5 T heimii 388 074 287050 6009 5027 28135 011002 007001

6 T striatus 82082 191100 11108 2028 15022 005002 00700

7 T mammiformis 673 100 277050 4046 2053 30100 007001 006001

CD (ple005) 072 082 071 030 075 001 0008


278




Sr

No Species

Proteins

()

Moisture

()

Crude fat

()

Fibers

()

Ash

()

Carbohydrates

()

Energy

(kJ100 g)

1 M procera 1995106 85062 34008 51022 193006 6082011 3537006

2 M rhacodes 1645054 78062 29011 25001 216014 6819017 3647060

3 M dolichaula 1995135 88147 32020 485018 73015 562010 3334011

CD (ple005) 030 054 012 011 006 082 026



Sr

No Species



1 M procera 276087 254200 9032 5030 14061 008003 006003

2 M rhacodes 248174 217050 8071 3053 28140 006003 009002

3 M dolichaula 241173 143100 5092 1023 5072 010005 008001

4 CD (ple005) 123 082 054 018 065 008 006

-100

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

Ca

Mg

Fe

Cu

Mn

Se

Zn

Species

(mg1

00g

of

Dry

Wei

gh

t)


279







0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90


cen

tge

()

on

dry

wei

gh

t b

asi

s



Species

-50

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350


Fe

Ca

Cu

Mn

Mg

Se

Zn

Species

(mg1

00g

of

Dry

Wei

gh

t)


280
















in T striatus











281











Sr

No Species


As Cr Hg Pb Cd Ag



3 T badius 000002 ND 0096 ND 00045 ND

4 T medius 000010 ND 010 ND 00039 ND







11


individual food

article


25 mgkg


282


species















0

002

004

006

008

01

012

As

Cr

Hg

Pb

Cd

Ag

Species

(mg1

00g

of

Dry

Wei

ght)


283












Sr

No Species

Phenolic

compounds

(mgg)

Flavonoids

(mgg) β-carotene

(μgg) Lycopene

(μgg) Alkaloids

(mgg)

1 T microcarpus 2585010 202017 028001 014002 0056003

2 T badius 1500050 149008 050003 019001 0052003

3 T medius 1641001 151001 017000 004000 0053009

4 T striatus 1504002 138002 039001 027002 0050016

5 T heimii 2132033 172002 011002 003002 0046004

6 T mammiformis 2249050 186015 027002 006001 0077005

7 T radicatus 2014005 167018 029000 009001 0046008

8 M dolichaula 590058 176020 012002 005001 0103001

9 M procera 110087 146004 029007 007000 0048003

10 M rhacodes 1681005 136003 026001 012002 0053002

CD at P le

(005) 030 091 005 010 0052


284








94 Vitamins








-5

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

Phenolics ( mgg)

Flavonoids ( mgg)

β-carotene (μgg)

Lycopene (μgg)

Alkaloids (mgg)

mg

g (

Ph

eno

lic

fla

vo

no

ids

amp

ala

ka

loid

s) μg

g (

β c

aro

ten

e amp

lyco

pen

e) o

n d

ry w

eig

ht

Species


285


Sr

No Species

Vitamin A

(mg100 g)

Vitamin B1

(mg100 g)

Vitamin B2

(mg100 g)

Vitamin C

(mg100 g)








8 CD at Ple (005) 004 007 004 0030







-02

0

02

04

06

08

1

12

14

16

18

Vitamin A

Vitamin B1

Vitamin B2

Vitamin C

Species

(mg1

00g

of

Dry

Wei

gh

t)


286



95 Enzyme Assay













of their expression




(ABTS+






287




E M dolichaula


288





0

5

10

15

20

25

30




Con

cen

trati

on

microgm

l)

Species

-5

0

5

10

15

20




Species

Con

cen

trati

on

(micro

gm

l)


289





-5

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

After 5 days (Uml)

After 10 days (Uml)

After 15 days (Uml)

Species

Lacc

ase

Um

l

-5

0

5

10

15

20

25

After 5 days (Uml)

After 10 days (Uml)

After 15 days (Uml)

Species

Lacc

ase

Um

l


290


intervals

Variety Medium


Laccase

(Uml)

Protein

(microgml)

Laccase

(Uml)

Protein

(microgml)

Laccase

(Uml)

Protein

(microgml)













