7thsynthterm i

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English

Linkers and Connectors

A connector is a word that is used to join words or sentences.

And, as well as, but, or, yet, nevertheless, however, so that, as long as, while, until,

as if, because, when, after, though, before.

Example:

A boy and a girl.

An elephant and a giraffe.

A toy or a book.

The music was loud nevertheless it was enjoyable.

Linkers

Contrast

In spite of / Despite Link two contrasting ideas. Followed by a noun phrase.

Although / (Even) though Link two contrasting ideas. Followed by a

sentence.

However / Nevertheless / Still / Yet / Even so / On the contrary / In contrast.

Introduce a new idea which marks a contrast with previously stated ideas.

Introduced by a comma.

On the one hand ... On the other hand. Links two contrasting ideas /paragraphs.

In contrast to / Contrary to. Link two contrasting ideas. Followed by a noun

phrase.

Whereas Link two contrasting ideas. Not separated by commas.


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Addition

Moreover / Furthermore / In addition / Besides / What's more Used after a

strong pause and separated from the sentences. They are introduced by a

comma.

As well as / In addition to / Besides Used to add one more piece of

information. Followed by a noun phrase.

Adjectives

An adjective modifies a noun or a pronoun by describing, identifying, or

quantifying words.

An adjective often precedes the noun or the pronoun which it modifies. Examples:

Mrs. Smith papered her living room walls with beautiful wall paper.

The large boat foundered on the dark sea.

The coal mines are dark and dank.

My bike is dirty and rusted.

Adjectives are words that describe or modify another person or thing in the

sentence. The Articles

a, an, and the

are adjectives.

Examples:

Comparative and Superlative
http://www.uottawa.ca/academic/arts/writcent/hypergrammar/nouns.html#nounhttp://www.uottawa.ca/academic/arts/writcent/hypergrammar/pronouns.html#pronounhttp://www.uottawa.ca/academic/arts/writcent/hypergrammar/pronouns.html#pronounhttp://www.uottawa.ca/academic/arts/writcent/hypergrammar/nouns.html#noun


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Present Simple

FORM: [VERB] + s/es in third person

USE 1 Repeated Actions

Use the Simple Present to express the idea that an action is repeated or usual.

The action can be a habit, a hobby, a daily event, a scheduled event or something

that often happens. It can also be something a person often forgets or usually does

not do.

Examples:

I play tennis.

She does not play tennis.

Does he play tennis?

USE 2 Facts or Generalizations

The Simple Present can also indicate the speaker believes that a fact was true

before, is true now, and will be true in the future. It is not important if the speaker is

correct about the fact. It is also used to make generalizations about people or

things.

Examples:

Cats like milk.

Birds do not like milk.

Do pigs like milk?


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Past Simple

FORM: [VERB+ed] orirregular verbs

USE 1 Completed Action in the Past

Use the Simple Past to express the idea that an action started and finished at a

specific time in the past. Sometimes, the speaker may not actually mention the

specific time, but they do have one specific time in mind.

Examples:

I saw a movie yesterday.

I didn't see a play yesterday.

Last year, I traveled to Japan.

Last year, I didn't travel to Korea.

Did you have dinner last night?

She washed her car. He didn't wash his car.

USE 2 A Series of Completed Actions

We use the Simple Past to list a series of completed actions in the past. These

actions happen 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, and so on.

Examples:

I finished work, walked to the beach, and found a nice place to swim.

He arrived from the airport at 8:00, checked into the hotel at 9:00,

and met the others at 10:00.
http://www.englishpage.com/irregularverbs/irregularverbs.htmlhttp://www.englishpage.com/irregularverbs/irregularverbs.html


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Science

The Cell

Cells are the Starting Point

All living organisms on Earth are divided in pieces called cells. There are smaller

pieces to cells that include proteins and organelles. There are also larger pieces

called tissues and systems. Cells are small compartments that hold all of the

biological equipment necessary to keep an organism alive and successful on

Earth.

A cell is the smallest living thing, and all bigger living things are made of cells.

Both plants and animals are made of cells. We don't know yet whether there are

cells on any otherplanet besides Earth. On Earth, the first cells got started about

3.5 billion years ago, about 2.5 billion years after the Earth first formed.

Different Types of Cells

The cell is the basic unit of life. Some organisms are made up of a single cell, like

bacteria, while others are made up of trillions of cells. We're made up of cells, too.

