8 medieval world

8/9/2019 8 Medieval World

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MEDITERRANEANIN THE MEDIEVAL AND

RENAISSANCE WORLD


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Medieval The medieval as an historical term refers to the

Middle Ages.

It is a period of European history covering almosta millennium from the 5th century through tothe 16th century.

It starts with the fall of the Western Roman

Empire, and ends with Italian Renaissance andthe Reformation. This period is associated with European overseas

expansion.


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Renaissance It means re-birth.

It was a cultural movement that spanned from

the 14th to the 17th century, beginning inFlorence later spreading to the rest of Europe.


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From 5th to 16th Centuries General characteristics of this period

Political fragmentation

Social differentiation Heterogenity

Ideological conflict

Crusades


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Crusades The Crusades were a series of religiously military

campaigns organized by Latin Christian Europe,

particularly the Franks of France and the HolyRoman Empire. The main reason was the expansion of Islam in the

11th century. The Crusades originally had the goal of recapturing

Jerusalem and the Holy Land from Muslim rule. The specific crusades to restore Christian control of

the Holy Land were fought over a period of nearly200 years, between 1095 and 1291.


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Enemies: The Crusades were fought mainly against

Muslims.

But there were also campaigns against paganSlavs, pagan Balts, Jews, Russian and GreekOrthodox Christians, Mongols, Cathars,Hussites, Waldensians, Old Prussians, and

political enemies of the popes.


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The spread of Islam Islam underwent a rapid expansion in the Middle

East, Africa, Central Asia and northern China.

Alexandria which was the most important city ofHellenistic period became the Islamic citybefore 650.

From 8the to 10th century, Muslim Spain wasruled by Umayyad dynesty.


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Map of Islam during the Ummayads (661750)


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The New Centers after Islam

Umayyad Spain, Baghdad, Damascus were the

centers of learning and culture in medieval period

Al-Andalus (Islamic Spain) is also a highlyadvanced region in art, education, science,agriculture, engineering.


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A serious argumentMany specialistson medievalperiod argued

that by early 9thcentury, Islamicworld is moreadvanced thanNorthernEurope.


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Decline in Mediterranean World On the other hand, many European historians like

Henri Pirenne argued that economic unity of

Mediterranean was destroyed by Muslimconquests in the region.Pirenne asserted that until the Muslim rule, there was a unity in Ancient

world.

Muslims closed the Mediterranean sea to Europeantrade.

Mediterranean reached its lowest point of declineduring the 9th century.


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New approach: Hodges and Whitehouse

argue that Decline in Mediterranean trade began as early as in

5the century, namely before the Islamic expansion. Mediterranean did not switch from a Roman Lake

into a Muslim Lake. In spite of ideological confrontations, trade

continued between European and Muslim world tolarge extent.

The trade between Western Europe and MuslimWorld was controlled mainly by Jewish merchants.

Besides that, there was a division in European worldbefore the Islamic expansion. For example, it hadalready become divided between Rome andConstantinople.


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Medieval Mediterranean City Because of different religions, especially Islam

and Christianity, there was no homogeneous

Mediterranian City.After the Islam, geography as a parameter in the

organization of urban life remained in thesecond degree.

There were cities under the Islamic and Christianrules. But there were also hybrid cities dominated and

ruled by different populations or religions.


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Al-Andalus (7111492) In 711, the Islamic Empire entered Spain, a land

already rich in Christian Roman, Visigothic and

Jewish cultures. By 732, the Islamic Empire united most of the

peninsula, calling it Al-Andalus.


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The Golden Age

In Islamic Spain


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Stability in Muslim Spain

Stability in Muslim Spaincame with theestablishment of theAndalusian Umayyaddynasty (lasted from

756 ce 1031 ce). Thanks to the strongfoundation set by Abdal-Rahman I, variousMuslim groups who hadconquered Spain were

able to pull together andrule Spain starting witha strong foundation.