T radicatus



CD at Ple (005) Czp 0042 024 026 014 069 003

WSE 034 081 054 021 059 018


day after


15th






day of





291











after 15th











10th








292



D M rhacodes

A M dolichaula

C L cepaestipes

E T mammiformis

B T heimii


293












277













Sr

No Species



1 T microcarpus 86100 6020 6030 3053 24142 012002 008002

2 T radicatus 482 150 272 198 9032 10015 109100 009001 004001

3 T badius 144 090 205105 7148 3032 24142 008002 006002

4 T medius 454 100 330100 7184 13079 204050 007001 006001

5 T heimii 388 074 287050 6009 5027 28135 011002 007001

6 T striatus 82082 191100 11108 2028 15022 005002 00700

7 T mammiformis 673 100 277050 4046 2053 30100 007001 006001

CD (ple005) 072 082 071 030 075 001 0008


278




Sr

No Species

Proteins

()

Moisture

()

Crude fat

()

Fibers

()

Ash

()

Carbohydrates

()

Energy

(kJ100 g)

1 M procera 1995106 85062 34008 51022 193006 6082011 3537006

2 M rhacodes 1645054 78062 29011 25001 216014 6819017 3647060

3 M dolichaula 1995135 88147 32020 485018 73015 562010 3334011

CD (ple005) 030 054 012 011 006 082 026



Sr

No Species



1 M procera 276087 254200 9032 5030 14061 008003 006003

2 M rhacodes 248174 217050 8071 3053 28140 006003 009002

3 M dolichaula 241173 143100 5092 1023 5072 010005 008001

4 CD (ple005) 123 082 054 018 065 008 006

-100

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

Ca

Mg

Fe

Cu

Mn

Se

Zn

Species

(mg1

00g

of

Dry

Wei

gh

t)


279







0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90


cen

tge

()

on

dry

wei

gh

t b

asi

s



Species

-50

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350


Fe

Ca

Cu

Mn

Mg

Se

Zn

Species

(mg1

00g

of

Dry

Wei

gh

t)


280
















in T striatus











281











Sr

No Species


As Cr Hg Pb Cd Ag



3 T badius 000002 ND 0096 ND 00045 ND

4 T medius 000010 ND 010 ND 00039 ND







11


individual food

article


25 mgkg


282


species















0

002

004

006

008

01

012

As

Cr

Hg

Pb

Cd

Ag

Species

(mg1

00g

of

Dry

Wei

ght)


283












Sr

No Species

Phenolic

compounds

(mgg)

Flavonoids

(mgg) β-carotene

(μgg) Lycopene

(μgg) Alkaloids

(mgg)

1 T microcarpus 2585010 202017 028001 014002 0056003

2 T badius 1500050 149008 050003 019001 0052003

3 T medius 1641001 151001 017000 004000 0053009

4 T striatus 1504002 138002 039001 027002 0050016

5 T heimii 2132033 172002 011002 003002 0046004

6 T mammiformis 2249050 186015 027002 006001 0077005

7 T radicatus 2014005 167018 029000 009001 0046008

8 M dolichaula 590058 176020 012002 005001 0103001

9 M procera 110087 146004 029007 007000 0048003

10 M rhacodes 1681005 136003 026001 012002 0053002

CD at P le

(005) 030 091 005 010 0052


284








94 Vitamins








-5

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

Phenolics ( mgg)

Flavonoids ( mgg)

β-carotene (μgg)

Lycopene (μgg)

Alkaloids (mgg)

mg

g (

Ph

eno

lic

fla

vo

no

ids

amp

ala

ka

loid

s) μg

g (

β c

aro

ten

e amp

lyco

pen

e) o

n d

ry w

eig

ht

Species


285


Sr

No Species

Vitamin A

(mg100 g)

Vitamin B1

(mg100 g)

Vitamin B2

(mg100 g)

Vitamin C

(mg100 g)








8 CD at Ple (005) 004 007 004 0030







-02

0

02

04

06

08

1

12

14

16

18

Vitamin A

Vitamin B1

Vitamin B2

Vitamin C

Species

(mg1

00g

of

Dry

Wei

gh

t)


286



95 Enzyme Assay













of their expression




(ABTS+






287




E M dolichaula


288





0

5

10

15

20

25

30




Con

cen

trati

on

microgm

l)

Species

-5

0

5

10

15

20




Species

Con

cen

trati

on

(micro

gm

l)


289





-5

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

After 5 days (Uml)

After 10 days (Uml)

After 15 days (Uml)

Species

Lacc

ase

Um

l

-5

0

5

10

15

20

25

After 5 days (Uml)

After 10 days (Uml)

After 15 days (Uml)

Species

Lacc

ase

Um

l


290


intervals

Variety Medium


Laccase

(Uml)

Protein

(microgml)

Laccase

(Uml)

Protein

(microgml)

Laccase

(Uml)

Protein

(microgml)













