89 - quantum field theory · dna em.1 part i change 2 1 august 1981 defense nuclear agency effects...

DNA EM-1PART I

DEFENSE NUCLEAR AGENCY EFFECTS MANUAL NUMBER I

CAPABILITIES kill

OF

NUCLEAR WEAPONS

4: 1 JULY 1972

HEADQUARTERS

Defense Nuclear AgencyWashington, D.C. 20305

DTFC

- E

89 JA/9, i i ~ ~~II I I I I I I I I

DNA EM-1PART ICHANGE 11 JULY 1978

DEFENSE NUCLEAR AGENCY EFFECTS MANUAL NUMBER 1

CAPABILITIESOF

NUCLEAR WEAPONS

PART IPHENOMENOLOGY

HEADQUARTERSDefense Nuclear AgencyWashington, D.C. 20305

EDITORPHILIP J. DOLAN

SRI INTERNATIONAL

LIST OF EFFECTIVE PAGES

The following is a ist of current pages for Part I. Phenonenolog.of DNA Effects Manual Number I (DNA EM-I), Capabilities of -ViuclearWeapons. When applicable, insert latest change pages: dispose of supercededpages in accordance with applicable regulations.

Total number of pages in tis part of the Handbook is ,consisting ofthe following:

i through ii ................................................... change Iiii through xlii ................................................. originalxliii througl, xliv ... ........................................... change 1xl% through xliii ............................................... original1-1 through 1.30 ........................................... . original2-1 through 2.276 .............................................. original3-1 through 3-114 .................................. ........... original4-1 through 4-50 ............................................... original3.1 through 5-144 .............................................. original5-145 through 5-152 ......................................... changed6-1 through 64 ................................................ original6-5 through 6-8 ................................................ change 16-9 through 6-16 ............................ .................. original7.1 through 7-40 ............................................... change 1

8.1 through 8.94 ............................................... original

ii

DNA EM.1PART ICHANGE 21 AUGUST 1981


CAPABILITIESOF

NUCLEAR WEAPONSPART I

PHENOMENOLOGY


EDITOR

PHILIP J. DOLAN

SRI INTIRNATIONAL

LIST OF EFFECTIVE PAGES

The following is a list of current pages for Part 1. Phenomenology, of DNAEffects Manual Number I (DNA EM-I ). Capabilities of %Nucl;ar Weapons. Whenapplicable. insert latest change pages-,dispose of superceded pages in accordancewith applicable regulations.

Total number of pages in this part of the Handbook is consisting ofthe following:

through ii ............................................... change 2iii through vi................................................... originalvii through viii ............ ................................ change 2ix through xxii ............................................. orginalxxiii through xxv ........................................... change 2xx%-a through xxv-b ......................................... change 2xxvi.......................................................... chang$ 2xxvii through xl ............................................ originalxli through xlii ............................................. change 2xliii through xliv ............................................ change 1xiv through xlvi .............................. .............. change 2xlvii through xlviii .......................................... original1-1 through 1-30 ........................................... original2-1 through 2-146 .......................................... original2-147 through 2-204 ........................................ change 22-205 through 2-304 (Renumbered from 2-177 through 2-276) ......... oiginal3-1 through 3.1 14 .......................................... original4-1 through 4-50 ........................................... original5-1 through 5-144.......... ............................... original5-145 through 5-152 ........................................ change 16-1 through 6-4.............................. ............. original6-5 through 6-8.8........................................... change 16-9 through 6-16 ........................................... original7-1 through 7-40 ........................... ................ change 18-1 through 8-94 ........................................... original

4 __ _ _ _ _ __ _ ___

DNA EM-I

HEADQUARTERSDEFENSE NUCLEAR AGENCY

WASHINGTON, D.C. 20305

1 July 1972

EFFECTS MANUAL NUMBER I

CAPABILITIES OF NUCLEAR WEAPONS 3The Revised Edition January 1968, Capabilities of Nuclear WeaponsI DASA EM-I is hereby supersededand cancelled.

With the concurrence of the Military Services, this document was redesignated DASA Effects ManualNumber I (DASA EM-I) by action of the loint Chiefs of Staff on 8 July 1966. With the change of theDefense Atomic Support Agency to the Defense Nuclear Agency on 1 July 1971, this document wasredesignated the DNA Effects Manual Number I (DNA EM-I). Publication and initial distribution of futurechanges and revisions of this document will be effected by the Defense Nuclear Agency.

FOR THE DIRECTOR:

JG -NORTHROPDeputy Director (Science & Technology)

iLM

FOREWORD

This edition of the Capabilities of Nuclear Weapons represents the continuing efforts by the DefenseNuclear Agency to correlate and make available nuclear weapons effects information obtained from nuclearweapons testing, smaU.sale experiments, laboratory effort and theoretical analysis. This document presentsthe phenomena and effects of a nuclear detonation and relates weapons effects manifestations in terms ofdamage to targets of military interest. It provides the source material and references needed for thepreparation of operational and employment manuals by the Military Services.

The Capabilities of Nuclear Weapons is not intended to be used as an employment or design manual byitself, since more complete descriptions of phenomenological details should be obtained from the notedreferences. Every effort has been made to include the most current reliable data available on 31 December1971 in order to assist the Armed Forces in meeting their particular requirements for operational and targetanalysis purposes.

Comments concerning this manual are invited and should be addressed:

DirectorDefense Nuclear AgencyATTN: STAPWashington. D. C. 20305

C. H. DUNNLt General, USADirector

iv

TABLE OF CONTENTS

PART I PHENOMENOLOGY

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 3 ag

PURPOSE............................................................. 1-1

CHARACTERISTICS OF NUCLEAR EXPLOSIONS............................. 1-1I-I Fission Energy and the Chain Reaction .............................. 1-21-2 Fusion (Thermonuclear) Reactions.................................. 1-41-3 Weapon Yield Ratings...... ...................................... 1-S1-4 Effects of Environment and Time.................................. 1-61-5 Early Time History .............................................. 1-6

AIR BURST ..................................................... ...... 1-71-6 Development .................................................... 1-71-7 Thermal Radiation ............................................... 1-91-8 The Blast Wave ................................................. 1-91-9 Nuclear Radiation ................................................ 1-1 11-10 Electromagnetic Pulse............................................ 1-111-11 Electromagnetic Wave Propagation ................... ............... I1-111-12 The Cloud ..................................................... 1-12

THE SURFACE BURST .................................................. 1-121-13 Ground Shock .................................................. 1-121-14 The Crater ................. ..................... .............. 1-121-15 Thermal Radiation ............................................... 1-121-16 Initial Nuclear Radiation .......................................... 1-121-17 Residual Nuclear Radiation......................................... 1-141-18 Electromagnetic Pulse (EMP) Radiation .............................. 1-141-19 Electromagnetic Wave Propagation .................................. 1-141-20 The Cloud ............................ ......................... 1-141-21 Water Surface Bursts ............................................. 1-14

THE TRANSITION ZONE BETWEEN AN AIR BURST AND A SURFACE BURST. 1-14

THE HIGH-ALTITUDE BURST ........ ................................... 1-151-22 Description ..................................................... 1-I51-23 Development ..................... ............. ................. 1-151-24 The Blast Wave................................................. 1-171-25 Thbermal Radati,7n ............................................... 1-191-26 Nuclear Radiation............................................... 1-191--.7 Electromagnetic Pulse............................................ 1-191-28 Electromagnetic-Wave Propagation ..................... .............. 1-19

iUA 7 4pv

TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued)

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 0 (Continued)

Page

THE UNDERGROUND BURST ............................................. 1-201-29 D evelopm ent ..................................................... 1-201-30 A ir Blast ................................ ...................... .. 1-201-31 Column, Cloud, and Base Surge .................................... 1-201-32 G round Shock ................................................... 1-201-3 3 C rater ...... ......... ........... ....... ..... ...... .. .... ..... ... 1-201-34 Thermal and Nuclear Radiation .................................... 1-231-35 Electrom agnetic Pulse ............................................. 1-23

THE UNDERWATER BURST .............................................. 1-231-36 Developm ent ......................................... ............ 1-231-37 Water Shock Waves and Other Pressure Pulses ......................... 1-271-38 A ir Blast ..................... ................................. 1-271-39 Surface Effects ................................................... 1-271-40 Thermal and Nuclear Radiation ..................................... 1-291-41 Electiom agnetic Pulse ............... 1............................. i-29

BIBLIOG RAPH Y ......................................................... 1-30

CHAPTER 2 BLAST AND SHOCK PHENOMENA

INTRO DUCT IO N ......................................................... 2-1

SECTION I AIR BLAST PHENOMENA ............... ................ 2-1

R ELIA BILIT Y ........................................................... 2-22-1 Interpretation of Reliability Statements .............................. 2-32-2 Errors Due to Yield Scaling ........................................ 2-32-3 Errors Due to Altitude Scaling ..................................... 2-32--4 Errors at Long Ranges ............................................ 2-32-5 Effects of the Earth's Surface ...................................... 2-32-6 Effect of Weapon Characteristics .................................... 2-3

BLAST WAVE CALCULATIONS IN FREE AIR ............................... 2-42-7 Peak Overpressure ................................................. 2-42-8 Peak Dynam ic Pressure ............................................ 2-42-9 Tim e of A rrival .................................................. 2-52-10 Duration of the Positive Phases of Overpressure and Dynamic Pressure .. .. 2-52- 11 Im pulse ......................................................... 2-52-12 W aveform s ....................................................... 2-17

Vi

DNA EM-1PART I1 JULY 1972


CAPABILITIESOF

NUCLEAR WEAPONSPART I

PHENOMENOLOGY


EDITORPHILIP J. DOLAN

STANFORD RESEARCH INSTITUTE

IAcc- - -J ': .

