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Appendices

AAppppeennddiixx II.. AAvviiaann HHeemmaattoollooggiicc RReeffeerreennccee RRaannggeess*

Determination African grey Amazon Budgerigar Canary Cockatiel Cockatoo Conure Eclectus

WBC x 103/µl 5-11 6-11 3-8.5 4-9 5-10 5-11 4-11 4-10

RBC x 106/µl 2.4-3.9 2.4-4 2.4-4 2.5-3.8 2.2-3.9 2.4-4.2 2.5-4.1 2.4-3.9

HCT (%) 40-48 40-50 40-50 40-49 40-49 40-48 40-49 40-47

Hets (%) 55-75 55-80 50-75 50-80 55-80 55-80 55-75 55-70

Eos (%) 0-2 0-1 0-2 0-2 0-2 0-2 0-2 0-1

Baso (%) 0-1 0-1 0-1 0-1 0-2 0-1 0-1 0-2

Monos (%) 0-3 0-3 0-2 0-1 0-2 0-1 0-2 0-2

Lymphs (%) 25-45 20-45 25-45 20-45 20-45 20-45 25-45 30-45

Determination Jardine’s Lory Lovebird Macaw Parakeet Pionus Quaker Senegal

WBC x 103/µl 4-10 4.5-8.5 3-8.5 6-12 4.5-9.5 4-11.5 4-10 4-11

RBC x 106/µl 2.4-4.2 2.5-4.1 2.3-3.9 2.4-4.2 2.2-3.9 2.4-4 2.3-4.1 2.4-4.1

HCT (%) 38-48 39-50 38-50 39-48 39-48 40-47 40-49 39-48

Hets (%) 55-75 50-70 55-80 58-78 50-75 50-75 55-80 55-75

Eos (%) 0-1 0-2 0-1 0-1 0-2 0-2 0-1 0-1

Baso (%) 0-1 0-1 0-1 0-1 0-1 0-1 0-2 0-1

Monos (%) 0-2 0-2 0-3 0-3 0-2 0-2 0-3 0-2

Lymphs (%) 25-45 23-45 20-45 20-45 25-45 25-45 20-45 25-45

*Provided by University of Miami Avian and Wildlife Laboratory: RBC and WBC count by Unopette method from blood collected in EDTA; Spun HCT; Diffbased on 100-cell count using smear made at the time of sample acquisition.

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Cl inica l Avian Medic ine - Volume I I1006

AAppppeennddiixx IIII.. AAvviiaann HHeemmaattoollooggiicc RReeffeerreennccee RRaannggeess ffoorrCClliinniiccaallllyy NNoorrmmaall PPssiittttaacciinneess**

In an attempt to establish ranges for clinically normal birds of various psittacine species, the following criteria wereused to determine the acceptability of individual values for incorporation into the following statistics:

1) The bird was presented for a wellness examination, at which time the sample was obtained.

2) At least one previous CBC was performed and documented at the same hospital, utilizing the same techniques, andwas also performed during a wellness examination.

3) No other concurrent disease was detected or treated, with the exception of behavioral concerns.

4) The total WBC did not vary more than 25% between the two values.

Determination African greys Amazon sp. Budgerigars Cockatiels Umbrella cockatoos

Aratingaconures Eclectus parrots

(n = 150) (n = 150) (n = 50) (n = 200) (n = 100) (n = 50) (n = 25)

WBC x 103/µl 8-11 7.5-12.5 2.5-6.5 4.0-8.8 7-11.5 7.0-11.7 7.0-11.8

PCV (%) 42-50 44-49 42-53 45-57 38-48 42-49 41-49

Determination Lovebirds Macaws Pionus sp. Quaker (monk)parakeets Senegal parrots

(n = 25) (n = 100) (n = 25) (n = 50) (n = 25)

WBC x 103/µl 4.5-9.0 8.5-15.5 7.0-11.5 5.5-12.5 6.5-12

PCV (%) 39-51 39-52 44-51 38-48 37-48

** Compiled 1989-2001 by Teresa L. Lightfoot, DVM, Dipl ABVP-Avian: All calculations were done using the Eosinophil Unopette method; an average of thetotal WBC counts for the two or more CBCs that were performed was used to develop the above ranges.

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A P P E N D I C E S 1007


Alk phos (U/L) 20-160 15-150 10-80 20-135 20-250 15-255 80-250 150-350

ALT (U/L) 5-12 5-11 5-10 5-11 5-11 6-12 5-13 5-11

AST (U/L) 100-365 130-350 145-350 145-345 95-345 145-355 125-345 120-370

Amylase (U/L) 210-530 205-510 200-500 190-485 205-490 200-510 100-450 200-645

BUN (mg/dL) 3-5.4 3.1-5.3 3-5.2 3-5 2.9-5 3-5.1 2.8-5.4 3-5.5

Ca (mg/dL) 8.5-13 8.5-14 6.5-11 5.5-13.5 8-13 8-13 7-15 7-13

Chol (mg/dL) 160-425 180-305 145-275 150-400 140-360 145-355 120-400 130-350

Creat (mg/dL) 0.1-0.4 0.1-0.4 0.1-0.4 0.1-0.4 0.1-0.4 0.1-0.4 0.1-0.4 0.1-0.4

CO2 (mmol/L) 13-25 13-26 14-25 14-26 13-25 14-25 14-25 14-24

CPK (U/L) 165-412 55-345 90-300 55-350 30-245 95-305 35-355 220-345

GGT (U/L) 1-10 1-12 1-10 1-14 1-30 1-45 1-15 1-20

Glu (mg/dL) 190-350 190-345 190-390 205-435 200-445 185-355 200-345 145-245

LDH (U/L) 145-465 155-425 145-435 120-450 120-455 220-550 120-390 200-425

Lipase (U/L) 35-350 35-225 30-300 29-255 30-280 25-275 30-290 35-275

Phos (mg/dL) 3.2-5.4 3.1-5.5 3.0-5.2 2.9-4.9 3.2-4.8 2.5-5.5 2-10 2.9-6.5

Potassium (mmol/L) 2.9-4.6 3-4.5 2.2-3.9 2.2-4.5 2.4-4.6 2.5-4.5 3-4.5 3.5-4.3

Sodium (mmol/L) 157-165 125-155 139-165 135-165 130-153 130-155 135-149 130-145

Total bili (mg/dL) 0-0.1 0-0.1 0-0.1 0-0.1 0-0.1 0-0.1 0-0.1 0-0.1

Total protein (g/dL) 3-4.6 3-5 2.5-4.5 2.8-4.5 2.4-4.1 3-5 3-4.2 2.8-3.8

Trig (mg/dL) 45-145 49-190 105-265 60-265 45-200 45-205 50-300 70-410

Uric acid (mg/dL) 4.5-9.5 2.3-10 4.5-14 4-12 3.5-10.5 3.5-10.5 2.5-11 2.5-11

* University of Miami Avian and Wildlife Laboratory: All reference ranges obtained from heparinized plasma samples; regular chemistryperformed on Ortho (Kodak Ektahem) 700XR; TP by non-temperature compensated refractometer; bile acids and T4 by RIA; EPH byBeckman Paragon SPEP II gels; represent adult ranges.


Bile acids (µmol/L) 13-90 18-60 15-70 23-90 20-85 25-87 15-55 10-61

T4 µg/dL) 0.2-1.5 0.1-1.1 0.3-1.5 0.3-1.8 0.4-1.9 0.3-1.8 0.3-1.9 0.3-2.0

Pre-albumin (g/dL) 0.03-1.35 0.35-1.05 0.48-1.21 0.35-0.98 0.8-1.6 0.24-1.18 0.18-0.98 0.05-0.74

Albumin (g/dL) 1.57-3.23 1.9-3.52 0.79-1.35 0.81-1.23 0.7-1.8 1.8-3.1 1.9-2.6 2.3-2.6

Alpha-1 (g/dL) 0.02-0.27 0.05-0.32 0.08-0.21 0.08-0.16 0.05-0.30 0.05-0.18 0.04-0.23 0.09-0.19

Alpha-2 (g/dL) 0.05-0.25 0.07-0.32 0.05-0.16 0.05-0.22 0.05-0.30 0.04-0.36 0.08-0.26 0.11-0.21

Beta (g/dL) 0.35-0.66 0.38-0.76 0.35-0.75 0.3-0.71 0.3-0.78 0.35-0.82 0.38-0.77 0.35-0.62

Gamma (g/dL) 0.11-0.71 0.17-0.76 0.15-0.55 0.16-0.63 0.11-0.53 0.21-0.65 0.32-0.61 0.22-0.51

A/G ratio 1.6-4.3 1.9-5.0 1.5-4.1 1.3-4.5 1.5-4.3 2.0-4.5 2.2-4.3 2.6-4.1

AAppppeennddiixx IIIIII.. AAvviiaann BBiioocchheemmiissttrryy RReeffeerreennccee RRaannggeess*


Cl inica l Avian Medic ine - Volume I I1008

* University of Miami Avian and Wildlife Laboratory: All reference ranges obtained from heparinized plasma samples; regular chemistryperformed on Ortho (Kodak Ektachem) 700XR; TP by non-temperature compensated refractometer; bile acids and T4 by RIA; EPH byBeckman Paragon SPEP II gels; represent adult ranges.

For assistance on biochemistry conversions: www.vin.com/scripts/labquest/converthtml.pl


Alk phos (U/L) 80-156 75-155 10-90 20-230 20-120 80-290 70-300 70-300

ALT (U/L) 5-12 5-13 5-13 5-12 5-12 5-12 5-11 5-11

AST (U/L) 150-278 150-350 110-345 100-300 145-395 150-365 150-285 100-350

Amylase (U/L) 100-425 90-422 90-400 150-550 150-525 200-500 100-400 190-550

BUN (mg/dL) 2.8-5.6 2.7-5.7 2.8-5.5 3-5.6 3.1-5.3 3-5.4 2.9-5.4 2.9-5.4

Ca (mg/dL) 7-13 6.5-13 8-14 8.5-13 5.5-13.5 7-13.5 7-12 6.5-13

Chol (mg/dL) 100-300 95-295 95-335 100-390 150-400 130-295 100-295 130-340

Creat (mg/dL) 0.1-0.4 0.1-0.4 0.1-0.4 0.1-0.5 0.1-0.4 0.1-0.4 0.1-0.4 0.1-0.4

CO2 (mmol/L) 14-25 14-26 14-25 14-25 14-25 14-24 14-26 14-25

CPK (U/L) 110-310 110-330 52-245 100-300 50-400 100-300 110-320 100-330

GGT (U/L) 1-15 1-16 2.5-18 1-30 1-12 1-18 1-15 1-15

Glu (mg/dL) 199-348 200-300 195-405 145-345 205-345 125-300 200-350 140-250

LDH (U/L) 119-335 115-330 105-355 70-350 145-445 125-380 120-300 150-350

Lipase (U/L) 30-255 25-250 30-320 30-250 30-220 30-250 25-225 35-250

Phos (mg/dL) 2-6.8 2-6.5 2.8-4.9 2-12 2.9-4.9 2.9-6.6 2.9-6.5 2.5-9.5

Potassium (mmol/L) 3-4.5 3-4.4 2.1-4.8 2-5 2.3-4.2 3.5-4.6 2.8-4.6 3-5

Sodium (mmol/L) 133-153 130-155 125-155 140-165 138-166 145-155 140-155 130-155

Total bili (mg/dL) 0-0.1 0-0.1 0-0.1 0-0.1 0-0.1 0-0.1 0-0.1 0-0.1

Total protein (g/dL) 2.8-4 2-3.5 2.8-4.4 2.1-4.5 3-4.4 2.2-4 2.8-3.6 3.5-4.4

Trig (mg/dL) 60-130 65-140 45-200 60-135 55-250 60-225 50-200 45-145

Uric acid (mg/dL) 2.5-12 2.8-11.5 3.5-11 2.5-11 4.5-12 3.5-10 3.5-11.5 2.3-10


Bile acids (µmol/L) 25-65 20-65 13-65 6-35 18-79 14-60 25-65 20-85

T4 (µg/dL) 0.2-1.5 0.3-1.2 0.2-2.3 0.2-1.9 0.4-1.8 0.5-1.9 0.4-2.1 0.5-2.3

Pre-albumin (g/dL) 0.18-0.32 0.48-0.76 0.6-1.2 0.05-0.7 0.6-1 0.19-0.93 0.48-1.13 0.19-0.64

Albumin (g/dL) 1.85-2.23 1.26-1.96 2-2.8 1.24-3.11 1.9-3 2.19-3.29 1.26-2.52 1.45-2.28

Alpha-1 (g/dL) 0.07-0.15 0.04-0.14 0.08-0.21 0.04-0.25 0.06-0.16 0.1-0.19 0.04-0.25 0.02-0.20

Alpha-2 (g/dL) 0.08-0.15 0.04-0.23 0.08-0.25 0.04-0.31 0.07-0.20 0.08-0.15 0.05-0.28 0.08-0.16

Beta (g/dL) 0.38-0.66 0.35-0.58 0.34-0.68 0.48-0.68 0.22-0.45 0.30-0.60 0.41-0.63 0.36-0.58

Gamma (g/dL) 0.26-0.51 0.13-0.29 0.2-0.48 0.2-0.5 0.19-0.30 0.18-0.42 0.13-0.48 0.14-0.23

A/G ratio 2.9-3.5 2.3-4.0 2.5-4.6 1.6-4.3 4-5.3 3.4-5.0 2.2-3.2 2.2-3.9


Index

Clinical Avian Medicine: Volume I - pp 1-450; Volume II - pp 451-1008

AAAAV (Association of Avian Veterinarians), 1, 27, 29Abdominal enlargement, in passerines, 899Abdominal mass excision, 828Abdominal wall hernia repair, 196, 827-828Abdominocentesis, 189-190Abscesses

homeopathic treatment of, 353periorbital, 988submandibular, 800-801

ABVP (American Board of Veterinary Practitioners), 2, 29Accuracy, defined, 612, 613ACE inhibitors, 388Acepromazine, 242Acetoacetate, 615Acetone, 615N-Acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase (NAG), 475Acetylcysteine, 242Achilles tendon repair, 843Acid fast stain, in cryptosporidium, 434Acid-base imbalances, serum calcium and, 144Acid-base status, 619Actinomyces pyogenes, and renal disease, 459Activated charcoal, 242, 712Acupuncture, 344-346

acupuncture points, 347, 348for egg binding, 361for feather picking, 357-358for immune deficiency/chronic infections, 362

Acyclovir, 242Adenocarcinoma, 468, 536Adenoma, pituitary, 563Adenomatous polyps, 568-569S-Adenosylmethionine (SAMe), 125, 448Adenoviruses

in companion birds, 732and intestinal disease, 433in pigeons, 856in ratites, 977and renal hemorrhage, 469

Adipose tissue, in glucose regulation, 550Adrenal gland, endoscopy of, 641, 643, 644Aegyptianella pullorum, 985African grey parrots

beak and feather disease in, 725color variation in, 36, 43hypocalcemia in, 147-150serum calcium levels in, 145skin papillomas in, 400, 406vitamin D levels in, 146

Age, biochemistry profile values and, 614-615Air fresheners, toxicity of, 228Air sacculitis, aspergillosis and, 694, 699Air sac mites, 906Air sacs. See also Respiratory system

anatomy of, 748, 864cannulation of, 214-215, 699cervicocephalic, 201

rupture of, 794-795, 797-798, 911endoscopy of, 636-637, 638

Air sacs (continued)granuloma resection in, 800and positioning for anesthesia, 750

Airborne toxicities, 171, 228, 716, 908Albendazole, 242-243Albumin, serum

blood levels of, 615, 616, 618in renal disease, 476

laboratory analysis of, 615and total calcium levels, 142, 144

Alcohol, for exams, 175Alfaxalone plus alfadolone, 243Alimentary tract. See Gastrointestinal tractAlkaline phosphatase (ALP), 616, 618Allergies, 134, 405Allopurinol, 243, 482

for hyperuricemia, 483-484Aloe vera, 243

for digestive disorders, 349, 359for feather picking, 358-359

ALP (alkaline phosphatase), 616, 618Alpha-adrenergic agents, as preanesthetics, 755Alternative behaviors, 56Alternative therapies. See Integrative therapiesAltman splint, 769, 770Amantadine, 243Amazon foot necrosis, 198, 408American Board of Veterinary Practitioners (ABVP), 2, 27, 29American Federation of Aviculture, 1Amikacin, 244Amino acids

dietary requirements for, 89-90, 133essential, 89in pollens, 104

Aminoloid, 244Aminonitrothiazole, 244Aminopentamide, 244Aminophylline, 244Aminopromazine, 244Aminothiazole, 244Amitriptyline, 244Ammonia, serum, 616, 618Ammonia solution, topical (Penetran), 229, 244, 303Ammonia toxicosis, in ratite chicks, 978Ammonium chloride toxicosis, 944-945Amobarbital, 244Amoxicillin, 245-246, 842, 890Amoxicillin plus clavulanate, 246-247Amoxicillin plus tylosin, 246Amphotericin B, 247, 697-698, 708, 890Ampicillin, 247-248, 890Amprolium, 248Amputation

of digits, 786, 825, 827of limbs, 771, 823

Amylase, 551, 616, 618-619Amyloidosis

hepatic, 445-446in passerines, 908in raptors, 942renal, 469, 482, 483-487

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ii Cl in ica l Avian Medic ine