T radicatus



CD at Ple (005) Czp 0042 024 026 014 069 003

WSE 034 081 054 021 059 018


day after


15th






day of





291











after 15th











10th








292



D M rhacodes

A M dolichaula

C L cepaestipes

E T mammiformis

B T heimii


293












278




Sr

No Species

Proteins

()

Moisture

()

Crude fat

()

Fibers

()

Ash

()

Carbohydrates

()

Energy

(kJ100 g)

1 M procera 1995106 85062 34008 51022 193006 6082011 3537006

2 M rhacodes 1645054 78062 29011 25001 216014 6819017 3647060

3 M dolichaula 1995135 88147 32020 485018 73015 562010 3334011

CD (ple005) 030 054 012 011 006 082 026



Sr

No Species



1 M procera 276087 254200 9032 5030 14061 008003 006003

2 M rhacodes 248174 217050 8071 3053 28140 006003 009002

3 M dolichaula 241173 143100 5092 1023 5072 010005 008001

4 CD (ple005) 123 082 054 018 065 008 006

-100

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

Ca

Mg

Fe

Cu

Mn

Se

Zn

Species

(mg1

00g

of

Dry

Wei

gh

t)


279







0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90


cen

tge

()

on

dry

wei

gh

t b

asi

s



Species

-50

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350


Fe

Ca

Cu

Mn

Mg

Se

Zn

Species

(mg1

00g

of

Dry

Wei

gh

t)


280
















in T striatus











281











Sr

No Species


As Cr Hg Pb Cd Ag



3 T badius 000002 ND 0096 ND 00045 ND

4 T medius 000010 ND 010 ND 00039 ND







11


individual food

article


25 mgkg


282


species















0

002

004

006

008

01

012

As

Cr

Hg

Pb

Cd

Ag

Species

(mg1

00g

of

Dry

Wei

ght)


283












Sr

No Species

Phenolic

compounds

(mgg)

Flavonoids

(mgg) β-carotene

(μgg) Lycopene

(μgg) Alkaloids

(mgg)

1 T microcarpus 2585010 202017 028001 014002 0056003

2 T badius 1500050 149008 050003 019001 0052003

3 T medius 1641001 151001 017000 004000 0053009

4 T striatus 1504002 138002 039001 027002 0050016

5 T heimii 2132033 172002 011002 003002 0046004

6 T mammiformis 2249050 186015 027002 006001 0077005

7 T radicatus 2014005 167018 029000 009001 0046008

8 M dolichaula 590058 176020 012002 005001 0103001

9 M procera 110087 146004 029007 007000 0048003

10 M rhacodes 1681005 136003 026001 012002 0053002

CD at P le

(005) 030 091 005 010 0052


284








94 Vitamins








-5

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

Phenolics ( mgg)

Flavonoids ( mgg)

β-carotene (μgg)

Lycopene (μgg)

Alkaloids (mgg)

mg

g (

Ph

eno

lic

fla

vo

no

ids

amp

ala

ka

loid

s) μg

g (

β c

aro

ten

e amp

lyco

pen

e) o

n d

ry w

eig

ht

Species


285


Sr

No Species

Vitamin A

(mg100 g)

Vitamin B1

(mg100 g)

Vitamin B2

(mg100 g)

Vitamin C

(mg100 g)








8 CD at Ple (005) 004 007 004 0030







-02

0

02

04

06

08

1

12

14

16

18

Vitamin A

Vitamin B1

Vitamin B2

Vitamin C

Species

(mg1

00g

of

Dry

Wei

gh

t)


286



95 Enzyme Assay













of their expression




(ABTS+






287




E M dolichaula


288





0

5

10

15

20

25

30




Con

cen

trati

on

microgm

l)

Species

-5

0

5

10

15

20




Species

Con

cen

trati

on

(micro

gm

l)


289





-5

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

After 5 days (Uml)

After 10 days (Uml)

After 15 days (Uml)

Species

Lacc

ase

Um

l

-5

0

5

10

15

20

25

After 5 days (Uml)

After 10 days (Uml)

After 15 days (Uml)

Species

Lacc

ase

Um

l


290


intervals

Variety Medium


Laccase

(Uml)

Protein

(microgml)

Laccase

(Uml)

Protein

(microgml)

Laccase

(Uml)

Protein

(microgml)













T radicatus



CD at Ple (005) Czp 0042 024 026 014 069 003

WSE 034 081 054 021 059 018


day after


15th






day of





291











after 15th











10th








292



D M rhacodes

A M dolichaula

C L cepaestipes

E T mammiformis

B T heimii


293












279







0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90


cen

tge

()

on

dry

wei

gh

t b

asi

s



Species

-50

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350


Fe

Ca

Cu

Mn

Mg

Se

Zn

Species

(mg1

00g

of

Dry

Wei

gh

t)