Although there are lots of different cells, most of them fit fewer than two main types

of cells:

Prokaryotic Cells - The prokaryotic cell is a simple, small cell with no nucleus.

Most bacteria are prokaryotic. There are three main parts to the prokaryotic cell: 1)

the outside or cell wall 2) the flagella which is like an appendage and can help the

cell to move 3) The inside or cytoplasm.

Eukaryotic Cells - these cells are a lot bigger and have a cell nucleus which

houses the cell's DNA. These are the types of cells we find in plants and animals.
http://scienceforkids.kidipede.com/biology/plants/http://scienceforkids.kidipede.com/biology/animals/http://scienceforkids.kidipede.com/physics/space/planet.htmhttp://scienceforkids.kidipede.com/physics/space/earth.htmhttp://scienceforkids.kidipede.com/physics/space/earth.htmhttp://scienceforkids.kidipede.com/physics/space/planet.htmhttp://scienceforkids.kidipede.com/biology/animals/http://scienceforkids.kidipede.com/biology/plants/


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Parts of the Cell

There are a lot of parts and functions to some cells. The machines inside the cell

like the nucleus, ribosomes, and lysosomes are called organelles.

Here are some of the man components many cells have:

Nucleus

- Large Oval body near the centre of the cell.

- The control centre for all activity.

- Surrounded by a nuclear membrane.

Cyto Plasm

- cell material outside the nucleus but within the cell membrane.

- clear thick fluid.

- contains structures called organelles.

Vacuoles- are clear fluid sacs that act as storage areas for food, minerals, and waste.

- in plant cell the vacuoles are large and mostly filled with water. This gives the

plant support.

- in animal cells the vacuoles are much smaller.


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Mitochondria

- power house of the cell.

- centre of respiration of the cell.

- they release energy for cell functions.

Endo Plasmic Reticulum ( ER )

- systems of membranes throughout the cyto plasm.

- it connects the nuclear membrane to the cell membrane.

- passageway for material moving though the cell.

Lysosomes

- "suicide sacs"

- small structures that contain enzymes which are used in digestion.

- if a lysosome were to burst it could destroy the cell.

All attributes


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Differences


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Similarities

Cellular Nutrition

Cellular nutrition can happen in different ways, depending on the type of

material and energy used. When organic and inorganic matter is incorporated,

we call the nutrition heterotrophus, whereas if only inorganic matter isincorporated we call it autotrophous.

Heterotrophous cells use the chemical energy stored in the links of the

organic material they incorporate.

Therefore, in these cells the indigestion of matter and energy is done jointly.

Autotrophous cells generally use luminous energy which y means of

photosynthesis, they transform into chemical energy which they then use.

All animals, protozoa, fungi and many bacteria are made up of heterotrophous

cells.


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Green plants, cianobacteria and a significant group of bacteria are made up of

autotrophous cells.

Cellular Reproduction

By means of cellular reproduction, cells divide forming new cells. In

pluricellular organisms this division is absolutely necessary for growth and for

replacing cells which die off in the tissues, in the case of single-celled

organisms; cellular division is the normal way of reproduction.

During a cells life cycle there are various different phases.

The following are the most important:

The interphase is the phase in which the cell develops its normal activity

The phase of cellular division is the period in which the cell divides to form

to daughter cells.

Mitosis

This process of cellular division is unique to eukaryotic cells. The following

illustrations depict only the replication of chromosomes and their division. Keep in

mind that the process of mitosis involves the entire cell which includes a multitudeof organelles.

This stage has four phases:

Interphase Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase


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When the process is complete,

each cell will have the same

genetic material that the original

cell had before replication.

Viruses

Viruses are intracellular parasites. They enter

the cells and manipulate their metabolism to

make the components of new viruses.

The action of viruses not only provokes the

death of the cells. In the infected organism,

the presence of the viruses usually provokes

illnesses, various kinds of disorder and they

can even cause death.


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Social

COLOMBIA

The Republic of Colombia is a countrylocated in the northwestern region ofSouth

America.

Colombia is bordered to the east by

Venezuela and Brazil; to the south by

Ecuador and Peru; to the North by the

Atlantic Ocean, through the Caribbean Sea;

to the north-west by Panama; and to the

west by the Pacific Ocean.

Main Facts

Official Name: Repblica de Colombia.

