8051 kick start board - kits 'n' spares

Kick Start Board

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The 8051 is the name of a big family of microcontrollers. The device which we

are going to use along this tutorial is the 'AT89V51RD2' which is a typical 8051

microcontroller manufactured by Atmel™. Note that this part doesn't aim to

explain the functioning of the different components of a 89V51RD2

microcontroller, but rather to give you a general idea of the organization of the

chip and the available features, which shall be explained in detail along this

tutorial.

This figure shows the main features and components that the designer can

interact with. You can notice that the 89V51RD2 has 4 different ports, each one

having 8 Input/output lines providing a total of 32 I/O lines. Those ports can be

used to output DATA and orders do other devices, or to read the state of a

sensor, or a switch.

Figure: 1

Some of the features that have made the 8051 popular are:

4 KB on chip program memory.

128 bytes on chip data memory (RAM).

4 register banks.

128 user defined software flags.

8-bit data bus

16-bit address bus

32 general purpose registers each of 8 bits

16 bit timers (usually 2, but may have more, or less).

3 internal and 2 external interrupts.

Bit as well as byte addressable RAM area of 16 bytes.

Four 8-bit ports, (short models have two 8-bit ports).

16-bit program counter and data pointer.

1 Microsecond instruction cycle with 12 MHz Crystal.

8051 models may also have a number of special, model-specific features, such as

UARTs, ADC, OpAmps, etc...

8051 chips are used in a wide variety of control systems, telecom applications, robotics

as well as in the automotive industry. By some estimation, 8051 family chips make up

over 50% of the embedded chip market.

Figure: 2

Basic Pins

PIN 9: PIN 9 is the reset pin which is used to reset the microcontroller‟s internal

registers and ports upon starting up. (Pin should be held high for 2 machine cycles.)

PINS 18 & 19: The 8051 has a built-in oscillator amplifier hence we need to only connect

a crystal at these pins to provide clock pulses to the circuit.

PIN 40 and 20: Pins 40 and 20 are VCC and ground respectively. The 8051 chip needs

+5V 500mA to function properly, although there are lower powered versions like the

Atmel 2051 which is a scaled down version of the 8051 which runs on +3V.

PINS 29, 30 & 31: As described in the features of the 8051, this chip contains a built-in

flash memory. In order to program this we need to supply a voltage of +12V at pin 31. If

external memory is connected then PIN 31, also called EA/VPP, should be connected to

ground to indicate the presence of external memory. PIN 30 is called ALE (address

latch enable), which is used when multiple memory chips are connected to the

controller and only one of them needs to be selected. We will deal with this in depth in

the later chapters. PIN 29 is called PSEN. This is "program store enable". In order to

use the external memory it is required to provide the low voltage (0) on both PSEN and

EA pins.

PORTS

There are 4, 8-bit ports: P0, P1, P2 and P3.

Port P1 (Pins 1 to 8): The port P1 is a general purpose input/output port which can be

used for a variety of interfacing tasks. The other ports P0, P2 and P3 have dual roles or

additional functions associated with them based upon the context of their usage.

Port P3 (Pins 10 to 17): Port P3 acts as a normal IO port, but Port P3 has additional

functions such as, serial transmit and receive pins, 2 external interrupt pins, 2 external

counter inputs, read and write pins for memory access.

Port P2 (pins 21 to 28): Port P2 can also be used as a general purpose 8 bit port when

no external memory is present, but if external memory access is required then PORT P2

will act as an address bus in conjunction with PORT P0 to access external memory.

PORT P2 acts as A8-A15.

Port P0 (pins 32 to 39): Port P0 can be used as a general purpose 8 bit port when no

external memory is present, but if external memory access is required then PORT P0

acts as a multiplexed address and data bus that can be used to access external memory

in conjunction with PORT P2. P0 acts as AD0-AD7.

All four ports in the 80C51 are bidirectional. Each consists of a latch (Special Function

Registers P0 through P3), an output driver, and an input buffer. The output drivers of

Ports 0 and 2, and the input buffers of Port 0, are used in accesses to external memory.

In this application, Port 0 outputs the low byte of the external memory address, time-

multiplexed with the byte being written or read. Port 2 outputs the high byte of the

external memory address when the address is 16 bits wide. Otherwise, the Port 2 pins

continue to emit the P2 SFR content.

All the Port 3 pins are multifunctional. They are not only port pins, but also serve the

functions of various special features as listed below:

Port Pin Alternate Function

P3.0 RxD (serial input port)

P3.1 TxD (serial output port)

P3.2 INT0 (external interrupt)

P3.3 INT1 (external interrupt)

P3.4 T0 (Timer/Counter 0 external input)

P3.5 T1 (Timer/Counter 1 external input)

P3.6 WR (external Data Memory write strobe)

P3.7 RD (external Data Memory read strobe)

The alternate functions can only be activated if the corresponding bit latch in the port

SFR contains a 1. Otherwise the port pin remains at 0.