Amyloidosis (continued)treatment of, 484in waterfowl, 846

Analgesia, 235-238Anemia

emergency treatment of, 230-231homeopathic treatment of, 352interpretation of, 606

Anesthesia, 747-760avian-specific considerations, 750-751cardiovascular system and, 749emergencies during, 758-759equipment for, 7, 10field, 10inhalant, 752-755injectable agents, 755-756local, 236, 756in passerines, 889-890patient monitoring in, 756-758preparation for, 751-752pulmonary system and, 748-749in ratites, 985recovery from, 352, 759

Angel wing, in waterfowl, 846Angiocardiography, 381Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, 388Angular limb deformity, in ratites, 979Animal welfare, and pet birds, 33-35Anion gap, 616, 619Anseriformes. See WaterfowlAnt control, 368-370Antecedents to behaviors, 49-50Anthrax, in ostriches, 984Antiarrhythmics, 388Antibiotic therapy. See also Therapeutic agents; specific drugs

in critical care, 220for renal disease, 482, 483, 487in waterfowl, 842

Anticoagulants, in blood sample collection, 589, 591, 613Anticonvulsant therapy, 506Antifeedants, 134-136Antifibrotics, for liver disease, 448Antifungal therapy. See also Therapeutic agents; specific drugs

in critical care, 220in waterfowl, 842

Antimycobacterial drugs, 687. See also specific drugsAntioxidants

in atherosclerosis prevention, 131hypervitaminosis A and, 96lipid peroxidation and, 91, 115for neoplasia, 364uric acid as, 472

Antiprotozoal agents, 842. See also specific drugsAnuria, 207Aorta, endoscopy of, 640APHIS, 27Appendix, 1005-1008Apple cider vinegar, for digestive disorders, 329, 349-350, 359Apramycin, 248APV. See Polyomavirus, avianAqua-puncture, 345Arachidonic acid cascade, in renal injury, 456, 485-486Arecoline hydrobromide, 248Arginine vasotocin, 328, 455, 478, 525, 528Aromatherapy, 356Arsanilic acid, 248Arteries, renal, 452Arteriosclerosis, 392-393. See also AtherosclerosisArthritis

homeopathic treatment of, 351

Arthritis (continued)nutriceuticals for, 350septic, 771in waterfowl, 847

Arthropods, 931Articular gout, 199

renal disease and, 458, 470surgery for, 481treatment of, 482, 487

Artificial insemination, 873Ascarids, 535, 582, 859, 905Ascites, liver disease and, 447Ascorbic acid. See Vitamin CAseptic surgical technique, 777Asparaginase, 248Aspartate aminotransaminase (AST), 443, 616, 619Aspergillosis, 691-700

clinical signs of, 693-695and dermatitis, 398, 701diagnosis of, 579-580, 695-697epidemiology and predisposition, 692in passerines, 900pathogenesis, 692-693in raptors, 936, 938-939in ratites, 978, 981and renal disease, 464treatment of, 697-700

Aspergillus antibody titers, 696Aspergillus spp., 692-693Aspirin, 249, 482, 486Association of Avian Veterinarians (AAV), 1, 27, 29Associations

avian medicine, 1, 27, 29integrative therapies, 363

AST (aspartate aminotransaminase), 443, 616, 619Astragalus, 249, 349Ataxia, 353, 511-512Atherosclerosis. See also Arteriosclerosis

appearance of, 669-670dietary factors in, 131-132and neurologic disorders, 511

Atipamezole, 249Atoxoplasma spp., 901-902Atria, 749Atropine, 249, 389, 843Aural stimulation, and nestling development, 64Australian Committee of AAV, 1, 29Authorization forms, 25Autoclave, chemical, 23Autoimmune disease. See Immune-mediated diseaseAvascular necrosis of extremities, 784, 785, 909, 910, 920Avian Examiner, 27Avian gastric yeast. See MacrorhabdosisAvian influenza virus. See Influenza virusAvian leukosis virus, 468Avian Medicine Online, 27Avian paramyxoviruses (PMV). See ParamyxovirusesAvian polyomavirus. See PolyomavirusAvian vacuolar myelinopathy, 507, 513Aviaries. See also Housing

for canaries, 881, 887for galliformes, 865-866preventive medicine and, 575for waterfowl, 832-834

Aviculturists, 36, 574Avocado toxicosis, 716Azamethiphos, 249Azaperone, 250Azathioprine, for liver disease, 447-448Azithromycin, 250

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I N D E X iii


Azotemia, 616, 621

BBBabesia shortti, 604Bach flower remedies. See Flower essence therapyBacillus thuringiensis (B.t.), 375Bacitracin, 250Bacterial infection

in canaries, finches and mynahs, 895-898of cloaca, 436of the crop, 426-427and encephalitis, 509in galliformes, 874and hepatic disease, 446of integument, 398-399of oropharynx, 423-424of proventriculus/ventriculus, 430in raptors, 933-936in ratites, 977and renal disease, 459-460, 474, 482, 483, 487and salpingitis and metritis, 530

Bambermycin, 250Bandaging, 229-230, 918-919Bands

breeder, 32injuries from, 403, 404, 860quarantine, 32removal of, 16-18for waterfowl, 835, 836

Barium sulfate, 250Basal cell tumors, 406Basal metabolic rate (BMR), 87, 776Basilic vein, 588-589Basophils, morphology of, 597, 601Bathing, 15, 68Baylisascaris procyonis, 463, 509Beak

anatomy and function of, 412control of movement, 494disorders of, 192, 193, 417-423

congenital/developmental deformities, 396-397, 417-418in falcons, 928infectious causes of malformation, 397, 419, 422-423in ostrich chicks, 976

examination of, 189, 192-194injuries to, 174, 176, 228, 402-403, 418-422jaw tone evaluation, 496-497overgrowth of, 117shaping of, 14

in raptors, 927-928Beak and feather disease virus. See also Psittacine beak and feather

disease virushomeopathic treatment of, 351

Beak trimming, 14-15, 875Behavior

psittacine. See Psittacine behaviorin ratites, 963-966reproductive. See Reproductive behavior; Sexual behaviorzoo bird considerations, 999

Behavior analysis, 46-51Behavior modification, 51-52, 55-58, 80-81Behavioral abnormalities. See also specific behavior problems, eg,

Feather pickingflower essence therapy for, 356history taking and, 168-169homeopathic treatment of, 352improper diet and, 136-137

Behavioral abnormalities (continued)pesticides and, 136in psittacines, 75-83. See also Psittacine behavior

Behavioral changescorticosterone and, 542, 543in response to pain, 234-235

Behavioral momentum, 55Behavioral science, 46-59

applied behavior analysis, 48-51decreasing behaviors, 55-58definition, 46-47ethology, 47-48reinforcing behaviors, 51-53

Behaviorist, on staff, 21Benzocaine, topical, 236Benzyl benzoate, 250Beta-blockers, 388Betaine, anhydrous, 125Betamethasone, 250Bicarbonate, blood levels of, 616, 619-620Bile acids, 620

in hepatic disease, 443, 616, 620Bile duct

anatomy of, 416neoplasia of, 562, 563obstruction of, 624

Bilirubin, 186, 207, 223, 443, 620-621Biliverdin, 197, 443, 620-621Biliverdinuria, 205-207, 628Biochemistry profiles, 611-629. See also specific substances,

eg, Glucoseaccuracy of, 612-613age variations in, 614-615reference values

development of, 612for passerines, 889for raptors, 950-951for ratites, 974for waterfowl, 840

sample handling, 613-614Biological control measures, 367-368, 375Biopsy

of abdominal masses, 828of crop, 804endoscopic-guided, 650-651hepatic, 444of muscles, 504ovarian, 815-818renal, 479-481, 828skin and follicle, 789of testes, 818

Biosecurity, 929-930. See also SanitationBiotin

deficiency of, 125-126, 467-468dosage of, 250

Bird conservation, zoos and, 1001Bird fairs, 3, 583Bird parks. See Zoo birdsBirdmed Discussion List, 27Birds, pet. See Pet birdsBismuth subsalicylate, 250Bite wounds, 173, 177Biting, 78-81, 356Bleeding

emergency treatment of, 228, 229physical examination and, 174-175, 176-177

Bleeding disorders, 447, 457Blood chemistry panels. See Biochemistry profilesBlood feathers, broken, 173, 177, 183, 187, 228, 403Blood films, 591, 592, 594-597, 599-604

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iv Clinica l Avian Medic ine


Blood, in droppings, 206, 207, 214, 226Blood loss, acute, 230-231Blood parasites. See Parasites, bloodBlood sample collection, 588-589

in ratites, 973in waterfowl, 840-841

Blood volume, of birds, 588B-mode echocardiography, 382BMR (basal metabolic rate), 87, 776Board certification. See Certification programsBoarding, 22, 24, 157, 583Boarding facilities, 5, 22Body condition, 173, 174-175Body, examination of, 189-190, 196Body weight

optimal, 91-92of raptors, 917-918

Bonds, inappropriate, 75-76Bones

disorders ofdeformities in ratite chicks, 979-980metabolic, 939-940, 980vitamin A deficiency and, 95

fractures of. See Fractures; Orthopedic surgerymycobacteriosis lesions in, 683-684necropsy examination of, 675-676of ratites, 959

Boric acid, 375Borna disease virus, 514, 982Botulism, 515Brachial plexus, endoscopy of, 650Brain development, lipid requirements in, 92Brain, necropsy examination of, 674Breeding. See ReproductionBreeding behavior. See Reproductive behaviorBreeding, selective, 35-36, 850-851Brewers yeast, 251Bromhexine, 251Bronchi, endoscopy of, 637-639Bronchial system, anatomy of, 748Brooding spot, 862Bruising, facial, 174, 176Budgerigar fledgling disease, 508. See also Avian polyomavirusBudgerigar goiter, 130-131, 549, 563Budgerigars

avian polyomavirus in, 728, 730beak and feather disease in, 725macrorhabdosis in, 706

Bumblefoot, 190, 200, 403-404after orthopedic surgery, 771-772in raptors, 923-924in waterfowl, 846

BUN (blood urea nitrogen), 616, 621Bunamidine, 251Bunyavirus, and encephalitis, 509Bupivacaine, 236, 251Buprenorphine, 237, 251Burdock root, 349, 360Burn treatment, 403Bursa of Fabricius, 671Butorphanol, 237, 251

CCCacatua tenuirostris, 123Cadmium, and salt gland enlargement, 454-455Caesarian section, 815Cage perches. See perches

Cageshistory taking and, 159, 170-171hospital, 22-23placement of, 69for raptors, 917size of, 43, 161travel, 19-20, 917for zoo birds, 992

Calcinosis circumscripta, 408Calcitonin, 143Calcitriol, 251Calcium

dietary, 100-102absorption of, 142in commercial diets, 96deficiency, in all-seed diet, 110excess, and renal disease, 102, 163, 465in supplements, 104, 251-252in various foods, 100-103

serum fractions of, 142, 144, 621serum levels

decreased, 616, 622, 776increased, 464, 465, 616, 622measurement of, 144-145, 621

Calcium metabolism, 141-151abnormalities of, 144-147husbandry effects, in psittacines, 147-150regulation of, 141-144

Calcium oxylate, plants containing, 716-717Calcium supplements, 104, 251-252Cambendazole, 252Cameras, digital, 25Campylobacter spp. infection, 897Canaries

circovirus infection in, 727, 895domestic breeding of, 881-887

Canaries, finches and mynahs, 879-913. See also Passerinesair sac rupture in, 911anatomy and physiology of, 880bacterial diseases of, 895-898diagnostic procedures in, 887-889fungal diseases of, 899-901head trauma in, 910integumentary disease in, 909-910macrorhabdosis in, 707metabolic disorders in, 907-908nutrition in, 886-887parasitic diseases of, 901-907reproduction in, 881-886, 910toxicities in, 908treatment techniques, 889-890viral diseases of, 727, 890-895

Candidiasis, 700-701of cloaca, 436of the crop, 427homeopathic treatment of, 352integrative therapies for, 359in passerines, 899-900of proventriculus/ventriculus, 430in raptors, 939in ratite chicks, 977and stomatitis, 424

Candles, scented, toxicity of, 228Candy flavorings, toxicity of, 163, 228Cannibalism, 875. See also Self-mutilationCanthaxanthin, 129Capillaria infection

of intestines, 434and oropharyngeal disease, 424-425in passerines, 905

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Capillaria infection (continued)in pigeons, 859

Caprylic acid, 252Capture

of raptors, 916-917of waterfowl, 837-838

Carbamate insecticides, 510, 515Carbaryl, 252-253Carbenicillin, 253Carbohydrate oral supplementation, 221Carbohydrates, dietary requirements, 87-89Carbon dioxide gas, 253Carbon dioxide, total serum, 619-620Carboplatin, 253, 481, 535, 536Carboxymethylcellulose, 253Carcinoma, 562-563

adenocarcinoma, 468, 536mucoepidermoid, 560, 561renal, 468squamous cell, 406, 561

Cardiomyopathy, 132, 352, 391Cardiovascular system. See also Heart

anatomy of, 379anesthesia and, 749diagnostic testing

angiocardiography, 381echocardiography, 381-384, 385electrocardiography, 384-386, 387post mortem morphometry, 386, 387radiology, 380, 381

disorders of, 379-394arteriosclerosis, 131-132, 392-393, 511, 669-670circulatory disturbances, 393congenital disease, 389dietary factors in, 131-132endocardial disease, 391-392heart failure, 389myocardial disease, 132, 352, 391pericardial disease, 389-390, 469plant toxins and, 716therapy of, 352, 386-388, 389

examination of, 191, 201monitoring of, during anesthesia, 757

Carfentanil, 253Carina, ulcers of, 13-14, 789-790, 920Carnidazole, 253-254, 425Carnitine, and cardiomyopathy, 132β-Carotene, 93, 94, 95, 129Carotenoids

conversion to vitamin A, 97in feather pigmentation, 97-101in foods, 94and iron uptake, 129metabolic pathways for, 98-100

Carpal bone fractures, 767-768Carpenter ants, 369-370Carprofen, 238, 254Caryospora, in raptors, 933Cassowaries. See RatitesCastration, 651, 652, 818Casts, urinary, 474-475Cataracts, 132-133, 202, 988Catarrh, homeopathic treatment of, 353Cathartics, for toxicosis, 713Catheter, intravenous, placement of, 216-217Caudal tibial vein, 588-589Cavitron ultrasonic surgical aspirator, 828Ceca

anatomy of, 416in fluid regulation, 455-456

Ceca (continued)of galliformes, 865inflammation of, 456, 984necropsy examination of, 673-674of ratites, 959-960, 984

Cefadroxil, 254Cefazolin, 254Cefotaxime, 254Ceftazidime, 255, 482Ceftiofur, 255, 482Ceftriaxone, 255Celecoxib, 430, 744Celiotomy, 750, 806, 808-813, 816-817, 985-987Cell-mediated immunity, in glomerulopathies, 459Cement perches, 14Central nervous system. See Nervous systemCentral sensitization to pain, 235Central vacuum systems, 22Cephalexin, 255-256Cephalothin, 256Cephradine, 256Cere, 189, 194, 397Cerebellum, 494, 511Cerebral hemorrhage, 97Cerebrospinal fluid analysis, 500-501Certification programs, 2, 29, 363Cervicocephalic air sac, 201

rupture of, 794-795, 797-798, 911Cestode infections, 434, 905Chamomile, 349Chandlerella quiscali, 509Chaparral, 349Charcoal, activated, 242, 712Chelating agents, for heavy metal toxicosis, 448, 714, 715Chemotherapy, 481, 564-565Chewing, 77Chick fading syndrome, 980Chickens. See also Galliformes; Poultry

macrorhabdosis in, 707as pets, 37

Chicks. See also Pediatric patientsfeather development in, 174, 178gallinaceous, 863, 864, 867-868protein requirements of, 90psittacine, 61-66, 86ratite

behavior of, 965-966diseases of, 976-980feeding of, 962, 966management of, 969-970surgery in, 985-986

Chinese herbal therapy, 360, 361Chinese medicine, 345-346, 361Chiropractic, 344, 361Chitin, 88-89Chitosan, 256Chlamydiosis, 679-680. See also Psittacosis

and encephalitis, 509and health care facility pets, 33in passerines, 895-896in raptors, 935

Chlamydophila psittaci, 679Chloral hydrate, 256Chloral hydrate, plus pentobarbital, 304-305Chloralose, 256Chloramphenicol, 257Chlordiazepoxide, 257Chlorhexidine, 258, 701Chloride, serum, 617, 623Chloroquine, 258

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Chlorotetracycline, 842, 890Chlorpromazine, 258Chlorsulon, 842Chlortetracycline, 258-259Choanal atresia, 793-794, 795-797Chocolate toxicity, 163Cholecalciferol, 142. See also Vitamin DCholecystokinin, 550Cholesterol, 617, 622

in renal disease, 457, 466Choline, 126-127, 259Chondroma, 562Chorionic gonadotropin, 279, 524, 525Chromium picolinate, 259Chronic infections, integrative therapies for, 362Chronic pain, treatment of, 238Chronic ulcerative dermatitis (CUD), 13, 14, 408, 909Ciconiiformes, neoplasia in, 570Cigarette smoke, 171, 352Cimetidine, 259Ciprofloxacin, 260, 482Circadian pacemaking system, 551-552Circovirus, 723-727

and beak malformation, 419, 580and integumentary disease, 399-400in passerines, 895in pigeons, 400, 856

