9. 10.+joints+and+muscle+systemb
TRANSCRIPT
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Chapter 9: Joints; and 10, muscular system
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Figure 9.2
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Figure 9.4
Cartilaginous joints
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Figure 9.5
Anatomy of a synovial joint
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Learn joint disorders: Table 9.1
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Tendon Sheaths and Bursae
• Bursa: saclike extension of joint capsule that extends between nearby structures, allowing them to slide more easily past each other
• Tendon sheaths: elongated cylinders of connective tissue lined with synovial membrane & wrapped around a tendon
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The Functions of Muscles
• Movement of body parts and organ contents
• Maintain posture and prevent movement
• Communication - speech, expression & writing
• Control of openings and passageways
• Body heat production
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Figure 10.1
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The arrangement of fascicles affects power and range of motion that a muscle can produce.
Range of motion:
-muscle fibers contract to about 70% of their resting length.
-therefore, the longer the muscle fibers, the greater the range of motion.
Power: -depends on the number of fibers
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Structures of Muscles
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Figure 10.2
• Origin– attachment at stationary
end of muscle
• Belly– thicker, middle region of
muscle
• Insertion– attachment at mobile end
of muscle
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Muscles act in groups• Agonist: prime mover.
– The muscle that produces the most force during a particular joint action.
• Antagonist: A muscle that opposes the prime mover.
– Antagonistic pairs: produce opposite effects such as flexion and extension.
• Synergist: A muscle that aids the prime mover.
• Fixator: prevents a bone from moving.
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Muscle Actions during Elbow Flexion
• Prime mover (agonist) = brachialis m.
• Synergist = biceps brachii m.
• Antagonist = triceps brachii m.
• Fixator = muscle that holds scapula firmly in place such as rhomboideus m.
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Figure 9.9a
Joints as lever systems
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Figure 9.9b
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Figure 9.8b
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Figure 9.9c
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Fig. 8-21a, p.335
The elbow and biceps brachii: mechanical model
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Figure 9.8a
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Types of synovial joints
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Figure 10.7a
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Figure 10.7b
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The muscles of chewing and swallowing
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The muscles of chewing and swallowing
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Figure 10.10a
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Figure 10.10b
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Figure 10.17
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The muscles of respiration• Primary muscles:
– Diaphragm– External intercostals– Internal intercostals
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Figure 10.13
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The muscles of the anterior abdomen wall
External abdominal obliqueInternal abdominal obliqueTransverse abdominalRectus abdominus
Tendons are aponeurosesRectus sheath
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The muscles of the anterior abdomen
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Figure 10.14
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The muscles of the back 1.
Trapezius and latissimus dorsi:Primarily act on upper limb.
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The muscles of the back 2.
• Erector spinae: runs from cranium to sacrum.
– Ascends and forms 3 parallel columns
– (lateral to medial)
• Iliocostalis
• Longissimus
• Spinalis
• Quadratus lumborum
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The muscles of the back cont.
• Semispinalis thoracis
• Multifidus: a series of tiny muscles connecting adjacent vertebrae to each other.
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The erector spinae and quadratus lumborum are enclosed in the thoracolumbar fascia, which is the origin for some abdominal and lumbar muscles.
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The muscles of the pectoral girdle• Muscles acting on the pectoral girdle originate on the
axial skeleton and insert on the clavicle and scapula.
• Muscles acting on the scapula:
• Anterior group:– Pectoralis minor– Serratus anterior
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Muscles acting on the scapula:• Posterior group:
– Levator scapulae– Rhomboideus minor– Rhomboideus major– Trapezius
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Figure 10.21
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The muscles acting on the humerus• Axial muscles: originate primarily on the axial
skeleton.– Pectoralis major– Latissimus dorsi• These are the prime movers of the shoulder joint.
• Scapular muscles: 7 muscles originate on the scapula. Tendons of 4 of these form the rotator cuff.
