8th Grade ReligionFinal Exam Review

Stuff You Need To Know

• Church History – includes a lot!!!!• Councils of the Church• Edict of Milan• Infallibility of the Pope• Important Saints of the Church/Philadelphia• Conscience• The Ten Commandments• Virtues of the Church

More Stuff You Need to Know

• Sacraments of the Church• Natural Law• Beatitudes• Sin• The Church’s Liturgical Year / Liturgical

Calendar

Church History

• Periods of Church History– Apostolic • Roughly 30-33 C.E. to 100 C.E.• From the Crucifixion of Christ to the death of John the

Evangelist• The “Acts of the Apostles” tell the tales of the early

Christians during this time• Emperor Nero persecutes Christians

Church History• Periods of History– Petrine – Saint Peter• Relating to Saint Peter, one of the 12 Apostles• 1st Bishop of Rome and 1st Pope• Known as the Age of Martyrs

– Martyrs are those who choose to die for their faith– People were persecuted for being Christian

• Roughly from 100 C.E. to 312 C.E.

Church History

• Periods of History– Great Schism of 1054 C.E.• Known as the East-West Schism• Divided the Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern

Orthodox Church• Rome is headquarters of Roman Catholic Church• Constantinople is headquarters of Eastern Orthodox

Church• Differed in the Pope’s power and ruling authority• We still see these effects today

Church History• Periods of History– Inquisition: fighting against heretics who fought against the

Catholic Church– 12th Century (1100s)– Heresy

• Considered worse than death• Heretics were put to death for speaking against Catholic teachings

Church History• Periods of Church History– Crusades

• Holy wars where Christians aimed to regain control of the Holy Land from Muslims

• Lasted through 1095 – 1291• There was over 10 crusades with different locations over the

Middle East and parts of Europe

Church History• Periods of History– Reformation• During 16th Century• Lead by Martin Luther, John Calvin, and King

Henry VIII of England– Henry the VIII founded the Church of England after the

Pope refused divorce him from his wife for not bearing him a male heir to the throne

– Created the basis for Protestantism – one of three major branches of Christianity

Councils of the Church

• Here are the important Councils you should know:– Council of Nicea

• God and Jesus are of the same and coexisting • Established the date for Easter

– First Sunday after the Full Moon after the Spring Equinox

• Defined 20 new canon laws– Laws of the church– Declared practices of the early Church already done into law

• Nicean Creed – A profession of faith – Statements of what we believe in

Councils of the Church

• Council of Trent– Defined Catholic teachings against Protestant

heresies such as:• Scripture and Tradition, Original Sin, Justification,

Sacraments, the Eucharist during Mass, and honoring Saints

– One of the most important Councils in the Church’s history

– Lead the fight known as the Church’s Counter-Reformation

Councils of the Church

• Vatican I– Convened by Pope Pius IX– Held 300 years after the Council of Trent– Held from October 1869 – December 1870

– Defined the term of papal infallibility:• In matter faith and morals the Pope cannot be wrong in

matters of faith• This is done through the works of the Holy Spirit• The Immaculate Conception is an example

Councils of the Church

• Vatican II– Opened by Pope John XXIII– Helped the Catholic Church become modern• Allowed for Mass to be spoken in the vernacular

– The language of the people: English, Spanish, Italian etc. and not spoken in Latin

• Allowed for the Bible to translated into the languages of the people• Helped strengthen the roles of the lay in the modern

Church

Edict of Milan

• Issued in 313 C.E. by Emperor Constantine• Granted religious freedom throughout the

Holy Roman Empire• It said property taken from Christians had to

be returned to them• Gave protection of Christians

Saints of the Church

• Saint Peter– One of the 12 apostles– “The Rock” on which the

Church was built– First Pope of the Church– First Bishop of the Church– Lead missions throughout

the Middle East and Europe to spread the Gospel

Saints of the Church

• Saint John Neumann– 4th Bishop of Philadelphia (1852-1860)– 1st U.S. Bishop to be Canonized– Founded the Catholic School System in the United

States– Fought against anti-Catholic feelings in

Philadelphia– Established 40 Hours Devotion to the Holy

Eucharist

Conscience• Definition:– A judgment by which we recognize the moral

quality of our action

• Distinguishes right from wrong• Catholics are suppose to examine their

conscience daily and before the Sacrament of confession

The Ten Commandments

• 1st Commandment– I am the Lord your God. You shall

worship the Lord your God and shall only serve Him.

• 2nd Commandment– You shall not take the name of the

Lord your God in vain.