Circulatory collapse, 393Cirrhosis, 442Cisapride, 226, 227, 260Cisplatin, 260CITES (Convention on International Trade in Endangered

Species), 32Citric acid, 260CK (creatine kinase ), 617, 622-623Clanobutin, 260Clarithromycin, 260Clavicle, fractures of, 765Clavulanate, plus amoxicillin, 246-247Claws. See NailsClazuril, 260, 842Client education, 2-3, 24-25, 184, 573-575Client relations, 20, 24-25Clients, attracting, 2-4Clindamycin, 260-261Clinic staff, 19-21Cloaca

anatomy and function of, 203, 416-417disorders of, 535-538examination of, 203liths of. See Cloacolithsnecropsy examination of, 674neoplasia of, 437, 538, 568-569papillomatosis of, 203, 435-436, 535-537, 734-736

surgery for, 801, 802, 822polyps of, 568-569presurgical preparation of, 777prolapse of, 75-76, 226-227, 436, 537

in ratites, 977, 983repair of, 819-822

surgery of, 801, 802, 819-822Cloacitis, 537Cloacoliths, 436, 481, 537-538Cloacoplexy, 819-822Cloacoscopy, 649Cloacotomy, 822Clofazimine, 261Clomipramine, 261Clopidol, 261Clorsulon, 261

Clostridia spp.in cloacal prolapse, 227in cloacolithiasis, 537and enteritis, in ratites, 977and enterotoxemia, in raptors, 935and intestinal disease, 433, 673

Clostridium spp., 121Clothes moths, 372Clotrimazole, 261, 697-698Cloxacillin, 261-262Clutch size, in gallinaceous birds, 869Coagulopathies, 447, 457Coccidiosis

and intestinal disease, 433in passerines, 901-903in raptors, 933in ratites, 977and renal disease, 460-462

Cochlosoma spp.and intestinal disease, 433-434in passerines, 903-904

Cockatielsepizootic respiratory neoplasia of, 744feather yellowing with liver disease, 186pulmonary neoplasms in, 569sexual dimorphism in, 156

Cockatoosavian polyomavirus in, 729baby, stages of development in, 178beak and feather disease in, 724vent prolapse in, 68, 75-76

Cockroaches, control of, 370-371Coelomic cavity

endoscopy of, 634-637, 685. See also specific organsnecropsy examination of, 665-668surgical access to, 806, 808-813surgical procedures of, 750

in ratites, 985-987salpingohysterectomy, 814-817

Coelomitisreproductive-associated, 521-522, 533-534, 982, 986surgery for, 822-823

Coenzyme Q10, 132, 262Colchicine, 262, 482

for hyperuricemia, 484for liver disease, 448

Colitisand renal disease, 457, 474and water/electrolyte balance, 456

Collagen necrosis, and skin disease, 408-409Collars, protective, 218-220, 785Colleague relationships, 6Colloidal silver, 314Colon. See also Rectum

anatomy and function of, 416in fluid regulation, 455-456necropsy examination of, 674

Color mutations, 35-36Color preferences of psittacines, 74Columbiformes, circovirus infection in, 727. See also Circovirus

in pigeonsComa, 506Combs, 862Commercial diets. See Diets, commercialCommunication systems, cross-species, 47-48Companion birds. See pet birdsCompendium on psittacosis control, 26. See also PsittacosisComplementary medicine. See Integrative therapiesComplete blood count. See Hematology

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Computed tomography (CT)in aspergillosis, 696in neurologic disorders, 504uses of, 658

Computer software, for record keeping, 25Conditional reinforcers, 52Conditioning, operant, 49Congenital disorders

of beak, 323, 397, 417-418of heart, 389of integument, 396-397of kidney, 467

Congestive heart failure, 389Conjunctival hemorrhage, 173, 176Conjunctivitis, in raptors, 944Consciousness, 495Consequences of behaviors, 49-50Conservation, of birds, 1001Constriction and avascular necrosis of extremities, 784, 785, 909,

910, 920Contingency, 51Continuing education, 1-6, 27Continuous reinforcement schedule, 54Contracaecum spp., 425Controlled drug regulations, 25Controlled drugs safe, 24Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of

Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES), 32Cooking of foods, 113Coordination, 494Coping (beak and talon trimming), 927-928Coprodeum, 416, 436Coracoid, fractures of, 765Corn gluten meal, 375Cornea, lacerations of, 944Corticosteroids

in critical care, 220for liver disease, 447

Corticosterone. See also specific drugseffects of, 542, 543elevation of, 541-542, 543pain and, 235

Corticotropin, 262Coryza, homeopathic treatment of, 353Coxofemoral joint luxation, 768Cracids, egg hatching in, 871Cranial nerves, examination of, 495-497Cranium, skin defect repair, 789Creatine kinase (CK), 617, 622-623Creatinine, plasma levels of, 473Critical care. See Emergency and critical careCrop

anatomy and function of, 413-414biopsy of, 804burns of, 427, 801, 804, 805cytologic sampling of, 887-888disorders of, 131, 426-429endoscopy of, 647-649examination of, 189lavage of, for toxicosis, 712necropsy examination of, 670-671retention of food in, 429, 940surgery of, 801-804, 806-807

Crop milk, 414Cross-species communication, 47-48Crotamiton, 262Cryptococcosis, 423, 701-702Cryptosporidiosis

and intestinal disease, 433, 434in passerines, 903

Cryptosporidiosis (continued)of proventriculus, 430and renal disease, 463, 464

CT. See Computed tomographyCUD. See Chronic ulcerative dermatitisCultures, microbiological

in mycobacteriosis, 685at necropsy, 676-677in new-bird examination, 576, 582in renal disorders, 473-474

Cupric sulfate, 262Cyanoacrylate tissue adhesive, 785Cyanocobalamin, 262Cyanosis, 352Cyclophosphamide, 262Cycloserine, 262Cyclosporine, 262Cypermethrin, 262L-Cysteine, 125Cysts

feather, 396-397, 786-788, 909ovarian, 351, 532renal, 467

Cytologyin aspergillosis, 697of crop contents, 887-888in mycobacteriosis, 685

Cytomegaloviruses, 893

DDDactylariosis, 703Dandelion, 349, 360Danofloxacin, 262Dead-in-shell birds, necropsy of, 676, 974-975, 976Decoquinate, 263Decubital sores. See BumblefootDeferiprone, 263Deferoxamine, 263Dehydration, 455, 470Delmadinone, 263Depression, 506Dermatitis

chronic ulcerative, 13, 14, 408, 909focal granulomatous, 399fungal, 196, 397-398, 701, 900-901, 976generalized bacterial, 398patagial, 196in ratites, 981

Dermatophytes, 196, 397, 398, 701, 900-901Desflurane, 754-755Detomidine, 263Detoxification of xenobiotics, 135-136Dexamethasone, 525

dosage of, 263-264, 843effects of, 542-543

Dextrose, 264Diabetes insipidus, 478-479Diabetes mellitus, 470, 551Diagnostic imaging, 653-659. See also Radiology; specific

organs and structurescomputed tomography, 504, 658, 696excretory urography, 477-478, 658-659magnetic resonance imaging, 658myelography, 499-500, 658radiographic technique, 653-656ultrasonography, 7, 444, 477, 657-658

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Diagnostic testing, 207-208. See also Biochemistry profiles; Hematology

in canaries, finches and mynahs, 887-889for infectious disease

aspergillosis, 579-580, 696avian polyomavirus, 580-581mycobacteriosis, 578-579for mycobacteriosis, 684-686mycoplasmosis, 579paramyxovirus 3, 582psittacid herpesviruses, 581-582psittacine beak and feather disease virus, 580psittacosis, 577-578, 677types of, 576-577, 685, 721-722for viral diseases, 721-723

presurgical, 775-776of ratites, 973-974of waterfowl, 840-841

Diarrhea, in passerines, 904Diatomaceous earth, 375Diatrizoate, 264Diaveridine, plus sulfaquinoxaline, 320Diazepam, 264-265, 506, 843Dibutyltin, 265Dichlorophen, 265Dichlorvos, 265Diclazuril, 265Diclofenac, 266, 486Diethylcarbamazine, 266Diets. See also Feeding; Nutrition

for adult companion birds, 106, 112, 164-166adverse reactions to, 134for canaries, finches and mynahs, 886-887commercial

calcium content of, 96extended, whole grain vs. refined, 165labeling of, 105, 106packaging of, 113-116preservatives in, 114switching birds to, from seed, 137-138use, handling of, 116vitamin content of, 93, 94, 96, 97

feeding recommendations, 112, 164-166for galliformes, 866-868, 873handling and storage issues, 111, 113-115high-protein, and renal disease, 466history taking and, 160, 163-168homemade, 112and hypocalcemia, 148-149for immature psittacines, 61, 66-67, 168improper, 110, 111. See also Improper diet cascademodification of, 137-138pesticide residues in, 136protein content measurement, 89for psittacines, 106for raptors, 929for ratites, 961-963and renal disease, 464-466types of

fish, 105fruit and pollen, 103, 104insect, 104-105seed and nut, 94, 101, 110whole prey, 103-104for waterfowl, 835for weight loss, 87for zoo birds, 994-995, 998-999

Differential reinforcement, 56-57Digestive system. See Gastrointestinal tract

Digitsamputation of, 786, 825, 827constriction and avascular necrosis of, 784, 785, 909, 910, 920distal necrosis in, 920, 921fractures of, 770rolled toes, in ratite chicks, 980

Digoxin, 266, 388, 389Dimercaprol, 266Dimethyl sulfoxide, 266Dimethylglycine, 266Dimetridazole, 266-267, 860, 890Dinitolmide, 267Dinoprost tromethamine, 267, 843Dinoprostone, 267, 310Diphenhydramine, 267Diprenorphine, 267-268Disaccharides, 88Disinfectants, 574-575Disinfection. See SanitationDiuresis, in renal disease therapy, 481-483Diuretics, for cardiac failure, 388Dive response, 750DNA probe assay, 685-686Docusate sodium, 268Doppler echocardiography, 383-384, 385Doxapram, 268, 843Doxepin, 268Doxorubicin, 268, 562-563Doxycycline, 268-270, 842, 890Droppings. See also Fecal examination; Urates; Urine

blood in, 206, 207, 214, 226examination of, 203-207, 214urates in, 203-207, 442, 443

Drug dosages. See Therapeutic agentsDuck viral enteritis, 509, 736Duck viral hepatitis, 514Ductus deferens, 416, 520, 523, 818Duodenum, 415, 416, 672Dyspnea, liver disease and, 442Dystocia. See Egg binding

EEEars

disorders in raptors, 944examination of, 203, 649-650

Eastern equine encephalitis virus. See Equine encephalitis virusECAMS (European College of Avian Medicine and Surgery), 2, 29Echinacea, 349Echocardiography, 381-384, 385, 657Eclectus parrots, beak and feather disease in, 725-726Ectoparasites

feather mites, 855, 981in galliformes, 874Knemidokoptes mites, 397, 398, 423, 906lice, 188, 397, 855, 981in passerines, 906-907in pigeons, 855in raptors, 931in ratites, 981

Ectopic ovulation, 521-522, 531-532Edema and ascites syndrome, post-APV, 729Edetate calcium disodium, 270EDTA, as blood sample anticoagulant, 613-614Education in avian medicine, 1-6, 27Education of clients. See Client educationEgg binding, 526-529

emergency treatment of, 223-225

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Egg binding (continued)homeopathic treatment of, 351integrative therapies for, 361-362ovocentesis and manual delivery, 814in passerines, 910in ratites, 983, 986-987ultrasound and, 658

Egg food, for canaries, 886Egg laying, chronic, 524-525Egg overproduction, 535Egg yolk, lipid content of, 92Egg-related peritonitis. See Coelomitis, reproductive-associatedEggs

abnormalities of, in ratites, 982collection, in canary breeding, 886hatching, in gallinaceous birds, 869-872necropsy of, 676, 974-975, 976in production management of ratites, 967-969

Eggshell formation, 142-143, 522Eggshell thinning, pesticides and, 136Eicosanoids, 90-91Eimeria spp., 462Elbow luxations, 767Elderberry, 349Electrocardiography, 384-386, 387Electrodiagnostics, 501-504Electrolyte balance

kidneys in, 455-456salt glands in, 454

Electrolytes, 617, 623in renal disease, 473in urine samples, 475

Electromyography, 501-502Electrophoresis

plasma protein, 476, 576urinary protein, 476-477

ELIZA (enzyme-linked immunoassay), 722Elizabethan collars, 218-220, 785Emaciation, homeopathic treatment of, 352Embolization, fibrocartilaginous, 515Embryogenesis, 544, 547Embryonic mortality, in ratites, 975, 976Emergency and critical care, 213-232

for acute blood loss and anemia, 230-231in anesthesia, 758-759bandaging, 229-230common emergencies, 222-227handling of ill birds, 172-173, 213-214supportive care, 215-222for toxicities, 227-228for trauma, 228-229

Emergency services, 5Emesis, 712Emus. See RatitesEnalapril, 388, 389Encephalitis, 508-510, 694, 703Encephalomalacia, nutritional, 508Encephalopathy

hepatic, 447, 507spongiform, 510

Enclosure designin waterfowl aviaries, 832-834in zoos, 993-996

Endangered Species Act, 33Endocarditis, 391-392Endocrine neoplasia, 563Endocrinology, 541-557

growth regulation, 544-545kidneys and, 455

Endocrinology (continued)pancreas

endocrine, 549-550exocrine, 550-551

pineal gland, 551-553renin-angiotensin system, 555and song production, 553-554stress-related effects, 541-543thyroid function, 545-549

Endocrinopathies, integumentary disease and, 404-405Endoparasiticides, 842-843. See also specific drugsEndoscopy, 631-652. See also specific organs and structures

in aspergillosis, 697for biopsy, 650-651cloacoscopy, 649coelomic, 634-637. See also specific organscomplications of, 652contraindications, 633-634equipment for, 7, 9, 631-633in hepatic disease, 444, 639-640nerve studies and, 650otoscopy, 649-650pharyngoscopy, 647preparation for, 633in raptors, 920-922surgical procedures, 651-652tracheoscopy, 644-646, 697upper gastrointestinal studies, 647-649in waterfowl, 841

Endotracheal endoscopy, 644-646, 697Endotracheal intubation, for anesthesia, 753, 754Endurance test, in raptors, 918Energy, dietary requirements for, 86-88Energy therapy, 356-357Enilconazole, 271, 697-698Enrofloxacin, 271-272, 482, 842, 890Enteral feeding tube placement, 813Enteritis

duck viral, and encephalitis, 509in ratite chicks, 977-978

Enterococcus faecalis infection, 898Enterotoxemia, in raptors, 935Environmental pesticide contamination, 718, 945-946Enzyme-linked immunoassay (ELIZA), 722Eolophus roseicapillus, 123Eosinophils, morphology of, 597, 600-601Epididymis, 520, 523, 818Epilepsy, 510. See also SeizuresEpinephrine

dosage of, 272glucocorticoid stimulation of, 542in growth, 545

Epithelial tumors, 405-406Epithelium, vitamin A deficiency and, 95Epizootic respiratory neoplasia of cockatiels, 744Epoetin alfa, 272Equine encephalitis virus, 740

and encephalitis, 508-509in ratites, 981, 982and spinal/neuromuscular disease, 514

Equipment, 6-19anesthesia, 7, 10band removal, 16-18endoscopy, 7, 9, 631-633examination room, 171grooming, 12-18for house calls, 6, 8laboratory, 10-12for laser surgery, 783miscellaneous, 6, 18-19

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Equipment (continued)radiology, 10for radiosurgery, 780-782restraint, 11-12surgical, 6-7, 9, 780-784surgical instrumentation, 777, 779-781ultrasound, 7for zoo work, 992

Ergonovine, 272Erysipelas rhusiopathiae, in emus, 984Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae, 460Erythroblasts, 599Erythrocytes, morphology of, 597, 599-600Erythromycin, 272-273Erythropoietin, for acute blood loss/anemia, 231Escapes, in zoos, 1000-1001Escherichia coli infection

in passerines, 896in racing pigeons, 854and renal disease, 459-460

Esophagusanatomy and function of, 413

in ratites, 959disorders of, 426-429endoscopy of, 647-649necropsy examination of, 670-671perforation, repair of, 801stricture, correction of, 806

Essential fatty acids, 90Essiac, 349Estradiol, 273Estrogen, 144, 553Ethambutol, 273Ethology, 47-48Etilefrine, 389Etorphine, 273European Association of Avian Veterinarians, 1European College of Avian Medicine and Surgery (ECAMS), 2, 29Euthanasia, 31, 662Examination. See Physical examinationExcretory urography, 477-478, 658-659Exercise requirements, 68-69, 74Exotic Animal Network, 27Exotic DVM, 27Export of pet birds, 26, 32-33External coaptation, for fracture fixation, 763Extinction, of behavior, 54, 56-57Extremities, disorders of, 909-910. See also Digits; FeetExtrusion, of food, 113, 165Eyes

disorders ofaspergillosis and, 694-695assessment of, 202-203improper diet and, 132-133mycobacteriosis and, 684in raptors, 944in ratites, 987-988

examination of, 202-203, 495movement, control of, 494necropsy examination of, 674-675protection of during anesthesia, 753toxin exposure of, 712