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Axial muscles:Latissimus dorsiPectoralis major
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Table 10.10b
Scapular muscles acting on the humerus– 1. Deltoid– 2. Teres major– 3. Coracobrachialis
• Rotator cuff muscles:– 4. Supraspinatus– 5. Infraspinatus– 6. Teres minor– 7. Subscapularis
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Figure 10.22a
Deltoid
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Figure 10.22d
Subscapularis
Coracobrachialis
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Figure 10.22b
Supraspinatus
Infraspinatus
Teres minor
Teres major
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Figure 9.10
Movements of the shoulder joint.
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Prime movers of shoulder• Flexion: anterior deltoid, pectoralis major
• Extension: posterior deltoid, latissimus dorsi
• Abduction: lateral deltoid
• Adduction: pectoralis major, latissimus dorsi
• Medial rotation: subscapularis
• Lateral rotation: infraspinatus
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Figure 9.23b
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Figure 9.23c
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Figure 10.22c
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Figure 10.24
• Rotator cuff muscles:
– 4. Supraspinatus
– 5. Infraspinatus
– 6. Teres minor
– 7. Subscapularis
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Figure 9.23d
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Muscles acting on the forearm
• Muscles with bellies in the arm (brachium)– Biceps brachii– Brachialis– Triceps brachii
• Muscles with bellies in the forearm (antebrachium):– Brachioradialis– Anconeus– Pronator quadratus– Pronator Teres– Supinator
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Figure 10.22a
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Figure 10.22b
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The elbow• Hinge (humeroulnar), Pivot (radioulnar).
• Prime movers of elbow:
• Flexors: primarily Brachialis, to a lesser extent Biceps brachii, Brachioradialis
• Extension: primarily Triceps brachii
• Pronation: primarily Pronator quadratus, assisted by Pronator teres
• Supination: Biceps brachii, Supinator
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Figure 9.24a
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Figure 9.24b
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Figure 9.24c
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Figure 9.24d
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Prime movers of the elbow:
• Flexors: primarily Brachialis, to a lesser extent Biceps brachii, Brachioradialis
• Extension: primarily Triceps brachii
• Pronation: primarily Pronator quadratus, assisted by Pronator teres
• Supination: Biceps brachii, Supinator
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Figure 10.22c
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Figure 10.22d
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Figure 10.22b
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Figure 10.25
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The wrist
• Intrinsic and extrinsic muscles acting on the hand.
• Flexors
• Extensors
• Carpel tunnel
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Figure 9.6
Extrinsic vs intrinsicmuscles
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Figure 10.27
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Figure 10.28
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Figure 10.29a
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Figure 9.6
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Figure 10.30b
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Figure 10.30a
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Figure 10.29d
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The Hip joint
• Ball and socket
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Figure 9.25b
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Figure 9.25c
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Figure 9.25d
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The muscles acting on the hip and femur• Main anterior muscles
(flexors):
– Iliacus– Psoas
– Together form the Iliopsoas
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The muscles acting on the hip and femur
• Lateral and posterior muscles (adduction and extension)– Tensor fasciae latae (not
shown)– Gluteus maximus– Gluteus medius– Gluteus minimus (not
shown)
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The muscles acting on the hip and femur
• Lateral and posterior muscles– Gluteus minimus
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The muscles acting on the hip and femur
• Lateral and posterior muscles– Tensor fasciae latae
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The muscles acting on the hip and femur• Lateral rotators:
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The muscles acting on the hip and femur
• Medial (adductor) compartment of the thigh:– Pectineus– Adductor brevis– Adductor longus– Adductor magnus– Gracilis
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The muscles acting on the knee
• Anterior (extensor) compartment:
• Quadriceps femoris.– Rectus femoris– Vastus lateralis– Vastus medialis– Vastus intermedius
• Sartorius
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The muscles acting on the hip and femur
• Posterior (Flexor) compartment of the thigh: the hamstring group.
• Semimembranous
• Semitendinosus
• Biceps femoris
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Figure 9.28a
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Figure 9.28b
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Figure 9.28c
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Figure 9.28d
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Figure 10.37
Anterior compartment: extensors
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Figure 10.38
Posterior compartment, superficial
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Figure 10.39
Posterior and lateral compartments, deep.