280
















in T striatus











281











Sr

No Species


As Cr Hg Pb Cd Ag



3 T badius 000002 ND 0096 ND 00045 ND

4 T medius 000010 ND 010 ND 00039 ND







11


individual food

article


25 mgkg


282


species















0

002

004

006

008

01

012

As

Cr

Hg

Pb

Cd

Ag

Species

(mg1

00g

of

Dry

Wei

ght)


283












Sr

No Species

Phenolic

compounds

(mgg)

Flavonoids

(mgg) β-carotene

(μgg) Lycopene

(μgg) Alkaloids

(mgg)

1 T microcarpus 2585010 202017 028001 014002 0056003

2 T badius 1500050 149008 050003 019001 0052003

3 T medius 1641001 151001 017000 004000 0053009

4 T striatus 1504002 138002 039001 027002 0050016

5 T heimii 2132033 172002 011002 003002 0046004

6 T mammiformis 2249050 186015 027002 006001 0077005

7 T radicatus 2014005 167018 029000 009001 0046008

8 M dolichaula 590058 176020 012002 005001 0103001

9 M procera 110087 146004 029007 007000 0048003

10 M rhacodes 1681005 136003 026001 012002 0053002

CD at P le

(005) 030 091 005 010 0052


284








94 Vitamins








-5

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

Phenolics ( mgg)

Flavonoids ( mgg)

β-carotene (μgg)

Lycopene (μgg)

Alkaloids (mgg)

mg

g (

Ph

eno

lic

fla

vo

no

ids

amp

ala

ka

loid

s) μg

g (

β c

aro

ten

e amp

lyco

pen

e) o

n d

ry w

eig

ht

Species


285


Sr

No Species

Vitamin A

(mg100 g)

Vitamin B1

(mg100 g)

Vitamin B2

(mg100 g)

Vitamin C

(mg100 g)








8 CD at Ple (005) 004 007 004 0030







-02

0

02

04

06

08

1

12

14

16

18

Vitamin A

Vitamin B1

Vitamin B2

Vitamin C

Species

(mg1

00g

of

Dry

Wei

gh

t)


286



95 Enzyme Assay













of their expression




(ABTS+






287




E M dolichaula


288





0

5

10

15

20

25

30




Con

cen

trati

on

microgm

l)

Species

-5

0

5

10

15

20




Species

Con

cen

trati

on

(micro

gm

l)


289





-5

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

After 5 days (Uml)

After 10 days (Uml)

After 15 days (Uml)

Species

Lacc

ase

Um

l

-5

0

5

10

15

20

25

After 5 days (Uml)

After 10 days (Uml)

After 15 days (Uml)

Species

Lacc

ase

Um

l


290


intervals

Variety Medium


Laccase

(Uml)

Protein

(microgml)

Laccase

(Uml)

Protein

(microgml)

Laccase

(Uml)

Protein

(microgml)













T radicatus



CD at Ple (005) Czp 0042 024 026 014 069 003

WSE 034 081 054 021 059 018


day after


15th






day of





291











after 15th











10th








292



D M rhacodes

A M dolichaula

C L cepaestipes

E T mammiformis

B T heimii


293












280
















in T striatus











281











Sr

No Species


As Cr Hg Pb Cd Ag



3 T badius 000002 ND 0096 ND 00045 ND

4 T medius 000010 ND 010 ND 00039 ND







11


individual food

article


25 mgkg


282


species















0

002

004

006

008

01

012

As

Cr

Hg

Pb

Cd

Ag

Species

(mg1

00g

of

Dry

Wei

ght)


283












Sr

No Species

Phenolic

compounds

(mgg)

Flavonoids

(mgg) β-carotene

(μgg) Lycopene

(μgg) Alkaloids

(mgg)

1 T microcarpus 2585010 202017 028001 014002 0056003

2 T badius 1500050 149008 050003 019001 0052003

3 T medius 1641001 151001 017000 004000 0053009

4 T striatus 1504002 138002 039001 027002 0050016

5 T heimii 2132033 172002 011002 003002 0046004

6 T mammiformis 2249050 186015 027002 006001 0077005

7 T radicatus 2014005 167018 029000 009001 0046008

8 M dolichaula 590058 176020 012002 005001 0103001

9 M procera 110087 146004 029007 007000 0048003

10 M rhacodes 1681005 136003 026001 012002 0053002

CD at P le

(005) 030 091 005 010 0052


284








94 Vitamins








-5

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

Phenolics ( mgg)

