8: network management1 chapter 8: network management chapter goals: r introduction to network...

8: Network Management 1

Chapter 8: Network ManagementChapter goals: introduction to network management

motivation major components

Internet network management framework MIB: management information base SMI: data definition language SNMP: protocol for network management security and administration

presentation services: ASN.1


Areas of Network Mangement

Performance management - to quantify, measure, report, analyze, and control the performance of different network components;

Fault management - to log, detect and respond to fault conditions in the network;

Configuration management - to track which devices are on the managed network and the hardware and software configurations of these devices;

Accounting management- to specify, log, and control user and device access to network resources;

Security management- to control access to network resources according to some well-defined policy;


What is network management? autonomous systems (aka “network”): 100s or

1000s of interacting hw/sw components other complex systems requiring monitoring,

control: jet airplane nuclear power plant others?

"Network management includes the deployment, integration and coordination of the hardware, software, and human elements to monitor, test, poll, configure, analyze, evaluate, and control the network and element resources to meet the real-time, operational performance, and Quality of Service requirements at a reasonable cost."


Infrastructure for network management

agent data

agent data

agent data

agent data

managed device

managed device

managed device

managed device

managingentity data

networkmanagement

protocol

definitions:

managed devices containmanaged objects whose data is gathered into a

Management InformationBase (MIB)

managing entity


Network Management standards

OSI CMIP Common

Management Information Protocol

designed 1980’s: the unifying net management standard

too slowly standardized

SNMP: Simple Network Management Protocol

Internet roots (SGMP) started simple deployed, adopted

rapidly growth: size, complexity currently: SNMP V3 de facto network

management standard


SNMP overview: 4 key parts

Management information base (MIB): distributed information store of network

management data Structure of Management Information (SMI):

data definition language for MIB objects SNMP protocol

convey manager<->managed object info, commands

security, administration capabilities major addition in SNMPv3


SMI: data definition language

Purpose: syntax, semantics of management data well-defined, unambiguous

base data types: straightforward,

OBJECT-TYPE data type, status, semantics

of managed object MODULE-IDENTITY

groups related objects into MIB module

Basic Data Types

INTEGERInteger32

Unsigned32OCTET STRING

OBJECT IDENTIFIERIPaddressCounter32Counter64Guage32

Time TicksOpaque


SNMP MIB

OBJECT TYPE:

OBJECT TYPE:OBJECT TYPE:

objects specified via SMIOBJECT-TYPE construct

MIB module specified via SMI MODULE-IDENTITY

(100 standardized MIBs, more vendor-specific)

MODULE


SMI: Object, module examples

OBJECT-TYPE: ipInDelivers MODULE-IDENTITY: ipMIB

ipInDelivers OBJECT TYPE SYNTAX Counter32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION “The total number of input datagrams successfully delivered to IP user- protocols (including ICMP)”::= { ip 9}

ipMIB MODULE-IDENTITY LAST-UPDATED “941101000Z” ORGANZATION “IETF SNMPv2 Working Group” CONTACT-INFO “ Keith McCloghrie ……” DESCRIPTION “The MIB module for managing IP and ICMP implementations, but excluding their management of IP routes.” REVISION “019331000Z” ………::= {mib-2 48}


MIB example: UDP module

Object ID Name Type Comments

1.3.6.1.2.1.7.1 UDPInDatagrams Counter32 total # datagrams delivered

at this node

1.3.6.1.2.1.7.2 UDPNoPorts Counter32 # underliverable datagrams

no app at portl

1.3.6.1.2.1.7.3 UDPInErrors Counter32 # undeliverable datagrams

all other reasons

1.3.6.1.2.1.7.4 UDPOutDatagrams Counter32 # datagrams sent

1.3.6.1.2.1.7.5 udpTable SEQUENCE one entry for each port

in use by app, gives port #

and IP address


SNMP Naming

question: how to name every possible standard object (protocol, data, more..) in every possible network standard??

answer: ISO Object Identifier tree: hierarchical naming of all objects each branchpoint has name, number

1.3.6.1.2.1.7.1ISO

ISO-ident. Org.US DoDInternet

udpInDatagramsUDPMIB2management


Check out www.alvestrand.no/harald/objectid/top.html

OSI Object Identifier Tree


The presentation problem

Q: does perfect memory-to-memory copy solve “the communication problem”?