Sn 0 1 )1-

ICU Availaility CodesAv 'Il and/or

Dist spuclla.I; ,lA•1


CHAPTER 2 BLAST AND SHOCK PHENOMENA M (Continued)Page

2-69 Bottom Reflection .. . . . . . . .. .... . . . .. . . . .... . 2 t* Z(2-70 Secondary Shocks and Pressure Waves ................. 2'Ig 19 Z42-71 Refraction of Shock Waves .. .. . ... ... .. . .... . 2 Qzg*2-72 Aijr Blast ......................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Z

SURFACE EFFECTS OTHER THAN WAVES .. ...... ....... -. -2-73 Spray Dome .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . ... 2 -. 4 Z142-74 Plumes, Column. Cauliflower Cloud ..... ........ ..... 2-*4?#2-75 Base Surge .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .) 2-7214 X4t2-76 Foam Patch and Ring . ... . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. 2- l -q 3

WATER SURFACE WAVES ... . .. ............. .... ... ..!+ 't f~

2-77 Generation and Propagation of Water Surface Waves . ..... . . 1 &N2-78 Refraction and Shoaling ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

UNDERWATER CRATERING ..... ............... ..... - a .

BIBLIOGRAPHY .. . . . ............ .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..7

CHAPTER 3 THERMAL RADIATION PHENOMENAa

RADIANT EXPOSURE .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-13-1I Thermal Partition ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... ... 3-23-2 Range Effects .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-5

TRANSM11TANCE .... _................................. 3-53-3 Speciflication of Transmittance ... . . . . . . .. . . . ... .. . 3-S3-4 Model Atmospheres . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. 3-63-5 Effects of Clouds and Reflecting Surfaces ... ........ .... 3-273-6 Transmittance to Targets Above the Surface ............... 3-303-7 Visual Range .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-333-8 Nighttime Visual Range .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-36

APPROXIMATE CALCULATIONS OF RADIANT EXPOSURE ................... 3-37

SURFACE AND SUBSURFACE BURSTS ................... 3-423-9 Surface Bursts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 3 -423-10 Subsurface Bursts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 3-42

THE THIERMAL PULSE ...................................... 3-46

3-11 Thermal Power-Time Curve...................................... 3-463-12 Energy-Time Curve...................................... ...... 3-46

ix


CHAPTER 5 NUCLEAR RADIATION PHENOMENA 3 (Continued)

Page

FA L L O U T .............................................................. 5-655-15 E arly Fallout .................................................... 5-655-16 A ir Bursts ...................................................... 5-665-17 Land Surface Bursts ............................... .............. 5-665-18 Deposition Patterns ............................................... 5-675-19 Idealized Contours ................................................ 5-675-20 Dose Rate Contour Dimensions ..................................... 5-705-21 Decay of Early Fallout .......................................... 5-725-22 Bursts in the Transition Zone ..................................... 5-755-23 Underground Bursts ........................................ .... 5-765-24 Beta Radiation ................................................... 5-76

RESIDUAL RADIATION FROM WATER SURFACE ANDUNDERWATER BURSTS .................................................. 5-104

5-25 W ater Surface Bursts .............................................. 5-1045-26 Underwater Bursts .............................................. 5-106

DOSE RECEIVED WHILE FLYING THROUGH A NUCLEAR CLOUD ........... 5-139

PRECIPITATION EFFECTS ................................................ 5-1455-27 Precipitation Scavenging ............................................ 5-1455-28 Prediction of Ground Contamination from Precipitation Effects .......... 5-1465-29 Some Specific Examples of Possible Contamination

Resulting from Precipitation ........................................ 5-148

BIBLIO G RA PHY ......................................................... 5-154

CHAPTER 6 TRANSIENT-RADIATION EFFECTS

ON ELECTRONICS (TREE) PHENOMENA

INTR O D UC T IO N ................ ........................................ 6-1

ENV IR O N M E N T ......................................................... 6-36-1 W eapon O utput ................................... ......... ..... 6-36-2 Tim e Considerations ............................................... 6-46-3 Description of Radiation Fields ..................................... 6-4

INTERACTIONS BASIC TO TREE .......................................... 6-66-4 Ionization .............. ......................... .............. 6-66-5 Displacement .................................................. 6-86-6 H eating ......................................................... 6-10

xii


CHAPTER 4 X-RAY RADIATION PHENOMENA a (Continued)

PageSECTION 11 X-RAY ENVIRONMENTS PRODUCED BY NUCLEAR WEAPONS .. 4-2 5

4-9 Exoatrnospheric (Vacuum) Detonations .............................. 4-2-54-10 Endoatmospheric Detonations ...................................... 4254-11 The Standard Atmosphere ......................................... 4-254-12 Direct X-Ray Fluence in 'he Atmosphere ............................ 4-274-13 Scattered X-Ray Fluence......................................... 4-304-14 Low Altitude Endoatmospheric Detonations ......................... . 4-304-15 High Altitude Endoatmospheric Detonations .............. 4-39

BIBLIOGRAPHY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 4-48

CHAPTER 5 NUCLEAR RADIATION PHENOMENA

INTRODUCTION....................................................... 5-1

SECTION I INITIAL NUCLEAR RADIATION .............................. 5-1

NEUTRONS ........................................................... 5-25-I Neutron Source ................................................. 5-25-2 Exoatmospheric (Vacuum) Transport ................................ 5-55-3 Neutron Transport Through Materials ................................ 5-5

GAMMA RAYS........................................................ 5-175-4 Gamma Ray Sources ............................................. 5-175-5 Prompt Gamma Rays............................................ 5-185-6 Air-Ground Secondary Gamma Rays ................................ 5-225-7 Fission Product Gamma Rays .......... ........................... 5-23

INITIAL RADIATION DOSE TO PERSONNEL ............................... 5-245-8 Initial Neutron Dose ............................................. 5-245-9 Air-Ground Secondary Gamma Ray Dose ............................ 5-255-10 Fission Product Gamma Ray Dose ...... ............................ 5-255-11 Total Dose ................................ ................. 5-25

SECTION 11 NEUTRON-INDUCED ACTIVITY IN SOILS ..................... 5-525-12 Height ot Burst .............................................. 5-525-13 Soil Types .................................................. 5-525-14 Dowe Rate and Dose Predictions.................................. 5-55

SECTION III RESIDUAL RADIATION ..................................... 5-65

xi


CHAPTER 3 THERMAL RADIATION PHENOMENA 3 (Continued)Page

3-13 The Standard Thermal Pulse ... ... .. ... ... . .. . .. .3-463-14 Effect of Thermal Pulse Duration .................................. 3-523-15 Effect o~f Altitude on Pulse Shape................................. 3-523-16 The Effects of Thermal Pulse Specifications on Thermal Partition ......... 3-52

FIREBALL BRIGHTNESS ................................................ 3-55

THE THERMAL PULSE FROM SPECIAL WEAPONS .......................... 3-563-17 Effective Thermal Yield of Special Weapons .......................... 3-573-18 Thermal Pulse Shape from Special Weapons .......................... 3-59

HIGH ALTITUDE THERMAL PHENOMENA.................................. 3-633-19 Thermal Partition............................................... 3-633-20 H-igh Altitude Thermal Pulse Duration ............................... 3-643-21 Bursts Above 250 Kilofeet........................................ 3-70

RELIABILITY OF THERMAL SOURCE DATA ............................... 3-72

RELATION OF RADIAN17 EXPOSURE TO PEAK OVERPRESSURE .............. 3-74

PHYSICS OF FIREBALL DEVELOPMENT .................. 3-104 A3-232 Black Body Radiation ............................................ 3-1043-23 Opacity ........................................................ 3-1043-24 The Fireball Before Final Maximum ................................ 3-1053-25 Hfistory of Fireball Evolution....................................... 3-1073-26 Comparison with Recent Analysis of Experiments ...................... 3-109

BIBLIOGRAPHY ........................................................ 3-113

CHAPTER 4 X-RAY RADIATION PHENOMENA

INTRODUCTION....................................................... 4-14-I Production of X-Rays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 4-14-2 Black Body Radiation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 4-34-3 Interactions of X-Rays with Matter ................. 4-8

SECTION I NUCLEAR WEAPONS AS X-RAY SOURCES ........... 4-9

4-4 X-Ray Production in Nt r Weapons .............................. 4-94-5 X-Ray Energy Emitted ........................................... 4-11I4-6 Rate of X-Ray Emission .......................................... 4-I14-7 Spectral Distribution of X-Rays..................................... 4-124-8 Real Nuclear Weapons as X-Ray Sources ............................ 4-12

x


CHAPTER 6 TRANSIENT RADIATION EFFECTSON ELECTRONICS (TREE) PHENOMENA U (Continued) Pg

MANIFESTATIONS OF TREE IN MATERIALS ................. 6-106-7 Ionization Effects . . . . . . . . . . . .I. . . . . . . . . . . .. 6-106-8 Displacement Effects .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 6-136-9 Heating Effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 6-14

BIBLIOGRAPHY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . 6-16

CHAPTER 7 ELECTROMAGNETIC PULSE (EMP) PHENOMENA 3ENVIRONMENT - GENERAL DESCRIPTION ............................... 7-I

7-1 Weapon Gamma Radiation .............. .......................... 7-17-2 Comnpton Current ................................................ 7-27-3 Air Conductivity ................................................ 7-27-4 Radial Electric Field ............................................. 7-2

ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD GENERATION ................................ 7-57-5 Medium Altitude Air Burst....................................... 7-57-6 Surface Burst .................... .............................. 7-97-7 Hfigh Altitude Burst .............................................. 7-I1I

IN-TERNAL EMP....................................................... 7-157-8 General Description .............................................. 7-157-9 IEMP Generation ................................................ 7-157-10 Problem Definition ............................................... 7-17

COMPUTER CODE DESCRIPTIONS ........... ............................. 7-177-11I Code Utility .................................................... 7-1 77-12 Code Classes .................................................... 7-18

SYSTEMS EFFECTS ..................................................... 7-187-13 System Definitions .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . -187-14 Threat Definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 7-197-15 Effects Comparisons .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-20