Capital: Bogot.

Independence Day: July 20th

, 1810.

Battle of Boyaca: August 7th 1819.

NATURAL FEATURES

Climate: Tropical.

Major Rivers: Magdalena, Cauca, Meta, Guaviare, Caqueta, Putumayo, Atrato,

Vaupes, Vichada.

Mountain Ranges: Occidental, Central, Oriental.

PEOPLE

Religions: Roman Catholicism, 95.4%.

Language: Spanish (official).
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Americahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Americahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuelahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecuadorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peruhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Oceanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caribbean_Seahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panamahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Oceanhttp://images.google.com.co/imgres?imgurl=http://www.vivenciaandina.com/viajes-mapas-sudamerica/1-colombia-2.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.vivenciaandina.com/viajes-a-colombia/colombia-mapa.htm&usg=__NwjXrvKFbZitqwTRlgXCWyOavxY=&h=427&w=400&sz=37&hl=es&start=17&tbnid=BTnQOv81U2d4UM:&tbnh=126&tbnw=118&prev=/images?q=mapa+de+colombia&gbv=2&hl=eshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Oceanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panamahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caribbean_Seahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Oceanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peruhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecuadorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuelahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Americahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_America


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LIMITS

East: Venezuela and Brazil

South: Ecuadorand Peru

North: Atlantic Ocean, through the Caribbean Sea

North-west:Panama

West:Pacific Ocean.

ECONOMY

Main Agricultural Products: Crops; sugarcane, potatoes, plantains, rice,

bananas, cassavas, corn, coffee, flowers. Livestock; cattle, sheep, pigs,

chickens.

Main Mined Products: Petroleum, natural gas, gold, coal, iron ore.

Main Manufactured Products: Foods, textiles, chemicals, machinery,

electrical apparatus, transport equipment, metal products.

Main Exports: Coffee, petroleum and petroleum products, fruits, flowers, iron

and steel, textile and apparel.

Monetary Unit: Peso.

GOVERNMENT

Independence: July 20, 1810.

Constitution: July 1991.

Branches: Executive, Legislative and Judicial

DEPARTMENTS AND CAPITALS

Colombia is divided into 32 departments and one capital district which is treated asa department.

Department Capital City

1 Amazonas Leticia
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuelahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecuadorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peruhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Oceanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caribbean_Seahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panamahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panamahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Oceanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Oceanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Departments_of_Colombiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazonas_Department%2C_Colombiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leticia%2C_Colombiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Departments_of_Colombiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leticia%2C_Colombiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazonas_Department%2C_Colombiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Departments_of_Colombiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Oceanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panamahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caribbean_Seahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Oceanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peruhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecuadorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela


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2 Antioquia Medelln

3 Arauca Arauca

4 Atlntico Barranquilla

5 Bolvar Cartagena

6 Boyac Tunja

7 Caldas Manizales

8 Caquet Florencia

9 Casanare Yopal

10 Cauca Popayn

11 Cesar Valledupar

12 Choc Quibd

13 Crdoba Montera

14 Cundinamarca Bogot

15 Guaina Inirida

16 Guaviare S. Jos del Guaviare

17 Huila Neiva

18 La Guajira Riohacha

19 Magdalena Santa Marta

20 Meta Villavicencio

21 Nario Pasto

22 Norte de Santander Ccuta

23 Putumayo Mocoa

24 Quindo Armenia

25 Risaralda Pereira

26 San Andrs and Providencia San Andrs

27 Santander Bucaramanga28 Sucre Sincelejo

29 Tolima Ibagu

30 Valle del Cauca Cali

31 Vaups Mit
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antioquia_Departmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medell%C3%ADnhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arauca_Departmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arauca%2C_Araucahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atl%C3%A1ntico_Departmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barranquillahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bol%C3%ADvar_Departmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartagena_de_Indiashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boyac%C3%A1_Departmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunjahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caldas_Departmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manizaleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caquet%C3%A1_Departmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florenciahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casanare_Departmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yopalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cauca_Departmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popay%C3%A1nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cesar_Departmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valleduparhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choc%C3%B3_Departmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quibd%C3%B3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B3rdoba_Departmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monter%C3%ADahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cundinamarca_Departmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bogot%C3%A1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guain%C3%ADa_Departmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In%C3%ADrida%2C_Guain%C3%ADahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guaviare_Departmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Jos%C3%A9_del_Guaviarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huila_Departmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neivahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guajira_Departmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riohachahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magdalena_Departmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Martahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meta_Departmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villavicenciohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nari%C3%B1o_Departmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pastohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norte_de_Santander_Departmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%BAcutahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Putumayo_Departmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mocoahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quind%C3%ADo_Departmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenia%2C_Colombiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Risaralda_Departmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pereira%2C_Colombiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Andr%C3%A9s_and_Providencia_Departmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santander_Departmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bucaramangahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sucre_Departmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sincelejohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tolima_Departmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibagu%C3%A9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valle_del_Caucahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaup%C3%A9s_Departmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mit%C3%BAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mit%C3%BAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaup%C3%A9s_Departmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valle_del_Caucahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibagu%C3%A9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tolima_Departmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sincelejohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sucre_Departmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bucaramangahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santander_Departmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Andr%C3%A9s_and_Providencia_Departmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Andr%C3%A9s%2C_Colombiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pereira%2C_Colombiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Risaralda_Departmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenia%2C_Colombiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quind%C3%ADo_Departmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mocoahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Putumayo_Departmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%BAcutahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norte_de_Santander_Departmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pastohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nari%C3%B1o_Departmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villavicenciohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meta_Departmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Martahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magdalena_Departmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riohachahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guajira_Departmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neivahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huila_Departmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Jos%C3%A9_del_Guaviarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guaviare_Departmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In%C3%ADrida%2C_Guain%C3%ADahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guain%C3%ADa_Departmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bogot%C3%A1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cundinamarca_Departmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monter%C3%ADahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B3rdoba_Departmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quibd%C3%B3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choc%C3%B3_Departmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valleduparhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cesar_Departmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popay%C3%A1nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cauca_Departmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yopalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casanare_Departmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florenciahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caquet%C3%A1_Departmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manizaleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caldas_Departmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunjahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boyac%C3%A1_Departmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartagena_de_Indiashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bol%C3%ADvar_Departmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barranquillahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atl%C3%A1ntico_Departmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arauca%2C_Araucahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arauca_Departmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medell%C3%ADnhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antioquia_Department


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32 Vichada Puerto Carreo

Colombian Icons or Symbols

Flag Coat of Arms Animal (Condor) Tree (Wax

Palm)

Flower (Orchid) Product

(Coffee)

Product

(Emerald)

Money (Peso)

ALVARO URIBE

Alvaro Uribe Velez (born July 4, 1952) is the 56th President of Colombia, whose

first term ran from 2002 to 2006 and is currently serving his second term from 2006

to 2010. He is a lawyer, educated at the University of Antioquia, with a

specialization in administration and management from Harvard University.

