9 lymphatic system and immunology
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Lymphatic System and Lymphatic System and Immunity:Immunity:
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Lymphatic SystemLymphatic System
LymphLymph Lymphatic vesselsLymphatic vessels Lymphatic tissueLymphatic tissue Lymphatic nodulesLymphatic nodules Lymph nodesLymph nodes TonsilsTonsils SpleenSpleen ThymusThymus
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Lymphatic VesselsLymphatic Vessels
Carry lymph away from tissuesCarry lymph away from tissues Lymphatic capillariesLymphatic capillaries
More permeable than blood capillariesMore permeable than blood capillaries Epithelium functions as series of one-way valvesEpithelium functions as series of one-way valves
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Functions of the Functions of the Lymphatic SystemLymphatic System
Fluid balanceFluid balance Excess interstitial fluid enters Excess interstitial fluid enters
lymphatic capillaries and becomes lymphatic capillaries and becomes lymphlymph
Fat absorptionFat absorption Absorption of fat and other Absorption of fat and other
substances from digestive tractsubstances from digestive tract DefenseDefense
Microorganisms and other foreign Microorganisms and other foreign substances are filtered from lymph by substances are filtered from lymph by lymph nodes and from blood by spleenlymph nodes and from blood by spleen
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Lymphatic VesselsLymphatic Vessels
Carry lymph away from tissuesCarry lymph away from tissues Lymphatic capillariesLymphatic capillaries
More permeable than blood capillariesMore permeable than blood capillaries Epithelium functions as series of one-way valvesEpithelium functions as series of one-way valves
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Lymphatic VesselsLymphatic Vessels Lymphatic capillaries join to formLymphatic capillaries join to form Lymphatic vesselsLymphatic vessels
Have valves that ensure one-way flowHave valves that ensure one-way flow Lymph nodes: Distributed along Lymph nodes: Distributed along
vessels and filter lymphvessels and filter lymph Lymphatic trunks: Jugular, Lymphatic trunks: Jugular,
subclavian, bronchomediastinal, subclavian, bronchomediastinal, intestinal, lumbar intestinal, lumbar
Lymphatic ducts: Right and thoracic Lymphatic ducts: Right and thoracic which connect to large veins which connect to large veins
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Lymph Drainage Into Lymph Drainage Into VeinsVeins
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Lymphatic Tissue and Lymphatic Tissue and NodulesNodules
Lymphatic tissueLymphatic tissue Consists mainly of Consists mainly of
lymphocyteslymphocytes Encapsulated or notEncapsulated or not
Lymphatic nodulesLymphatic nodules Numerous in loose Numerous in loose
connective tissue of connective tissue of digestive (Peyer’s digestive (Peyer’s patches), patches), respiratory, urinary, respiratory, urinary, reproductive reproductive systemssystems
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TonsilsTonsils
Large groups of Large groups of lymphatic nodules in lymphatic nodules in nasopharynx and oral nasopharynx and oral cavitycavity
Provide protection Provide protection against bacteria and against bacteria and other harmful materialother harmful material
GroupsGroups PalatinePalatine PharyngealPharyngeal LingualLingual
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Lymph NodesLymph Nodes
Organized in cortex and medullaOrganized in cortex and medulla Substances removed by phagocytosis or Substances removed by phagocytosis or
stimulate lymphocytes or bothstimulate lymphocytes or both Only structures to filter lymphOnly structures to filter lymph
Afferent and efferent vesselsAfferent and efferent vessels
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SpleenSpleen Located in left superior side of abdomenLocated in left superior side of abdomen
Can be ruptured in traumatic abdominal Can be ruptured in traumatic abdominal injuries resulting in bleeding, shock, deathinjuries resulting in bleeding, shock, death
Blood flows through at 3 different ratesBlood flows through at 3 different rates Fast (most), slow, intermediateFast (most), slow, intermediate
FunctionsFunctions Destroys defective RBCsDestroys defective RBCs Detects and responds to foreign substancesDetects and responds to foreign substances Limited reservoir for bloodLimited reservoir for blood
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SpleenSpleen
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ThymusThymus
Located in superior mediastinumLocated in superior mediastinum Divisions: Cortex and medullaDivisions: Cortex and medulla Site of maturation of T cellsSite of maturation of T cells
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ImmunityImmunity Ability to resist damage from foreign Ability to resist damage from foreign
substances as microorganisms and harmful substances as microorganisms and harmful chemicalschemicals
CategoriesCategories Innate or nonspecific resistanceInnate or nonspecific resistance