A: not always!

problem: different data format, storage conventions

struct { char code; int x; } test;test.x = 256;test.code=‘a’

a0000000100000011

a

0000001100000001

test.codetest.x

test.code

test.x

host 1 format host 2 format


Solving the presentation problem

1. Translate local-host format to host-independent format

2. Transmit data in host-independent format3. Translate host-independent format to remote-host

format


ASN.1: Abstract Syntax Notation 1 ISO standard X.680

used extensively in Internet like eating vegetables, knowing this “good for

you”! defined data types, object constructors

like SMI BER: Basic Encoding Rules

specify how ASN.1-defined data objects to be transmitted

each transmitted object has Type, Length, Value (TLV) encoding


TLV Encoding

Idea: transmitted data is self-identifying T: data type, one of ASN.1-defined types L: length of data in bytes V: value of data, encoded according to

ASN.1 standard

1234569

BooleanIntegerBitstringOctet stringNullObject IdentifierReal

Tag Value Type


TLV encoding: example

Value, 5 octets (chars)Length, 5 bytes

Type=4, octet string

Value, 259Length, 2 bytes

Type=2, integer


Basic Concepts of SNMP An integrated collection of tools for network

monitoring and control. Single operator interface Minimal amount of separate equipment. Software

and network communications capability built into the existing equipment

SNMP key elements: Management station Managament agent Management information base Network Management protocol

• Get, Set and Notify


SNMP protocol

Two ways to convey MIB info, commands:

agent data

Managed device

managingentity

response

agent data

Managed device

managingentity

trap msgrequest

request/response mode trap mode


Protocol context of SNMP


Proxy Configuration


SNMP v1 and v2

Trap – an unsolicited message (reporting an alarm condition)

SNMPv1 is ”connectionless” since it utilizes UDP (rather than TCP) as the transport layer protocol.

SNMPv2 allows the use of TCP for ”reliable, connection-oriented” service.


SNMP protocol: message types

GetRequestGetNextRequestGetBulkRequest

Mgr-to-agent: “get me data”(instance,next in list, block)

Message type Function

InformRequest Mgr-to-Mgr: here’s MIB value

SetRequest Mgr-to-agent: set MIB value

Response Agent-to-mgr: value, response to Request

Trap Agent-to-mgr: inform managerof exceptional event


SNMP protocol: message formats


Comparison of SNMPv1 and SNMPv2

Transmit unsolicited information

Agent to managerSNMPv2-TrapTrap

Respond to manager request

Agent to manager or Manage to manager(SNMPv2)

ResponseGetResponse

Transmit unsolicited information

Manager to managerInformRequest------

Set value for each listed object

Manager to agentSetRequestSetRequest

Request multiple values

Manager to agentGetBulkRequest------

Request next value for each listed object

Manager to agentGetNextRequestGetNextRequest

Request value for each listed object

Manager to agentGetRequestGetRequest

DescriptionDirectionSNMPv2 PDUSNMPv1 PDU


SNMPv1 Community Facility

SNMP Community – Relationship between an SNMP agent and SNMP managers.

Three aspect of agent control: Authentication service Access policy Proxy service


SNMPv1 Administrative Concepts


SNMPv3 SNMPv3 defines a security capability to be

used in conjunction with SNMPv1 or v2


Traditional SNMP Manager


SNMPv3 Flow


SNMP3 Message Format with USM


User Security Model (USM)

Designed to secure against: Modification of information Masquerade Message stream modification Disclosure

Not intended to secure against: Denial of Service (DoS attack) Traffic analysis


SNMP v.3 security and administration

encryption: DES-encrypt SNMP message authentication: compute, send

MAC(m,k): compute hash (MAC) over message (m), secret shared key (k)

protection against playback: use nonce view-based access control

SNMP entity maintains database of access rights, policies for various users

database itself accessible as managed object!


USM Timeliness Mechanisms

USM includes a set of timeliness mechanisms to guard against message delay and message replay.

If a message is considered to be outside of the time window, then the message is considered not authentic, and an error indication is returned to the calling module.

Timeliness checking is done only if the authentication service is in use and the message is authentic, assuring the validity of the message header fields.


Key localization

For the use of the authentication and privacy services it is required that a secret authentication key and a secret privacy key must be used for communications.

The keys can be generated from the user password using a special algorithm.

A single password could be used to generate a single key for both authentication and encryption.

A more secure scheme is to use two passwords and to generate two different keys.

A localized key is a secret key shared between a user and

a remote SNMP engine. The process by which a single user key is converted into

multiple unique keys is called key localization.


Key Localization Process


View-Based Access Control Model (VACM)

VACM has two characteristics: Determines whether access to a managed

object should be allowed. Make use of an MIB that:

• Defines the access control policy for this agent.• Makes it possible for remote configuration to be

used.


Elements of the VACM Model

Group – a set of <securityModel, securityName> tuples on whose behalf objects can be accessed

MIB context - named subset of the object instances in the local MIB

MIB view – specific set of of managed objects

Access policy – particular set of access rights (read, write, notify)


Access determination depends on:

Principal making the access request Security level requested Security model MIB context for the request Object instance for which access is

requested Type of access requested (read, write

notify)


Access control processing


Motivation for VACM

In SNMPv1 the security related information is lumped into a single variable – community. By this flexibility and functionality are lost.

VACM provides the same set of security related information using distinct variables for each item.

This is substantial improvement over SNMPv1. It uncouples various concepts so that values can be assigned to each one separately.

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