FFF wave measurement, 503F10, 231, 273Facial bruising, 174, 176

Failure to thrive, 64-65Falconry, history of, 915Fasting, prior to surgery, 751, 776Fat deposits, subcutaneous, 173, 175, 405Fats. See LipidsFatty acids

cis and trans forms of, 90-91nomenclature of, 90in nuts and seeds, 92omega. See Omega fatty acids

reproduction and, 134Fatty liver hemorrhagic syndrome in poultry, 124-128Fatty liver-kidney syndrome, 467-468Fatty liver syndrome, 119, 124-128, 444-445

pathogenesis of, 545treatment of, 349-350, 352

Favus, 701Fear-based biting, 79Feather cysts, 396-397, 786-788, 909Feather dystrophies, 177Feather mites, 855, 981Feather picking

causes of, 82-83diagnosis of, 407flower essence therapy for, 356food allergy and, 134integrative therapies for, 357-359reproductive-hormone related, 538

Feather pigmentation, nutrition and, 97-101Feathers. See also Integumentary disease; Plumage

blood, broken, 177, 183, 187, 173, 228characteristics of, in waterfowl, 831-832of cockatiels, yellowing in liver disease, 186color change in, 402color of, 174, 183-187disorders of, homeopathic treatment, 351normal vs. abnormal, 24, 184nutritional requirements for growth of, 87, 90of ratites, 958repair of, in raptors, 924-927stress bars in, 177, 402

Febantel, 273Fecal examination, 203-207, 841, 887Fecal Gram’s staining, 10-12, 118-123, 576Feeding. See also Diets; Hand-feeding; Nutrition

of adult companion birds, 106, 112, 164-166of canaries, finches and mynahs, 886-887of fledglings, 66of galliformes, 866-868, 873of neonates, 61, 168, 428of raptors, 929of ratites, 962-963of waterfowl, 835of weanlings, 66-67of zoo birds, 994-995, 998-999

Feeding guidelines (AAV), 112Feeding tubes, 18

enteral, 813Feeds. See Diets; NutritionFeet. See also Bumblefoot; Digits

adaptations to low temperatures, 863avascular necrosis of digits, 784, 785, 909, 910, 920castings for, 918-919, 924examination of, 190-191, 197-200foot necrosis, Amazon, 198, 408herpesvirus lesions on, 736

Femur, fractures of, 768-769Fenbendazole, 273-275, 425, 842, 890Fentanyl, 237, 275Fermentation of polysaccharides, 88

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Ferric subsulfate, 275Ferritin, serum, 626Feverfew, 349Fiber, dietary, 87, 122Fibrinogen, 598, 617, 623-624

age-related changes in, 605reference values for, 607-608

Fibrocartilaginous embolization, 515Fibromas, 406Fibrosarcoma, 406, 560-561Field anesthesia equipment, 10Filoplumes, in ostriches, 958Finches. See Canaries, finches and mynahsFipronil, 275, 366Fire ant stings, 847Fireproof safes, 25Fish diets, 105Flax seed oil, 275Flea control, 371Fledglings, behavior in, 65-66Flock health schemes, for ratites, 970-971Flower essence therapy, 250, 355-356, 357, 358, 397Floxacillin, 275Flubendazole, 275, 842Fluconazole, 276, 423, 698, 701Flucytosine, 276-277Fluid balance, kidneys and, 455-456Fluid therapy

in critical care, 215-218in renal disease, 481-483in waterfowl, 841

Flukesoviductal infection, 535and renal disease, 463

Flumazenil, 277Flunixin meglumine, 277

for analgesia, 238for renal disease, 486

Fluorescent lights, 1595-Fluorouracil, 563Fluoxetine, 277Follicles, ovarian, formation of, 521Folliculitis, 397, 398, 408Food. See Diets; Feeding; NutritionFood allergies, 134Food dishes, 167, 171Food, insect infestation of, 372Foot. See also Feet

castings, 918-919, 924necrosis, in Amazons, 408

Foraging, 70Force-feeding, of raptors, 929Forceps, surgical, 779Force-weaning, 67-68Foreign bodies

gastrointestinal, in raptors, 940-941ingluvial, 427, 429of proventriculus/ventriculus, 430-431, 940-941

Formulated diets. See Diets, commercialFowl, domestic. See GalliformesFractures. See also specific bones

emergency treatment of, 229, 231homeopathic treatment of, 351malunion/non-union of, 771repair of. See Orthopedic surgeryspinal, scintigraphy of, 504splinting of, 763, 890

Free-range birds. See Wild birdsFruit and pollen diets, 103, 104Fruit sugars, digestion of, 88

Fruitscarotenoid content of, 94iron and vitamin C content of, 103sugar content of, 88

Functional assessment/analysis of behavior, 50-51Fungal infection. See also Mycoses, systemic

and beak malformation, 423in canaries, finches and mynahs, 899-901and encephalitis, 510in galliformes, 874and hepatic disease, 446of integument, 196, 397-398, 701, 900-901, 976and intestinal disease, 433in raptors, 936-939in ratites, 976, 977and renal disease, 464and spinal/neuromuscular disease, 514

Fungi, toxicities from. See MycotoxinsFuraltadone, 277Furazolidone, 277, 890Furosemide, 278

for cardiac failure, 388, 389for renal disease, 481

Fusidate sodium, 278

GGGadopentetate dimeglumine, 278Galactose clearance, 624Gall bladder, 416Galliformes, 861-877

anatomy and physiology of, 862-865diseases of, 873-876egg hatching in, 869-872husbandry of, 865-866neoplasia in, 569, 570nutrition, 866-868, 873regulations concerning, 861-862reproduction, 866-873restraint of, 873

Galvanized metal, 162, 171, 510, 713Gamma glutamyltransferase (GGT), 617, 624Gangliosidoses, 512-513Gape worm, 904-905Garlic juice, as insecticide, 376Gas exchange, in respiration, 749Gastric motility, 415Gastrointestinal stasis, 226Gastrointestinal tract, 411-440. See also specific structures,

eg, Intestinesadaptations of, 411-412anatomy and physiology of, 411-417

in galliformes, 864-865disorders of, 417-438

beak disorders. See Beak, disorders ofcandidiasis. See Candidiasiscloacal diseases. See Cloacaesophagus and crop diseases, 426-429improper diet and, 117-119, 124-128, 131intestinal diseases, 432-435, 436, 437, 682-683mycobacteriosis and, 424, 433, 683oropharyngeal diseases, 423-426proventricular and ventricular diseases, 429-432, 940-941.

See also Proventricular dilatation diseasein raptors, 940-941in ratites, 977-978, 981and renal disease, 453-454treatment, 349-350, 359

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xii Clinica l Avian Medic ine


Gastrointestinal tract (continued)endoscopy of, 647-649examination of, 203foreign bodies of, 427, 429, 430-431, 940-941necropsy examination of, 670-674normal microflora of, 118-119radiographic contrast studies, 655-656of ratites, 959-960surgery of, 800-813

celiotomy, 806, 808-811crop burn repair, 801, 804, 805esophageal perforation repair, 801esophageal stricture correction, 806ingluviotomy, 804, 806-807intestinal resection/repair/anastomosis, 811, 813oral cavity surgery, 800-801, 802pharyngostomy, 801, 803proventriculotomy/ventriculotomy, 811-813, 985-986, 987

ulcerations of, 369, 447, 457Gate control theory, 345Gavage-feeding, 18, 221, 423, 426, 841Gel-type dressings, 229, 230Gender determination

in canaries, 885in galliformes, 872in psittacines, 155, 156-157in ratites, 960-961in waterfowl, 831-832

Genetic abnormalities, in canaries, 885-886Genitourinary system, necropsy examination of, 667-668Gentamicin, 278-279Gentian violet, 279Geriatric parrots, 83, 132GGT (gamma glutamyltransferase), 617, 624GH (growth hormone), 544-545, 546Giardiasis, 433Ginseng, 349Gizzard. See VentriculusGlipizide, 279, 551Globulin, serum levels of, 617, 625Glomerular filtration rate evaluation, 479Glomerulopathies, 458-459, 480, 482, 487Glomerulosclerosis, 457Glucagon, 549, 550Glucocorticoids. See CorticosteroidsGlucophage, 293Glucosamine, 279, 350Glucose, blood levels of

decreased, 220-221, 507, 617, 625increased, 206, 551, 617, 625

Glucose regulation, 549-550Glucose therapy, 220-221Glyburide, 279Glycerin, 279Glycogen body, 500Glycopyrrolate, 279Glycosaminoglycan, polysulfated, 307Glycosides, cardiac, 388Goiter, budgerigar, 130-131, 549, 563Gonadotropin, chorionic, 279, 524, 525Gonads. See Ovary; TestesGoose hemorrhagic polyomavirus, 732Gout, 457-458

articular, 199, 458, 470, 481, 482, 487dietary factors in, 89, 131in passerines, 908visceral, 457-458, 463, 482, 669, 908in waterfowl, 846

Gram scales, 19, 173Gram’s staining of feces, 10-12, 118-123, 576

Granulomas, 352, 686Great-billed parrots, seasonal mortality in, 744Grieving, 31Griseofulvin, 279Grit, 112, 415, 867, 887Grooming, 12-18Grouse, egg hatching in, 870, 871Growth hormone (GH), 544-545, 546Growth, regulation of, 544-545, 546, 547Guinea fowl. See Galliformes

HHHaemoproteus psittaci, 604Haemoproteus tinnunculi, 603Halofuginon, 280Haloperidol, 280Halothane, 280, 755Hand-feeding

of chicks, 61of sick birds, 221-222traumatic injuries in, 428

Hand-reared birds, 158, 168Hardware cloth, 20, 162, 713Hatching of eggs, in gallinaceous birds, 869-872Hawthorn berry, 349Head

examination of, 188-189, 192-194movement, control of, 494skin defect repair, 789trauma to, 228-229, 910

Head loupes, 6-7, 784Head tilt, 506Health care facilities, pet birds in, 33Health certificates, 32Heart. See also Cardiovascular system

anatomy of, 749disorders of

endocardial disease, 391-392myocardial disease, 132, 352, 391pericardial disease, 389-390, 469

endoscopy of, 639-640failure of, congestive, 389necropsy examination of, 669-670ultrasound of, 657Heavy metal toxicosis, 10, 102-103, 431, 678, 713-715. See also

Lead toxicosis; Zinc toxicosisHeight of perch, and behavior, 80Helminth infections, in raptors, 931-933Hemangioma, 562Hematochezia, 226Hematocrit. See Packed cell volumeHematology, 587-609. See also specific cell types

age-related changes in, 605analysis techniques and limitations, 587-588blood films, 591, 592, 594-597, 599-604fibrinogen, 605, 607-608, 617, 623-624hemoglobin, 592, 605, 606, 607-608in new-bird examination, 576packed cell volume, 592, 605, 607-608parasite identification, 598, 603-604red blood cell count, 592, 593, 605, 606, 607-608reference values

for passerines, 889for psittacines, 607-608, 1005, 1006for raptors, 948-949for ratites, 974for waterfowl, 840

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Hematology (continued)in renal disease diagnosis, 471sample collection and handling, 588-591white blood cell count

differential, 597-598, 606-607total, 592, 595, 605

Hematoma, hepatic, 444Hematozoa. See Parasites, bloodHematuria, 474Hemiparesis/hemiplegia, 511Hemoagglutination inhibition assay, 722Hemoglobin

age-related changes in, 605estimation of, 592interpretation of, 606reference values for, 607-608

Hemoglobinuria, 474, 475, 628Hemolysis, of blood samples, 614Hemopericardium, 390Hemorrhage

cerebral, 97conjunctival, 173, 176renal, 469-470

Hemosiderosis, 128, 446Hemostasis

abnormalities of, 447, 457in soft tissue surgery, 778-780

Hemostats and hemoclips, 778-780Heparin, as blood sample anticoagulant, 613Heparin sodium, 280

for PTFE toxicosis, 228Hepasan, 280Hepatic amyloidosis, 445-446Hepatic diseases. See Liver, disorders ofHepatic encephalopathy, 447, 507Hepatic failure, 222-223, 441-442, 715Hepatic fibrosis, 442Hepatic hematoma, 444Hepatic lipidosis, 444-445. See also Fatty liver syndromeHepatic necrosis, 442Hepatitis, duck viral, 514Hepatobiliary system, in fatty liver syndrome, 119, 124-128Hepatomegaly, 443Herbal therapy, 346, 348-349

for digestive disorders, 359for feather picking, 358for immune deficiency/chronic infections, 362for liver disease, 360for neoplasia, 362-363for renal disease, 361

Hernia, abdominal wall, repair of, 196, 827-828Herpesviruses, 732-736

duck viral enteritis, 509, 736and integumentary disease, 401, 402and neurologic disorders, 509, 513-514and oropharyngeal disease, 424in passerines, 893in pigeons, 736, 856psittacid, 581-582, 585, 732-736. See also Papillomatosisin raptors, 936, 938in zoo birds, 997

Hetastarch, 231, 280-281Heterophilia, 606Heterophils

morphology of, 597, 600, 602-603toxic changes in, 602-603, 606

Hexamitiasis, 433, 859Hexyl pyropheoborbide-α, 281HGC. See Human chorionic gonadotropinHistopathology, 677-678

Histoplasmosis, 702History taking, 154-169

behavior, 168-169diet, 160, 163-168husbandry, 159-160, 161for integumentary disease, 395-396for necropsy, 662-663patient history, 155, 157-159presenting complaint, 169prior to surgery, 751signalment, 154-155, 156-157

Holistic medicine. See Integrative therapiesHomemade diets, 112Homeopathy, 350-355, 358, 362Homocysteine, 125Hormonal stimulation, prolonged, and behavior, 76-77Hospital assistants, 21Hospital facilities, 22-25. See also EquipmentHospitalization, 23, 928-929Hospitals, preventive medicine in, 22-24, 157, 583House calls, 6, 7-8Housing. See also Aviaries; Cages

for canaries, 881for nestlings, 62-63for pigeons, 852-853for ratite chicks, 969-970for zoo birds, 993-996

Human chorionic gonadotropin (HGC), 279, 524, 525Human-bird bond, 31Humerus, fractures of, 765-766Husbandry

of galliformes, 865-866in history taking, 159-160, 161in psittacines, 147-150of waterfowl, 832-836

Hyaluronidase, 215, 216, 226, 281Hydrocephalus, 507Hydrocortisone sodium succinate, 281Hydropericardium, 390, 4695-Hydroxy L-tryptophan, 359Hydroxychloroquine, 281Hydroxyzine, 281Hyperalbuminemia, 616Hyperammonemia, 616, 618Hyperbilirubinemia, 443, 620-621Hypercalcemia, 616, 622

and renal disease, 464, 465Hyperchloremia, 617Hypercholesterolemia, 457, 466, 617, 622Hyperglobulinemia, 617, 625Hyperglycemia, 206, 551, 617, 625Hypericum, 281, 349, 358Hyperkalemia, 617Hyperkeratosis, 116-117, 909-910, 976Hyperlipidemia, 457Hypernatremia, 617Hyperostosis, polyostotic, 525Hyperphosphatemia, 617, 627Hyperproteinemia, 617, 627Hypersensitivity, integumentary disease and, 405Hypertonic solutions, and nephrosis, 464Hyperuricemia, 617, 627

in gout, 457management of, 483-484in renal disease, 471-473, 482

Hypervitaminosis. See specific vitamins, eg, Vitamin AHypoalbuminemia, 476, 615, 616Hypocalcemia, 616, 622

and neurologic disorders, 507and surgical risk, 776

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Hypochloremia, 617Hypocholesterolemia, 617Hyperchromic, RBC, 599Hypoglobulinemia, 617, 625Hypoglycemia, 617, 625

emergency treatment of, 220-221and neurologic disorders, 507

Hypokalemia, 617Hyponatremia, 617Hypophosphatemia, 617, 627Hypoproteinemia, 617, 627

in renal disease, 473, 484treatment of, 216

Hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis, 544Hypothermia, 758, 777Hypothyroidism, 549Hypouricemia, 617Hypovitaminosis. See specific vitamins, eg, Vitamin A

IIIcterus, 443IDC. See Improper diet cascadeIleus, 435Imaging. See Diagnostic imagingImidacloprid, 281, 366Imidocarb HCl, 281Imiquimod, 281Immune deficiency, integrative therapies for, 362Immune function

in mycobacteriosis, 682stress modulation of, 542vitamin A deficiency and, 95

Immune-mediated diseasein glomerulopathies, 459skin disease and, 409

Immunization, 584-585for avian polyomavirus, 731in canaries, 891-892in galliformes, 875-876for mycobacteriosis, 688for pigeon paramyxovirus, 740for poxviruses, 584-585, 737for psittacid herpesviruses (PsHVs), 585, 734in racing pigeons, 853in raptors, 936for salmonellosis, 584for West Nile virus, 585, 741

Immunosuppression, and Aspergillus pathogenicity, 692Immunosuppressive therapy, 447-448Impaction

of oviduct, 529-530proventricular/ventricular, 430-431, 981of uropygial gland, 405, 790, 946-947