Flavonoids ( mgg)

β-carotene (μgg)

Lycopene (μgg)

Alkaloids (mgg)

mg

g (

Ph

eno

lic

fla

vo

no

ids

amp

ala

ka

loid

s) μg

g (

β c

aro

ten

e amp

lyco

pen

e) o

n d

ry w

eig

ht

Species


285


Sr

No Species

Vitamin A

(mg100 g)

Vitamin B1

(mg100 g)

Vitamin B2

(mg100 g)

Vitamin C

(mg100 g)








8 CD at Ple (005) 004 007 004 0030







-02

0

02

04

06

08

1

12

14

16

18

Vitamin A

Vitamin B1

Vitamin B2

Vitamin C

Species

(mg1

00g

of

Dry

Wei

gh

t)


286



95 Enzyme Assay













of their expression




(ABTS+






287




E M dolichaula


288





0

5

10

15

20

25

30




Con

cen

trati

on

microgm

l)

Species

-5

0

5

10

15

20




Species

Con

cen

trati

on

(micro

gm

l)


289





-5

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

After 5 days (Uml)

After 10 days (Uml)

After 15 days (Uml)

Species

Lacc

ase

Um

l

-5

0

5

10

15

20

25

After 5 days (Uml)

After 10 days (Uml)

After 15 days (Uml)

Species

Lacc

ase

Um

l


290


intervals

Variety Medium


Laccase

(Uml)

Protein

(microgml)

Laccase

(Uml)

Protein

(microgml)

Laccase

(Uml)

Protein

(microgml)













T radicatus



CD at Ple (005) Czp 0042 024 026 014 069 003

WSE 034 081 054 021 059 018


day after


15th






day of





291











after 15th











10th








292



D M rhacodes

A M dolichaula

C L cepaestipes

E T mammiformis

B T heimii


293












281











Sr

No Species


As Cr Hg Pb Cd Ag



3 T badius 000002 ND 0096 ND 00045 ND

4 T medius 000010 ND 010 ND 00039 ND







11


individual food

article


25 mgkg


282


species















0

002

004

006

008

01

012

As

Cr

Hg

Pb

Cd

Ag

Species

(mg1

00g

of

Dry

Wei

ght)


283












Sr

No Species

Phenolic

compounds

(mgg)

Flavonoids

(mgg) β-carotene

(μgg) Lycopene

(μgg) Alkaloids

(mgg)

1 T microcarpus 2585010 202017 028001 014002 0056003

2 T badius 1500050 149008 050003 019001 0052003

3 T medius 1641001 151001 017000 004000 0053009

4 T striatus 1504002 138002 039001 027002 0050016

5 T heimii 2132033 172002 011002 003002 0046004

6 T mammiformis 2249050 186015 027002 006001 0077005

7 T radicatus 2014005 167018 029000 009001 0046008

8 M dolichaula 590058 176020 012002 005001 0103001

9 M procera 110087 146004 029007 007000 0048003

10 M rhacodes 1681005 136003 026001 012002 0053002

CD at P le

(005) 030 091 005 010 0052


284








94 Vitamins








-5

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

Phenolics ( mgg)

Flavonoids ( mgg)

β-carotene (μgg)

Lycopene (μgg)

Alkaloids (mgg)

mg

g (

Ph

eno

lic

fla

vo

no

ids

amp

ala

ka

loid

s) μg

g (

β c

aro

ten

e amp

lyco

pen

e) o

n d

ry w

eig

ht

Species


285


Sr

No Species

Vitamin A

(mg100 g)

Vitamin B1

(mg100 g)

Vitamin B2

(mg100 g)

Vitamin C

(mg100 g)








8 CD at Ple (005) 004 007 004 0030







-02

0

02

04

06

08

1

12

14

16

18

Vitamin A

Vitamin B1

Vitamin B2

Vitamin C

Species

(mg1

00g

of

Dry

Wei

gh

t)


286



95 Enzyme Assay













of their expression




(ABTS+






287




E M dolichaula


288





0

5

10

15

20

25

30




Con

cen

trati

on

microgm

l)

Species

-5

0

5

10

15

20




Species

Con

cen

trati

on

(micro

gm

l)


289





-5

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

After 5 days (Uml)

After 10 days (Uml)

After 15 days (Uml)

Species

Lacc

ase

Um

l

-5

0

5

10

15

20

25

After 5 days (Uml)

After 10 days (Uml)

After 15 days (Uml)

Species

Lacc

ase

Um

l


290


intervals

Variety Medium


Laccase

(Uml)

Protein

(microgml)

Laccase

(Uml)