BIBLIOGRAPHY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 7-32

CHAPTER 8 PHENOMENA AFFECTING ELECTROMAGNETIC

WAVE PROPAGATION 3INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 8-1

xiii


CHAPTER 8 PHENOMENA AFFECTING ELECTROMAGNETICWAVE PROPAGATION S (Continued)

m Page

SECTION I PHENOMENA AFFECTING RADIO FREQUENCIES ............... 8-2

IONIZATION AND DEIONIZATION ......................................... 8-28-1 Electron Density Within the Fireball ................................ 8-48-2 Electron Density Caused by Prompt Radiation Outside the Fireball ....... 8-98-3 Electron Density Caused by Delayed Gamma Radiation

Outside the Fireball .............................................. 8-118-4 Electron Density Caused by Beta Particles Outside the Fireball ........... 8-138-5 Electromagnetic Propagation in Ionized Regions ........................ 8-14

TRAVELING DISTURBANCES IN E AND F REGIONS OF IONOSPHERE ........ 8-15

ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATIONS ........................................ 8-16

A BSO RPTIO N .............................. .... ....................... 8-168-6 Absorption Within the Fireball ..................................... 8-198-7 Absorption Caused by Prompt Radiation Outside the Fireball ............ 8-208-8 Absorption Caused by Delayed Radiation Outside the Fireball ........... 8-20

PHASE CHAN G ES ....................................................... 8-208-9 Velocity of Propagation ........................................... 8-208-10 Frequency of Propagation .......................................... 8-218-11 Direction of Propagation ........................................... 8-218-12 Scatter and Scintillation ........................................... 8-21

SECTION 11 METHODS FOR CALCULATING ABSORPTIONOF RADIO FREQUENCIES .................................... 8-23

8-13 Size and Location of Fireball and Debris Regionsfor Detonations Below 85 kilometers .............................. .8-25

8-14 Size and Location of Fireball and Debris Regionsfor Detonations Between 85 and 120 kilometers ....................... 8-25

8-15 Size and Location of Fireball and Debris Regionsfor Detonations Above 120 kilometers ............................... 8-25

BIBLIOGRAPHY .................................................... 8-93

PART II DAMAGE CRITERIA

CHAPTER 9 INTRODUCTION TO DAMAGE CRITERIA

SECTION I CONTENT AND LIMITATIONS OF PART II ..................... 9-I

xiv


CHAPTER 9 INTRODUCTION TO DAMAGE CRITERIA 3 (Continued)

Page

SECTION II BLAST AND SHOCK DAMAGE ................................ 9-2LO A D IN G .............................................................. 9-3RESPONSE AND DAMAGE ................................................ 9-11

SECTION III THERMAL RADIATION DAMAGE .............................. 9-13

IN TRO DUCTION ......................................................... 9-13THERMAL RESPONSE OF MATERIALS ..................................... 9-15SURVIVAL IN FIRE AREAS ........................................... 9-28

SECTION IV THERMAL RADIATION DEGRADATION OFSTRUCTURAL RESISTANCE TO AIR BLAST .................... 9-31

THERMAL ENERGY ABSORBED ........................................... 9-32CHANGES IN MATERIAL STATE AND MATERIALS PROPERTIES ............. 9-38

RESISTANCE TO LOAD ................................................ 9-63SECTION V X-RAY DAMAGE EFFECTS ................................... 9-67

INTRO DUCTIO N ......................................................... 9-67X-RAY ENERGY DEPOSITION CALCULATIONS ............................. 9-68INITIAL PRESSURIZATION OF MATERIALS DUE TO X-RAY DEPOSITION ..... 9-93

SHOCK WAVE PROPAGATION AND DAMAGE PREDICTIONS ................. 9-103IMPULSE AND STRUCTURAL RESPONSE ANALYSIS ......................... 9-107

REENTRY VEHICLE HARDENING ......................................... 9-115SECTION VI NUCLEAR RADIATION SHIELDING ............................ 9-118

SECTION VII TREE - COMPONENT PART AND CIRCUIT RESPONSE .......... 9-121SEMICONDUCTOR COMPONENT PARTS .................................... 9-122OTHER ELECTRONIC COMPONENT PARTS ................................. 9-147

ELECTRONIC CIRCUITS .................................................. 9-155

SECTION %W ELECTROMAGNETIC PULSE (EMP) DAIMAGE MECHANISMS ...... 9-170

ENERGY -V OUPLING ..................................................... 9-170COMPONENT DAMAGE .................................................. 9-172EM P HA RDEN ING ....................................................... 9-175

T E ST IN G ...................................... ........................ 9- 178

xv


CHAPTER 10 PERSONNEL CASUALTIES3

Page

INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 10-i

SECTION 1 AIR BLAST ................ ............................... 10-1

IMECHANISMS AND CRITERIA FOR INJURY ............................... 10-1

CASUALTY PREDICTION............................................... 10-4

SECTION 11 THERMAL RADIATION ...................................... 10-10SKIN BURNS ....................................... .................. 10-10CLASSIFICATION OF BURNS ............................................ 10-10

BURN INJURY ENERGIES AND RANGES .................................. 10-11EFFECTS OF THERMAL RADIATION ON THE EYES ........................ 10-15

SECTION III NUCLEAR RADIATION ...................................... 10-23INITIAL RADIATION................................................. . 10-23

RESIDUAL RADIATION .......................... I......................10-25

SECTION IV COMB3INED INJURY........................................ 10-3 1

CASUALTY CRITERIA.................................................. 10-33

PERSONNEL IN THE OPEN............................................. 10-33

PERSONNEL IN STRUCTURES ........................................... 10-35

TREATM ENT .. . . .I. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. ... ...

CHAPTER 11 DAMAGE TO STRUCTURES

INTRODUCTION .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-1

SECTION I DAMAGE TO ABOVEGROUND STRUCTURES ................... 11-I

AIR BLAST EFFECTS.................................................. 11-2

SECTION 11 DAMAGE TO BELOWOROUND STRUCTURES ........... 11-40

STRUCTURES BURIED IN SOIL .......... ............ 11-40

LINED AND UNLINED OPENINGS IN ROCK ................. 1!-49

SECTION III SHIOCK VULNERABILITY OF EQUIPMENT AND PERSONNEL...11-97

SECTION IV DAMS AND HARBOR INSTALLATIONS ........................ 11-109

AIR BLAST .......................................................... 11-109

xvi


CHAPTER 11 DAMAGE TO STRUCTURES W (Continued)

Page

W A TER SH O C K ......................................................... 11-109

C R A TE R IN G ............................................................ 1 1-109

W A TER W A V ES ......................................................... 1 -1I10

THERMAL-RADIATION DAMAGE ....... . ................................ 11-110

SECTION V PETROLEUM, OIL, AND LUBRICANT (POL) STORAGE TANKS ... I-I10

SECTION VI FIELD FORTIFICATIONS ..................................... 11-118

SECTION VII FIRE IN URBAN AREAS ..................................... 11-127

IN T RO D U C TIO N ......................................................... 11-127

EVOLUTION OF MASS FIRES ............................................. 11-127

ESTIMATION AND CONTROL OF THERMAL DAMAGE ...................... 11-130

CHAPTER 12 MECHANICAL DAMAGE DISTANCES FOR SUr ACESHIPS AND SUBMARINES SUBJECTED TO NUCLEA;I EXPLf ' . 'S 3

IN T RO D UCTION .................................................... 12-1

SECTION 1 DAMAGE TO SURFACE SHIPS FROM AIR BURSTS ............. 12-2

BLA ST D A M AG E ........................................................ 12-2

DAMAGE FROM OTHER AIR BURST PHENOMENA .......................... 12-6

SECTION II SURFACE SHIP DAMAGE FROM UNDERWATER BURSTS ........ 12-8

DAMAGE FROM THE SHOCK WAVE IN THE WATER ....................... 12-8

DAMAGE FROM OTHER UNDERWATER BURST PHENOMENA ................ 12-17

SECTION III SUBMARINE DAMAGE FROM UNDERWATER BURSTS ........... 12-17

DAMAGE FROM THE SHOCK WAVE IN THE WATER ....................... 12-17

DAMAGE FROM OTHER UNDERWATER BURST PHENOMENA ................ 12-19

CHAPTER 13 DAMAGE TO AIRCRAFT 3INT RODUC TION .................................................... 13-1

SECTION I BLAST AND THERMAL EFFECTS ON AIRCRAFT ............... 13-1

NUCLEAR WEAPON EFFECTS ANALYSIS .................................. 13-4

xvii


CHAPTER 13 DAMAGE TO AIRCRAFT U (Continued)

PageSECTION II AIRCRAFT RESPONSE TO BLAST AND THERMAL EFFECTS ..... 13-10

AIRCRAFT RESPONSE TO GUST EFFECTS ................................. 13-10

AIRCRAFT RESPONSE TO OVERPRESSURE EFFECTS ....................... 13-50AIRCRAFT RESPONSE TO THERMAL RADIATION EFFECTS ................. 13-59BURST-TIME ENVELOPES ................................................ 13-67

CHAPTER 14 DAMAGE TO MILITARY FIELD EQUIPMENT /

INTRO DUCTIO N ......................................................... 14-1

SECTION 1 AIR BLAST DAMAGE ........................................ 14-1

SECTION II DAMAGE PREDICTIONS ...................................... 14-17

SECTION III DAMAGE FROM CAUSES OTHER THAN BLASTAND NUCLEAR RADIATION ......................... ....... 14-57

SECTION IV TREE DAMAGE CRITERIA .................................. 14-59SYSTEM S ANALYSIS ..................................................... 14-60 ,REVIEW OF ELECTRONIC SUSCEPTIBILI" .' TO NUCLEAR RADIATI.N ....... 1,4-62TREE-DAMAGE ESTIMATES ................................. ........... 14-64