He is married to Lina Moreno de Uribe and has two sons, Tomas and Jeronimo.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vichada_Departmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_Carre%C3%B1ohttp://images.google.com.co/imgres?imgurl=http://www.fotolibre.org/albums/mapamundi/peru1998/colca/f-colca-condor-c03.jpg&imgrefurl=http://portal.bibliotecasvirtuales.com/es/foros/haiga-condor&usg=__Dken45xmQ6tUaRfuEE_C7PlY_98=&h=716&w=1065&sz=71&hl=es&start=8&tbnid=zKFaoz20uHESxM:&tbnh=101&tbnw=150&prev=/images?q=condor&gbv=2&hl=eshttp://images.google.com.co/imgres?imgurl=http://www.appliedlanguage.com/flags_of_the_world/large_flag_of_colombia.gif&imgrefurl=http://www.appliedlanguage.com/flags_of_the_world/flag_of_colombia.shtml&usg=__hA3G_6iKOQMyyEJGGnYEsu7uaMQ=&h=302&w=453&sz=2&hl=es&start=2&tbnid=BqGgR5pNKc0UZM:&tbnh=85&tbnw=127&prev=/images?q=Colombian+flag&gbv=2&hl=eshttp://images.google.com.co/imgres?imgurl=http://www.fotolibre.org/albums/mapamundi/peru1998/colca/f-colca-condor-c03.jpg&imgrefurl=http://portal.bibliotecasvirtuales.com/es/foros/haiga-condor&usg=__Dken45xmQ6tUaRfuEE_C7PlY_98=&h=716&w=1065&sz=71&hl=es&start=8&tbnid=zKFaoz20uHESxM:&tbnh=101&tbnw=150&prev=/images?q=condor&gbv=2&hl=eshttp://images.google.com.co/imgres?imgurl=http://www.appliedlanguage.com/flags_of_the_world/large_flag_of_colombia.gif&imgrefurl=http://www.appliedlanguage.com/flags_of_the_world/flag_of_colombia.shtml&usg=__hA3G_6iKOQMyyEJGGnYEsu7uaMQ=&h=302&w=453&sz=2&hl=es&start=2&tbnid=BqGgR5pNKc0UZM:&tbnh=85&tbnw=127&prev=/images?q=Colombian+flag&gbv=2&hl=eshttp://images.google.com.co/imgres?imgurl=http://www.fotolibre.org/albums/mapamundi/peru1998/colca/f-colca-condor-c03.jpg&imgrefurl=http://portal.bibliotecasvirtuales.com/es/foros/haiga-condor&usg=__Dken45xmQ6tUaRfuEE_C7PlY_98=&h=716&w=1065&sz=71&hl=es&start=8&tbnid=zKFaoz20uHESxM:&tbnh=101&tbnw=150&prev=/images?q=condor&gbv=2&hl=eshttp://images.google.com.co/imgres?imgurl=http://www.appliedlanguage.com/flags_of_the_world/large_flag_of_colombia.gif&imgrefurl=http://www.appliedlanguage.com/flags_of_the_world/flag_of_colombia.shtml&usg=__hA3G_6iKOQMyyEJGGnYEsu7uaMQ=&h=302&w=453&sz=2&hl=es&start=2&tbnid=BqGgR5pNKc0UZM:&tbnh=85&tbnw=127&prev=/images?q=Colombian+flag&gbv=2&hl=eshttp://images.google.com.co/imgres?imgurl=http://www.fotolibre.org/albums/mapamundi/peru1998/colca/f-colca-condor-c03.jpg&imgrefurl=http://portal.bibliotecasvirtuales.com/es/foros/haiga-condor&usg=__Dken45xmQ6tUaRfuEE_C7PlY_98=&h=716&w=1065&sz=71&hl=es&start=8&tbnid=zKFaoz20uHESxM:&tbnh=101&tbnw=150&prev=/images?q=condor&gbv=2&hl=eshttp://images.google.com.co/imgres?imgurl=http://www.appliedlanguage.com/flags_of_the_world/large_flag_of_colombia.gif&imgrefurl=http://www.appliedlanguage.com/flags_of_the_world/flag_of_colombia.shtml&usg=__hA3G_6iKOQMyyEJGGnYEsu7uaMQ=&h=302&w=453&sz=2&hl=es&start=2&tbnid=BqGgR5pNKc0UZM:&tbnh=85&tbnw=127&prev=/images?q=Colombian+flag&gbv=2&hl=eshttp://images.google.com.co/imgres?imgurl=http://www.fotolibre.org/albums/mapamundi/peru1998/colca/f-colca-condor-c03.jpg&imgrefurl=http://portal.bibliotecasvirtuales.com/es/foros/haiga-condor&usg=__Dken45xmQ6tUaRfuEE_C7PlY_98=&h=716&w=1065&sz=71&hl=es&start=8&tbnid=zKFaoz20uHESxM:&tbnh=101&tbnw=150&prev=/images?q=condor&gbv=2&hl=eshttp://images.google.com.co/imgres?imgurl=http://www.appliedlanguage.com/flags_of_the_world/large_flag_of_colombia.gif&imgrefurl=http://www.appliedlanguage.com/flags_of_the_world/flag_of_colombia.shtml&usg=__hA3G_6iKOQMyyEJGGnYEsu7uaMQ=&h=302&w=453&sz=2&hl=es&start=2&tbnid=BqGgR5pNKc0UZM:&tbnh=85&tbnw=127&prev=/images?q=Colombian+flag&gbv=2&hl=eshttp://images.google.com.co/imgres?imgurl=http://www.fotolibre.org/albums/mapamundi/peru1998/colca/f-colca-condor-c03.jpg&imgrefurl=http://portal.bibliotecasvirtuales.com/es/foros/haiga-condor&usg=__Dken45xmQ6tUaRfuEE_C7PlY_98=&h=716&w=1065&sz=71&hl=es&start=8&tbnid=zKFaoz20uHESxM:&tbnh=101&tbnw=150&prev=/images?q=condor&gbv=2&hl=eshttp://images.google.com.co/imgres?imgurl=http://www.appliedlanguage.com/flags_of_the_world/large_flag_of_colombia.gif&imgrefurl=http://www.appliedlanguage.com/flags_of_the_world/flag_of_colombia.shtml&usg=__hA3G_6iKOQMyyEJGGnYEsu7uaMQ=&h=302&w=453&sz=2&hl=es&start=2&tbnid=BqGgR5pNKc0UZM:&tbnh=85&tbnw=127&prev=/images?q=Colombian+flag&gbv=2&hl=eshttp://images.google.com.co/imgres?imgurl=http://www.fotolibre.org/albums/mapamundi/peru1998/colca/f-colca-condor-c03.jpg&imgrefurl=http://portal.bibliotecasvirtuales.com/es/foros/haiga-condor&usg=__Dken45xmQ6tUaRfuEE_C7PlY_98=&h=716&w=1065&sz=71&hl=es&start=8&tbnid=zKFaoz20uHESxM:&tbnh=101&tbnw=150&prev=/images?q=condor&gbv=2&hl=eshttp://images.google.com.co/imgres?imgurl=http://www.appliedlanguage.com/flags_of_the_world/large_flag_of_colombia.gif&imgrefurl=http://www.appliedlanguage.com/flags_of_the_world/flag_of_colombia.shtml&usg=__hA3G_6iKOQMyyEJGGnYEsu7uaMQ=&h=302&w=453&sz=2&hl=es&start=2&tbnid=BqGgR5pNKc0UZM:&tbnh=85&tbnw=127&prev=/images?q=Colombian+flag&gbv=2&hl=eshttp://images.google.com.co/imgres?imgurl=http://www.fotolibre.org/albums/mapamundi/peru1998/colca/f-colca-condor-c03.jpg&imgrefurl=http://portal.bibliotecasvirtuales.com/es/foros/haiga-condor&usg=__Dken45xmQ6tUaRfuEE_C7PlY_98=&h=716&w=1065&sz=71&hl=es&start=8&tbnid=zKFaoz20uHESxM:&tbnh=101&tbnw=150&prev=/images?q=condor&gbv=2&hl=eshttp://images.google.com.co/imgres?imgurl=http://www.appliedlanguage.com/flags_of_the_world/large_flag_of_colombia.gif&imgrefurl=http://www.appliedlanguage.com/flags_of_the_world/flag_of_colombia.shtml&usg=__hA3G_6iKOQMyyEJGGnYEsu7uaMQ=&h=302&w=453&sz=2&hl=es&start=2&tbnid=BqGgR5pNKc0UZM:&tbnh=85&tbnw=127&prev=/images?q=Colombian+flag&gbv=2&hl=eshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_Carre%C3%B1ohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vichada_Department