• 3rd Commandment– Remember to keep holy the Sabbath

Day

The Ten Commandments

• 4th Commandment– Honor your father and mother

• 5th Commandment– You shall not kill

• 6th Commandment– You shall not commit adultery

• 7th Commandment– You shall not steal

The Ten Commandments

• 8th Commandment– You shall Always live in truth in words and deeds

• 9th Commandment– You shall not want your neighbor’s wife

• 10th Commandment– You shall not want your neighbor’s stuff

• The Commandments were given by God to Moses on Mount Sinai, also known as the Decalogue

Virtues of the Church

• Virtue: the consistent habit of doing good• Theological Virtues– Given as gifts of grace directly from God– FAITH• Belief in God, obedience to Him, and his revelation

– HOPE• Never giving up

– LOVE or CHARITY• Selfless unconditional love and helping of others

Virtues of the Church• Cardinal Virtues (Opposes the seven deadly sins)– CHASTITY

• Abstaining from sexual intercourse– TEMPERANCE

• Using restraint, practicing self-control– CHARITY

• Being generous– DILIGENCE

• Working hard, never giving up– PATIENCE

• Doing things peacefully– KINDNESS

• Being friendly and cheerful

– HUMILITY• Modest behavior and giving respect

Sacraments of the Church• Sacraments of Initiation

– Baptism• Entrance into the Church• Original sin in washed away• Symbols are: Water, Fire (Light), and Oil for anointing

– Eucharist• Receiving Jesus’ Body and Blood upon the moment of consecration of

the bread and wine during Mass• Symbols are: Bread and Wine

– Confirmation• Gives us the gifts of the Holy Spirit• We become adults in the eyes of the church• Symbols are: Dove (The Holy Spirit), Oil

Sacraments of the Church

• Sacraments of Healing– Sacrament of Penance

• Asking forgiveness for our sins from God through the intercession of a priest

• Absolution is given once we are truly sorry for our sins

– Sacrament of Anointing of the Sick• A priest blesses a person who is sick

with oil• Also can be given with the Last Rites

Sacraments of the Church

• Sacraments of Service– The Sacrament of Holy Orders• Where a man becomes a servant of Christ in becoming

a priest, brother, or other holy order• Where a woman joins a holy order to become a nun• Serving the God in a Holy way

– The Sacrament of Holy Matrimony• The joining of a man and woman in a bond sealed by

God• The goal of marriage is to have children

Natural Law

• Natural Law is how we act in God’s world• As men and women we must follow God’s

rules and laws• The written law in our hearts by which we

participate in God’s wisdom

Beatitudes• A Latin word for “blessings,” given to us by Jesus at

the Sermon on the Mount• From the Gospel of Matthew:– Blessed are the poor in spirit: for theirs is the kingdom

of heaven– Blessed are the meek: for they shall posses the land– Blessed are they who mourn: for they shall be

comforted– Blessed are they who hunger and thirst after justice: for

they shall have their fill

Beatitudes• Blessed are the merciful: for they shall obtain

mercy• Blessed are the clean of heart: for they shall see

God• Blessed are the peacemakers: for they shall see

God• Blessed are they that suffer persecution for

justice’ sake, for theirs is the kingdom of heaven.

Sins of the Church• Sin: An evil committed against God• Mortal Sin– Sins that violate the Natural and Divine laws– A serious evil act (Against the 10 Commandments)– Complete consent is necessary– A complete separation of God and sent to Hell

• Venial Sin– A lesser forgivable sin – “everyday sin”

• Vice– A repetition of venial sin

Liturgical Calendar of the Church

• Liturgy: the public worship of God, done in Church

• The Liturgical Year is the following season:– Advent – The season of preparation of Jesus’ birth– Christmas – Jesus becomes man– Ordinary Time – common weeks – Lent – Season of penance & preparation for Easter– Easter – Jesus’ Resurrection– Ordinary Time II – finishes out the year after Easter

Liturgical Calendar of the Church

• Important dates throughout the Liturgical Calendar– Annunciation

• The Angel Gabriel announces to Mary that she would be the mother of Jesus

• Observed on March 25

– Ash Wednesday• We receive ashes to remember our mortality• One of the 7 days of fasting observed during

the season of Lent

Liturgical Calendar of the Church• Important dates throughout the Liturgical Calendar:– Assumption

• The feast celebrating Mary’s entrance into heaven• Celebrated on August 15

– Lent• A period of 40 days of penance and fasting in preparation for

Easter

– Pentecost• The birthday of the Church• Celebrated 50 days after Easter