Protein

(microgml)

Laccase

(Uml)

Protein

(microgml)













T radicatus



CD at Ple (005) Czp 0042 024 026 014 069 003

WSE 034 081 054 021 059 018


day after


15th






day of





291











after 15th











10th








292



D M rhacodes

A M dolichaula

C L cepaestipes

E T mammiformis

B T heimii


293












282


species















0

002

004

006

008

01

012

As

Cr

Hg

Pb

Cd

Ag

Species

(mg1

00g

of

Dry

Wei

ght)


283












Sr

No Species

Phenolic

compounds

(mgg)

Flavonoids

(mgg) β-carotene

(μgg) Lycopene

(μgg) Alkaloids

(mgg)

1 T microcarpus 2585010 202017 028001 014002 0056003

2 T badius 1500050 149008 050003 019001 0052003

3 T medius 1641001 151001 017000 004000 0053009

4 T striatus 1504002 138002 039001 027002 0050016

5 T heimii 2132033 172002 011002 003002 0046004

6 T mammiformis 2249050 186015 027002 006001 0077005

7 T radicatus 2014005 167018 029000 009001 0046008

8 M dolichaula 590058 176020 012002 005001 0103001

9 M procera 110087 146004 029007 007000 0048003

10 M rhacodes 1681005 136003 026001 012002 0053002

CD at P le

(005) 030 091 005 010 0052


284








94 Vitamins








-5

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

Phenolics ( mgg)

Flavonoids ( mgg)

β-carotene (μgg)

Lycopene (μgg)

Alkaloids (mgg)

mg

g (

Ph

eno

lic

fla

vo

no

ids

amp

ala

ka

loid

s) μg

g (

β c

aro

ten

e amp

lyco

pen

e) o

n d

ry w

eig

ht

Species


285


Sr

No Species

Vitamin A

(mg100 g)

Vitamin B1

(mg100 g)

Vitamin B2

(mg100 g)

Vitamin C

(mg100 g)








8 CD at Ple (005) 004 007 004 0030







-02

0

02

04

06

08

1

12

14

16

18

Vitamin A

Vitamin B1

Vitamin B2

Vitamin C

Species

(mg1

00g

of

Dry

Wei

gh

t)


286



95 Enzyme Assay













of their expression




(ABTS+






287




E M dolichaula


288





0

5

10

15

20

25

30




Con

cen

trati

on

microgm

l)

Species

-5

0

5

10

15

20




Species

Con

cen

trati

on

(micro

gm

l)


289





-5

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

After 5 days (Uml)

After 10 days (Uml)

After 15 days (Uml)

Species

Lacc

ase

Um

l

-5

0

5

10

15

20

25

After 5 days (Uml)

After 10 days (Uml)

After 15 days (Uml)

Species

Lacc

ase

Um

l


290


intervals

Variety Medium


Laccase

(Uml)

Protein

(microgml)

Laccase

(Uml)

Protein

(microgml)

Laccase

(Uml)

Protein

(microgml)













T radicatus



CD at Ple (005) Czp 0042 024 026 014 069 003

WSE 034 081 054 021 059 018


day after


15th






day of





291











after 15th











10th








292



D M rhacodes

A M dolichaula

C L cepaestipes

E T mammiformis

B T heimii


293












283












Sr

No Species

Phenolic

compounds

(mgg)

Flavonoids

(mgg) β-carotene

(μgg) Lycopene

(μgg) Alkaloids

(mgg)

1 T microcarpus 2585010 202017 028001 014002 0056003

2 T badius 1500050 149008 050003 019001 0052003

3 T medius 1641001 151001 017000 004000 0053009

4 T striatus 1504002 138002 039001 027002 0050016

5 T heimii 2132033 172002 011002 003002 0046004

6 T mammiformis 2249050 186015 027002 006001 0077005

7 T radicatus 2014005 167018 029000 009001 0046008

8 M dolichaula 590058 176020 012002 005001 0103001

9 M procera 110087 146004 029007 007000 0048003

10 M rhacodes 1681005 136003 026001 012002 0053002

CD at P le

(005) 030 091 005 010 0052


284








94 Vitamins








-5

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

Phenolics ( mgg)

Flavonoids ( mgg)

β-carotene (μgg)

Lycopene (μgg)

Alkaloids (mgg)

mg

g (

Ph

eno

lic

fla

vo

no

ids

amp

ala

ka

loid

s) μg

g (

β c

aro

ten

e amp

lyco

pen

e) o

n d

ry w

eig

ht

Species


285


Sr

No Species

Vitamin A

(mg100 g)

Vitamin B1

(mg100 g)