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A Golden Age of Religious and Cultural

Tolerance There was interfaith

harmony betweenMuslims, Christians,

and Jews. Jews and Christians held

offices alongside one-another andcollaborated ideas inscience, art, etc


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Ex. Hasdai Ibn

Shaprut (915- 990):A Jewish scholarwho was appointedphysician byUmayyad CaliphAbd al-RahmanIII.He also played asignificant role in allaffairs of state.


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Life For non-Muslims in Islamic Spain

Jews and Christians retained freedomsunder Muslim rule.

Freedoms under Muslim Rule: They were not forced to live in

ghettos or other speciallocations

They were not slaves They were not prevented from

following their faith They were not forced to convert

under Muslim rule They were not banned from any

way of earning a living They worked in the civil service of

Islamic rulers with prestigiouspositions

They were also able to contributeto society.


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Cultural Interaction

Islamic Spains population shared distinct cultures ofChristians, Jews, and Muslims but they regardedthemselves as Andalusi.

With cultural influences, the cuisine changed along with

cooking and eating habits.

Many Christians in Spain got information about theMuslim culture and Religion. Ex. Many non-Muslim Spain inhabitants learned

Arabic. Some Christian women started wearing the veil(Hijab).

Even some took Arabic names.


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Women in Muslim Spain The Muslim and non-Muslim

women of Islamic Spain like

their counterparts in many pre-

modern Muslim societies were

active participants in political

and cultural affairs (helped

shape cosmopolitan civilizations

associated with the Muslims).

Women of the royal householdalong with other courtly women,

played prominent roles within

the Andalusi culture.


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Women were active patrons and sponsors of publicworks.

Women in ruling (Berber) households commandedmany leadership roles. The Umayyad chancery (a kind of court) employed

70 women copyists and Quran calligraphers. The taifa king of Granada, Abdullah Ibn Buluggin,

wrote about the role of women in his memoirsThe Tibyan. He noted that: mothers and other women of the ruling household

participated in a shura council that made

collective political and military decisions that theruler would enact.


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Areas of Progress in Al-Andalus

Healthcare: *Medicine (surgery) Multi-religious & Multi-ethnic effortKnowledge of medicine concentrated in

Muslim libraries:Knowledge of diseases and diagnoses,

the ways of curing them withmedicines, surgery, and othertreatments, along with advice onstaying healthy.


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In Andalusia, the poor were treated for free, thehospitals were open to all, supported by the

government and private charities.Andalusian doctors made contributions to medicalethics and hygiene.

Ibn Hazm wrote about the qualities a physician

should have: Kindness understanding, Friendliness Dignity The ability to accept criticism

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Sciences & Mathematics

Chemistry (Ibn Hayyan)

Physics & Optics

Mathematics*

(Al-Khawarizmi) The best knowncontribution by earlyMuslimmathematicians wasthe concept of

Zero, and its notation.


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The first windmills were built in the Islamic world andintroduced to Europe through Spain.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windmillhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windmill


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The interior of the Cathedral of Cordoba, formerly the Mosque of Cordoba, built by theUmayyads on the site of the Saint Vincent Visigothic Christian basilica and rededicated asa Christian cathedral in the 13th century. The mosque is one of the finest examples ofArab-Islamic architecture in the Umayyad style.

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathedral_of_Cordobahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosque_of_Cordobahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosque_of_Cordobahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathedral_of_Cordoba


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Geography & Astronomy:

Andalusi societymade great effortsto establishaccurate calendarsfor celebration ofreligious holidays,plowing, planting,

and harvesting. *Muslim scientistswere curious toknow more aboutthe space bodiesthat fill the sky at

night, and tounderstand theirrelationship to thesun, the moon, andthe earth.

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Music & Art: Musical traditions and

expressions have been

adapted to Islamicideals, incorporatingspiritual ideas andcelebrating Islamicthemes.

Performance art and

musical theory cametogether in the royalcourts of Al-Andalus(e.g. Al Kindi; AlFarabi;Ziryab).

Artistic influenced rangedin the form of:PaintingsGlasswareTextilescarvings

8 medieval world

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