Figure: 3

RS232

connect the

kickstartboar

d To

computer

POWE

R

ON/OF

F

To

supply

DC(5volt

s)

Microcontroller

Reset Button for

reset

microcontroller

POWER

ON/OFF

About flash magic

Flash magic is software used to burn the instruction in microcontrollers and also

perform a lot of task.

Figure: 4

NOTE – Flash magic support only those microcontroller which have the ISP(In

System Programming) feature.

One thing is also note that before working in flash magic we have to enable

“Assert DTR and RTS while COM Port open”. For enable this function follow this

steps-

1. Choose “Advance

Option” from “Option”

Menu

2. Enable “Assert DTR and

RTS while COM Port open”

from Hardware configutation

Step 1. Place the Microcontroller in kickstart board

Figure: 5

Step 2. Follow the procedure shown in figure 3.

Figure: 6

1. To

POWER

Supply

2. To

Comput

er

3. Put ON

the

Switch

Step 3. Open the flash magic and choose the proper communication port from

device manager and

microcontroller device as shown in

figure: 7.

Figure: 7

1. Select proper

device of

Microcontroller

family & COM Port

NXP89V51RD2

Step 4. Open the flash magic and choose the reset option from ISP menu of

menu bar as shown in figure: 8.

Figure: 8

Step 5 . After choosing reset option a dialogue box appears, follow this

procedure as shown in figure 9.

Figure: 9

After press reset the microcontroller will be reset.

2. Press”RESET”

“After reset the reset

window shown in “1”

will disappear”

1. After clicking

start this dialogue

box appear

3.After pressing reset

button of “kickstart

board” finished status

shows that the

Microcontroller has reset

Step 6. Now for burn instruction in microcontroller, follow the procedure as

shown in figure : 10.

Figure: 10

3. Click on

“Start”

2. Choose the

programme

file

Step 7 . Follow the procedure as shown in figure:11.

Figure: 11

Now the microcontroller has programmed.

1. After clicking

start this dialogue

box appear

3.finished status

shows that the

instructions have

burn in

Microcontroller

2.Press “RESET”

button

Note -“After reset

the reset window

shown in “1” will

disappear”

If we look around, we will find ourselves to be surrounded by computing systems. Every

year millions of computing systems are built destined for desktop computers (Personal

Computers, workstations, mainframes and servers) but surprisingly, billions of

computing systems are built every year embedded within larger electronic devices and

still goes unnoticed. Any device running on electric power either already has computing

system or will soon have computing system embedded in it.

Today, embedded systems are found in cell phones, digital cameras, camcorders,

portable video games, calculators, and personal digital assistants, microwave ovens,

answering machines, home security systems, washing machines, lighting systems, fax

machines, copiers, printers, and scanners, cash registers, alarm systems, automated

teller machines, transmission control, cruise control, fuel injection, anti-lock brakes,

active suspension and many other devices/ gadgets.

Definition

A precise definition of embedded systems is not easy. Simply stated, all computing

systems other than general purpose computer (with monitor, keyboard, etc.) are

embedded systems.

System is a way of working, organizing or performing one or many tasks according to a

fixed set of rules, program or plan. In other words, an arrangement in which all units

assemble and work together according to a program or plan. An embedded system is a

system that has software embedded into hardware, which makes a system dedicated

for an application (s) or specific part of an application or product or part of a larger

system. It processes a fixed set of pre-programmed instructions to control

electromechanical equipment which may be part of an even larger system (not a

computer with keyboard, display, etc).

A general-purpose definition of embedded systems is that they are devices used to

control, monitor or assist the operation of equipment, machinery or plant. “Embedded”

reflects the fact that they are an integral part of the system. In many cases, their

“embeddedness” may be such that their presence is far from obvious to the casual

observer.

http://www.engineersgarage.com/articles/printers-types-working

http://www.engineersgarage.com/articles/computer-monitors-display-technologies-working

Block diagram of a typical embedded system is shown in fig.

An embedded system is an engineering artifact involving computation that is subject to

physical constraints (reaction constraints and execution constraints) arising through

interactions of computational processes with the physical world. Reaction constraints

originate from the behavioral requirements & specify deadlines, throughput, and jitter

whereas execution constraints originate from the implementation requirements & put

bounds on available processor speeds, power, memory and hardware failure rates. The

key to embedded systems design is to obtain desired functionality under both kinds of

constraints.

Characteristics

a) Embedded systems are application specific & single functioned; application is

known apriori, the programs are executed repeatedly.

b) Efficiency is of paramount importance for embedded systems. They are optimized

for energy, code size, execution time, weight & dimensions, and cost.

c) Embedded systems are typically designed to meet real time constraints; a real

time system reacts to stimuli from the controlled object/ operator within the time

interval dictated by the environment. For real time systems, right answers arriving

too late (or even too early) are wrong.

d) Embedded systems often interact (sense, manipulate & communicate) with

external world through sensors and actuators and hence are typically reactive

systems; a reactive system is in continual interaction with the environment and

executes at a pace determined by that environment.

e) They generally have minimal or no user interface.

http://www.engineersgarage.com/articles/sensors

Design Metrics for Embedded Systems

In addition to meeting the desired functionality of an embedded system, embedded

system designer must optimize on the following design metrics.