Vitamin B2

(mg100 g)

Vitamin C

(mg100 g)








8 CD at Ple (005) 004 007 004 0030







-02

0

02

04

06

08

1

12

14

16

18

Vitamin A

Vitamin B1

Vitamin B2

Vitamin C

Species

(mg1

00g

of

Dry

Wei

gh

t)


286



95 Enzyme Assay













of their expression




(ABTS+






287




E M dolichaula


288





0

5

10

15

20

25

30




Con

cen

trati

on

microgm

l)

Species

-5

0

5

10

15

20




Species

Con

cen

trati

on

(micro

gm

l)


289





-5

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

After 5 days (Uml)

After 10 days (Uml)

After 15 days (Uml)

Species

Lacc

ase

Um

l

-5

0

5

10

15

20

25

After 5 days (Uml)

After 10 days (Uml)

After 15 days (Uml)

Species

Lacc

ase

Um

l


290


intervals

Variety Medium


Laccase

(Uml)

Protein

(microgml)

Laccase

(Uml)

Protein

(microgml)

Laccase

(Uml)

Protein

(microgml)













T radicatus



CD at Ple (005) Czp 0042 024 026 014 069 003

WSE 034 081 054 021 059 018


day after


15th






day of





291











after 15th











10th








292



D M rhacodes

A M dolichaula

C L cepaestipes

E T mammiformis

B T heimii


293












284








94 Vitamins








-5

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

Phenolics ( mgg)

Flavonoids ( mgg)

β-carotene (μgg)

Lycopene (μgg)

Alkaloids (mgg)

mg

g (

Ph

eno

lic

fla

vo

no

ids

amp

ala

ka

loid

s) μg

g (

β c

aro

ten

e amp

lyco

pen

e) o

n d

ry w

eig

ht

Species


285


Sr

No Species

Vitamin A

(mg100 g)

Vitamin B1

(mg100 g)

Vitamin B2

(mg100 g)

Vitamin C

(mg100 g)








8 CD at Ple (005) 004 007 004 0030







-02

0

02

04

06

08

1

12

14

16

18

Vitamin A

Vitamin B1

Vitamin B2

Vitamin C

Species

(mg1

00g

of

Dry

Wei

gh

t)


286



95 Enzyme Assay













of their expression




(ABTS+






287




E M dolichaula


288





0

5

10

15

20

25

30




Con

cen

trati

on

microgm

l)

Species

-5

0

5

10

15

20




Species

Con

cen

trati

on

(micro

gm

l)


289





-5

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

After 5 days (Uml)

After 10 days (Uml)

After 15 days (Uml)

Species

Lacc

ase

Um

l

-5

0

5

10

15

20

25

After 5 days (Uml)

After 10 days (Uml)

After 15 days (Uml)

Species

Lacc

ase

Um

l


290


intervals

Variety Medium


Laccase

(Uml)

Protein

(microgml)

Laccase

(Uml)

Protein

(microgml)

Laccase

(Uml)

Protein

(microgml)













T radicatus



CD at Ple (005) Czp 0042 024 026 014 069 003

WSE 034 081 054 021 059 018


day after


15th






day of





291











after 15th











10th








292



D M rhacodes

A M dolichaula

C L cepaestipes

E T mammiformis

B T heimii


293












285


Sr

No Species

Vitamin A

(mg100 g)

Vitamin B1

(mg100 g)

Vitamin B2

(mg100 g)

Vitamin C

(mg100 g)








8 CD at Ple (005) 004 007 004 0030







-02

0

02

04

06

08

1

12

14

16

18

Vitamin A

Vitamin B1

Vitamin B2

Vitamin C

Species

(mg1

00g

of

Dry

Wei

gh

t)


286



95 Enzyme Assay













of their expression




(ABTS+






287




E M dolichaula


288





0

5

10

15

20

25

30




Con

cen

trati

on

microgm

l)

Species

-5

0

5

10

15

20




Species

Con

cen

trati

on

(micro

gm

l)


289





-5

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

After 5 days (Uml)

After 10 days (Uml)

After 15 days (Uml)

Species

Lacc

ase

Um

l

-5

0

5

10

15

20

25

After 5 days (Uml)

After 10 days (Uml)

After 15 days (Uml)

Species

Lacc

ase

Um

l


290


intervals

Variety Medium


Laccase

(Uml)

Protein

(microgml)

Laccase

(Uml)

Protein

(microgml)

Laccase

(Uml)

Protein

(microgml)