Mechanical mechanisms: Prevent entry or remove microbesMechanical mechanisms: Prevent entry or remove microbes Chemical mediators: Promote phagocytosis and Chemical mediators: Promote phagocytosis and
inflammationinflammation Cells: Involved in phagocytosis and production of chemicals Cells: Involved in phagocytosis and production of chemicals
Adaptive or specific immunityAdaptive or specific immunity Specificity: Ability to recognize a particular substanceSpecificity: Ability to recognize a particular substance Memory: Ability to remember previous encounters with a Memory: Ability to remember previous encounters with a
particular substance and respond rapidlyparticular substance and respond rapidly
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Innate immunityInnate immunity
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Inflammatory ResponseInflammatory Response Tissue injury regardless of type can cause Tissue injury regardless of type can cause
inflammationinflammation Response initiated by chemical mediators Response initiated by chemical mediators
that produce vasodilation, chemotactic that produce vasodilation, chemotactic attraction, increased vascular attraction, increased vascular permeabilitypermeability
TypesTypes Local: Symptoms are redness, heat, swelling, Local: Symptoms are redness, heat, swelling,
pain, loss of functionpain, loss of function Systemic: Symptoms are increase in Systemic: Symptoms are increase in
neutrophil numbers, fever and shockneutrophil numbers, fever and shock
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Inflammatory ResponseInflammatory Response
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Normal Microcirculation FlowNormal Microcirculation Flow
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Exudate FormationExudate Formation
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Leukocyte Margination and MigrationLeukocyte Margination and Migration
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DiapedesisDiapedesis
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ChemotaxisChemotaxis
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Innate Immunity: CellsInnate Immunity: Cells White blood cellsWhite blood cells
Most important Most important cellular cellular components of components of immune systemimmune system
MethodsMethods ChemotaxisChemotaxis Phagocytosis Phagocytosis
NeutrophilsNeutrophils Phagocytic and Phagocytic and
first cells to enter first cells to enter infected tissueinfected tissue
MacrophagesMacrophages Monocytes that leave Monocytes that leave
blood, enter tissuesblood, enter tissues Large phagocytic cellsLarge phagocytic cells
Basophils and mast Basophils and mast cellscells Promote inflammationPromote inflammation
EosinophilsEosinophils Reduce inflammationReduce inflammation
Natural killer cellsNatural killer cells Lyse tumor and virus-Lyse tumor and virus-
infected cellsinfected cells
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Antigenic DeterminantsAntigenic Determinants
Antigenic Antigenic determinants determinants Specific regions of a Specific regions of a
given antigen given antigen recognized by a recognized by a lymphocytelymphocyte
Antigenic receptorsAntigenic receptors Surface of lymphocyte Surface of lymphocyte
that combines with that combines with antigenic determinantantigenic determinant
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C3a stimulates mast cells and basophils, which then secrete inflammatory mediators
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Adaptive ImmunityAdaptive Immunity
Involves the ability to recognize, respond Involves the ability to recognize, respond to, and remember a particular substanceto, and remember a particular substance
StimulantsStimulants Antigens: Large moleculesAntigens: Large molecules
Foreign: Not produced by body, introduced from Foreign: Not produced by body, introduced from outsideoutside
Self-antigens: Produced by bodySelf-antigens: Produced by body Haptens: Small molecules and capable of Haptens: Small molecules and capable of
combiningcombining TypesTypes
Humoral or Antibody-mediated: B cellsHumoral or Antibody-mediated: B cells Cell-mediated: T cellsCell-mediated: T cells
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Origin and Origin and DevelopmentDevelopment
of Lymphocytesof Lymphocytes B and T cellsB and T cells
Originate in red Originate in red bone marrowbone marrow
Move to lymphatic Move to lymphatic tissue from tissue from processing sites processing sites and continually and continually circulatecirculate
Clones are small Clones are small groups of identical groups of identical lymphocyteslymphocytes
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Origin and Origin and DevelopmentDevelopment
of Lymphocytesof Lymphocytes Positive selectionPositive selection
Ensures survival of lymphocytes that react Ensures survival of lymphocytes that react against antigensagainst antigens
Negative selectionNegative selection Eliminates lymphocytes that react against self-Eliminates lymphocytes that react against self-