Imping (feather repair), 924-927Import-export of pet birds, 26, 32-33Improper diet cascade (IDC), 108-116

behavioral abnormalities and, 136-137clinical signs and treatment of, 114-116description of, 108-110diet formulation and, 110, 111food handling and storage issues, 111, 113-115over-supplementation and, 110-111pesticide residues and, 136rancidity and, 111-113systemic problems and. See Nutritional disorders

Incompatible behaviors, 56

Incubation, artificialcompanion birds, 158, 231gallinaceous birds, 869ratites, 967-969waterfowl, 23, 844-845

Incubator-type enclosures, 23Indian meal moth, 372Indomethacin, 281Infectious disease exposure, 157-158Infectious diseases. See also Bacterial infection; Fungal infection;

Parasitic infection; Protozoal infection; Viral infectionin canaries, finches and mynahs, 890-907of the crop, 426-427in galliformes, 874of integument, 397-402of intestines, 432-434, 682-683of kidney, 459-464of the liver, 446and neurologic disease, 508-510, 513-514of oropharynx, 424-425preventing introduction of, 573-575, 997. See also Preventive

medicineof proventriculus/ventriculus, 429-430in raptors, 931-939

Infertility, 351, 984Inflammatory disorders

intracranial neurologic, 507, 508-510nutriceuticals for, 350and spinal/neuromuscular disease, 513-514

Influenza virus, avian, 740and encephalitis, 509in ratites, 981-982in zoo birds, 997

Infraorbital sinus, 130, 201, 793. See also SinusitisInfundibulum, 521-522Ingluvial foreign bodies, 427, 429Ingluvies. See CropIngluvioliths, 429Ingluviotomy, 804, 806-807Ingluvitis, improper diet and, 131Inhalant anesthesia, 752-755Inhalant toxicities, 171, 228, 716, 908Injectable anesthetics, 755-756, 985Innate behaviors, 47, 48Insect diets, 104-105. See also InvertebratesInsect pest management, 368-371, 374Insecticide toxicosis, 510, 515. See also Pesticide toxicosisInstinctive drift, 48Insulin

dosage of, 281-282functions of, 549, 550for hyperglycemia, 551

Insulin-like growth factor-1, 544, 547Integrative therapies, 343-364

acupuncture, 344-348, 357-358, 361, 362aromatherapy, 356chiropractic, 344, 361for digestive disorders, 359for egg binding, 361-362energy therapy, 356-357for feather picking, 357-359flower essence therapy, 250, 355-356, 357, 358, 397herbal therapy. See Herbal therapyhomeopathy, 350-355, 358, 362for immune deficiency/chronic infections, 362for liver disease, 360-361for neoplasia, 362-364nutriceuticals. See Nutriceutical supplementsfor renal disease, 361resources and organizations, 362

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Integument. See Nails; Plumage; SkinIntegumentary disease, 395-410. See also Skin; entries beginning

with Featherallergy/hypersensitivity, 134, 405in canaries, finches and mynahs, 909-910endocrinopathies and, 404-405feather destructive behavior. See Feather pickingfungal infection and, 397-398, 701, 901-902, 976in galliformes, 873, 875history and examination for, 395-396homeopathic treatment of, 351idiopathic skin conditions, 408-409infectious diseases, 397-402malformations, congenital and acquired, 396-397mycobacteriosis and, 684neoplasia, 405-407, 560-561non-neoplastic proliferative lesions, 407nutritional/metabolic disorders and, 116-117, 402in passerines, 902physical/environmental agents and, 402-403, 404pododermatitis. See Bumblefootin ratites, 976, 980-981

Interferonfor acute blood loss/anemia, 231for carcinomas, 563dosage of, 282

Intermittent positive pressure ventilation, 750-751Intermittent reinforcement schedule, 54Internal papillomatous disease (IPD). See PapillomatosisInternational trade in birds. See Import-export of pet birdsInternational Veterinary Acupuncture Society (IVAS), 345Internet forums, 1, 27Interstate travel, 32Interstitial cells, 522Intestines

anatomy and function of, 415-416in ratites, 960

disorders of, 432-435intussusception, 436mycobacteriosis, 682-683prolapse, 436, 437

endoscopy of, 643necropsy examination of, 672-673surgery of, 811, 813

in ratites, 987Intra-articular anesthesia, 236Intracranial neurologic disorders, 505-511

clinical signs of, 505-506differential diagnosis, 507-511

degenerative causes, 507idiopathic causes, 507, 510inflammatory causes, 507, 508-510metabolic causes, 507neoplasia, 507-508nutritional causes, 507, 508toxicities, 507, 510trauma, 510

Intradermal skin testingfor allergies, 405for mycobacteriosis, 686, 688

Intramedullary pins, 763, 764Intraosseous catheterization, 216, 218Intravenous fluid administration, 216-217Intussusception, intestinal, 434-435Inventory, 21Invertebrates. See also Insect diets

calcium and phosphorus content of, 102fat-soluble vitamin content of, 94iron content of, 103

Involuntary movement, 506

Iodine deficiency, and budgerigar goiter, 130-131Iodine, Lugol’s, 282Iodophor, 282Iohexol, 282Iopamidol, 282IPD (internal papillomatous disease). See PapillomatosisIpronidazole, 282Iris color, changes with maturity, 202Iron

blood levels of, 617, 625-626dietary sources of, 102, 103in invertebrates, 104

Iron dextran, 282, 843Iron storage disease, 446

families with, 127hypervitaminosis A and, 95, 128-129improper diet and, 127, 128-130necropsy testing for, 678in passerines, 907-908vitamin C and, 93, 128

Isoflurane, 282, 754Isolation unit, 23-24Isoniazid, 282Isospora spp., 902Isoxuprine, 283Isthmus, 522Itraconazole, 283, 697-698, 701, 842IVAS (International Veterinary Acupuncture Society), 345Ivermectin, 283-284, 425, 842, 890

JJJaw/beak. See also Beak

evaluation of tone, 496-497movement, control of, 494

Jointsdisorders of, in waterfowl, 847inflammatory disease of, 350, 351, 771, 847necropsy examination of, 675urate deposits in. See Articular gout

Journals, 1, 27Jugular vein, for blood sample collection, 588-589Junglefowl. See GalliformesJuvenile molt, 68Juveniles/preadolescents, behavior in, 68-69

KKKanamycin, 284Kaolin plus pectin, 284Keel, ulcers of, 13-14, 789-790, 920Kennel assistants, 21Keratinization abnormalities, improper diet and, 116-117Keratitis, in raptors, 944Ketamine, 284-286, 756Ketoconazole, 286-287, 423, 701Ketones, 615Ketonuria, 615, 628Ketoprofen, 238, 287, 843Kidney, 451-491. See also entries at Renal

anatomy of, 452-455biopsy of, 479-481, 828congenital and hereditary defects of, 467diagnostic procedures, 470-480

biopsy, 479-481blood tests, 471-473electrophoresis, 476-477

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Kidney, diagnostic procedures (continued)glomerular filtration rate evaluation, 479imaging, 477-478microbiologic analysis, 473-474physical examination, 470-471plasma electrolytes, 473uric acid crystal identification, 479urinalysis, 474-476water deprivation testing, 478-479

disorders of. See Kidney diseaseendoscopy of, 640-641enlargement of, 454, 468, 470in glucose regulation, 550imaging of, 477-478mechanisms of injury to, 456-458necropsy examination of, 668neoplasia of, 468, 480, 482, 562neurovascular system of, 452-453, 454-455physiology of, 455-456postmortem changes to, 470ultrasound of, 657

Kidney diseaseamyloidosis, 469, 482congenital and hereditary, 467consequences of, 456-458dietary factors in, 89, 102, 131, 163, 465fatty associated diseases, 467-468, 482glomerulopathies, 458-459, 480, 482incidence of, 451infectious, 459-464, 482mechanisms of, 456-458metabolic, 470nephritis, 458, 480, 482nephrosis, 464, 480nutritional, 131, 464-466plant toxins and, 716prognosis in, 487renal hemorrhage, 469-470toxic, 464-467, 483, 716treatment of, 361, 481-487urolithiasis and, 130, 468-469, 482

Kiwis. See RatitesKnemidokoptes mites, 397, 398, 423, 906

LLLabeling of diets, 106Laboratory, diagnostic, 611-612Laboratory equipment, 10-12Laboratory testing. See Diagnostic testingLactulose, 287, 445, 447Laddering, 73-74, 81Lafora’s disease, 513Lameness

one-leg, 454, 468, 470in waterfowl, 846-847

Lancets, in blood collection, 590Laparoscopy. See Coelomic cavity, endoscopy ofLaparotomy, 750, 806, 808-813, 985-987Laryngeal mound, 412-413Lasalocid, 287Laser flow cytometry, 587-588Laser surgery, 783Laser therapy, in acupuncture, 345Laying, 521Lead exposure, 162Lead toxicosis, 11, 162, 714-715

and bloody urine, 206, 214

Lead toxicosis (continued)gastrointestinal signs of, 431homeopathic treatment of, 352and neurologic disorders, 510, 514in raptors, 945renal disease in, 467salt glands and, 454

Learning, 47, 48, 55Leg. See Pelvic limbLeg-bands. See bandsLeucocytozoon simondi, 604Leucocytozoon toddi, 604Leucocytozoonosis, 510Leukocytosis, 606Leukopenia, 607Leukosis virus, avian, 468Leuprolide, 287, 524, 525Levamisole, 288-289, 425, 842Levonorgestrel, 425, 525Levothyroxine, 289, 947Leydig cells, 522Libyostrongylus douglassii, 977Lice, 188, 397, 855, 981Licorice, for liver disease, 360Lidocaine, 236, 289Light. See also Photostimulation

in canary breeding, 881-883response to, by neonates, 62

Limberneck, 515Limbs. See Pelvic limb; WingsLincomycin, 289-290, 842Lipase, 617, 626Lipemia, in blood samples, 614Lipid metabolism abnormalities, and renal disease, 457Lipids. See also Fatty acids

blood, increased levels of, 457dietary

in fatty liver hemorrhagic syndrome, 124-125and renal disease, 131in reproduction, 134requirements for, 90-92

peroxidation of, 91, 92, 111, 113, 114-115renal deposition of, 467-468

Lipomacutaneous, 560excision of, 828intracranial, 507-508

Listeria monocytogenes, 509Lithium, 290Liths

of bile duct, 130of cloaca, 436, 481, 537-538of crop, 429of infraorbital sinus, 130rhinoliths, 130, 792, 794, 941, 942urinary. See Urolithiasis

Liver, 441-450. See also entries at Hepaticbiopsy of, 444, 657detoxification of, 360disorders of

clinical signs and diagnosis of, 442-443fecal microfloral changes in, 119infectious disorders, 446non-infectious disorders, 444-446treatment of, 349-350, 352, 360-361, 446-448

endoscopy of, 444, 639-640failure of, 222-223, 441-442, 716function of, 441-442in glucose regulation, 549lipidosis of. See Fatty liver syndrome

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Liver (continued)necropsy examination of, 666, 667neoplasia of, 563regeneration of, 360ultrasound of, 657vitamin A storage in, 94zinc concentrations in, 103

LL-E19020, 290Local anesthesia, 236, 756Locomotion, control of, 494Lofts, 852-853Lories, beak and feather disease in, 726Loupes, 6-7, 784Lovebirds

avian polyomavirus in, 728, 730beak and feather disease in, 725macrorhabdosis in, 706-707

Lugol’s iodine, 282Lumbosacral nerve plexus, 454, 468, 650Lung. See also Respiratory system

anatomy and function of, 749aspergillosis of, 694-695endoscopy of, 637-639necropsy examination of, 670

Lutalyse, 525. See also Prostaglandin F-2αLymphocytes

automatic blood analyzer errors and, 588morphology of, 597, 601-602, 603

Lymphoma, 564Lymphosarcoma, 406, 564Lysosomal storage disease, 507, 512-513

MMMacrohabdus ornithogaster, 121, 672, 705-706, 707-708Macrorhabdosis, 430, 701, 705-709, 899Macular degeneration, 133Maduramicin, 290Maggot infestation, 847Magnesium sulfate, 290, 843Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), 504-505, 658Magnets

for metal foreign body retrieval, 431, 432and testing toys, 162

Magnum, 522Malassezia infection, 398Malathion, 291Malnutrition. See also Improper diet cascade

in canaries, 886in galliformes, 866, 873and liver failure, 222-223in racing pigeons, 855in waterfowl, 846

Malocclusions, 417Malunion/non-union of fractures, 771Mannitol, 291, 481Marbofloxacin, 291Marek’s disease virus, 513-514Marshmallow, 349Masking of illness, 153-154, 170, 172, 176Masks, anesthetic, 752Mass production of birds, 35-36Mate-bonding, 75Maxilla, amputated, 192Mebendazole, 291, 843Meclofenamic acid, 291Medetomidine, 291-292Medication administration, in raptors, 918-919

Medications. See Therapeutic agentsMedroxyprogesterone, 292-293, 524, 525Mefloquine, 293Megabacteria. See MacrorhabdusMegapodes, egg hatching in, 870-871Megathrombocytes, 588, 603Megesterol acetate, 293Melanocytic tumors, 406-407Melanoma, 406, 407Melatonin, 551-553, 554Melena, 226Meloxicam, 238, 293Membranous nephropathy, 459Menace response, 495Meningitis, 501Meningoencephalitis, 694, 702Mentation, changes in, 495Meperidine, 293Merchandise sales, 4-5, 22Mercury toxicosis, and bloody urine, 205, 214Mesenchymal tumors, 406Metabolic bone disease, in raptors, 939-940Metabolic disorders

in canaries, finches and mynahs, 907-908hepatopathy and, 442and integumentary disease, 402and intracranial neurologic disorders, 507and renal disease, 470

Metacarpal bone fractures, 767-768Metal toxicosis. See Heavy metal toxicosisMetformin, 293Methocarbamol, 293Methohexital sodium, 293Methoprene, 294Methyl sulfonal methane (MSM), 350Methylprednisolone, 294Metoclopramide, 226, 294, 843Metomidate, 294Metritis, 530Metronidazole, 294-295, 890Mice, control of, 373Miconazole, 295-296Microbiologic analysis. See Cultures, microbiologicalMicrochipping equipment, 18-19Microfilaria, 604Microscope, operating, 6, 9, 784Microsporidiosis, 462-463, 904Microwave ovens, 168Mid-Atlantic States Association of Avian Veterinarians, 1Midazolam, 296Milbemycin, 296Milk thistle (silymarin), 223, 296

for fatty liver hemorrhagic syndrome, 127for liver disease, 349, 360, 448

Mineral metabolism, kidneys in, 455Mineral oil, 296Minerals. See also specific minerals

dietary requirements, 100-103drinking water supplementation of, 86in whole vertebrate prey, 104

Minocycline, 296Miporamicin, 297Mites

and beak malformation, 397, 398, 423blood-sucking, 906-907feather/quill, 855, 981Knemidokoptes mites, 397, 398, 423, 906in passerines, 906-907in pigeons, 855in ratites, 981

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Mites (continued)tracheal, 906

Mitotane, 221, 535, 543Mixed species exhibits, 834-835, 999-1000Mobile clinics, 8Moisture content of foods, 113Molt

energy costs of, 87in galliformes, 863juvenile, 68in raptors, 947in waterfowl, 831

Molting patterns, 177Monensin, 297Moniliasis. See CandidiasisMonocytes, morphology of, 597, 601, 603Monocytopenia, 606Monocytosis, 606Monoparesis/monoplegia, 511Monosaccharides, 88Morphine, 297Morphometry, of avian heart, 386, 387Mosquito management, 374Moths, 372Movement

control of, 494involuntary, 506

Moxidectin, 297MRI (magnetic resonance imaging), 504-505, 658MSM (methyl sulfonal methane), 350Mucoepidermoid carcinoma, 560, 561Mucormycosis, 510, 702Mullein, 297, 349Murexide test, 479, 628Muscles

biopsy of, 504necropsy examination of, 675neuromuscular disorders, 511-515

Muscular dystrophy, 549Musculoskeletal system

disorders ofmycobacteriosis and, 683-684in ratites, 979-980

necropsy examination of, 675-676neoplasia of, 561-562of ratites, 959

Mutilation. See Self-mutilationMycobacteriosis, 681-690

clinical disease, 682-684control and prevention, 687-688diagnosis of, 684-686and intestinal disease, 433and oropharyngeal disease, 424in passerines, 898pathogenesis, 682in raptors, 935in ratites, 981test for, 578-579treatment of, 687zoonosis, 681, 688

Mycobacterium avium intracellulare complex, 681Mycobacterium genavense, 681Mycobacterium vaccae vaccine, 297, 687Mycoplasmosis, 201, 579, 896Mycoses, systemic, 691-704. See also Fungal infection

aspergillosis, 691-700. See also Aspergillosiscandidiasis, 700-701. See also Candidiasiscryptococcosis, 423, 701-702dactylariosis, 703histoplasmosis, 702

Mycoses, systemic (continued)macrorhabdosis, 430, 701, 705-709, 899mucormycosis, 510, 702

Mycotoxinsin aspergillosis, 693necropsy testing for, 678in nephropathy, 466-467in “webby” seed, 163

Myelinopathy, avian vacuolar, 507, 513Myelography, 499-500, 658Mynahs. See Canaries, finches and mynahsMyocardial disease, 132, 352, 391Myoglobinuria, 475