CHAPTER 15 DAMAGE TO FOREST STANDS 3INT RO DU CTIO N ......................................................... 15-1

SECTION I AIR BLAST .................. ............................. 15-1

SECTION 11 TROOP AND VEHICLE MOVEMENT ............................ 15-41

SECTION III THERMAL RADIATION ....................................... 15-52

CHAPTER 16 DAMAGE TO MISSILES

SECTION I BLAST DAMAGE TO TACTICAL MISSILE SYSTEMS ............. 16-1

SERGEANT WEAPON SYSTEM ............................................ 16-3LANCE WEAPON SYSTEM ................................................ 16-12

xviii


CHAPTER 16 DAMAGE TO MISSILES 3 (Continued)

PageHAWK WEAPON SYSTEM ................................................. 16-19

SAMPLE PROBLEM: AIR BLAST DAMAGE TO ATACTICAL MISSILE SYSTEM .............................................. 16-26

SECTION If BLAST AND THERMAL VULNERABILITYOF IN-FLIGHT STRATEGIC SYSTEMS ......................... 16-34

INTRO DUCTIO N ......................................................... 16-34

BLAST LOADING ON REENTRY (RV) SYSTEMS ............................ 16-39

RESULTS OF SOME RV BLAST AND THERMAL LOADAND VULNERABILITY CALCULATIONS .................................... 16-66

ANTIMISSILE (ABM) SYSTEMS .................................... ....... 16-81

BLAST AND THERMAL LETHALITY ....................................... 16-96

CHAPTER 17 RADIO FREQUENCY SIGNAL DEGRADATION RELEVANT

TO COMMUNICATIONS AND RADAR SYSTEMS UIN T RO D U CT IO N ..................................................... .... 17-1

SECTION 1 DEGRADATION MECHANISMS ................................ 17-2

A TTEN U A TIO N .......................................................... 17-2

IN TER F ERENC E ......................................................... 17-6

SIGNAL DISTO RTION ................. .................................. 17-6

SECTION 11 SYSTEM CHARACTERISTICS AND EFFECTS .................... 17-7

VLF AN D LF SYSTEM S ............. .................................... 17-7

H F SY ST EM S ........................................................... 17-13

SATELLITE COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS ................................... 17-19

TROPOSCATTER COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS .... 17-22

IONOSCATTER COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS ................................ 17-26

RA DA R SYSTEM S .......... ............................................ 17-30

APPENDIX A SUPPLEMENTARY BLAST DATA 3I]SECTION I MATHEMATICAL DESCRIPTION OF THE SHOCK FRONT ......... A-I

SECTION II PHYSICAL DESCRIPTION OF SHOCK WAVE BEHAVIOR ......... A-8

xix

TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued)Page

APPENDIX B USEFUL RELATIONSHIPS ............................... B-I

APPENDIX C PROBABILITY CONSIDERATIONS

SECTION I DAMAGE PROBABILITIES ..................................... C-2DAMAGE CAUSED BY MOTION INPUT .................................... C-2DAMAGE CAUSED BY PRESSURE ......................................... C-7

SECTION I1 DERIVATION OF EQUATIONS USED IN SECTION I ............. C-14

APPENDIX D ABSTRACTS OF DNA HANDBOOKS 0 ...................... D-I

APPENDIX E GLOSSARY 3 ............................................ E-1

APPENDIX F LIST OF SYMBOLS 3 .................................. F-i

xx

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

PART I

Figure Title Page

I-1 Deelopment of an Air Burs, ........... .... 1-101-2 Deelopment of a Surface Burst U................ 1-131-3 Altitude-Yield_ Map,owing Differing

of Phenomenology M3 .......... __ 1-171- htographs of High Altitude Bursts, r = 100''s''c*'***'

1-5 Development of a Shallow Underground Bur ........ 1-211-6 Development of a Deep Underground Burst S ........... 1-221-7 Development of a Shallow Underwater Burst ........... 1-241-8 Development of a Deep Underwater Burst ............ 1-252-1 Ideal Pressure-Time Relationships for a Blast Wave in

the Low Pressure Region (below 5 psi) 32-12-2 0 Peak Overpressure from a I kt Freequr Burs~t.........I...

in a Standard Sea Level Atmosphere ....................... .......... 2-72-3 3 Pea Overpressure in Fr Air asTINcto

OKIel n ln Range.........................................2-82-4 6 Peak Dynamic Pressure.Trom a IkJ Free Air Burst

in a Standard Sea Level Atmosphere.. ............................... 2-102-5 3p Time of Arrival of the Shock Front from a I kt Free Air

ur.ii't in a Standard Sea Level Atmosphere 3 . . . ...... 2-122-6 3 Duration of Positive Overpressure and I 'm i C Pressure .Phases .for a 1 kt

Me F! Air Burst in a Standard Sea Level Atmosphere............2-14"- Overpressure and Dynamic Pressure Impulse fromp kt Free -Air....urst in a Standard Sea Level Atmnosphere ................... 2-16

2-8 a Positive Overpressure Waveforms fran Teal Shock Wavein a Standard Sea Level Atmosphee.. ...... I....................... 2-18

2-9 3Positive Dynamic Pressure Waveforms for an Ideal ShockIein a Standard Sea Level Atmcsphefe 3 .................. 2-19

2-0 3 Effective Triangular Du-ition Cretoactors~1+TCr or r'& Ctt).........................2-20

2-1l tiude Scaling Faclorsilor 'Blast *Wav eC Calculations..........2-272-12 k Front Velocity, Peak Particle Velocity and PeaP

for a Shock Wave in Air 3% ....................... .24-34

2-13 Ir ekReflected Overpressure at Yrmal Incidence and Peak DynamicerasFunctions of Peak Overpressure in a

Standard Sea Level Atmosphere 3 ....................... 2-36

xxi

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS (Continued)

Figure Title Page

2-14 3 Distortion of Blast Wave by a Stratum of Warm Air . ............. 2-372-15 Growth of the Mach Stem (Idealized) ..... .................... 2--402-16 Precursor Characteristics U ..................................... 2-422-17 Peak Overpressures at theu'.rt'ace for a I kt Burst Over a

Near-Ideal Surface, Very High Overpressure Region ................... 2-532-18 Peak Overpressures at the Surface for a I kt B Over a

lr-ldeal Surface, High Overpressure Region 2-542-19 3 Peak Overpressurts at the Surface for a 1k Burst Over a -5.

r-ldeal Surface, Low Overpressure Region A ....................... 2-552-20 Peak Overpressures at the Surface for a t k-t Burst Over a Near-Ideal

r. Thermally Nonideal Surface, Very Low Overpressure Region 3 ......... 2-562-21 M Peak Overpressures at the Surface for a I kt Burst Over a

l rmaily Nonideal Surface, High Overpressure Region ........ 2-572-22 / Peak Overpressures at the Surface for a I kt Burstver- a

ernally Nonideal Surface, Low Overpressure Regio& ................ 2-582-23 Peak Overpressure from a Contact Surface Burst ................ 2-592-24 Peak Dynamic Pressure at the Surface from a I kt

.. losion Over an Ideal Surface fo 2-612-25 x Peak Dynamic Pressure at the"rface from a I kt

2losion Over a Surface with Light Dust Conditions 2--622-26 Peak Dynamic Pressure at the Surface from a I PT"'

22 losion Over a Surface with Heavy Dust Conditions % ................ 2-632-27 Comparison of Predicted Ideal, Light-Dust, and Heavy-Dust. .

Dnaamic Pressures for a I kt Explosion at a Height of Burstof 200 feet in a Sea Level Atmosphere ........................... 2-64

2-28 I Time of Arrival of the Blast Wave A ong the Surfacerom a I kt Explosion Over a Near-Ideal Surface,

Hi Ov erpressure Region' ........................................ 2-662-29 UTime of Arrival of the'ast Wave Along the Surface

rom a 1 kt Explosion Over a Near-Ideal Surface,Low Overpressure Region ........................................ 2-67

2-30 S Time of Arrival of th~e ast Wave Along the SurfaceTrom a I kt Explosion Over a ThermallNonideal

Surface, Very High Overpressure Region ... ......................... 2-682-31 3 Time of Arrival of the Blast Wave ATong the Surface

I7 a I kt Explosion Over a Thermally NonidealSurface, High Overpressure Region I ................................. 2-69

xxii


Figure Title Page

2-12 l" Peak Air Blast Overpressur A .g. the Water S.urfaceTon, derwater Nuclear Explosions 2....... ........

2-12 city of Shock Wave in Free ~ater vs Peak Shock Pressure UX7.92-123 g Plume Dimensions for Deep and Very Deep Underwater Bursts . -~2 5 1

2-124 = olumn and oud Dimensions for Shallow andVery Shallow Bursts ................................. .. Z8s~a2.

2-125 * Height of Visible, 1s Surge Cloud as a FunctionTin After Bumst . ............................ ..................... --- ~LS

2-I16 Reduced Base Surge Radius iaeduced Time-"Or---Iw and Very Shallow Bursts I ....................... 22

2-12 7 Reduced Base Surge Ra * v educed Time"or Pe and Very Deep Bursts ........................... it 0 L7

2-128 Peak Wave Height H a Tuncuon of Yield Wand Water Depth d,1,... ..................... .............. ~ 2-Zfl 19

2-129 Apparent Crater Radius as a unction of Yield foranious Water [Depths Over a Clayey Sand Bottom, where

dw=Water Depth in Feet. Shaded Areas Denote PossibleTransition Regions from a Washed to an Unwashed Craterford., = 20, 40, and 60lb............................ ......... 2 -' 12L0q

2-30U Apparent Crater Depth as a Function of Yield forVI~aous Water Depths Over a Clayey Sand Bottom, wheredw = Wa ter Depth in Feet. Shaded A&reas Denote PossibleTransition Regions from a Washe ~pan UnwashedCrater for dw = 20, 40, and 60 U4 ........................ 2-6ZIC

2-131 Average Height of Crater Lip as a Function of Yield for'l"arous Water Depths with the Charge Near a Clayey Sand

Bottom, where d.= Water Depth in Feet. Shaded AreasDenote Possible Transition Regions from Crater for

= 20, 40, and 60 * . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-3~ stimated Critical WTrDepth as a Function of