antigensantigens Primary lymphatic organs Primary lymphatic organs (red bone marrow, (red bone marrow,
thymus)thymus) Where lymphocytes mature into functional cellsWhere lymphocytes mature into functional cells
Secondary lymphatic organsSecondary lymphatic organs Where lymphocytes produce an immune Where lymphocytes produce an immune
responseresponse
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Major Major Histocompatability Histocompatability
Complex (MHC)Complex (MHC) Most lymphocyte activation involves Most lymphocyte activation involves
glycoproteins of cell surfaces called glycoproteins of cell surfaces called MHC moleculesMHC molecules Class I molecules display antigens on Class I molecules display antigens on
surface of nucleated cells, resulting in surface of nucleated cells, resulting in destruction of cellsdestruction of cells
Class II molecules display antigens on Class II molecules display antigens on surface of antigen-presenting cells, surface of antigen-presenting cells, resulting in activation of immune cellsresulting in activation of immune cells
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Antigen ProcessingAntigen Processing
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MHC class IMHC class I
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PhagocytosisPhagocytosis Phagocytosis also involves Phagocytosis also involves
membrane invagination.membrane invagination. This process does not involve This process does not involve
clathrin.clathrin. Pseudopods extend around a Pseudopods extend around a
particle, forming a particle, forming a phagosome.phagosome.
Phagosome will fuse with a Phagosome will fuse with a lysosome, containing digestive lysosome, containing digestive enzymes.enzymes.
There are smaller transport There are smaller transport mechanisms in the wall of the mechanisms in the wall of the secondary lysosome.secondary lysosome.
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CostimulationCostimulation
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Proliferation of Helper Proliferation of Helper T CellsT Cells
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Proliferation of B CellsProliferation of B Cells
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Lymphocyte InhibitionLymphocyte Inhibition
Tolerance: To prevent the immune Tolerance: To prevent the immune system from responding to self-system from responding to self-antigensantigens Provoked byProvoked by
Deletion of self-reactive lymphocytesDeletion of self-reactive lymphocytes Preventing activation of lymphocytesPreventing activation of lymphocytes Activation of suppressor T cellsActivation of suppressor T cells
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Antibody-Mediated Antibody-Mediated ImmunityImmunity
Antibodies or Antibodies or Immunoglobulins Immunoglobulins (Ig)(Ig) Classes: IgG, IgM, Classes: IgG, IgM,
IgA, IgE, IgDIgA, IgE, IgD StructureStructure
Variable region: Part Variable region: Part that combines with that combines with anitgenic determinant anitgenic determinant of antigenof antigen
Constant region: Constant region: Responsible for Responsible for activitiesactivities
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Actions of AntibodiesActions of Antibodies
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Antibody ProductionAntibody Production
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Cell-Mediated Cell-Mediated ImmunityImmunity
Antigen activates effector T cells and produces Antigen activates effector T cells and produces memory T cellsmemory T cells
Cytotoxic T cells lyse virus-infected cells, tumor Cytotoxic T cells lyse virus-infected cells, tumor cells, and tissue transplantscells, and tissue transplants
Cytotoxic T cells produce cytokines, which promote Cytotoxic T cells produce cytokines, which promote phagocytosis and inflammationphagocytosis and inflammation
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Interactions and Interactions and Responses ofResponses of
Innate and Adaptive Innate and Adaptive ImmunityImmunity
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Ways to Acquire Ways to Acquire Adaptive ImmunityAdaptive Immunity
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Effects of AgingEffects of Aging
Little effect on lymphatic systemLittle effect on lymphatic system Decreased ability of helper T cells to Decreased ability of helper T cells to
proliferate in response to antigensproliferate in response to antigens Decreased primary and secondary Decreased primary and secondary
antibody responsesantibody responses Decreased ability of cell-mediated Decreased ability of cell-mediated
immunity to resist intracellular immunity to resist intracellular pathogenspathogens
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Immune System Immune System ProblemsProblems
Hypersensitivity reactionsHypersensitivity reactions Autoimmune diseaseAutoimmune disease Severe combined immunodeficiency Severe combined immunodeficiency
disease (SCID)disease (SCID) TransplantationTransplantation
Acute rejectionAcute rejection Chronic rejectionChronic rejection