NNNAG (N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase), 475Nails

detachment, in raptors, 920examination of, 198-199overgrowth of, 117of ratites, 958trauma to, 228trimming of, 14, 15, 927

Nalbuphine, 297Naloxone, 297Naltrexone, 297Nandrolone, 298Narasin, 298Nares, examination of, 191, 201Nasal debris, bloody, 173-174, 176Nasal discharge, 191, 201Nasal flushing, 941, 942Necropsy, 661-678

ancillary testing inhistopathology, 677-678microbiology, 676-677parasitology, 677toxicology, 678

in avian polyomavirus, 729coelomic cavity, 665-668dead-in-shell birds, 676, 974-975, 976external examination, 663-665gastrointestinal tract, 670-674in macrorhabdosis, 708-709musculoskeletal system, 675-676in mycobacteriosis, 686neurologic system, 674-675oral cavity, 670of passerines, 888-889preparation for, 662-663of ratites, 974-976thoracic inlet, 668-670in viral diseases, 723

Nectar diets, 94Needle holders, 779Negative punishment, 55Negative reinforcement, 52-53Nematodes, 375, 904-905Neomycin, 298, 890Neonates, psittacine, 61-62, 86Neoplasia, 560-571

and beak malformation, 423of bile duct, 562, 563of cloaca, 437, 538, 568-569of crop, 429intestinal, 435of kidney, 468, 480, 482, 562

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Neoplasia (continued)of liver, 563lymphoma/lymphosarcoma, 406, 564of musculoskeletal system, 561-562and neurologic disorders, 507-508, 513of oropharynx, 426, 801ovarian and oviductal, 534-535, 562pancreatic, 438, 563in passerines, 569-570, 909of pituitary gland, 563of proventriculus, 432, 563in psittacines, 566, 568-569in raptors, 946of respiratory system, 564, 569, 744retrospective study of, 566-571of skin, 405-407, 560-561testicular, 534, 535of thyroid gland, 563treatment of, 352, 362-364, 560, 564-565of uropygial gland, 405, 790in waterfowl, 569

Nephritis, 458, 480, 482Nephroblastoma, 468Nephrons, 452Nephropathy, membranous, 459Nephrosis, 464, 480, 482, 487Nephrotoxicity, 464-467, 483, 716Nerve conduction studies, 502-503Nerves, endoscopic evaluation of, 650Nervous system, 493-518

anatomy and physiology of, 494ancillary tests of

cerebrospinal fluid analysis, 500-501computed tomography, 504electrodiagnostics, 501-504magnetic resonance imaging, 504-505muscle biopsy, 504radiology and myelography, 499-500, 658scintigraphy, 504

disorders ofaspergillosis and, 694homeopathic treatment of, 353intracranial, 505-511. See also Intracranial neurologic

disordersin passerines, 895in raptors, 942-944in ratites, 983spinal and neuromuscular, 511-515

examination of, 191, 202, 494-499cranial nerves, 495-497postural reactions, 497-498spinal reflexes, 498-499

monitoring of, during anesthesia, 757necropsy examination of, 674-675renal, 454

Nest materials, 884, 995-996Nesting behavior, 76-77Nestlings, behavior in, 62-65Netobimin, 298Neubauer counting chamber, 590, 594Neurologic system. See Nervous systemNeuromuscular disorders, 511-515Neurotensin, 550Neurotic fears/phobias in psittacines, 68, 81-82New gosling viral enteritis virus, 469Newcastle disease, 736-739. See also Paramyxovirus 1

and encephalitis, 508in raptors, 936in ratites, 982and salpingitis, 530

Newcastle disease (continued)and spinal/neuromuscular disease, 514

Newly acquired birds, 574-575, 582-583Nicarbazin, 298Niclosamide, 298-299Nicotine toxicosis, 163, 715-716Nifursol, 299Nithiamide, 299Nitrofurazone, 299Nitromide, 299Nitroxinil, 299Nociception, 499Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), 237-238, 486Non-stick plastic, superheated, 228Nordihydroguaiaretic, 299Norepinephrine, 542, 545Norfloxacin, 299Nortriptyline, 299Nosiheptide, 299Novobiocin, 299NSAIDs, 237-238, 486NSAIDs (nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs), 237-238, 486Nuclear imaging. See ScintigraphyNutriceutical supplements, 349-350

for digestive disorders, 359for feather picking, 358-359for immune deficiency/chronic infections, 362for neoplasia, 363-364for renal disease, 361

Nutrition, 86-107. See also Dietscarbohydrates, 87-89energy requirements, 86-88and feather pigmentation, 97-100lipids, 90-92. See also Lipids, dietaryminerals, 86, 100-103, 104and neoplasia, 362nugget diets and, 148, 149, 166pelleted diets and, 166protein requirements, 89-90, 133. See also Protein, dietaryand surgical risk, 776vitamins, 92-97. See also specific vitaminswater requirements, 86, 112

Nutritional disorders, 108-140. See also Improper diet cascadebudgerigar goiter, 130-131, 549, 563cardiovascular disease, 131-132in galliformes, 873gastrointestinal disease, 117-119, 124-128, 131integumentary disease, 116-117, 402iron storage disease. See Iron storage diseaseand liver failure, 222-223neurologic disorders, 507, 508, 513and ocular disease, 132-133and oropharyngeal squamous metaplasia, 425and renal disease, 131, 464-467reproductive disease, 133-134respiratory disease, 130

Nutritional encephalomalacia, 508Nutritional supplementation, 221-222Nuts, nutritional content of, 92, 94, 101Nystagmus, 497, 506Nystatin, 300, 701, 842, 890

OOObesity, 91-92Observational learning, 55Ochratoxin A, 466Ocular disorders. See Eyes, disorders of

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xx Clinica l Avian Medic ine


Oculocephalic reflex, 497Odors, and physical examination, 171Oil-contaminated birds, 717-718Oleandomycin, 300Oligomeric proanthocyanidins (OPC), 358, 360Olive leaf, 349Omega fatty acids

dosage of, 273, 482for feather picking, 359for renal disease, 361, 485-486

Omphalitis, 978-979Oogenesis, 519-520Oophoritis, 534Oosporein, 466-467O,p'-DDD, 221OPC (oligomeric proanthocyanidins), 358, 360Operant conditioning, 49Operating microscope, 6, 9, 784Ophthalmic disorders. See Ocular disordersOpioids

for analgesia, 236-237as preanesthetics, 755-756

Opisthotonus, 508Oral cavity. See OropharynxOral drug administration, 889Oral examination, 189, 195Oral fluid administration, 215Oral intoxication, 712-713Oral nutritional supplementation, 221-222Orchidectomy, 818Orchitis, 535Oregon grape, for liver disease, 360Organizations. See AssociationsOrganophosphate insecticides, 510, 515Ormetoprim plus sulfadimethoxine, 300Oropharynx

anatomy and function of, 412, 413, 748disorders of, 423-426

homeopathic treatment of, 353endoscopy of, 647necropsy examination of, 670surgery of, 800-801, 802

Orthopedic surgery. See Surgery, orthopedicOsmolality, of urine, 475-476Osmoregulation, 454, 455, 628Osteodystrophy, 147-148Osteomalacia, in neonates, 61, 62Osteomyelitis

after fracture repair, 771vertebral, diagnosis of, 504

Osteosarcoma, 562Ostriches. See also Ratites

fading syndrome in, 980macrorhabdosis in, 707

Otitis, in raptors, 944Otoscopy, 649-650Outdoor aviaries, 574, 832-834, 865-866Ovariectomy, 815-818Ovary

anatomy of, 520, 815biopsy of, 815-818cystic disease of, 351, 532endoscopy of, 642-643, 651inflammation of, 534necropsy examination of, 667neoplasia of, 534-535, 562removal of, 815-818seasonal activity of, 521ultrasound of, 657

Oviductanatomy of, 416, 520, 521-522, 813-814cystic hyperplasia of, 530-531impaction of, 529-530neoplasia of, 534-535prolapse of, 436, 529, 983rupture of, 531surgery of, 813-815, 986-987

Ovocentesis, 528, 814Ovulation, 521

ectopic, 521-522, 531-532Oxacillin, 301Oxalic acid, in foods, 100, 101Oxfendazole, 301Oxprenolol, 388, 389Oxygen supplementation, 213, 214, 215Oxygenation, monitoring of, 757Oxyglobin, for acute blood loss/anemia, 231Oxytetracycline, 301-302, 842Oxytocin, 223, 302-303, 528, 843

PPPacheco’s disease, 581-582, 585, 732-734Packaging of foods, 113-116Packed cell volume (PCV)

age-related changes in, 605determination of, 592interpretation of, 606reference values for, 607-608

Painchronic, 238defined, 233perception of, 499physiology of, 235recognition of, 233-235

Pain assessment, 235Pain management, 233-239, 345-346Palm nuts, 164Palm oil, 132Palpebral reflex, 496Pancreas

anatomy and function of, 415-416endocrine function, 549-550endoscopy of, 644, 645exocrine disorders, 437-438, 550-551necropsy examination of, 672neoplasia of, 438, 563

Pancreatic enzyme therapy, 437-438Pancreatitis

causes, diagnosis and treatment, 437and hyperglycemia, 551hypervitaminosis A and, 95

Papillomas, skin, 400, 406Papillomatosis, 734-736

of cloaca, 203, 435-436, 535-537, 568-569, 734-736, 801, 802, 822

surgery for, 801, 802, 822oral, 426, 735

Papillomavirusesin companion birds, 732and integumentary disease, 400, 406in passerines, 199, 893, 895

Parabronchi, 749Parakeet. See BudgerigarParalysis

as clinical sign, 511homeopathic treatment of, 353

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Paralysis (continued)in raptors, 943transient, 513

Paramyxovirus 1 (PMV-1), 737-740. See also Newcastle diseaseand encephalitis, 508immunization for, 584-585, 740, 856in raptors, 936and spinal/neuromuscular disease, 514in zoo birds, 997

Paramyxovirus 2 (PMV-2), 740, 893Paramyxovirus 3 (PMV-3), 582, 740, 893Paramyxoviruses (PMV)

and intestinal disease, 433in passerines, 893in pigeons, 584-585, 856

Paraparesis, 511Parasites

bloodidentification of, 598, 603-604in passerines, 904in raptors, 933in ratites, 984

identification of, at necropsy, 677skin and feathers. See Ectoparasites

Parasitic infectionof the crop, 427and encephalitis, 509in galliformes, 874and hepatic injury, 446of intestines, 434of oropharynx, 424-425in passerines, 901-907in pigeons, 855-856, 859of proventriculus/ventriculus, 430in raptors, 931-933in ratites, 977, 981, 984and renal disease, 460-463, 482and reproductive disorders, 535of respiratory system, 646, 647of skin and feathers. See Ectoparasites

Parasitoids. See MothsParasympatholytic agents, as preanesthetics, 755Parathyroid gland, 668Parathyroid hormone (PTH), 143, 147Parathyroid hormone-related peptide (PTHRP), 143Paratuberculosis, 682-683Parenteral drug administration, 453, 889Parenteral nutrition, total, 222, 813Parent-reared birds, 158Paresis, 511Paromomycin, 303Parrotlets, macrorhabdosis in, 706Parrots. See PsittacinesParvovirus, and beak malformation, 423Passerines. See also Canaries, finches and mynahs

avian polyomavirus in, 731constriction and avascular necrosis of digits, 784, 785, 909, 910families of, 880feather pigmentation in, 97-101laboratory reference values for, 889neoplasia in, 569-570, 909

Patagium, fractures of, 765Patellar reflex, 499Patient history, 155, 157-159Patient monitoring, during anesthesia, 756-758PBFDV. See Psittacine beak and feather disease virusPCR (polymerase chain reaction) assays, 577, 686, 722-723PCV. See Packed cell volumePDD. See Proventricular dilatation diseasePeafowl, egg hatching in, 871

Pedal flexor reflex, 498-499Pediatric patients. See also Chicks

hepatic lipidosis in, 445hepatomegaly in, 443history taking for, 168homeopathic treatment of, 353

Pelvic limbamputation of, 771, 825deformities of, in ratite chicks, 979-980examination of, 190-191, 197-200fractures of, 768-770, 890progressive paralysis of, in raptors, 943swelling of, with band constriction, 17trauma to, 229

Penetran (ammonia solution), 229, 244, 303Penicillamine, 303, 843Penicillin, 303-304Pentobarbital, 304-305Pentoxifylline, 305Pepper diet, for papillomatosis, 436Perches, 19, 161, 171, 995Perching height and dominance, 80Pericarditis, 389-390Pericardium

effusion of, 389-390, 469endoscopy of, 639-640necropsy examination of, 669

Periorbital abscesses, 988Peripheral sensitization to pain, 235Permethrin, 305Peroxidation of lipids. See Rancidity of foodsPest management, 365-378

control agents, 375-376general principles, 367-368indoor, 367, 368-373outdoor, 367, 373-374use of pesticides, 365-367

Pesticide toxicosisand neurologic disorders, 510, 512, 515in passerines, 908in raptors, 945-946in wild birds, 718

Pesticidesdietary residues, 134-136environmental contamination with, 718, 945-946in fatty liver hemorrhagic syndrome, 127-128low-risk agents, 375-376problems with use of, 365-367

Pet birdsanimal welfare and, 33-35commonly kept species, 34-35, 37-42history of ownership of, 31-32human bonding with, 31import-export of, 26, 32-33living with, 36, 43ownership data, 30pet loss, grieving and euthanasia, 31regulations concerning, 32-33in schools and care facilities, 33selection of, 36selective breeding of, 35-36sources of, 36, 574veterinary service usage for, 30-31

Pet storesavian polyomavirus prevention in, 731preventive medicine in, 583-584

PGE. See Prostaglandin EPGF2α. See Prostaglandin F-2αPhalanges. See Digits

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Phallusanatomy of, 523, 832, 960prolapse of, 436-437, 983-984

Pharyngitis, homeopathic treatment of, 353Pharyngoscopy, 647Pharyngostomy, 801, 803Pheasant, egg hatching in, 871-872. See also GalliformesPhenobarbital, 305, 506Phenylbutazone, 305Phobias, in psittacines, 68, 81-82Phoenicopteridae, neoplasia in, 570Phosphorus

blood levels of, 617, 626-627dietary, 100-101

deficiency of, in all-seed diet, 110in various foods, 102-103

Photostimulationin canary breeding, 881-883effects of, 551-553and reproduction, 520-521thyroid hormones and, 548in zoo birds, 993

Physaloptera alata, 932Physical contact, neonatal need for, 61-62Physical examination, 20-21, 153-211. See also History taking

bleeding, 174-175, 176-177of body, 189-190, 196body condition, 173, 174-175of digestive and urinary system, 203distant examination, 169-171, 971droppings, examination of. See Droppingsform for, 209-211handling and restraint, 172-173of head, 188-189, 192-194for integumentary disease, 395-396of legs and feet, 190-191, 197-200masking of illness, 153-154neurologic sensory assessment, 191, 202oral, 189, 195for orthopedic injuries, 761-762in passerines, 887, 888of plumage. See Plumagepresenting complaint, 169prior to surgery, 751of raptors, 917-918of ratites, 971-973in renal disease, 470-471of reproductive system, 203, 204respiratory/cardiovascular assessment, 191, 201of waterfowl, 839-840of wings, 190, 196-197

Phytonadione, 305Picornavirus, 514Pigeons, 849-860

adenoviruses in, 732contagious diseases of, 855-859crops of, 414herpesvirus of, 736, 856loft management, 850-853miscellaneous disorders, 859-860paramyxovirus-1 in, 739-740respiratory diseases of, 857-858veterinary support and, 853-855

Pimobendan, 388Pineal gland, 520, 551-553Pinioning, of waterfowl, 841, 843Piperacillin, 305-306, 482Piperazine, 306Piperonyl butoxide, 306Piroxicam, 238, 306

Pituitary adenoma, 563Placing reactions, 497Plants, poisonous, 515, 678, 716-717, 908Plasma, color of, 613Plasma protein electrophoresis, 476, 576Plasmodium vaughani, 604Play, 74Plumage. See also Feathers; Integumentary disease

abnormalities of, 174, 177, 183-188, 976feather development in chicks, 174, 178of gallinaceous birds, 863-864normal, 179-187in ostrich chicks, 976

PMV. See ParamyxovirusesPneumonectomy, 800Pododermatitis. See BumblefootPoikilocytes, 599Poisoning. See ToxicitiesPoisonous plants. See Plants, poisonousPolicosanol, 306, 445, 448Polioencephalomyelitis, of rainbow lorikeets, 514Poliomyelomalacia, psittacine focal symmetrical, 512Pollen diets, 103, 104Polychromasia, 599Polycystic renal disease, 467Polycythemia, 606Polydipsia, 478-479Polyfolliculitis, 197, 408Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays, 577, 686, 722-723Polymyxin B, 307, 890Polyomavirus, avian (APV), 727-732

and beak malformation, 422-423and encephalitis, 508and integumentary disease, 401in passerines, 892-893in pet stores, 584test for, 580-581