Non Recurring Engineering (NRE) Cost: Money invested in R&D and developing

first, functional and tested prototype.

Unit Cost: Cost of producing one unit

Electrical Power

Performance - System Throughput, Computational Power, response time

Functional Correctness

Dependability; Fault Tolerance, Reliability, Maintainability, Availability

Physical Size and Weight

Time to prototype

Time to market

Safety: It should not cause harm to others.

Maintenance, Ease of Use

These metrics compete amongst themselves; increasing one may affect others. Hence

optimization of these metrics is a challenge for an embedded system designer.

Elements of Embedded Systems

Hardware

Core element of an embedded system is the processor or a computational unit.

Processors can act as brain of the system. They can be programmed to do perform a

task. This can be designed using variety of options.

General Purpose Microprocessors

General purpose microprocessors are single chip semi conductor device which is a

computer on chip, but not a complete computer. Its CPU contains an Arithmetic & Logic

Unit(ALU), a Program Counter(PC), a Stack Pointer(SP), registers, a clock and

interrupts circuit on a single chip. To make complete micro computer, one must add

memory usually ROM and RAM, memory decoder, an oscillator, a number of serial and

parallel ports

A general-purpose processor is designed to cater for large amount of applications and hence is produced in bulk. Using it in an embedded system offers various benefits. Design time is low as only software is to be developed, no digital design is involved. Typical characteristics of a general purpose processors are relatively high cost, high speeds, higher Power consumption, large architecture, large memory size, onboard flash and cache, an external bus interface for greater memory usage.

Examples: Motorola‟s 680x0, Intel„s x86

Microcontrollers/ Embedded Processors

A microcontroller is a functional computer system-on-a-chip. It contains an integrated processor, memory (a small amount of RAM, program memory, or both), several peripheral devices, such as timers, analog to digital converters, and serial communication devices all on one chip resulting in compact and low-power implementations. It is not expandable as it has no external bus interface. Examples are PIC‟s DSPIC33 / PIC24, Motorola‟s 6811, Intel‟s 8051. Typical characteristics of a microcontroller are: Low cost, Low speed, Low Power, small architecture, Small memory size, Onboard Flash, Limited I/O.

Microcontrollers provide pin access which allows programs to easily monitor sensors, set actuators, and transfer data with other devices. Providing specialized instructions improves performance for embedded systems applications; thus, microcontrollers can be considered ASIPs to some degree.

Special microcontrollers are often called embedded processors. The difference between a microcontroller and an embedded processor is not clear, but processors with large architectures with fast processing, fast context-switching & atomic ALU operations are marketed by many vendors as embedded processors. Examples of embedded processors are ARM 7, INTEL i960, AMD 29050.

http://www.engineersgarage.com/microcontroller

http://www.engineersgarage.com/articles/pic-microcontroller-tutorial

http://www.engineersgarage.com/articles/arm-advanced-risc-machines-processors

A microcontroller is an economical computer-on-a-chip built for dealing with specific

tasks, such as displaying or receiving information through LEDs or remote controlled

devices. The most commonly used set of microcontrollers belong to 8051 Family. 8051

Microcontrollers continue to remain a preferred choice for a vast community of

hobbyists and professionals. Through 8051, the world became witness to the most

revolutionary set of microcontrollers.

8051 Family

Intel fabricated the original 8051 which is known as MCS-51. The other two members of

the 8051 family are:

8052 – This microcontroller has 256 bytes of RAM and 3 timers. In addition to the

standard features of 8051, this microcontroller has an added 128 bytes of RAM and

timer. It has 8K bytes of on chip program ROM. The programs written for projects

using 8051 microcontroller can be used to run on the projects using 8052

microcontroller as 8051 is a subset of 8052.

8031 – This microcontroller has all the features of 8051 except for it to be ROM-less.

An external ROM that can be as large as 64 K bytes should be programmed and

added to this chip for execution. The disadvantage of adding external ROM is that 2

ports (out of the 4 ports) are used. Hence, only 2 ports are left for I/O operations

which can also be added externally if required for execution.

http://www.engineersgarage.com/microcontroller

Comparison of 8051 family members:

Various 8051 microcontrollers

8051 microcontrollers use two different kinds of memory such as UV- EPROM, Flash

and NV-RAM. Hence 8051 will not be seen in the part number even though it is the most

popular member of the 8051 family.

i. 8751 – This microcontroller is the UV-EPROM version of 8051. This chip has

only 4K bytes of UV-EPROM. It is required to have access to the PROM

burner and the UV-EPROM eraser to erase the contents inside the chip

before it is programmed again. The disadvantage of using this memory is

the waiting time of around 20 minutes to erase the contents in order to

program it again. Due to this limitation, manufacturers fabricated flash and

NV-RAM versions of 8051.

ii. AT89C51 from Atmel Corporation – Atmel fabricated the flash ROM version

of 8051 which is popularly known as AT89C51 („C‟ in the part number

indicates CMOS). The flash memory can erase the contents within seconds

which is best for fast growth. Therefore, 8751 is replaced by AT89C51 to

eradicate the waiting time required to erase the contents and hence

expedite the development time. To build up a microcontroller based system

using AT89C51, it is essential to have ROM burner that supports flash

memory. Note that in Flash memory, entire contents must be erased to

program it again. The contents are erased by the ROM burner. Atmel is

working on a newer version of AT89C51 that can be programmed using the

serial COM port of IBM PC in order to get rid of the ROM burner.

Features 8051 8052 8031

RAM 128 256 128

ROM 4K 8K 0K

Timers 2 3 2

Serial port 1 1 1

I/O pins 32 32 32

Interrupt sources 6 8 6

iii. DS5000 from Dallas Semiconductor – Dallas Semiconductor fabricated the

NV-RAM version of the 8051 which is known as DS5000. The PC serial port

is utilized to load the program onto the in-built ROM. The advantage of NV-

RAM memory is the facility to erase the contents one byte at a time.

iv. One - Time - Programmable (OTP) versions of the 8051 – This version of

microcontroller is cheaper and available from various manufacturers. The

manufacturers use OTP microcontroller for mass production because the

price per unit is very cheap.

Microcontroller structure

The basic structure and block diagram of a microcontroller.

CPU CPU is the brain of a microcontroller .CPU is responsible for fetching the instruction, decodes it, and then finally executed. CPU connects every part of a microcontroller into a single system. The primary function of CPU is fetching and decoding instructions. Instruction fetched from program memory must be decoded by the CPU.

Memory The function of memory in a microcontroller is same as microprocessor. It is used to store data and program. A microcontroller usually has a certain amount of RAM and ROM (EEPROM, EPROM, etc) or flash memories for storing program source codes.

Parallel input/output ports Parallel input/output ports are mainly used to drive/interface various devices such as LCD‟S, LED‟S, printers, memories, etc to a microcontroller.

Serial ports Serial ports provide various serial interfaces between microcontroller and other peripherals like parallel ports.

Timers/counters This is the one of the useful function of a microcontroller. A microcontroller may have more than one timer and counters. The timers and counters provide all timing and counting functions inside the microcontroller. The major operations of this section are perform clock functions, modulations, pulse generations, frequency measuring, making oscillations, etc. This also can be used for counting external pulses.

Analog to Digital Converter (ADC) ADC converters are used for converting the analog signal to digital form. The input signal in this converter should be in analog form (e.g. sensor output) and the output from this unit is in digital form. The digital output can be use for various digital applications (e.g. measurement devices).

Digital to Analog Converter (DAC) DAC perform reversal operation of ADC conversion. DAC convert the digital signal into analog format. It usually used for controlling analog devices like DC motors, various drives, etc.

Interrupt control The interrupt control used for providing interrupt (delay) for a working program .The interrupt may be external (activated by using interrupt pin) or internal (by using interrupt instruction during programming).

Special functioning block Some microcontrollers used only for some special applications (e.g. space systems and robotics) these controllers containing additional ports to perform such special operations.

This considered as special functioning block. Features of 8051

This microcontroller is also called as “System on a chip” because it has all the features on a single chip. The Block Diagram of 8051 Microcontroller is as shown in Figure

The main features of 8051 microcontroller are:

RAM – 128 Bytes (Data memory)

ROM – 4Kbytes (ROM signify the on – chip program space)

Serial Port – Using UART makes it simpler to interface for serial

communication.

Two 16 bit Timer/ Counter

Input/output Pins – 4 Ports of 8 bits each on a single chip.

6 Interrupt Sources

http://www.engineersgarage.com/tutorials/timers-8051-timer-programming-tutorial

http://www.engineersgarage.com/tutorials/interrupts-8051-interrupt-programming

8 – bit ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit)

Harvard Memory Architecture – It has 16 bit Address bus (each of RAM and

ROM) and 8 bit Data Bus.

8051 can execute 1 million one-cycle instructions per second with a clock

frequency of 12MHz.

Memory Architecture

The 4 discrete types of memory in 8051 are:

i. Internal RAM – This memory is located from address 0 to 0xff. The memory locations from 0x00 to 0x7F are accessed directly. The bytes from 0x20 to 0x2F are bit-addressable. Loading R0 and R1 the memory location from 0x80 to 0xFF can easily accessed.

ii. Special Function Registers (SFR) – Located from address 0x80 to 0xFF of the memory location. The same instructions used for lower half of Internal RAM can be used to access SFR‟s. The SFR‟s are bit addressable too.

iii. Program Memory – This is read only memory which is located at address 0.

With the help of 16 bit Special Function Register DPTR, this memory can also save the tables of constants.

iv. External Data Memory – Located at address 0. The Instruction MOVX (Move

External) should be used to access the external data memory.

History of 8051 and Key Developments

Intel Corporation fabricated the 8 – bit microcontroller which was referred as MCS-51 in

1981. This microcontroller was also referred as “system on a chip” because it has 128

bytes of RAM, 4Kbytes of ROM, 2 Timers, 1 Serial port, and four ports on a single chip.

The CPU can work for only 8bits of data at a time because 8051 is an 8-bit processor. In

case the data is larger than 8 bits then it has to be broken into parts so that the CPU can

process conveniently. Most manufacturers have put 4Kbytes of ROM even though the

quantity of ROM can be exceeded up to 64 K bytes.

Intel permitted other manufacturers to fabricate different versions of 8051 but with the

limitation that code compatibility should be maintained. This has added advantage that

if the program is written then it can be used for any version of 8051 despite of

manufacturer.

As years passed by, the quality of technology surpassed the expectation of the greatest

minds, with gadgets becoming smaller, sleeker and more efficient. Microcontrollers

were seen as the answer to the requirements raised in advanced electronics. This is the

reason why manufacturers have now focused their production around the following

main developmental aspects:

i. Ease-of-use

ii. Market availability

iii. Less power usage

iv. Smaller processing power

v. More integrated features like RF and USB

vi. Smaller form factors

Applications

The 8051 has been in use in a wide number of devices, mainly because it is easy to

integrate into a project or build a device around. The following are the main areas of

focus:

i. Energy Management: Efficient metering systems help in controlling energy

usage in homes and industrial applications. These metering systems are made

capable by incorporating microcontrollers.

ii. Touch screens: A high number of microcontroller providers incorporate touch-

sensing capabilities in their designs. Portable electronics such as cell phones,

media players and gaming devices are examples of microcontroller-based touch

screens.

iii. Automobiles: The 8051 finds wide acceptance in providing automobile

solutions. They are widely used in hybrid vehicles to manage engine variants.

Additionally, functions such as cruise control and anti-brake system have been

made more efficient with the use of microcontrollers.

iv. Medical Devices: Portable medical devices such as blood pressure and glucose

monitors use microcontrollers will to display data, thus providing higher

reliability in providing medical results.

1. Program to turn ON the LED.

#include<reg52.h>

sbit d1=P1^6;

sbit d2=P3^0;

sbit d3=P3^1;

/*||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||

SW1 (PORT3, BIT2)

SW2 (PORT3, BIT3)

SW3 (PORT3, BIT4)

RST To reset the microcontroller

NOTE: SW1 can be used as external interrupt (INT0)

SW2 can be used as external interrupt (INT1)

SENSORS:

+ VCC

- GND

S3 AD4

S2 AD5

S1 AD6

S0 AD7

NOTE: This port is also used as 8 bit/10 bit ADC input channel.

LCD:

LCD CONTROL PIN(RS) (PORT1, BIT4)

LCD CONTROL PIN(RW) GND

LCD CONTROL PIN(EN) (PORT1, BIT5)

LCD DATA PINS (PORT1, BIT0-3)

LED‟S:

LED1(D1) (PORT1, BIT6)



LED4(D6) Programming LED

LED5(PWR-ON) Power supply indication

MOTOR DRIVER IC:

MOTOR DRIVER 1 (PORT 2, BIT(0-3))

MOTOR DRIVER 2 (PORT 2, BIT(4-7)) */

void delay()

{

unsigned int i,j;

for(i=0;i<500;i++)

{

for(j=0;j<400;j++);

}

}

void main()

{

d1=0;

d2=0;

d3=0; //LED1,LED2,LED3 TURN OFF

delay();

while(1)

{

d1=1; //LED1 TURN ON



}

}

2. Program to toggle the LED.

#include<reg52.h>

sbit d1=P1^6;

sbit d2=P3^0;

sbit d3=P3^1;

/*||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||

SW1 (PORT3, BIT2)

SW2 (PORT3, BIT3)

SW3 (PORT3, BIT4)




SENSORS:

+ VCC

- GND

S3 AD4

S2 AD5

S1 AD6

S0 AD7


LCD:





LED‟S:






MOTOR DRIVER IC:

MOTOR DRIVER 1 (PORT 2,BIT(0-3))

MOTOR DRIVER 2 (PORT 2,BIT(4-7)) */

void delay()

{

unsigned int i,j;

for(i=0;i<500;i++)

{

for(j=0;j<400;j++);

}

}

void main()

{

d1=0;

d2=0;

d3=0; /*TURN OFF LED1, LED2, LED3 */

delay();

while(1)

{

d1=1;

d2=1;

d3=1; /*TURN ON LED1,LED2,LED3*/

delay();

d1=0;

d2=0;

d3=0; /*TURN OFF LED1, LED2, LED3*/

delay();

}

}

3. PROGRAM TO DISPLAY SLOGAN1 ON FIRST LINE AND DISPLAY SLOGAN2 ON

SECOND LINE OF THE LCD

#include<reg52.h>

#include"lcd.h"

sbit rs=P1^4;

sbit lcde=P1^5;

sbit d4=P1^0;

sbit d5=P1^1;

sbit d6=P1^2;

sbit d7=P1^3;

sbit motor1=P2^0;

code const unsigned char slogan1[]="THINNKWARE ";

code const unsigned char slogan2[]=" WELCOME ";

/*||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||

SW1 (PORT3, BIT2)

SW2 (PORT3, BIT3)

SW3 (PORT3, BIT4)

RST: To reset the microcontroller



SENSORS:

+ VCC

- GND

S3 AD4

S2 AD5

S1 AD6

S0 AD7


LCD:





LED‟S:






MOTOR DRIVER IC:



/************FUNCTION FOR SWAPPING LSBYTE AND MSBYTE OF THE DATA***********/

unsigned char xch(unsigned char data1)

{

unsigned char temp,temp1;

temp=data1;

data1=data1>>4;

temp1=data1;

data1=temp;

data1=data1<<4;

data1=data1|temp1;

return(data1);

}

/**********FUNCTION FOR 4BIT DATA TRANSFER ON LCD PINS IN 4-BIT MODE*********/

void datatr(unsigned char data1)

{

d4=data1&0x01;

data1=data1>>1;

d5=data1&0x01;

data1=data1>>1;

d6=data1&0x01;

data1=data1>>1;

d7=data1&0x01;

}

/********************** INITIALIZATION OF LCD ***********************************/

void lcdinit()

{

clr_lcd(); /*FUNCTION SET */

send_command(0x28);

delay();

send_command(0x28);

delay();

send_command(0x28);

delay();

send_command(0x06); //ENTRY MODE

delay();

send_command(0x0e); //DISPLAY ON/OFF

delay();

clr_lcd();

}

/******************FUNCTION FOR DISPLAYING DATA ON THE LCD ******************/

void dispslogan(unsigned char *p)

{

unsigned char data1;

while(*p)

{

data1=*p;

senddata(data1);

p++;

}

}

/***************** FUNCTION FOR SENDING LCD COMMANDS*****************/

void send_command(unsigned char data1)

{


rs=0;

delay();

lcde=1;

delay();

data2=xch(data1);

datatr(data2);

lcde=0;

delay();

lcde=1;

datatr(data1);

delay();

lcde=0;

delay();

rs=1;

}

/****************** FUNCTION FOR WRITING DATA ON THE LCD ******************/

void senddata(unsigned char data1)

{


rs=1;

delay();

lcde=1;

delay();

data2=xch(data1);

datatr(data2);

lcde=0;

delay();

lcde=1;

datatr(data1);

delay();

lcde=0;

delay();

rs=0;

}

/*************************** delay for 20 micro second ***************************/

void delay()

{

unsigned char i,j;

for(i=0;i<20;i++)

{

for(j=0;j<100;j++)

{}

}}

/**************COMMAND FOR BRINGING LCD CURSOR ON SECOND LINE **************/

void next_line()

{

send_command(0xc0);

delay();

}

/****COMMAND FOR CLEARING LCD AND BRINGING LCD CURSOR ON FIRST LINE****/

void clr_lcd()

{

send_command(0x01);

delay();

send_command(0x02);

delay();

}

void main()

{

delay();

delay();

lcdinit(); //INITIALIZE THE LCD

clr_lcd();

while(1)

{

motor1=0;

dispslogan(slogan1); //DISPLAY SLOGAN1 ON FIRST LINE

next_line();

dispslogan(slogan2); //DISPLAY SLOGAN2 ON SECOND LINE

}

}

4. PROGRAM TO DEMONSTRATE SWITCH PRESS DETECTION

#include<reg52.h>

sbit d1=P1^6;

sbit d2=P3^0;

sbit d3=P3^1;

sbit sw1=P3^2;

sbit sw2=P3^3;

sbit sw3=P3^4;

/*||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||

SW1 (PORT3, BIT2)

SW2 (PORT3, BIT3)

SW3 (PORT3, BIT4)




SENSORS:

+ VCC

- GND

S3 AD4

S2 AD5

S1 AD6

S0 AD7


LCD:





LED‟S:






MOTOR DRIVER IC:



void main()

{

d1=0;

d2=0;

d3=0;

while(1) //MAIN BODY OF THE LOOP

{

if(sw1==0)

d1=1;

else

d1=0; //IF SWITCH1 PRESSED,LED1 GLOWS ELSE LED1 TURNED OFF

if(sw2==0)

d2=1;

else


if(sw3==0)

d3=1;

else


}

}

5. Program to on/off DC motor1, DC motor2 based on switch1 inputs

#include<reg52.h>

sbit sw1=P3^2;

sbit motor1_plus=P2^0;

sbit motor1_minus=P2^1;

sbit motor2_plus=P2^2;

sbit motor2_minus=P2^3;

/*||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||

SW1 (PORT3, BIT2)

SW2 (PORT3, BIT3)

SW3 (PORT3, BIT4)




SENSORS:

+ VCC

- GND

S3 AD4

S2 AD5

S1 AD6

S0 AD7


LCD:





LED‟S:






MOTOR DRIVER IC:



/* MAIN LOOP*/

void main()

{

while(1)

{

if(sw1==0) /*MOTOR1,MOTOR2 TURNS ON BASED ON SWITCH1 PRESS*/

{

motor1_plus=1;

motor1_minus=0;

motor2_plus=1;

motor2_minus=0;

}

else /*MOTOR1,MOTOR2 TURNS OFF BASED ON SWITCH1 NOT PRESSED */

{

motor1_plus=1;

motor1_minus=1;

motor2_plus=1;

motor2_minus=1;

}

}}

6. PROGRAM TO DEMONSTRATE STEPPER MOTOR'S MOVEMENT IN FORWARD

AND REVERSE DIRECTIONS

#include<reg52.h>

#include"stepper.h"

sbit coil_a=P2^0;

sbit coil_b=P2^1;

sbit coil_c=P2^2;

sbit coil_d=P2^3;

sbit sw1=P3^2;

/*||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||

SW1 (PORT3, BIT2)

SW2 (PORT3, BIT3)

SW3 (PORT3, BIT4)




SENSORS:

+ VCC

- GND

S3 AD4

S2 AD5

S1 AD6

S0 AD7


LCD:





LED‟S:






MOTOR DRIVER IC:



/****************function for setting stepper motor delay**********************/

void stepperdelay()

{

unsigned int i,j;

for(i=0;i<50;i++)

{

for(j=0;j<20;j++);

}

}

/********************starting of MOTOR CONTROL PROJECT****/

void main()

{

/************starting of the main loop***************************************/

while(1)

{

coil_a=1;

coil_b=1;

coil_c=1;

coil_d=1;

if(sw1==0)

fwdstepper(); //stepper motor running in fwd dirn. if sw1 pressed

else

revstepper(); //stepper motor running in reverse dirn. if sw1 not pressed

}}

/***********function for running the stepper motor in forwrd

direction**************************/

void fwdstepper()

{

coil_a=0;

coil_b=1;

coil_c=1;

coil_d=1;

stepperdelay();

coil_a=1;

coil_b=0;

coil_c=1;

coil_d=1;

stepperdelay();

coil_a=1;

coil_b=1;

coil_c=0;

coil_d=1;

stepperdelay();

coil_a=1;

coil_b=1;

coil_c=1;

coil_d=0;

stepperdelay();

}

/***********function for running the stepper motor in reverse direction*******************/

void revstepper()

{

coil_a=1;

coil_b=1;

coil_c=1;

coil_d=0;

stepperdelay();

coil_a=1;

coil_b=1;

coil_c=0;

coil_d=1;

stepperdelay();

coil_a=1;

coil_b=0;

coil_c=1;

coil_d=1;

stepperdelay();

coil_a=0;

coil_b=1;

coil_c=1;

coil_d=1;

stepperdelay();

}

7. PROGRAM TO RUN A COUNTER COUNTING FROM 0-99 ON THE SEVEN SEGMENT

#include<reg51.h>

sbit com0=P3^0;

sbit com1=P3^7;

#define segport P2

unsigned char degdata[]={0x81,0xE7,0x92,0xC2,0xE4,0xC8,0x8C,0xE3,0x80,0xE0,0Xff};

unsigned char unit,tens,increment_count;

/*||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||

SW1 (PORT3, BIT2)

SW2 (PORT3, BIT3)

SW3 (PORT3, BIT4)




SENSORS:

+ VCC

- GND

S3 AD4

S2 AD5

S1 AD6

S0 AD7


LCD:





LED‟S:






MOTOR DRIVER IC:



void segdelay()

{

unsigned int i,j;

for(i=0;i<50;i++)

{

for(j=0;j<40;j++)

{}

}}

/*function to implement 0-99 counter*/

void increment()

{

increment_count++;

if(unit<9)

{

if(increment_count==20)

{

increment_count=0;

unit++; //increment unit counter

}}

else if(increment_count==20)

{

increment_count=0;

unit=0;

if(tens<9)

tens++; //increment tens counter

else

tens=0;

}

}

void display()

{

com0=1; //turn on segment1 display

com1=0;

segport=0xff;

segdelay();

segport=degdata[unit]; //display unit count on seven segment display

segdelay();

com1=1;

com0=0; //turn on segment2 display

segport=0xff;

segdelay();

segport=degdata[tens]; //display tens count on seven segment display

segdelay();

}

void main()

{

unit=0;

tens=0;

while(1)

{

display(); //seven segment display function

increment(); //0-99 counter function

}

}

8. PROGRAM TO DEMONSTRATE MATRIX KEYPAD FUNCTIONING

#include<reg52.h>

#include"matrix_keypad.h"

#include"lcd.h"

sbit rs=P1^4;

sbit lcde=P1^5;

sbit d4=P1^0;

sbit d5=P1^1;

sbit d6=P1^2;

sbit d7=P1^3;

sbit row0=P2^0;

sbit row1=P2^1;

sbit row2=P2^2;

sbit row3=P2^3;

sbit col0=P2^4;

sbit col1=P2^5;

sbit col2=P2^6;

sbit col3=P2^7;

bit flag;

unsigned keyno;

/*||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||

SW1 (PORT3, BIT2)

SW2 (PORT3, BIT3)

SW3 (PORT3, BIT4)




SENSORS:

+ VCC

- GND

S3 AD4

S2 AD5

S1 AD6

S0 AD7


LCD:





LED‟S:






MOTOR DRIVER IC:



/************FUNCTION FOR SWAPPING LSBYTE AND MSBYTE OF THE DATA***********/

unsigned char xch(unsigned char data1)

{

unsigned char temp,temp1;

temp=data1;

data1=data1>>4;

temp1=data1;

data1=temp;

data1=data1<<4;

data1=data1|temp1;

return(data1);

}

/*********FUNCTION FOR 4BIT DATA TRANSFER ON LCD PINS IN 4-BIT MODE*********/

void datatr(unsigned char data1)

{

d4=data1&0x01;

data1=data1>>1;

d5=data1&0x01;

data1=data1>>1;

d6=data1&0x01;

data1=data1>>1;

d7=data1&0x01;

}

/********************** INITIALIZATION OF LCD ***********************************/

void lcdinit()

{

clr_lcd(); /*FUNCTION SET */

send_command(0x28);

delay();

send_command(0x28);

delay();

send_command(0x28);

delay();

send_command(0x06); //ENTRY MODE

delay();

send_command(0x0c); //DISPLAY ON/OFF

delay();

clr_lcd();

}

/***************** FUNCTION FOR DISPLAYING DATA ON THE LCD *****************/

void dispslogan(unsigned char *p)

{


while(*p)

{

data1=*p;

senddata(data1);

p++;

}

}

/***************** FUNCTION FOR SENDING LCD COMMANDS *****************/

void send_command(unsigned char data1)

{


rs=0;

delay();

lcde=1;

delay();

data2=xch(data1);

datatr(data2);

lcde=0;

delay();

lcde=1;

datatr(data1);

delay();

lcde=0;

delay();

rs=1;

}

/********************* FUNCTION FOR WRITING DATA ON THE LCD *********************/

void senddata(unsigned char data1)

{


rs=1;

delay();

lcde=1;

delay();

data2=xch(data1);

datatr(data2);

lcde=0;

delay();

lcde=1;

datatr(data1);

delay();

lcde=0;

delay();

rs=0;

}

/************ delay for 20 micro second **********************************************/

void delay()

{

unsigned char i,j;

for(i=0;i<100;i++)

{

for(j=0;j<20;j++)

{}

}}

/*********** COMMAND FOR BRINGING LCD CURSOR ON SECOND LINE *************/

void next_line()

{

send_command(0xc0);

delay();

}

/**************COMMAND FOR CLEARING LCD AND BRINGING LCD CURSOR ON FIRST

LINE********/

void clr_lcd()

{

send_command(0x01);

delay();

send_command(0x02);

delay();

}

/*FUNCTION TO SENSE ANY OF THE 4*4 KEYS PRESS ACTION*/

void keychk()

{

row0=0;

row1=1;

row2=1;

row3=1; //CLEAR ROWO PORT PIN AND SET ROW1,ROW2,ROW3 PORT PINS

if(col0==0)

{

keyno=0x00; //MAKE KEYNO=00H IF ROW0=0,COL0=0

return;

}

if(col1==0)

{


return;

}

if(col2==0)

{


return;

}

if(col3==0)

{


return;

}

row0=1;

row1=0;

row2=1;

row3=1; //CLEAR ROW1 PORT PIN AND SET ROW0,ROW2,ROW3 PORT PINS

if(col0==0)

{


return;

}

if(col1==0)

{


return;

}

if(col2==0)

{


return;

}

if(col3==0)

{


return;

}

row0=1;

row1=1;

row2=0;


if(col0==0)

{


return;

}

if(col1==0)

{


return;

}

if(col2==0)

{


return;

}

if(col3==0)

{


return;

}

row0=1;

row1=1;

row2=1;


if(col0==0)

{


return;

}

if(col1==0)

{


return;

}

if(col2==0)

{


return;

}

if(col3==0)

{


return;

}

flag=0;

keyno=0x50; //MAKE KEYNO=50H AND flag=0 for no key press

}

//function to display 0-f on lcd based on key press detection

void keyaction()

{

if(keyno==0x50)

return;

if(flag==1)

return;

else

{

flag=1; //key-bouncing protection code

if(keyno==0x00)

senddata(48);

if(keyno==0x01)

senddata(49);

if(keyno==0x02)

senddata(50);

if(keyno==0x03)

senddata(51);

if(keyno==0x04)

senddata(52);

if(keyno==0x05)

senddata(53);

if(keyno==0x06)

senddata(54);

if(keyno==0x07)

senddata(55);

if(keyno==0x08)

senddata(56);

if(keyno==0x09)

senddata(57);

if(keyno==0x10)

senddata('A');

if(keyno==0x11)

senddata('B');

if(keyno==0x12)

senddata('C');

if(keyno==0x13)

senddata('D');

if(keyno==0x14)

senddata('E');

if(keyno==0x15)

senddata('F'); //display 0-f if keyno=00h-15h

}}

void main()

{

lcdinit();

delay();

next_line();

dispslogan("keypad_display");

while(1)

{

keychk(); //key sense function

send_command(0x80);

keyaction(); //function to display 0-f on lcd based on key press detection

}}

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