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Political career

In 1976 Uribe was Chief of Assets for the Public Enterprises of Medellin (Empresas

Publicas de Medellin). He served as Secretary General of the Ministry of Labor

under Alfonso Lopez Michelsen from 1977 to 1978. During this time he married

Lina Moreno, a philosopher from Medellin. President Julio Cesar Turbay named

him Director of Civil Aviation from 1980 to 1982. He left this position to become

Mayor of Medellin in 1982, serving for five months.

Colombian History

The word "Colombia" comes from the name of Christopher Columbus (Cristbal

Coln in Spanish, Cristoforo Colombo in Italian). It was conceived by the

revolutionary Francisco de Miranda as a reference to the New World, especially to

all American territories and colonies underSpanish and Portuguese rule.

The name was then adopted by the Republic of Colombia of 1819 formed by the

union of Venezuela, New Granada and Ecuador.

In 1830 when Venezuela and Ecuador separated, the Cundinamarca region that

remained became a new country: the Republic of New Granada. In 1863 New

Granada officially changed its name to United States of Colombia, and in 1886

adopted its present day name: Republic of Colombia.

Independence from Spain

Francisco de Paula Santander, Simn Bolivar and other heroes of the

Independence of Colombia in the Congress of Ccuta.

Since the beginning of the periods of Conquest and Colonization, there were

several rebel movements under Spanish rule, most of them either being crushed or

remaining too weak to change the overall situation.