Polyomavirus, goose hemorrhagic, 732Polyostotic hyperostosis, 525Polyps, adenomatous, 568-569Polysaccharides, 88-89Polysulfated glycosaminoglycan, 307Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) toxicosis, 228, 678, 716, 908Polyunsaturated fatty acids, 90-91Polyuria/polydipsia, 206, 207, 478-479Ponds, for waterfowl, 832-834Porphyrinuria, 475Portal system, renal, 452-453Positive punishment, 55Positive reinforcement, 52-53Postoperative care, 770, 785Postural reactions, 497-498Potassium bromide, 307Potassium permanganate, 307Potassium, serum, 617, 623Poultry. See also Chickens; Galliformes

exotic New Castle disease in, 738-739fatty liver hemorrhagic syndrome in, 124-128

Powder down, 177Poxviruses, 736-737, 738

and beak malformation, 419, 422immunization for, 584-585, 737and integumentary disease, 401-402and oropharyngeal disease, 424in ostrich chicks, 976in passerines, 890-892in pigeons, 856, 859in raptors, 936, 937

Practice building, 2-4Pralidoxime, 307-308, 843

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Praziquantel, 308, 843Preadolescents/juveniles, behavior in, 68-69Preanesthetic agents, 755-756Precision, defined, 612, 613Predictive value, 612, 613Prednisolone, 308Prednisolone sodium succinate, 309Preen gland. See Uropygial glandPrepidil gel, 525. See also Prostaglandin EPreservatives in foods, 114Preventive medicine, 573-585

at bird fairs, 583client education, 573-575immunizations, 584-585infectious disease testing. See under Diagnostic testingnewly acquired birds, 582-583in pet stores, 583-584for racing pigeons, 853-854sanitation, 575-576in veterinary hospitals, 22-24, 157, 583

Primaquine, 309Primidone, 309, 506Proanthocyanidins, 350Probenecid, 309Probiotics, 309-310, 350, 359Proctodeum, 417Proflavine, 310Prognathism, 417, 418Propentofylline, 310Propofol, 310, 756Propolis, 310Propranolol, 310Proprioception, evaluation of, 497-498Prostaglandin E, 267, 310, 525, 527-528Prostaglandin F-2α, 267, 525, 527-528Prostaglandins

in calcium metabolism, 144for egg binding, 223, 527-528in renal injury, 456

Protective devices, 218-220, 785Protein, dietary

measurement of, 89in pollens, 104and renal disease, 131, 466, 484-485requirements for, 89-90, 133and uric acid levels, 472

Protein electrophoresis. See ElectrophoresisProtein, plasma, 216, 617, 627

in renal disease, 473, 484Proteinuria, 459, 476-477Protozoal infection

and encephalitis, 509-510and hepatic disease, 446and intestinal disease, 433-434and oropharyngeal disease, 425in passerines, 901-903in pigeons, 853-854, 859of proventriculus, 430in raptors, 933, 934in ratites, 977and renal disease, 460-462

Proventricular dilatation disease (PDD), 429-430, 742-744and encephalitis, 508and spinal/neuromuscular disease, 513

Proventriculotomy, 811-813, 985-986, 987Proventriculus

anatomy and function of, 414disorders of, 429-432endoscopy of, 639, 647-649necropsy examination of, 671-672

Proventriculus (continued)neoplasia of, 432, 563in ratites, 959, 981

Pseudomonas aeruginosa infectionin passerines, 897in raptors, 935-936

Psittacid herpesviruses (PsHVs), 581-582, 585, 732-736. See also Papillomatosis

Psittacine beak and feather disease virus (PBFDV), 399-400, 419, 580, 723-727

Psittacine behavior, 60-84biting, 78-81, 356chewing, 77cockatoo vent prolapse and, 75-76color preferences, 74development of

fledglings, 65-66juveniles/preadolescents, 68-69neonates, 61-62nestlings, 62-65stages of, 60vocalization, 67-68weanlings, 66-67

exercise and play, 74feather destruction/self-mutilation. See Feather pickingin geriatric birds, 83human environment and, 69-71inappropriate bonds, 75-76neurotic fears/phobias, 68, 81-82perching height and, 80prolonged hormonal stimulation and, 76-77puberty and, 73training and, 73-74vocalization. See Vocalization

Psittacine focal symmetrical poliomyelomalacia, 512Psittacine proventricular dilatation disease. See Proventricular

dilatation diseasePsittacines

avian polyomavirus in, 728, 729, 730-731behavior of. See Psittacine behaviorcolor variety, diet-induced renal disease in, 466, 487exotic New Castle disease in, 738-739hematology reference values for, 606-608husbandry effects on calcium metabolism in, 147-150neoplasia in, 566, 568-569nutritional requirements of, 106

Psittacosis, 26, 577-578, 584, 679. See also ChlamydiosisPsychogenic polydipsia, 478Psyllium, for toxicoses, 222, 227, 431, 445, 713Psyllium hydrophilic mucilloid, 310-311PTFE toxicosis. See Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) toxicosisPTH (parathyroid hormone), 143, 147PTHRP (parathyroid hormone-related peptide), 143Puberty, psittacine behavior and, 73Punishment, 55-56Pupillary light reflex, 495-496“Put it down” list, 172-173Pygostyle, avulsed, 190, 229-230Pyoderma, 398Pyrantel pamoate, 311Pyrethrins, 311, 375-376Pyrethroids, 367Pyridoxine, 132, 508Pyrimethamine, 311, 318, 842

QQQuail. See also Galliformes

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Quail (continued)New World, egg hatching in, 871

Quaker mutilation syndrome, 408Quarantine, 574-575, 584, 998, 999Quill mites, 855, 981Quinacrine, 311

RRRacing pigeons. See PigeonsRadiographic films, 654Radiographic technique, 653-656

contrast studiesexcretory urography, 477-478, 658-659of gastrointestinal tract, 655-656myelography, 499-500, 658

patient positioning, 11, 655scout films, 10

Radiology. See also specific organs and structuresin aspergillosis, 696-697in cardiovascular disease, 380, 381in hepatic disease, 443in metal toxicosis, 10in mycobacteriosis, 684-685in neurologic disorders, 499-500in renal disease, 477

Radiosurgery, 780-783Radius, fractures of, 766-767Ramphotheca, 192, 193Rancidity of foods, 91, 111, 113, 114, 115, 163Rangle, 945Raptors, 915-956

amyloidosis in, 942bacterial diseases, 933-936body weight of various species, 952-954capture, restraint and transportation, 916-917clinical examination, 917-918coping (beak and talon trimming), 927-928diet and feeding, 929digestive system disorders, 940-941eye and ear disorders, 944fungal diseases, 936-939hospital care, 928-929imping (feather repair), 924-927laboratory reference values for, 948-951medication administration, 918-919metabolic bone disease, 939-940molting disorders, 947neoplasia in, 946nervous system disorders, 942-944parasitic diseases, 931-933respiratory system disorders, 941sanitation, 929-930surgery of, 920-924toxicities in, 944-946uropygial gland impaction, 946-947viral diseases, 936

Ratites, 957-989anatomy and physiology of, 958-961anesthesia of, 985behavior of, 963-966chicks

behavior of, 965-966diseases of, 976-980feeding of, 962, 966management of, 969-970surgery in, 985-986

classification of, 957-958

Ratites (continued)clinical examination, 971-974diseases of

in adults, 980-985in chicks, 976-980

laboratory reference values for, 974necropsy techniques, 974-976nutrition, 961-963production management, 966-971

breeders, 970chicks, 969-970eggs, 967-969flock health schemes, 970-971

surgery, 985-988Reactive attachment disorder, 64-65Receptionists, 19-20Record keeping, 25Rectal fluid administration, 218Rectum. See also Colon

anatomy of, 416prolapse of, in ratites, 977of ratites, 959-960

Red blood cell countage-related changes in, 605analysis of, 592, 593interpretation of, 606reference values for, 607-608

Red blood cell indices, 592, 606, 607-608Red blood cells. See ErythrocytesRed clover, 311, 349, 362Red palm oil, 312Red worm (gape worm), 904-905Reference values. See under Biochemistry profiles; HematologyReflexes

cranial nerve, 495-497spinal, 498-499

Regulations, 32-33, 861-862Regurgitation, 225-226Reinforcement, 51-53Reinforcement schedules, 54-55Reinforcers, types of, 51-53Renal agenesis, 467Renal blood flow, 454Renal cysts, 467Renal disease. See Kidney diseaseRenal fibrosis, 483-487Renal hemorrhage, 469-470Renal neurovascular system, 454-455Renal portal system, 452-453Renin-angiotensin system, 555Reovirus, 741-742Repetitive stimulation, 503-504Reproduction

in canaries, finches and mynahs, 881-886, 910in galliformes, 866-873hypervitaminosis A and, 96improper diet and, 133-134protein requirements for, 89vitamin A deficiency and, 95vitamin requirements for, 113in waterfowl, 843-844

Reproductive behavior. See also Sexual behaviordiet and, 137photostimulation and, 520-521, 552in ratites, 964-965stimulation of, in pet birds, 523-524

Reproductive system, 519-540anatomy of, 520, 521-522, 523, 813-814, 818

in galliformes, 865in ratites, 960-961

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Reproductive system (continued)development of, 519-520disorders of, 523-538

in canaries, finches and mynahs, 910cloacal disease. See Cloaca, disorders ofcoelomitis, reproductive-associated, 521-522, 533-534, 982,

986ectopic ovulation, 521-522, 531-532egg binding and dystocia, 526-529, 814. See also Egg

bindingegg laying, chronic, 524-525egg overproduction, 535homeopathic treatment of, 351metritis, 530neoplasia, 534, 535nutritional, 133-134oophoritis, 534orchitis, 535ovarian disease, cystic, 351, 532oviductal disease, 529-531, 534parasites, 535polyostotic hyperostosis, 525in ratites, 982-984, 986-987salpingitis, 530uterine disease. See Uterus

examination of, 203, 204microflora of, 134physiology of, 520-523surgery of

female, 813-818male, 818-819

Rescue remedy, 312Reserpine, 312Resorantel, 312Resources, 1, 27, 362Respiration

control of, 494in ratites, 960

Respiratory epithelium, squamous metaplasia of, 129, 191Respiratory system. See also Lung

anatomy of, 748, 749, 864, 960anesthesia and, 748-749disorders of

aspergillosis and. See Aspergillosisdietary factors in, 130homeopathic treatment of, 353lithiasis, 130mycobacteriosis and, 684in passerines, 898in pigeons, 857-858in raptors, 941in ratites, 978, 982-983

endoscopy of, 636-639, 644-646examination of, 191, 201monitoring of, during anesthesia, 756-757neoplasia of, 564, 569, 744obstruction, upper airway, 214-215parasitic infection of, 646, 647surgery of

thoracic, 798-800upper airway, 792-798

Restraint, 11-12of galliformes, 873for physical examination, 172-173prior to surgery, 751of raptors, 916-917, 918of ratites, 971-972of waterfowl, 838-839

Retinal photoreceptors, 552Retinol. See Vitamin A

Retractors, 778, 781, 787Retrobulbar lymphoma, 564Retroviruses, 742Rheas. See RatitesRhinal cavity, endoscopy of, 647Rhinitis, 694, 699, 941Rhinolith removal, 792, 794

in raptors, 130, 941, 942Riboflavin, 513Rice-based nutriceuticals

for digestive disorders, 359for liver disease, 360

Rickets, in ratite chicks, 980Rifabutin, 312Rifampin, 312Rimantadine, 312Ring constriction of digits, 784, 785, 909, 920, 921Robenidine, 312Rodenticides, 832-833Rodents, in diet, 105Ronidazole, 312-313, 890Roofing, of zoo enclosures, 994, 995Rotary tool, hand-held, 14-15Roxarsone, 313

SSSacral nerve plexus, 454, 468, 650Salicylic acid, 313Salinomycin, 313Salivary glands, 413Salmonellosis

immunization for, 584in passerines, 896-897in ratites, 984and renal disease, 460screening for, 576-577

Salpingitis, 530, 982-983, 986Salpingohysterectomy, 814-817Salt. See SodiumSalt glands, 454-455, 864SAMe, 125, 448Sample handling, for biochemistry tests, 613-614Sanitation, 575-576, 885, 929-930, 997Sarafloxacin, 313Sarcocystis spp.

and encephalitis, 510in passerines, 903and renal disease, 462

Sarcoma, renal, 480Scales, 19, 173Scapula, fractures of, 765Schistosomiasis, 509Schools, pet birds in, 33Scintigraphy, 478, 504Scissor beak, 417, 419Screaming. See VocalizationSecobarbital sodium, 313Secretin, 550Seeds

nutritional content of, 92, 94, 101, 110“webby,” and mycotoxins, 163

Seizuresas clinical sign, 505-506homeopathic treatment of, 353idiopathic, 510toxic, 510, 712

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Seleniumdeficiency of, 513in diet, 102dosage of, 313, 330

Self-mutilation, 82-83. See also Cannibalismflower essence therapy for, 356food allergy and, 134quaker mutilation syndrome, 408

Semduramycin, 313Semen, 523Sensation, cutaneous, 499Sensitivity, defined, 612Sensitization to pain, 235Sepsis, homeopathic treatment of, 352Serologic assays, 577, 685, 721-722. See also Diagnostic testing,

for infectious diseaseSeromycin, 314Serratospiculum amaculatum, 425Serratospiculum seurati, 931, 932Sertoli cells, 522Sevoflurane, 754Sex determination. See Gender determinationSex hormones, production of, 520, 523. See also Estrogen;

TestosteroneSexual behavior, 74, 75, 76-77. See also Reproductive behaviorSexual dimorphism

in cockatiels, 156in galliformes, 872in pigeons, 850in psittacines, 156-157in waterfowl, 831-832

Shaping of behavior, 53-54Shell gland. See UterusShock, 393Show birds, 1000Sick-bird enclosures, 215Sick-bird nutritional support formulas, 221-222Sickle cell anemia, 599Signalment, 154-155, 156-157Silica aerogel, 376Silver, colloidal, 314Silver nitrate, 314Silymarin. See Milk thistleSinusitis

aspergillosis and, 694, 699clinical signs, 191, 201necropsy examination for, 664-665, 668in raptors, 941treatment of, 353, 793

Skeletal system, 344. See also Musculoskeletal systemgallinaceous variations in, 864ratite variations in, 959

Skin. See also Dermatitis; Integumentary diseaseassessment of, 177of gallinaceous birds, 862-863necropsy examination of, 663-665of ratites, 958, 987sensation in, 499surgery of, 785-792, 987toxin exposures via, 712

Skin appendages, of gallinaceous birds, 862-863Skin disease. See Integumentary diseaseSleep, requirements for, 70, 159-160Slipped tendon, in ratite chicks, 980Soapy water, as insecticide, 376Social signals, 47-48Socialization, of nestlings, 65Sodium

dietaryand feather picking, 82

Sodium, dietary (continued)in various foods, 82

serum levels of, 617, 623Sodium bicarbonate, 314Sodium calcium edetate, 843Sodium chloride, 314

excretion by salt glands, 454Sodium hypochlorite, 314Sodium iodide, 314Sodium lactate solution, 314-315Sodium sulfate, 315Somatostatin, 315, 550, 551Song, 553-554Sores, decubital. See BumblefootSour crop, 429, 940. See also CandidiasisSoybeans, 113Species compatibility

in waterfowl, 834-835in zoos, 999-1000

Species identification, 155Specific gravity, of urine, 475-476Specificity, defined, 612Spectinomycin, 315-316, 842, 890Spectinomycin, plus lincomycin, 290Speculums, 18Sperm/spermatozoa

dietary factors in output of, 134lipid peroxidation in, 92lipids in, 134production of, 522storage of, in vagina, 522structure of, 523

Sphenisciformes, neoplasia in, 570Spiders, 373Spinal cord

anatomy of, 494disorders of, 511-515necropsy examination of, 674

Spinal reflexes, 498-499Spine

anatomy of, 344radiology of, 499-500scintigraphy of, 504

Spiramycin, 316, 890Spiruriods, 425, 905Spleen

endoscopy of, 644, 645necropsy examination of, 666, 667

SplintsAltman, 769, 770for fracture fixation, 763, 890

Split vent, 190, 229-230Spongiform encephalopathy, 510Spurs, 863Squamous cell carcinoma, 406, 561St. John’s wort (hypericum), 281, 349, 358Staff, veterinary, 19-21Stains, for blood films, 596-597Stanozolol, 316Staphylococcus aureus, 459Steam cleaner, 21Stellate cells, hepatic, 442Sterigmatocystin, 467Sterilization, 23, 651-652, 815-818Sternal ulcers, 13-14, 196, 789-790, 920Stifle, luxation of, 769Stomach. See Proventriculus; VentriculusStomatitis, 424Storage of foods, 111, 113-115Strabismus, 496

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Streptomycin, 316-317Stress, and Aspergillus pathogenicity, 692Stress response, 541-543Strigiformes, neoplasia in, 570γ-Strophantin, 389Stupor, 506, 507Subcutaneous fluid administration, 215-216Submandibular abscesses, 800-801Succimer, 317Sucralfate, 317Sucrase, and fruit sugar digestion, 88Sucrose, 317Sudden death, in passerines, 894Sudden death syndrome, 469Sulfachlorpyridazine, 317-318, 890Sulfadiazine, 318Sulfadimethoxine, 318Sulfadimethoxine, ormetoprim plus, 300-301Sulfadimidine, 890Sulfadoxine plus pyrimethamine, 318Sulfamethazine, 318-319Sulfamethoxazole, plus trimethoprim, 327Sulfanitran, 319Sulfaquinoxaline, 319Sulfaquinoxaline plus diaveridine, 320Sulfaquinoxaline, plus pyrimethamine, 311Sulfathiazole, 320Sulfatroxazole, 320Sulfonamide, 320Sunlight. See Ultraviolet lightSupplementation

of minerals, 100-103with nutriceuticals, 349-350of specific diets, 103-105of vitamins, 86, 92-97, 110-111, 166