7Ted for a Clayey Sand Bottom% ................................. 6. 1 9 73-1 lTh rmal Partition as a Function of Yield and Altitude 3-43-2 fective Height of Model Atmosphere (Visual Range 5'Miles)U 3-10

W- mssnttancc Between a Burst Within 1/4 Miledh Swface and a Target on the Groundt . a 3l.er.Dy..... ... 3-1

3-4 Trmnttance to a Ta et on the GroindoaClrDyVIisuai Range - I Mile) A ...................... 3-15

xxvu


Title Page

* Transmittance to a Tar et on the Ground on a Clear DayVisual Range = I Mile)44 ..................... .................. 3-16

Transmittance to a Ta et on the Ground on a Clear Dayisual Range = 2 Miles) ................................. ........ 3-17V Transmittance to a Tar et on the Ground on a Clear Dayisual Range = 2 Miles) .. ....................................... 3-18

Transmittance to a Tar et on the Ground on a Clear Daylisual Range = 4 Miles)' i ...................................... 3-19

Transmittance to a Tar t on the Ground on a Clear DayVisual Range = 4 Miles) ........................................ 3-20

Transmittance to a Tar et on the Ground on a Clear Daysual Range = 8 Miles). ....................................... 3-21

Transmittance to a Tar e on the Ground on a Clear DayVsual Range = 8 Miles) r ....................................... 3-22

Transmittance to a Tar eon the Ground on a Clear Dayisual Range = 16 M iles) I ....................................... 3-23

Transmittance to a Target on the Ground on a Clear Dayisual Range = 16 M iles).. ....................................... 3-24

Transmittance to a Tar et on the Ground on a Clear DayIsual Range = 16 Miles)% ....................................... 3-25

STransmittance to a Ta r on the Ground on a Clear Dayi-sual Range = 32 M iles). . ....................................... 3-26

k Atmospheric Transmittance for Thermal Radiation from Highltude Nuclear Bursts (Height of Burst > 100 kft)I ................. 3-28! Equivalent Daytime Visual Range as a Function

ighttime Visual Range ....................................... 3-38Approximate Values of ldiant Exposure

-ough a Clear Atmosphere. I ..................................... 3-40i Approximate Values of R iant Exposureough a Clear Atmosphere% . ................. .3-41

Thermal Partition for Surface Bursts's .......................... 3-45Calculated Power-Time Curve for a 200 kiloton Burst at 5,000 Feet Is 3-47'Power-Time and Energy-Time Curves for a 200 kiloton

rst at 5,000 Feet ................................ 3-48tTime of Final 'Maximum as -a Function of Yield and Altitude ...... 3-5iPower-Time Curve for a 200 kiloton Burst at 100,000 Feet ....... 3-53Power-Time Curve for a 200 kiloton Burst at 40 kilometers t. ....... 3-54

xxviii


Figure Title Page

3-24 " sDistribution of Deposited X-ray Energy in a Sea Level ..............Shere as a Function of Source Spectrum 3-62

3-25a Density of Deposited Energy from Vanious nergy Sources 3-673-25b Density of Deposited Energy from Various Energy Sources ..... 3-683-26 A Comparison of Calculated Effective Times of Final Maximum

Predictions from the Simplified Equation. ............... 3-693-27 [Equivalent Point Source at Median Radius ight of Burst3-27 _xceeds Distance of Target, X, from Ground Zero ...... ....... 3-713-28 Fraction of Absorbed X-ray Energy Reradiated ............. 3-733-29 Free Field Radiant Exposure and Air Blast Overpressure at the

Surface, as a Function of Height of Burst and Ground Distance, for,Ql-kilotons, No Atmospheric Attenuation, High Overpressure Region U _ 3-76

3-30 Free Field Radiant Exposure and Air Blast Overpressure at theace, as a Function of Height of Burst and Ground Distance, for

kilotons, No Atmospheric Attenuation, Low Overpressure Region Us ... 3-773-31 Free Field Radiant Exposure and Air Blast Overpressure at the

Surface, as a Function of Height of Burst and Ground Distance for0.01 kilotons, 16 Mile Visual Range, Hig a Overpressure Regio 3-78

3-32 / Free Field Radiant Exposure and Air Blast Overpressure at"urracc, as a Function of Height of Burst and Ground Distance for

0.01 kilotons, 16 Mile Visual Range, Low Overpressure Region. ......... 3-793-33 U Free Field Radiant Exposure and Air Blast Overpressure at e

$7Iuface, as a Function of Height of Burst and Ground Distance, for0.1 kilotons, No Atmospheric Attenuation, High Osverpressure Region 3u .. 3-80

3-34 A Free Field Radiant Exposure and Air Blast Overpressure at theFurr ace, as a Function of Height of Burst and Ground Distance. for

0.1 kilotons, No Atmospheric Attenuation, Low Overpressure RegionI .... 3-813-35 I% Free Field Radiant Exposure and Air Blast Overpressure at the

"ur ace, as a Function of Height of Burst and Ground Distance, for0.1 kilotons, 16 Mile Visual Range, High Overpressure Region ......... 3-82

3-36 UlFree Field Radiant Exposure and Air Blast Overpressure at ..."Wce, as a Function of Height of Burst and Ground Distance for

* twos. 16 Mile Visual Range, Low Overpressure Region.1 ......... 3-833-37 Field Radiant Exposure and Air Blast Overpressure at te

as a Function of Height of Burst and Ground Distance. forI kiloton, No Atmospheric Attenuation, High Overpressure Region ...... 3-84

xxix


Figure Title Page

3-38 3 ree Field Radiant Exposure and Air Blast Overpressure at the3-rfface, as a Function of Height of Burst and Ground Distance, forI kiloton, No Atmospheric Attenuation, Low Overpressure Region I ..... 3-85

3-39 Free Field Radiant Exposure and Air Blast Overpressure at the%uurace, as a Function of Height of Burst and Ground Distance, for

I kiloton, 16 Mile Visual Range, High Overpressure Region,% ........... 3-863-40 P Free Field Radiant Exposure and Air Blast Overpressure at the

u "rface, as a Function of Height of Burst and Ground Distance, for1 kiloton, 16 Mile Visual Range, Low Overpressure Region1 ........... 3-87

3-41 3F.ree Field Radiant Exposure and Air BlaLit Overpressure a theu' uface, as a Function of Height of Burst and Ground Distance, for

Jkilotons, No Atmospheric Attenuation, High Overpressure Region U .... 3-883-42 Free Field Radiant Exposure and Air Blast Overpressure at the

Surface, as a Function of Height of Burst and Ground Distance, for,&kilotons, No Atmospheric Attenuation, Low Overpressure Region .... 3-89

3-43 W Free Field Radiant Exposure and Air Blast Overpressure at theSurface, as a Function of Height of Burst and Ground Distance, for "

* kilotons, 16 Mile Visual Range, High Overpressure Region. .......... 3-903-44 Free Field Radiant Exposure and Air Blast Overpressure at e

Srface, as a Function of Height of Burst and Ground Distance, for10 kilotons, 16 Mile Visual Range, Low Overpressur Region a% ........ .3-91

3-45 1 Free Field Radiant Exposure and Air Blast Overpressure at euFface, as a Function of Height of Burst and Ground Distance, for

100 kilotons, No Atmospheric Attenuation. High Overpressure Region ... 3-923-46 1 Free Field Radiant Exposure and Air Blast Overpressure at the

u rface, as a Function of Height of Burst and Ground Distance, for100 kilotons, No Atmospheric Attenuation, Low Overpressure Region I " 3-93

3-47 1Free Field Radiant Exposure and Air Blast Overpressure at theurface, as a Function of Height of Burst and Ground Distance, for

100 kilotons, 16 Mile Visual Range, High Overpressure Regionll ........ 3-943-48 Free Field Radiant Exposure and Air Blast Overpressure at e

u Race, as a Function of Height of Burst and Ground Distance, for100 kilotons, 16 Mile Visual Range, Low Overpressure Region.. ......... 3-95

3-49 IFrer Field Radiant Exposure and Air Blast Overpressure at'Tace, as a Function of Height of Burst and Ground Distance, for

I megaton, No Atmospheric Attenuation, High Overpressure Region I .... 3-96

xxx


Figure Title Page

3-50 Free Field Radiant Exposure and Air Blast Overpressure at theurace, as a Function of Height of Burst and Ground Distance, for

I megaton, No Atmospheric Attenuation, Low Overpressure Region 3 .... 3-973-51 % Free Field Radiant Exposure and Air Blast Overpressure at the

ace, a Function of Height of Burst and Ground Distance,I megaton, 16 Mile Visual Range, High Overpressure Region .......... 3-98

3-52 1 Free Field Radiant Exposure and Air Blast Ovcrpressure a theuFr~face, as a Function of Height of Burst and Ground Distance for

I megaton, 16 Milq Visual Range, Low Overpressure Region .......... 3-993-53 1 Free Field Radiant Exposure and Air Blast Overpressure a the

"Tface, as a Function of Height of Burst and Ground Distance, for10 megatons, No Atmospheric Attenuation, High Overpressure Region 3 '" 3-100

3-54 IU Free Field Radiant Exposure and Air Blast Overpressure at theface, as a Function of Height of Burst and Ground Distance, for

10 megatons, No Atmo,:pheric Attenuation, Low Overpressure Region 3..- 3-1013-55 1 Free Field Radiant Exposure and Air Blast Overpressure at the

u,,-rface, as a Function of Height of Burst and Ground Distanc fr10 megatons, 16 Mile Visual Range, High Overpressure Region 3-102

3-56 % Free Field RadiLnt Exposure and Air Blast Overpressure atrace, as a Function of Height of Burst and Ground Distance for

megatons, 16 Mile Visual Range, Low Overpressure Region W ......... 3-t033-57 Fireball Properties after Breakaway U...0 .. 3-1063-58 Calculated Power-Time Curves for 1140 kiloton

rst at 5,000 Feet... ............... ....... ...... 3-1073-59 Altitude Variation' Phenomena for a 200 kiloton Burst .. . 3-1103-60 Comparison of Equations for 'mm and tmax*

B = 180 0 .4 Feet IM .............. ....... 3-1124-1 a Properties of Electromagnetic Radiation ....... ................ 4-24-2 S Wavelength, Frequency, and Tem erature as a Function

of Electromagnetic Photon Energy. % ................................ 4-34-3 Spectral Distribution of a Black Body Source . .................. 4-7

4-5'I 4-13

4-6.. ............ 4-164-7 . ........ 4-17

4-8 ... ....... 4-18

xxxi


Figure Title Page

4-9 ............ 4-19

4- 1 4-24-12 uence in a acuu..4-12 T e Stnd rd At osp er (. ............................. 4-264-13 The Standard Atmosphere 5-)Is.................................... 424-14 Energy Fluence and Build-up Factor for a 50 keV

onoenergeti ...............

