9 COMPOSITIO

N

V O C A B U L A R Y

8/27Nouns:Person: womanPlace: schoolThing: ballIdea: enthusiasm

Common :: Proper:Woman :: SuzanneSchool :: American Preparatory AcademyBall :: National Football League Regulation Size Football

A compound noun is one composed of at least 2 words (sometimes hyphenated).

Examples: Mother-in-lawBoard of membersCourt-martialForget-me-notManservant

9/10Pronouns—words that take the place of nouns.[List of commonly used pronouns on pages 9-11]Woman:: herBall:: itSchool:: there

ADJECTIVESWrite 8-10 different

words to describe this picture:

ADJECTIVESWrite 8-10

different words to describe this picture:

ADJECTIVESWrite 8-10 words to

describe this picture:

ADJECTIVESAdjectives:Modify a noun, which means to describe the word or to make its meaning

more definite.An adjective modifies a noun or pronoun by answers one of these questions:

-What kind?-Which one?-How many?

Ex:Gray skyThat girlFive fingers

ADJECTIVESPossessive Pronoun Adjectives:My sisterYour bookOur team.Their tents.

Proper Adjectives: Nouns that are used as adjectivesTexas chiliJackson concertSioux warrior

ADJECTIVESArticles:A, an , theA=used before a word with a consonant sound.An=used before a word with a vowel sound.A girl won.This is an honor.

Identify the adjective(s) in the following sentences:-The old, wet dog limped into the house after his long night in the storm.-The child, usually happy and playful, was not feeling well after her first

day of Elementary School.

VERBSTurn these words into sentences:Cat

Pebbles

George Orwell

Students

VERBSA noun or pronoun must ACT in some way, or something must

be said about it for it to be a part of a sentence.

Verb: A word that expresses action or otherwise helps to make a statement.

Action Verbs:Do believeCome knowGo understandWrite think

VERBSAction Verbs:Transitive: A verb is transitive when the action it expresses is

directed toward a person or thing named in the sentence:

Neil rang the bell. [The action of the word rang is directed toward the bell. The verb is transitive.]

Tina mailed the package. [The action of mailed is toward the word package. The verb is transitive.]

Words that receive the action of the verb are called objects What are the objects in the above sentences?

VERBSAction Verbs:Intransitive: A verb is intransitive when it expresses action (or helps

make a statement) without reference to an object.Last Saturday we stayed inside. [action not directed toward a noun]The children laughed. [action not directed toward a noun]The band marched past the crowd. [action not directed toward a

noun]Label each sentence, T=transitive; I=intransitiveMarcie studied her notes.Marcie studied very late.The poet wrote a sonnet.The poet wrote carefully.

VERBSLinking/Helping Verbs:Words that help link two words or make a statement. **The most commonly used linking verbs are forms of the verb

be. Reference the list on pages 19-20 for further reading.**Examples:The answer is three. [answer=three]Rhonda will be the captain. [Rhonda=captain]The casserole tasted strange. [strange casserole]The worker looked tired. [tired worker]

LINKING/HELPING VERBS SONG____, ____, ______, _____, _____,_____, ____, ______, ____, _____, _____, _____, ______, ____,

______, _________, ______, _________,

_____________, _______, ________, ________

VERBSVerbs have tenses:

Base Present part.

Past Past part.

help helping helped has helpedwant wanting wanted did wantSay saying said was saying

Past Participle has 2 functions:-Adjective: The car is heated. We had a heated argument-Part of a Verb: The stove has heated the room.

VERBSVerbs: helping verbs allow for a smoother, more grammatically

correct sentence, they are placed in front of the main verb.Ie: She will be helping at the market this weekend.Common Helping Verbs:

To Be To Have To dois has doam have doesare had didwas canwere Would

VERBS PRACTICEComplete the sentence with the correct for of the verb in

parentheses:1.) Marcy (understand) the homework from last

night.

2.) Chris and Mike (help) at the fruit stand tomorrow.

3.) You (help) tomorrow also.

4.) How many baskets of fruit (sell) last week?

5.) Make sure you (wear) sunscreen!

VERB PHRASESVerbs do not always stand alone. Often we combine linking

verbs with action verbs to form verb phrases. A “phrase” is two or more words serving as one part of speech;

in this case, a “verb phrase”

Example: Consider the verb phrase in the following sentences: We are running a race.Sherri was not laughing at all. Awkward.Michael and Dwight were always competing for the position of

Regional Manager.

ADVERBSAn adverb is a word that is used to modify a verb, an adjective,

or another adverb.Adverbs answer these questions:-Where?When?How?To what extent? (How long or how much?)Ie:We lived there. I am completely happy.May we go tomorrow?She quickly agreed.

ADVERBSAdverbs may precede or may follow the verbs they modify, and

sometimes they may interrupt parts of the verb phrase. Adverbs may also introduce questions.

Ie:Where in the world did you ever find that pink and purple

necktie?[the adverb where modifies the verb phrase did find. Notice,

too, the adverb ever, which interrupts the verb phrase and also modifies it.]

Adverbs modifying adjective:Beth did an exceptionally fine job.What word is exceptionally modifying?**Note: adverbs that modify adjectives usually end in –ly**

10/8 ADVERBSAn adverb describes HOW, WHEN, WHERE and TO WHAT

EXTENT, an action happens.