Supplements, calcium content of, 104Supportive care, 215-222Surgery. See also Gastrointestinal tract, surgery of; Surgery,

orthopedic; Surgery, soft tissueendoscopic, 651-652illumination and magnification for, 784instrumentation for, 777, 779-781laser surgery, 783-784of passerines, 889-890radiosurgery, 780-783of raptors, 920-924of ratites, 985-988suture materials and adhesives for, 784-785of waterfowl, 841-843

Surgery, orthopedic, 761-773, 922-924complications, 771-772fixation methods, 763-764pelvic limb fractures, 768-770postoperative care, 770principles of, 762-763in ratites, 987thoracic limb fractures, 765-768in waterfowl, 843

Surgery, soft tissue, 775-829abdominal mass excision, 828abdominal wall hernia repair, 827-828amputations, 771, 823-827of cloaca, 801, 802, 819-823for coelomitis, 822-823, 986of gastrointestinal tract, 800-813. See also Gastrointestinal tract,surgery ofhemostasis in, 778-780of kidney, 481lipoma excision, 828patient evaluation and preparation, 775-777

Surgery, soft tissue (continued)postoperative care, 785in ratites, 985-988of reproductive tract

female, 813-818, 986-987male, 818-819

of skin, 785-792, 987of thorax, 798-800of upper respiratory tract, 792-798in waterfowl, 841, 843

Surgical adhesives, 785Surgical equipment, 6-7, 9, 780-784Surgical instruments, 777, 779-781Sustentacular cells, 522Suture materials, 784-785Syngamus trachea, 904-905Synhimanthus falconis, 425Synsacrum, 344, 500Syrinx

anatomy of, 748in galliformes, 864in ratites, 960in waterfowl, 832

surgery of, 800

TTT3 (triiodothyronine), 544-545, 547, 548T4 (thyroxine), 548, 549Tactile stimulation, and nestling development, 64Talons, 920, 927Tamoxifen, 320, 524, 525, 562Tannic acid, 320Tapeworms, 434, 905Tarsometatarsal fractures, 769-770Taurine, and cardiomyopathy, 132Tazobactam, plus piperacillin, 306Tea, 320Technicians, veterinary, 20Temperature monitoring, 757-758, 777Temperature regulation. See ThermoregulationTerbinafine, 320-321, 697-698Territoriality, and biting, 79-80Testes

anatomy of, 520, 522, 818biopsy of, 818endoscopy of, 642-644, 651inflammation of, 535necropsy examination of, 667, 668neoplasia of, 534, 535removal of, 818ultrasound of, 657

Testing, diagnostic. See Diagnostic testingTestosterone, 321, 523, 553-554Tetanus antitoxin, 321Tetracycline, 321Tetraparesis, 511Therapeutic agents, 241-342. See also specific drugs and

drug classescardiac medications, 389flower essences, 357herbal remedies, 349homeopathic remedies, 351-355for pain management, 236-238for passerines, 890for renal disease, 482for waterfowl, 842-843

Therapeutic touch, 356-357

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Thermoregulation, 553, 777, 958-959Thiabendazole, 321-322Thiamine, 322, 513Thiopental sodium, 322Thoracic inlet, necropsy examination of, 668-670Thoracic limbs. See WingsThorax, surgery of, 798-800Thrombi, renal disease and, 457Thrombocyte count, 598Thrombocytes

automatic blood analyzer errors and, 588morphology of, 597, 601-602, 603reference values for, 607-608

Thromboxanes, in renal injury, 456, 485-486Thrush. See CandidiasisThymus, 668, 669Thyroid gland

disorders of, 549. See also Goiterendoscopy of, 644, 646necropsy examination of, 668neoplasia of, 563

Thyroid hormones, 545, 548-549in growth, 544-545, 547tests for, 549

Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), 322, 548Thyroxine (T4), 548, 549Tiamulin, 322-323Tibiotarsal fractures, 769Tibiotarsal rotation, 979Ticarcillin, 323Tick paralysis, 514-515, 981, 999Tiletamine plus zolazepam, 323-324Tilmicosin, 324Time out from positive reinforcement, 57-58Tissue adhesives, 785Tobacco smoke, 171, 352Tobramycin, 324Tocopherol. See Vitamin EToes. See DigitsToes, rolled, in ratite chicks, 980Tolazoline, 325Toltrazuril, 325, 842, 890Tongue

anatomy of, 412-413injuries to, 425, 801movement, control of, 494neoplasia of, 801

Tonic immobility, 234-235Tophi, 199Torticollis, 508, 512, 943, 979Touch, neonatal need for, 61-62Tourniquets, 823Towels

acclimating to, 63-64, 74for restraint, 11, 12, 172

Toxicities, 711-719airborne, 171, 228, 716, 908assessment and stabilization of the patient, 711-712in canaries, finches and mynahs, 908decontamination procedures, 712-713emergency treatment of, 227-228exposure to, 160, 162-163to heart, 716heavy metals, 10, 102-103, 227, 431, 678, 713-715. See also

Lead toxicosis; Zinc toxicosishepatic injury and, 446, 716to kidney, 464-467, 483, 716mercury, 205, 214mycotoxins, 466-467, 678, 693and neurologic disorders, 507, 510, 514-515, 712

Toxicities (continued)pesticides, 510, 512, 515, 718, 908, 945-946in pigeons, 860plants, 515, 678, 716-717, 908in raptors, 944-946vitamin over-supplementation. See specific vitamins

Toxicologic testing, at necropsy, 678Toxoplasmosis, 463, 509-510, 903Toys

sale of, 4-5, 22suitability of, 162-163, 171types of, 69-70

Tracheaanatomy of, 748

in galliformes, 864in ratites, 960in waterfowl, 832

endoscopy of, 644, 646obstruction of, 191, 225, 798-800surgery of, 798-800

Tracheal mites, 906Tracheitis, aspergillosis and, 693, 699Tracheoscopy, 644-646, 697Traditional Chinese medicine, 345-346, 361. See also Chinese

herbal therapyTraining, of parrots, 70-74Tranquilizers, as preanesthetics, 755Transfusions, for acute blood loss/anemia, 231Transient paralysis, 513Transmissible diseases. See Infectious diseasesTraps, for pests, 376Trauma

beak injuries, 418-422broken blood feathers, 173, 228emergency treatment of, 228-229head injuries, 507, 511, 910homeopathic treatment of, 352to integument, 402to oropharynx, 425-426spinal, and neurologic disorders, 515in waterfowl, 846

Travel cages, 19-20Travel forms, 25-26Tremors, 506Trephination, supraorbital, 793Tribromoethanol, 325Trichlorfon, 325Trichomoniasis

and neurologic disorders, 509, 510and oropharyngeal disease, 425in pigeons, 853-854, 859in raptors, 933, 934

Tricide, 325Triiodothyronine (T3), 544-545, 547, 548Trimethoprim plus sulfa, 325-327, 482, 842, 890TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone), 322, 548Tube feeding, 426. See also Gavage-feedingTuberculosis, avian. See MycobacteriosisTubocurarine, 327Tumors. See NeoplasiaTurkeys, egg hatching in, 871. See also Galliformes2-D echocardiography, 382-383Tylosin, 327-328, 842, 890Tylosin, plus amoxicillin, 246Typhlitis, 456, 984

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UUUlcers

dermal, 408, 409gastrointestinal, 369, 447, 457of proventriculus, 431-432sternal, 13-14, 196, 789-790, 920

Ulna, fractures of, 766-767Ultimobranchial glands, 143Ultrasonic surgical aspirator, 828Ultrasonography. See also Echocardiography; specific organs

and structuresequipment for, 7in hepatic disease, 444in renal disease, 477technique for, 657-658

Ultraviolet lighthistory taking and, 159in prevention of hypocalcemia, 148-150in vitamin D production, 96, 142, 147

Unconditional reinforcers, 52Unweaned parrots, sale of, 67-68Upper respiratory disorders

homeopathic treatment of, 353obstruction, 214-215, 798-800

Urate oxidase, 328, 484Urates, 203-207, 442, 443. See also DroppingsUrea

dietary, and renal disease, 466plasma levels of, in renal disease, 472-473

Urea nitrogen, blood (BUN), 616, 621Ureters, 416, 468-469, 481Uric acid, 617, 627

antioxidant property of, 472blood levels of

decreased, 617increased. See Hyperuricemia

excretion of, 456in urine, 628

Uric acid crystal identification, 479, 628Uricotelism, 456Urinalysis, 474-476, 628Urinary protein electrophoresis, 476-477Urinary system. See also Kidney

disorders of. See Kidney disease; Urolithiasisexamination of, 203in ratites, 961

Urineanalysis of, 474-476, 628blood in, 206, 214collection of, 474concentration of, 452, 455, 475ketones in, 615, 628pH of, 476protein in, 459, 476-477uric acid in, 628

Urine dipsticks, 475Urodeum, anatomy and function of, 416-417Urography, excretory, 477-478, 658-659Urolithiasis, 468-469

and gizzard erosions, 457gout and, 130surgery for, 481treatment of, 482

Uropygial glandof gallinaceous birds, 862impaction of, 405, 790, 946-947presence of, in various species, 188surgery of, 790-791, 792

Uropygial gland (continued)tumors of, 405, 790

Ursodiol, for liver disease, 448USDA, 27Uterovaginal sphincter, 522Uterus (shell gland)

anatomy of, 522infection of, 530liths in, 130prolapse of, 204, 227, 529rupture of, 225torsion of, 529

Uveitis, in raptors, 944

VVVaccination. See ImmunizationVaccination reactions, 352Vacuum systems, central, 22Vagina, 522Valerian root, 349Valnemulin, 328Valvular insufficiency, 391-392Valvular stenosis, 391-392Vascular disorders, in neurologic disease, 511, 515Vasectomy, 651-652, 818Vasoactive intestinal peptide, 550Vasotocin, 328, 525

in diabetes insipidus, 478for egg binding, 528in water regulation, 455

Vecuronium bromide, 328-329Vent

anatomy of, 417, 523prolapse of. See Cloaca, prolapse of

Vent sphincter reflex, 498Ventilation

intermittent positive pressure, 750-751physiology of, 748-749

Ventriculotomy, 811, 812, 986Ventriculus

anatomy and function of, 414-415in ratites, 959

disorders of, 429-432endoscopy of, 639, 647-649erosions of, urolithiasis and, 457foreign bodies in, 430-431, 940-941impaction of, 430-431lavage of, in raptors, 945, 946necropsy examination of, 671-672

Vestibular disorders, 506, 511Veterinary assistants, 20Veterinary care for pet birds, cost of, 43Veterinary hospitals. See HospitalsVeterinary Information Network, 27Veterinary service usage for pet birds, 30-31Veterinary technicians, 20Vincristine, 329Vinegar, apple cider, 329, 349-350, 359Viral infection. See also Viruses

and beak malformation, 419, 422-423in canaries, finches and mynahs, 890-895of the crop, 426diagnostic assays for, 721-723and encephalitis, 508-509in galliformes, 874and hepatic disease, 446and integumentary disease, 399-402

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Viral infection (continued)and intestinal disease, 433in pigeons, 856-857of proventriculus/ventriculus, 429-430in raptors, 936in ratites, 981-982and renal disease, 460, 461and spinal/neuromuscular disease, 513-514in zoo birds, 997

Virgamycosis. See MacrorhabdosisVirginiamycin, 329Virus neutralization assay, 722Viruses. See also Viral infection

adenoviruses, 433, 469, 732, 856, 977avian influenza virus, 509, 740, 981-982, 997avian polyomavirus. See Polyomavirus, aviancircoviruses. See Circovirusdiagnostic assays for, 721-723equine encephalitis virus, 508-509, 514, 740, 981, 982herpesviruses. See Herpesvirusesmalnutrition in pathogenesis of, 108, 110papillomaviruses, 400, 732, 893, 895paramyxoviruses. See Paramyxovirusespoxviruses. See Poxvirusesreovirus, 741-742retroviruses, 742West Nile virus, 509, 514, 585, 740-741

Visceral gout, 457-458, 463, 482, 669, 908Visceral larval migrans, 463Vision

in fledglings, 66in nestlings, 63vitamin A deficiency and, 95

Visual stimulation, and nestling development, 63-64Vitamin A, 93-95

carotenoid conversion to, 97deficiency of

on all-seed diet, 110and gastrointestinal disease, 117and oropharyngeal disease, 195, 425and renal disease, 464-465, 486reproduction and, 133

dosage of, 329, 482in fish, 105in gastrointestinal disease, 117in hyperkeratosis, 117in invertebrates, 104and iron uptake, 128-129over-supplementation, 95-96, 117, 133, 465-466and pancreatitis, 95for renal disease, 485in reproduction, 96, 133in rodents, 105toxicosis, 95, 465-466and vocalization, 95, 137

Vitamin A, D, E, dosage of, 330Vitamin B1, 322, 513Vitamin B2, 513Vitamin B6, 132, 508Vitamin B12, 262Vitamin B complex, 92, 125-126, 329Vitamin C, 93

content in various foods, 103deficiency of, 93, 873dosage of, 248in iron storage disease, 93, 128over-supplementation, 93

Vitamin D, 96-97assays of, 145-146in calcium metabolism, 142-143

Vitamin D (continued)deficiency of, 147dosage of, 329kidney metabolism of, 455over-supplementation, 97, 464production of, 96, 142, 147

Vitamin E, 97deficiency of, 508, 513dosage of, 329-330for fatty liver hemorrhagic syndrome, 127in fish, 105for liver disease, 448and omega-3 fatty acids, 485in rodents, 105supplementation, and sperm output, 92

Vitamin K, 97, 330, 447Vitamins, 92-97. See also specific vitamins

dietary requirements, in reproduction, 133over-supplementation, 86, 110-111supplementation of, in drinking water, 86, 166

Vocalizationdietary and, 95, 137excessive, 77-78

flower essence therapy for, 356nervous control of, 494in young parrots, 67-68

Vomiting, 225-226

WWWater

requirement for, 86, 112vitamin and mineral supplementation of, 86, 166

Water delivery systems, in zoos, 995Water deprivation testing, 478-479Water regulation, kidneys and, 455-456Waterfowl, 831-847

anatomic variations of, 832capture and restraint of, 837-839diseases of, 844-847feather characteristics of, 831-832husbandry, 832-836laboratory reference values for, 840neoplasia in, 569physical examination of, 839-840reproduction in, 843-844testing recommendations for, 840-841treatment and surgery of, 841-843

Wattles, 862Waxbills, 894-895, 898-899, 902, 904. See also PasserinesWeakness, homeopathic treatment of, 352, 353Weaning process, 66-67Weanlings, behavior in, 66-67Web sites, 27Weed management, 373Weight. See Body weightWest Nile virus, 740-741

and encephalitis, 509immunization for, 585, 741and spinal/neuromuscular disease, 514

White blood cell countage-related changes in, 605analysis of, 592, 595, 597-598in hepatic disease, 443interpretation of, 606-607reference values for, 607-608

Whole-prey diets, 103-104Wild Bird Conservation Act, 32

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Wild bird rehabilitation, 2, 717-718Wild birds

avian polyomavirus in, 731-732behavior of, 47-48pesticide toxicosis in, 718, 945-946

Wild-caught birds, 155, 158Wing trimming, 12-15, 66, 177, 875Wing withdrawal reflex, 499Wings

amputation of, 771, 823-827examination of, 190, 196-197fractures of, 765-768, 890

Withdrawal reflex, 499Wound healing, 780Wound retractor, 778, 781, 787

XXXanthomatosis, 196, 197, 407, 560, 790, 791Xenobiotics, detoxification of, 135-136Xylazine, 330-331

YYYeast cell derivatives, 331Yeast infections. See Candidiasis; Macrorhabdosis;

Malassezia infectionYellow jackets, 372Yersinia pseudotuberculosis infection, 897Yohimbine, 331-332Yolk coelomitis. See Coelomitis, reproductive-associatedYolk, lipid content of, 92

Yolk sacdisorders of, in ratites, 978-979, 985necropsy examination of, 672

Yunnan Piayao, 229, 332

ZZZeranol, 332Zinc, 102-103

exposure to, 162, 171tissue levels of, 103, 510

Zinc methionine, 332Zinc phosphide, 365Zinc toxicosis, 162, 431, 713-714

emergency treatment of, 227homeopathic treatment of, 352and neurologic disorders, 510, 514and pancreatitis, 437

Zolazepam, plus tiletamine, 323-324Zoo birds, 991-1003

accidents and escapes, 1000-1001behavioral considerations, 999and bird conservation, 1001disease management in, 996-998, 999housing of, 993-996mixed species exhibits, 999-1000nutritional management, 998-999quarantine of, 998, 999show birds, 1000veterinary work, 991, 992-993

Zoonosischlamydiosis, 679-680cryptococcosis, 702mycobacteriosis, 681, 688in zoo birds, 998, 999

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