T radicatus



CD at Ple (005) Czp 0042 024 026 014 069 003

WSE 034 081 054 021 059 018


day after


15th






day of





291











after 15th











10th








292



D M rhacodes

A M dolichaula

C L cepaestipes

E T mammiformis

B T heimii


293












286



95 Enzyme Assay













of their expression




(ABTS+






287




E M dolichaula


288





0

5

10

15

20

25

30




Con

cen

trati

on

microgm

l)

Species

-5

0

5

10

15

20




Species

Con

cen

trati

on

(micro

gm

l)


289





-5

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

After 5 days (Uml)

After 10 days (Uml)

After 15 days (Uml)

Species

Lacc

ase

Um

l

-5

0

5

10

15

20

25

After 5 days (Uml)

After 10 days (Uml)

After 15 days (Uml)

Species

Lacc

ase

Um

l


290


intervals

Variety Medium


Laccase

(Uml)

Protein

(microgml)

Laccase

(Uml)

Protein

(microgml)

Laccase

(Uml)

Protein

(microgml)













T radicatus



CD at Ple (005) Czp 0042 024 026 014 069 003

WSE 034 081 054 021 059 018


day after


15th






day of





291











after 15th











10th








292



D M rhacodes

A M dolichaula

C L cepaestipes

E T mammiformis

B T heimii


293












287




E M dolichaula


288





0

5

10

15

20

25

30




Con

cen

trati

on

microgm

l)

Species

-5

0

5

10

15

20




Species

Con

cen

trati

on

(micro

gm

l)


289





-5

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

After 5 days (Uml)

After 10 days (Uml)

After 15 days (Uml)

Species

Lacc

ase

Um

l

-5

0

5

10

15

20

25

After 5 days (Uml)

After 10 days (Uml)

After 15 days (Uml)

Species

Lacc

ase

Um

l


290


intervals

Variety Medium


Laccase

(Uml)

Protein

(microgml)

Laccase

(Uml)

Protein

(microgml)

Laccase

(Uml)

Protein

(microgml)













T radicatus



CD at Ple (005) Czp 0042 024 026 014 069 003

WSE 034 081 054 021 059 018


day after


15th






day of





291











after 15th











10th








292



D M rhacodes

A M dolichaula

C L cepaestipes

E T mammiformis

B T heimii


293












288





0

5

10

15

20

25

30




Con

cen

trati

on

microgm

l)

Species

-5

0

5

10

15

20




Species

Con

cen

trati

on

(micro

gm

l)


289





-5

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

After 5 days (Uml)

After 10 days (Uml)

After 15 days (Uml)

Species

Lacc

ase

Um

l

-5

0

5

10

15

20

25

After 5 days (Uml)

After 10 days (Uml)

After 15 days (Uml)

Species

Lacc

ase

Um

l


290


intervals

Variety Medium


Laccase

(Uml)

Protein

(microgml)

Laccase

(Uml)

Protein

(microgml)

Laccase

(Uml)

Protein

(microgml)













T radicatus



CD at Ple (005) Czp 0042 024 026 014 069 003

WSE 034 081 054 021 059 018


day after


15th






day of





291











after 15th











10th








292



D M rhacodes

A M dolichaula

C L cepaestipes

E T mammiformis

B T heimii


293












289





-5

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

After 5 days (Uml)

After 10 days (Uml)

After 15 days (Uml)

Species

Lacc

ase

Um

l

-5

0

5

10

15

20

25

After 5 days (Uml)

After 10 days (Uml)

After 15 days (Uml)

Species

Lacc

ase

Um

l


290


intervals

Variety Medium


Laccase

(Uml)

Protein

(microgml)

Laccase

(Uml)

Protein

(microgml)

Laccase

(Uml)

Protein

(microgml)













T radicatus



CD at Ple (005) Czp 0042 024 026 014 069 003

WSE 034 081 054 021 059 018


day after


15th






day of





291











after 15th











10th








292



D M rhacodes

A M dolichaula

C L cepaestipes

E T mammiformis

B T heimii


293












290


intervals

Variety Medium


Laccase

(Uml)

Protein

(microgml)

Laccase

(Uml)

Protein

(microgml)

Laccase

(Uml)

Protein

(microgml)













T radicatus



CD at Ple (005) Czp 0042 024 026 014 069 003

WSE 034 081 054 021 059 018


day after


15th






day of





291











after 15th











10th








292



D M rhacodes

A M dolichaula

C L cepaestipes

E T mammiformis

B T heimii


293












291











after 15th











10th








292



D M rhacodes

A M dolichaula

C L cepaestipes

E T mammiformis

B T heimii


293












292



D M rhacodes

A M dolichaula

C L cepaestipes

E T mammiformis

B T heimii


293












293











9. nutritional and nutraceutical...

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