The last one, which sought outright independence from Spain, sprang up around

1810, following the independence of St. Domingue in 1804 (present day Haiti), who
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Columbushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_de_Mirandahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Americashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Colombiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuelahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecuadorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cundinamarcahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_New_Granadahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_of_Colombiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_de_Paula_Santanderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sim%C3%B3n_Bolivarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congress_of_C%C3%BAcutahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haitihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haitihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congress_of_C%C3%BAcutahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sim%C3%B3n_Bolivarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_de_Paula_Santanderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_of_Colombiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_New_Granadahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cundinamarcahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecuadorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuelahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Colombiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Americashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_de_Mirandahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Columbus


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provided a non-negligible degree of support to the eventual leaders of this

rebellion: Simn Bolvarand Francisco de Paula Santander.

Simn Bolvar had become the first president of Colombia and Francisco de Paula

Santander was Vice President; when Simn Bolvar stepped down, Santander

became the second president of Colombia.

The rebellion finally succeeded in 1819 when the territory of the Viceroyalty of New

Granada became the Republic ofGreater Colombia organized as a Confederation

along Ecuadorand Venezuela (Panama was part of Colombia).
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_de_Paula_Santanderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice_President_of_Colombiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_New_Granadahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_New_Granadahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Colombiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecuadorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuelahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panamahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panamahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuelahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecuadorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Colombiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_New_Granadahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_New_Granadahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice_President_of_Colombiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_de_Paula_Santanderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar


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Math

Eratosthenes

Eratosthenes ofCyrenec. 276 BC c. 195 BC) was a Greek

mathematician, geographer, poet, athlete, astronomer, and music theorist.

He was the first person to use the word "geography" in Greek and he invented the

discipline of geography as we understand it. He invented a system

oflatitude and longitude.

Prime numbers

Eratosthenes also proposed a simple algorithm for finding prime numbers. This

algorithm is known in mathematics as the Sieve of Eratosthenes.

A prime number(or a prime) is a natural numbergreater than 1 that has no

positive divisors other than 1 and itself. A natural number greater than 1 that is not

a prime number is called acomposite number.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyrene,_Libyahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyrene,_Libyahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematicianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sportspersonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latitudehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longitudehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algorithmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_numbershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sieve_of_Eratostheneshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divisorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Composite_numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Composite_numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divisorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sieve_of_Eratostheneshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_numbershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algorithmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longitudehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latitudehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sportspersonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematicianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyrene,_Libya


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Pythagoras

Pythagoras of Samos; b. about 570 d. about 495 BC) was

an Ionian Greek philosopher, mathematician, and founder of the religious

movement called Pythagoreanism.

Most of the information about Pythagoras was written down centuries after he

lived, so very little reliable information is known about him. He was born on the

island ofSamos, and might have travelled widely in his youth, visiting Egypt and

other places seeking knowledge.

Blaise Pascal

19 June 1623 19 August 1662) was

a French mathematician, physicist, inventor, writerand Christian philosopher.

He was a child prodigy who was educated by his father, a tax collector in Rouen.

Pascal's earliest work was in the natural and applied sciences where he made

important contributions to the study offluids, and clarified the concepts

ofpressure and vacuum by generalizing the work ofEvangelista Torricelli.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionianshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greekshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_philosophyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematicianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pythagoreanismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samoshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematicianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physicisthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inventorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Writerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosopherhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_prodigyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rouenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sciencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pressurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evangelista_Torricellihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evangelista_Torricellihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pressurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sciencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rouenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_prodigyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosopherhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Writerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inventorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physicisthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematicianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samoshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pythagoreanismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematicianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_philosophyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greekshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionians


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Kepler

Johannes Kepler; December 27, 1571

November 15, 1630) was a

German mathematician, astronomerand astrologer.

A key figure in the 17th century scientific revolution, he is best known for

his eponymous laws of planetary motion, codified by later astronomers, based on

his worksAstronomia nova,Harmonices Mundi, and Epitome of Copernican

Astronomy.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematicianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrologerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_revolutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eponymhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kepler%27s_laws_of_planetary_motionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomia_novahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomia_novahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomia_novahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harmonices_Mundihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harmonices_Mundihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harmonices_Mundihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harmonices_Mundihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomia_novahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kepler%27s_laws_of_planetary_motionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eponymhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_revolutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrologerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematician

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