.. ') )t--6! ! ............... 4-334-17 bMass Integral frSpecified Coaltitude Separation

is ances as a Function of Altitude .... ..................... .... 4-364-1lTransmission of Direct X-Ray ence Through

r tor Various Black Body Sources ....................... 4-374-14 S o urces . 4-38

204 .. .. .... ......4 _40-21 .... 4-41

5-1 Spectrum for a Fission Weapon ( ana ed to I kt) 5-35-2 Spectrum for a Thermonuclear Weapon (Normalized to kt)fl 5-45-3 Spectra from the Fission Source of Figure 5-1 with the Receiver

n or Near the Surface of the Earth at Various Slant Ranges'% ...... 5-85-4 lbSpectra from the Thermonuclear Source of Figure 5-2 with thReceiver

unkor Near the Surface of the Earth at Various Slant Ranges . . 5-95-5 Neutron Fluence Incident on a Receiver Located On or Near the

Su-race of the Earth from the Fission SpectrumShown in Table 5-1 and Figure 5-1 ........................... 5-10

5-6 SA Neutron Fluence Incident on a Reeiver Located On or Near theSr'ace of the Earth from the Thermoluclear Spectrum

Shown in Table 5-I and Figure 5-2 .............................. 5-115-7 t Neutron Energy Build-Up Factors or Vus

o10onoenergetic Sources in Homogeneous Air s ........................ 5-155-8 t Calculated Time Dependence of the Gamma Ra Output

fiom a Large Yield Explosion, Normalized to I kt. % .................. 5-19

xxxii


Figure Title Page

5-9a 3 Neutron Dose as a Function of Slant Range from a I kt SurfaceMurst, Weapon Types I through IV, Short Ranges ....... I......... 5-33

5-9b % Neutron Dose as a Function of Slant Range from a I kt Surfaceut, Weapon Types I through IV, Lon! Ranges . 5-34

urst, Weapon Types V through VIll, Short Ranges % . 5-355-1Ob Neutron Dose as a Function of Slant Range from a I kt Surface

rst, Weapon Types V through VIll, Long Ranges 1 ......... I........ 5-365-11 Burst Height Adjustmentaactors for Neutrons

Secondary Gamma Raysl ..................................... 5-375-12a Secondary Gamma Ray Dose as a Function of Slant Range from a

t Surface Burst, Weapon Types I through IV, Short Ranges ........ 5-385-12b Secondary Gamma Ray Dose as a Function of Slant Rang, om a

t Surface Burst, Weapon Types I through IV, Long Ranges ........ 5-395-13a Secondary Gamma Ray Dose as a Function of Slant Range from a

I kt Surface Burst, Weapon Types V through VIII, Short Ranges ...... 5-405-13b I Secondary Gamma Ray Dose as a Function of Slant Range from a

t Surface Burst, Weapon Types V through VIII, Long Ranges ...... 5-415-14a Fission Product Gamma Ray Dose as a Function of Slant Rang5 I nm a 1 kt (Fission Yield) Surface Burst, Short Ranges ......... 5-425-14b / Fission Product Gamma Ray Dose as a Function of lant Ran e

r-m a I kt (Fission Yield) Surface Burst, Intermediate Ranges ....... 5-435-14c Wrission Product Gamma Ray Dose as a Function of Slant Range

rom a I kt (Fission Yield) Surface Burst, Long Ranges . 5-445-15 4 .Range Dependent Burst Height Adjustment Factors for

F7'ion Product Gamma Rays .................................... 5-455-16 Yield Dependent Burst Hei Adjustment Factors for

-1 ission Product Gamma Ray"s ................................. 5-46

5-17a z Fission Product Gamma Ray Hydrodynamic Enhancement Factorsa Function of Slant Range for Relative Air Density of I.I ...... 5-47

5-17b 'U~ ision Product Gamma Ray Hydrodynamic Enhancement fTrsunction of Slant Range for Relative Air Density of I . 5-48

5-17c _'on Product Gamma Ray Hydrodynamic Enhancement -AFt ors4 [i~unction of Slant Ranges for Relative Air Density of 0.9 ....... 5-49

5-17d tUFiion Product Gamma Ray Hydrodynamic Enhancement F rsas a Function of Slant Range for Relative Air Density of 0.81 ......... 5-50

xXXiii


Figure Title Page

5-17e Fission Product Gamma Ray Hydrodynamic Enhancement Factorsas a Function of Slant Range for Relative Air Density of .7P ......... 5-51

5-18 s Neutron-nduced Gamma Dose Rate as a Functio of Slan".ge at a Reference Time of 1 Hour After Burst . 5-57

5-19 1Decay Factors for Neutron-Induced Gamma Activ.ty... ............. 5-595-20 Iv Total Radiation Dose Received in an Area Conijin*a

.. Neutron-nduced Gamma Activity, Soil Type 11 ................. 5-615-21 U Total Radiation Dose Received in an Area Contaminated

=vyNeutron-Induced Gamma Activity, Soil Type I I .................. 5-625-22 Total Radiation Dose Received in an Area Contami ated

Neutron-Induced Gamma Activity, Soil Type II I ................. 5-635-23 Total Radiation Dose Received in an Area Contaminated

Neutron-Induced Gamma Activity, Soil Type IV( I ................. 5-645-24 Idealized Early Fallout Dose Rate Contour ...... 5-685-25 Comparison of Idealized Dose Rate ontours with Observed

I ntours from a Low Yield Explosion ............................. 5-695-26 Hodograph of a Typical Summer Win Structure Over

ort W orth, Texas .............................................. 5-705-27 U Comparison of Iealized Dose Rate Contours with Those Calculated

by a Complex Computer Code for a 2 Mt Explosionthe Winds of Figure 5-25.. .................................. 5-71

5-28 Downwind Distance as a Fun~T'ion of Yield,10 Knot Effective Wind 1% ......................................... 5-79

5-29 .Downwind Distance as a Function of Yield,Z0-Knot Effective Wind % .................................... ... 5-80

5-30 Downwind Distance as a Function of Yield,ot Effective Wind ......................... 5-81

5-31 Maximum Width as a unction of Yield, 10 Knot Effective Wind .. 5-825-32 Maximum Width as a Function of Yield, 20 Knot Effective Wind .. 5-835-33 Maximum Width as a Function of Yield, 40 Knot Effective Wind .. 5-845-34 Distance to Maximum Width as a Function of Yield,

I Knot Effective Wind ......................................... 5-855-35 Obtance to Maximum-idth as a Function of Yield,

Effective W ind .. ......................................... 5-865-36 Distance to Maximum :;dth as a Function of Yield,

0Knot Effective Wind ...................................... 5-875-37 Ground Zero Width a Function of Yield . 5-88

xxxiu


Figure Title Page

5-38 £ Height of the Stabilized Cloud Bottom as a Function of Yield ..... 5-895-39 Height of the Stabilized Cloud Top as a Function of Yield mW ... 5-905-40 Fission Product Deca Factols Normalized to Unity at

U n our After Detonation s ......................................... 5-925-41 Normalized Dose Accumulated in a Fallout Contaminateda from H + I Hour to H + 1,000 DaysI.....................5...594

5-42 Total Radiation Dose from Early Fallout as a Function ofntry Time and Stay Time, Normalized to Unit Time

Reference Dose Rate. ........................................ 5-965-43 Minimum Height o Purst for No Fallout as a Function of Yield 5-995-44 Height of Burst Adjustment Factors for Various YieldS 5-1005-45 m t heDepth Multiplication Factor for Liner Dimensions of the lout * Pattern

ma I kt Explosion as a Function of Depth of Burst s......... 5-1035-46 Base Surge Radiation Exposure Rate 15 Feet Above the Water

Surface from a 10 kt Explosion at a Depth £L 65 Feet in5 000 Feet of Water, No-Wind Environmen t ........................ 5-09

5-47 U Base Surge Radiation Exposure Rate 15 Feet Above the Water%Srface from a 10 kt Explosion o the Bottom in 65 Feet. Water, No-Wind Environment . ............................... 5-110

5-48 Base Surge Radiation Exposure-ate 15 Feet Above the WaterSfurface from a 10 kt Explosion at a Depth of 150 Feet ini Feet of Water, No-Wind Environment ........... .. .. 5-111

5-49 U Base Surge Radiation Exposure Rate 15 "' 'et Above the Waterl 7 rface from a 10 kt Explosion at a Depth 500 Feet in5= 00 Feet of Water, No-Wind Environment ........................ 5-112

5-50 U Base Surge Radiation Exposure Rate 15 eet Above the Water:iu ace from a 10 kt Explosion at a Depth of 1,000 Feet in100 Feet of Water, No-Wind Environment. ........................ 5-113

5-51 1 Base Surge Radiation Exposure Rate 151'-eet Above the WaterSurface from a 10 kt Explosion at a Depth of 1,500 Feet in

Feet of Water, No-Wind Environment . ............. 5-1145-52 1o Radiation Exposure Rate 15 Feet A'ove the Water Surfac

10 kt Explosion at a Depthf 65 Feet in 5,000 Feet, un , No-Current Environment ............................ 5-115

5-53 U Pool Radiation Exposure Rate Ir eet Above the Water Surfacet In a 10 kt Explosion on the Bottom in 65 Feet of Water,No-Current Environment .................................... 5-116

xxxv


Figure Title Page

5-54 3 Pool Radiation Exposure Rate 15 Feet Above the Water Surfacefrom a 10 kt Explosion at a Depth of 150 Feet in 5,000 Feet_Water, No-Current Environment .......... 5-117

5-55 U Pool Radiation Exposure Rate 1'Feet Above the Water SurfaceIroim a 10 kt Explosion at a Depth of 500 Feet in 5,000 Feetof Water, No-Current Environment ................................ 5-118

5-56 Pool Radiation Exposu~re Rate Cl-5-Feet Above the Water Surfacea 10 kt Explosion at a Deptl 1,000 Feet in 5,000 Feet

of Water, No-Current Environment . ................................ 5-1195-57 % Pool Radiation Exposure Rate 5 Fieet Above the Water Surface

ro a 10 kt Explosion at a Depth f 1,500 Feet in 5,000 Feetof Water, No-Current Environment ........... 5-120

5-58 U Two-Minute Total Exposure 15 TFet Above the Water Surfacerom a I kt Explosion at a Depth of 30 Feet in 0 Feet

of Water, 15 Knot Wind. No-Current Environment. ................. 5-1215-9 UT =en-Minute Total Exposure 15 Feet Above theiWater Surface

1Tro a I kt Explosion at a Depth of 30 Feet in 5,000 Feetof Water, 15 Knot Wind, No-Current Environment ' .... .......... 5-122

5-60 UThirtyMinute Total Exposure 15 Feet Above t We ater Surfacefro at kt Explosion at a Depth of 30 Feet in 5 0 Feetf Water, 15 Knot Wind, No-Current Environment.I...................... 5-123

5-61 Two-Minute Total Exposure 15 Feet Above the ater Surfac,5,6 1 rom a 10 kt Explosion at a Depth of 65 Feet in.'e.00 ktFzof Water, 15 Knot Wind, No-Current Environment ......... .......... 5-124

5-62 U Ten-Minute Total Exposure 15 Feet Above the ater Surfacerom a 10 kt Explosion at a Depth of 65 Feet in 00 Feet

of Water, 15 Knot Wind, No-Current Environment . ................... 5-1255-63 Thirty-Minute Total Exposure 15 Feet Above t *Water Surface

Prom a 10 kt Explosion at a Depth of 65 Feet in.000 Feetof Water, 15 Knot Wind, No-Current Environment .................. 5-126

5-64 U Two-Minute Total Exposure 15 Feet Above the ater Surfacerh a 100 kt Explosion at a Depth of 140 Feet i ,000 Feet

of Water, 15 Knot Wind, No-Current Environment. .................. 5-1275-65 U Ten-Minute Total Exposure 15 Feet Above the ater Surface

rom a 100 kt Explosion at a Depth of 140 Feet in 5,000 Feetof Water, 15 Knot Wind, No-Current Environmentis................... 5-128

xxxvi

LIST OF ILLUSTP.ATION$ (Continuod)

Figure Title Page

5-66 3 Thirty-Minute Total Exposure 15 Feet Above the Water Surfacefrom a 100 kt Explosion at a Depth of 140 Feet in 5,000 Feet

Water, 15 Knot Wind, No-Current Environment% ................... 5-1295-67 Two-Minute Total Exposure 15 Feet Above the ater Surface

r-m, a I kt Explosion at a Depth of 280 Feet in ,&0O0 Feetof Water, 15 Knot Wind, No-Current EnvironmentM ................... 5-130

5-68 1 Ten-Minute Total Exposure 15 Feet Above the-water Surface?iT a I kt Explosion at a Depth of 280 Feet in 5 000 Feet

.jLWater, 15 Knot Wind, No-Current Environment ................... 5-1315-69 'Thirty-Minute Total Exposure 15 Feet Above th -Water Surface

rom a I kt Explosion at a Depth of 280 Feet in_5 000 Feetof Water, 15 Knot Wind, No-Current Environment ................... 5-132

5-70 1 Two-Minute Total Exposure 15 Feet Above theater Surfaceroma 10 kt Explosion at a Depth of 500 Feet in 5,000 FeetoWater, 15 Knot Wind, No-Current Environment ................ 5-133

5-71 U Ten-Minute Total Exposure 15 Feet Above the"Wvater Surface'frim a 10 kt Explosion at a'Depth of 500 Feet in 5,000 FeetoLWater, 15 Knot Wind, No-Current Environment Is .................. 5-134

5-72 U Thirty-Minute Total Exposure 15 Feet Above the Wacer Surfacerowm a 10 kt Explosion at a Depth of 500 Feet in , 000 Feet

_QLWater, 15 Knot Wind, No-Current EnvironmentU ................... 5-1355-73 % Two-Minute Total Exposure 15 Feet Above the-Water Surface

rom a 100 kt Explosion at a Depth of 890 Feet ,000 Feetof Water, 15 Knot Wind. No-Current EnvironmentU ................... 5-136

5-74 1 Ten-Minute Total Exposure 15 Feet Above the Water Surfacefrom a 100 kt Explosion at a Depth of 890 Feet in 5,000 Feetof Water, 15 Knot Wind, No-Current Environment. .................. 5-137

5-75 Thirty-Minute Total Exposure 15 Feet Above the ater SurfaceIro a 100 kt Explosion at a Depth of 890 Feet in 5,000 Feetof Water, 15 Knot Wind, No-Current Environment ................. 5-138

5-76 Cloud Diameter as a Function of Time After Burstn i-ous Weapon Yields .................................... 5-141

5-77 ight of Cloud Bott m as a Function of Time forW eapon Y ields .......................................... 5-142

5-78 Height of Cloud Top as a Function of Time forVarious Weapon Yields % .......................................... 5-143

xxxvii


Figure Title Page

5-79 ' Dose Received While Flying Through a Nuclear Cloud as aFunction of Transit Time Through the Cloud % ....................... 5-144

6-1 3 Gamma Ray Interaction with Matter 6-76-2 Displacement Damage in a Crystalline i ..................... 6-96-3 Annealing Due to Vacancy- Interstitial Recombination and

cape of Defects from Semiconductor I ............................ 6-10e- kHating 6, ....6 - ei n Is . ................................ ** .... '*........ 6-106-5 Thermomechanical Shock Effects I ....................... 6-157-1 he Compton Effect o ........................ ... 7-27-2 Compton Current at Meters from a 1-Mt Ground Burst .... 7-37-3 Conductivity at 500 Meters from a I-Mt Low Altitude Burst ... 7-47-4 Charge Separation Model W... . ..... .............. 757-5 Limits on Electric Field I me Waveform ......... 7-67-6 Simple lilustratior of Air-Burst EMP ........................... 7-77-7 Comparison of General Waveforms for Dipole Moment,e C re t an th - il % ............................... ...... 7-8eCurrent, and the E-Field5 -7-8 Simple Illustration of Surface Burst EMP ...................... 7-97-9 Shape of Magnetic Field for Toroid Mode% ............ ...... 7-107-10 Illustration of the Basic Geometry of the High-Altitude Burst ...... 7-117-11 Ground Coverage for Bursts o..I00, 300, and 500 km

a out 62, 186, and 310 miles) .............................. 7-127-12 Maximum Peak Electric Fieldas a Function of Gamma Ray

or Selected Burst Heights . 7-13gh ts. .............. .. ..............7 17-13 Time Waveform of High-Altiti Radiate.d Si ....a..... 7-14

7-14 Amplitude of High-Altitude Radiated Signal ..... 7-157-I5 Geometry of Pro a ation Effects on Exoatmoer ic Systems ...... 7-157-16 IEMP Generation 7.......16......

7-16W........... .... ........ 7-16

7-17 Categories of System Operation Regions ........................ 7-187-18 Mission/Environment Matrix % t...... ........................ 7-197-1 9 ield Directions of Ground-urst EMP ........................ 7-207-20 Peak Magnetic Field B Versus Overpressure for Varying

rou Conductivities and Yields ............................. 7-217-21 PPak Radial Electric Field ersus Ove ressure

ing Ground Conductivities and Yields ....................... 7-227-22 Peak Transverse Electric Field E0 Versus verpressure

for arying Ground Conductivities and Yields I ....................... 7-23

xxxviii


Figure Title Page

7-23 Peak Air Conductivity Versus Overpressure for Yieldsof I kt and I Mtr.........................................72

7-24 B¢ Time Wavefon at the Air-Ground Interface4or veal pi Leel'A7-25

Yl 'era psi Levels... .......................................... 7-257-25 U ourier Amplitude of B Waveform of Figure 7-24 ........... 7-267-26 r Time Waveform at te Air l und Interface for

Several psi Levels, a = 10-2 mho/m.. ....................... 7-277-27 i Fourier Amplitude of E, Waveform of Figure 7-2( v .... 7-287-28 E, Time Waveform of the Air-Ground Interface for

pevea psi Levels, a = 10-2 mho/m % ................. ....... 7-297-29 m Fourier Amplitude of E0 Wavelorm of Figure 7-28 . 7-307-30 W Air Conductivity Time Waveforms at the Air-ound

Interface for Several psi Levels, a1 = 10-2 mho/m. ................... 7-318-1I Optical and Radio Frequency Bands I .......................... 8-28-2 Fireball Electron Density and Temperature, I-Mt at 25 km ....... 8-58-3 Fireball Electron Density and Temperature, I-Mt a '0 km ....... 8-68-4 Fireball Electron Density and Temperature, I-Mt at 75 km ....... 8-78-5 Fireball Electron Density and Temperature, 1-Mt it 150 km/ ...... 8-88-6 Fireball Electron Density and Temperature, I-Mt at 400 km ...... 8-108-7 Ion-Pair Density Due to Prom.,% Radiati nrom a

t Burst Detonated at 120 km, t = 0 .. 8-118-8 D-Region Electron Density Caused by . . . .Radiation (Saturation) 8-128-9 Quasi-Equilibrium Electron Density Due Gamma Rays 8-138-10 Location of Delayed Ionization Regions . 8-148-11 Quasi-Equilibrium Electron Density Due o eta Particles,

bris Altitude Greater Than 60 km ' 8-158-12 Incremental Absorption Due to Ele on-Neutr Collisions lm ........ 8-178-13 Incremental Absorption Due to Electron-Ion Collisions,