1.) What question does the adverb answer?Christine quickly read the book.

2.) Emma left early.

3.) Lily and Ben play music together often.

4.) George and Melissa live there.

10/8The verb is highlighted in each sentence. Identify the adverb and

the question it answers.1.) Mike and James skateboard often.2.) Christine practices yoga daily.3.) Margaret dances freely in the park.4.) The wind blows drearily through the valley.5.) She often leaves the house open at night.6.) I will read that book quickly.7.) He studies diligently.8.) She demonstrated integrity early in her career.9.) Yesterday I went to the grocery store.

PREPOSITIONSPreposition:A word that shows the relationship of a noun or a pronoun to

some other word in the sentence.

There is a list of commonly used prepositions found on page 32-33.

To the mallIn the boxOn the houseWith the family.

CONJUNCTIONSConjunction:Joins words or groups of words.

Coordinating conjunctions: correlative conjunctions:And both….andBut not only…but alsoOr either…or**Coordinating conjunctions always connect words of groups of

words of the same kind.**correlative conjunctions connect items of the same kind,

however, they are always used in pairs.

INTERJECTIONSInterjections:An exclamatory word that expresses emotion. It has not

grammatical relation to the rest of the sentence.

Hey!Wow!Whew!Ugh!Well,

PREPOSITIONSPrepositions:Links nouns, pronouns, or phrases to other nouns in the

sentence.

A preposition usually indicates the temporal, logical, or spatial relationship of its object to the rest of the sentence.

The book is on the table.--’on’ allows the reader to understand exactly where the book

is in space. The children climbed the mountain without fear. There was rejoicing throughout the land when the government

was defeated.

PREPOSITIONSIdentify what the underlined preposition does in the sentences

below:The spider crawled slowly along the banister.

The dog is hiding under the porch.

Now, identify the preposition in each sentence:Steven took his math test with a bright green crayon.The screenwriter searched for the manuscript.The mouse ran quickly but quietly along the hallway’s edge.There are many restaurants within the old city.

PREPOSITIONAL PHRASESPreposition and the object of the preposition.

The dog hid under the porch.‘under’ is the preposition, to figure out the object of the

preposition you must ask yourself, ‘under where?’ Under the porch is the prepositional phrase.

you try: Identify the prepositional phrase.She read the book during class.She held the book over the table.The book is on the table.

COMPLETE SENTENCESIn your everyday conversations, you might not use complete

sentences, which is totally okay!When you are writing, however, you should express your ideas in clear,

complete sentences.

A sentence is a group of words expressing a complete thought.

A fragment is a piece of a sentence.

COMPLETE SENTENCESDialogue: Student A: “Sup”Student B: “nothing, you?”Student A: “Just getting ready to go to Ms. Daniell’s comp.

class”Student B: “Oh, sweet, me too, don’t forg…”Student A: [interrupts]”Did you see that crazy catch last night?

It was tight”Student B: “Oh yea! So awesome”

Analyze: Do you know what these students are talking about?

TOPIC SENTENCES A topic sentence expresses the main idea of the paragraph.

Write a topic sentence to unite these details:

I love to experiment with new flavors and new recipes.I like the challenge of using what I have in the fridge, without

going to the store.Cooking is a great way to relieve stress and clear the mind.Sometimes the best thing after a long day is a well cooked

meal.

COMPLETE SENTENCESThumbs up=complete thought (sentence)Thumbs down=incomplete thought (fragment)—make it

complete.

1. We looked into the room.2. The room with the high ceiling.3. The clerk was waiting by the door.4. Waiting by the door.5. After you have finished the test.6. Who has finished the test?

FRAGMENTS/COMPLETE SENTENCESMake these fragments into complete sentences:1. Chicken and rice.2. From August to October.3. The president of our club.

COMPLETE SENTENCES—SUBJECTS AND PREDICATESA sentence consists of two parts:Subject: something is being said—the topic of the sentencePredicate: something is being said about the topic.**The complete subject is the topic or main word and all of the words

describing that word***Coyotes were howling in the distance.The telephone in the lobby rang.The woman in the red blouse is my aunt.In dim light, will this camera take pictures?On the table was a sliver vase.Does Brian’s car have a CD player?--green=complete subject.

SUBJECTSNow, on a piece of paper that you can turn in, identify the

complete subject in the following lines. 1. The Solar Maximum Mission satellite had made spectacular

discoveries about solar flares.2. James van Hoften and George Nelson, American astronauts,

were assigned to repair the ailing dock.3. A docking adapter on the front of his spacesuit failed to

latch onto the special pin on the satellite.4. Van Hoften removed the panel covering the electronics box.5. Is the eighteen-foot-tall satellite still in orbit?

SENTENCES—SIMPLE SUBJECTSSimple Subject: main word or group of words in the complete subject.--the simple subject is the one word topic that the sentence is all about.

Ex:Their scientific discoveries made them famous.Identify the subject:Identify the simple subject:

The eloquent Martin Luther King Jr., made many fine speeches.Complete subject:Simple Subject:

SENTENCES—SIMPLE PREDICATESSimple Predicate: The verb or verb phrase.

Ex:Mark could have accidentally taken my book.Complete predicate:Simple predicate:

My aunt was sitting on the sofa.Complete predicate:Simple predicate: