8. the transport revolution

7/30/2019 8. the Transport Revolution

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Boardworks Ltd 20041 of 27

The Transport Revolution

17501900

For more detailed instructions, see the Getting Startedpresentation.

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What we will learn today

What we will learn today:

1. Why the transport revolution was important.

2. How the roads developed.

3. How the canal system developed.

4. How steam played an important part in the transport

revolution.


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The revolution in industry and the revolution in

transport go hand in hand. Neither could have happenedwithout the other.

As industry changed and expanded, it needed better

forms of transport to bring raw materials to the factories

and to take the manufactured goods to markets nationallyand worldwide.

Why was the transport revolution important?

Think!

What changes in industry helped transport to develop?


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What was transport like in 1750?

There had been little need to travel far before the 18th

century, and few people went outside their village or town.Everything they needed they produced themselves or

bought from a local craftsman.

As a result, roads were very poor

and it was often quicker to travel alonger distance by river or sea than

to try to go across land. Sea

transport was greatly used for heavy

goods such as coal or corn.

When the industry began to grow, the roads became

busier. Cartwheels churned up the unmade roads which

often became impassable in winter.


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Horse and carts were the only way to transport goods or

people on land.


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How did the roads develop?

Roads that began to be used a lot were taken over by

Turnpike Trusts. These were groups of businessmen who,with parliaments permission, bought the right to control a

section of road. In return for improving the road and keeping

it in good repair, they set up toll gates where travellers

would have to stop and pay a toll or fee to continue their

journey.

Think!

Do you think all the travellers

welcomed the toll roads?

There were 1,000 or so Turnpike Trusts by 1830, covering

more than 22,000 miles of road. Along these roads horses,

wagons and stagecoaches travelled three times faster than

on ordinary roads.


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Some trusts built completely new roads, using the skills of

engineers such as Thomas Telford. Surveyor John McAdamcame up with a new way of building roads by using small,

tightly packed stones, higher in the centre and with drainage

ditches at each side. He never used tar on his roads, but

that came later and we still use the term tarmacadam or

tarmac roads today.

very fine stones

medium stones

ditch


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How did canals develop?

Although Turnpike Trusts made great improvements, most

roads were still outside of their control and in a very poorstate of repair. Packhorses or wagons could also only

carry limited quantities of goods.

One way to overcome this was to build canals. A canal is

like a manmade river but with much greater advantagesfor transport:

They could be built almost anywhere, joining major

industrial centres or ports.

By using a system of locks, canals could go up and

down, unlike natural rivers.

Canal barges could carry large, heavy loads.



Canal barges could transport large, heavy loads to and

from industrial centres.



The Five Rise flight of locks

on the Leeds and Liverpool

Canal at Bingley, WestYorkshire, which opened in

1774. These locks lifted boats

20 metres uphill.



How does the boat get to the higher section of the canal?



The first canal was built in 1757, and by 1776 the

Bridgewater Canal linked Manchester to the docks atLiverpool.

The first canals

Large quantities of materials could now be floated in

barges on canals much cheaper than many wagon loads

on the roads: the Bridgewater canal halved the cost ofdelivering coal to Manchester.



The canal system in

England in 1830



Salts Mill, built by the

side of the Leeds andLiverpool Canal. Raw

materials could be

transported right up to the

mill and the finished

goods could be loadedonto barges to be taken to

the docks at Liverpool for

export.



In 1803 Richard Trevithick, a mine engineer in Cornwall,

developed the first steam locomotive capable of hauling

cargo and passengers, with a speed of 5 miles an hour.

In time, the canals were becoming very busy and barges

often had to queue up at locks to get through. A solutionto this was the railway.

The first passenger railway consisted of horse-drawn

wagons on iron rails, and opened in 1807 in South Wales.

How did steam develop?



The first railway locomotive designed by Trevithick in

1803.



The first steam-powered

passenger railway wasopened in 1825 by its

inventorGeorge

Stephenson and ran

between Stockton and

Darlington. Furtherdevelopments led to the

building of the Liverpool

and Manchester railway

in 1830, the first majorline.

Stephensons Rocket



The success of this new transport system spiralled in the

1830s and 1840s, with several intercity routes built. By1870 the mainline system was complete, with over 13,000

miles of track open to traffic.

0

5000

10000

15000

20000

1830

1850

1870

1890

Miles of track

open



By the late 19th

century large,powerful railway

locomotives could

haul huge loads at

very fast speeds.

These continued tobe used to carry

freight and

passengers as late

as the 1960s.



Horse-drawn transport and canals continued to be used

for a while, but they had to reduce their prices to becompetitive, and began to go into decline from the 1840s.

Freight could be transported more quickly and cheaply

than ever before.

Fresh food could be delivered all over the country. In the

late 19th century milk trains took milk from distant rural

areas into London and other major cities.

Steam coal to fuel the new steam railways was now

mined in huge quantities, providing thousands of jobs in

the coalfields of South Wales and the Midlands.

What were the effects of the railways?



Journey times were greatly reduced. In 1811 it took six

hours to get from London to Brighton and cost 1. Thirtyyears later the train took just two hours and cost 4 shillings

(20p today).

Railways enabled large numbers of people to move to other

parts of the country to find work.Ordinary people could now afford to live further from their

place of work or go on day trips or holidays to the seaside.

Think!

Do you think that the steam engines had any

negative effects in the transport revolution?

What were the effects of the railways?



Steamships

Travelling along the coast by sail-power was an

important method of transport until the mid-19th century.

The use of coal to fuel the steamships helped expand the

coal industry.

Britain already had a thriving shipping trade with the rest of

the world, but the steamship reduced both time and costsand helped Britain to keep ahead of the rest of Europe in its

industrial ability.

With the development of the

much fastersteamship,

however, coastal shipping

increased both in the number ofpassengers carried and the

amount of freight transported.



As you can see, transport underwent a significant change.

From roads to rail, from the canals to the steamships, allthese changes produced a more effective system of

transport for the Industrial Revolution.

Conclusion

One question to think about is whether the transport

revolution was a separate revolution in itself or whether it

was part of the greater revolution in the factories what do

you think?


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1) Which new form of transport do you think had the most

effect on British industry? Explain your answer.

Activities

2) Design a brochure to encourage people to invest in your

new transport company, using the transport system you

chose in question 1. You need a lot of money to be able to

build your new roads/canals/railways, and there are many

new transport companies and people will only invest in

your company if they think you have the best ideas.

Include where you are going to build, the advantages for

industry and/or passengers, the shorter journey times,comfort, safety, and the profits you hope to make. Think

up a snappy name for your company and illustrate your

brochure to make it as colourful as possible.

8. the transport revolution

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