Temperature = 1000 ...............................8-14 Radiation Sources Causing Absorption Outside theFieal-9

8-15 Apparent Firball Surface Scatterin Coefficient at 400 ....... 8-228-16 W xa ples of Fireball Geometry ............................... 8-248-17 J ebris Behavior for Detonation A udes Greater Than 85 km . 8-268-18 lllustration of Debris and Beta-Particle Absorption Regions

Times Later Than 10 Minutes After Burst, H. Above 120 km ..... 8-278-19 a Maximum Fireball Ris -38-1 It Maxmum Firbal Ri; " ...................................... 8=31

8-20 Time for Fireball to e ts Maximum Altitude . 8-32

xxxix


Figure Title Page

8-21 Altitude Normalizing F. tor hN 3 ............................... 8-338-22 Fireball Height Factor .......................... ............ 8-348-23 Initial Fireball W ius ............... 58-24 Fireball Radius ....... 8-36........ ......-.. . ..8-25 Change in FirebalTDebris-Region Radius after Seven Minutes I ....... 8-378-26 Magnetic Equilibrium Radius ' .................................. 8-418-27 Debris Height Factor ........................ 8-418-28 Maximum Debris Offse1% ................ 8-428-29 Debris Offset Correction Factor'U ............................... 8-428-30 Fraction of Total Debris Tra orted

to njugate Region (Region 3) .... ...................... 8-528-31 Altitude of Debris Region 1, 7-kt Burst ....................... 8-538-32 Altitude of Debris Region 1, 100-kt Burst. . ..................... 8-538-33 Altitude of Debris Region I, I-Mt Burst ... ...................... 8-548-34 Altitude of Debris Region I, 10-Mt Burst. . ...................... 8-548-35 Radius of Debris Region 1, 10-kt Burst . . ....................... 8-558-36 Radius of Debris Region 1, l00-kt Burst.. ....................... 8-55 0'8-37 Radius of Debris Region 1, I-Mt Burst ....................... 8-568-38 Radius of Debris Region 1, 10--Mt Burst ....................... 8-568-39 One-Way Absorption Through Debris Regio

Due to Beta-Particle Ionization ........ 8-648-40 Reference Weapon Yield W .................................. 8-678-41 One-Way Vertical Absorption "ue to Prompt RadiationU ........... 8-688-42 Geometry for Gamma Ray Absorption ......................... 8-738-43 3 One-Way Absorption Due to Gamma Pay,

L;e 1000 MHz, 0d = +60 Degrees I ................................ 8-748-44 One-Way Absorption Due to Gamma Rays,

I000 MHz, 04 = 0 Degrees ............................... 8-758-45 One-Way Absorption Due to bnma Rays,

1000 MHz, 04 = -60 Degrees . 8-768-46 Gamma Radiation Intensity N ..o.ram . .......................... 8-778-47 Correction Factor for Gamma lRay Flux' ................... 8-788-48 One-Way Vertical Absorption Due to Gamma Rays .............. 8-798-49 Offint of Beta-Absorption Region ............................ 8-838-50 Beta Radiation Intensity Nomogram ............. 8-848-51 One-Way Vertical Absorption Due to eta Particles,

ebris Altitude Above 60 km 1 .................................... 8-85

xl


Figure Ttle Page

8-52 Sketch of Absorption-Region Geometry for Example 2 8-868-53 Magnetic Conjugate Map . 8-888-54 World Map of Ma etic ............................... 8-908-55 Secant O Chart .... . . ............ ................... 8-92

.i4

064

h -.

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Change I

xliv

4i

* LIST OF TABLES (Continued)

Table Title Page

5- Weapon Neutron Output S ctra . ................. ......... 5-25-3 Representative Types of Nclear Weapon .................... 5-255-4 Chemical Composition of Illustrative Soils ..................... 5-545-5 Relative Theoretical Dose Rates from Early Fallout at

Various Times After a Nuclear Explosion s .............. .......... 5-735-6 a Percentage of the Infinite Residence DoLReceived from

our to Various Times After Explosion .......................... 5-755-7 Examples Selected for Base Surge and Pool Exposure Rates ....... 5-1085-8 l Eam p les Selected for Total Exposure ... ia. 5-108U-1 Variation of Range R, at Which R ion

Re on Begins, with Yield ........ ............................. . 7-108-1 Approximate Stopping itudes for Principal Weapon

puts Causing Ionization ..................................... 8-38-2 Fireball Location and Dimensions for Detonations Above 80 km 8-478-3 j Absorption (dB) Through Fireball for

,tonations Below 80 kin, W 10 kt ................................ 8-598-4 Absorption (dB) Through Fireball

°tonati°s Below 80 km, W = 100 kt ............................... 8-608-5 Absorption (dB) Through Fireball ort

letonations Below 80 kin, W = I Mt ............................... 8-618-6 1 Absorption (dB) Through Fireball ...Ietonations Below 80 kin, W = 10 Mt . . ............................... 8-62

8-7 Absorption (dB) Through Fireball aRMz z for Detonations Above 80 krn ............................. 8-63

xliii Change 1

(This pop intentionally letblank)

xlviii

KEY WORDS LIN A %.I - -

AIDI. W? RO.E W? noL a T

Nucl.ear Weapon EffectsBlast and Shock PhenomenaAir Blast PhancmenaCratering Pheno'maGround Shock PhenomenaWater Shock PhenomenaUnderwater Cratering PhenomenaWater Surface PhenomenaThermal Radiation PhenomenaX-Ray Radiation PhenomenaNuclear Radiation PhenomenaInitial NIftleasr RadiationNeutron Induced ActivityResidual RadiationTransient Radiation Effects on Electronics

PhenomenaTREE PhenomenaElectromagnetic Pulse Phenomena,F24P PhenomenaPhenomena Affecting Electromagnetic Wave PropagaticBlast and Shock DamageThermal Radiation DamageX-Ray DamageNuclear Radiation ShieldingTREE Damag e MechanismsE14P Damage AV'Personnel CasualtiesBlast injuryTherma:l InjuryNuclear Radiation InjuryCombined InjuryDamage to StructuresShock Vulnerability of Equipment and Personnel

* Damage to Field Fortifications* Damage to Dam and Harbor Installations

Damage to POL TanksFire In Urban AreasDamage to Naval EquipmentDamage to Surface ShipsDamage to Subsurface ShipsDamage to AircraftDamage to Military Field EquipmentAir Blast Damage to Military Field EquipmentThermal Damae to Military Yield EquipmentTREE Damnage to Military Field EquipmentForest Stand Dam.Air Blast in Forest StandsBlowdownThermal Damage in ForestsForest Blovdovn. Effects on Mobility

A

W LIST OF PROBLEMS (Continued)

Problem* Title Page

5-12 Calculation of Fallout Gamma Radiation Dose RateContours for Bursts in the Transition Zone........................... 5-97

5-13 Calculation of Fallout Gamma Ray Dose Rate Contoursfor Underground Bursts .......................................... 5-101

5-14 Calculation of Dose Received While Flying Through a Nuclear Cloud ........ 5-1408-1 Calculation of Fireball Size, Shape, and Location

for a Burst Below 85 kilometers................................... 8-298-2 Calculation of Fireball Size, Shape, and Location

for a Burst Between 85 and 120 kilometers.......................... 8-388-3 Calculation of Size, Shape, and Location of Fireball and

Debris Regions for a Burst Above 120 kilometers ...................... 8-438-4 Absorption through the Fireball.................................... 8-578-5 Absorption Due to Prompt Radiation Outside the Fireball ............... 8-658-6 Absorption Outside the Fireball Due to Delayed Gamma Rays ............. 8-698-7 Calculation of Absorption Outsiie the Fireball Due to Beta.Particles ........ 8-808-8 Magnetic Conjugate Map ......................................... :8-78-9 Geomagnetic Dip Angie Map...................................... 8-898-10 Secant 8 Chart ................................................ 8-91

xlvii

. . .. . .DOCUMENT CONTROL DATA - R & De'0ttle*, bOdY of abarmcrf and indoxatnL annotation miust be entered When the oveal rpo is I.Claaifl d)

4. OCSC RIP T VE NC P (Ty)pe ol Pep t anid inclusive deaov)

S. A U TMOq A(3) (First nlea.., Middle ini tial, toot "mae)

N. A.

*. RCPORT OATZ7,TTL 4.O AGSO ZI

1 July 1972 -g. 53SCONTRACT OR GRANT NO. 6,~ ORIINTOR'S REPORT NUMISKNISI

DASA 01-69-C-0022b. PwojacT mo. DAE-,Pr

NWER XXAXDoTask and Subtask A002 tw t~ore~ (n it he ae yh a~ge

d. Work Unit 01 and 02

None

11.SUPL(MENTRYNOESSupersedes and can- I--"OIIeATVT

cels "Capabilities of Nuclear Weapons, Drco

______________________________Washington,___ D. C. 20305

~This edition of the "Capabilities of Nuclear Weapons" represents the continuingi1Irts by the Defense Nuclear Agency to correlate and make aVailable nuclearweapons effects information obtained from nuclear weapons testing, small-scaleexperiments, laboratory effort and theoretical analysis. This document presentsthe phenomena and effects of a nuclear detonation and relates weapons effectsmanifestations in terms of damage to targets of military interest. it provides thesource material and references needed for the preparation of operational andemployment manuals by the Military Services.

U The' stNuclear Weapons" is not intendedto beused asan employ-ment o Tu by itself, since more complete descriptions of phenomeno-logical - ibe( obtalned from the noted references. Every effort has beenmade most current reliable data available on 31 December 1971 inorer &Armed Forces in meeting their particular requirements foroper , analysis purposes.

Due to the physical size of the document, it is published in two (2) partas,

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