7_mohammad abdul malke

8/8/2019 7_Mohammad Abdul Malke

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Bangladesh Country paperBangladesh Country paper

on the Role of publicon the Role of public

investment to promote ecoinvestment to promote eco--

efficiency of infrastructureefficiency of infrastructure

such as public transport.such as public transport.


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IntroductionIntroduction The role of an efficient transport and communication system isThe role of an efficient transport and communication system is

extremely critical for the socioextremely critical for the socio-- economic progress of a country. Aseconomic progress of a country. Asphysical infrastructure is indispensable, a wellphysical infrastructure is indispensable, a well--knit transport andknit transport andcommunication network ensures a well balanced distributioncommunication network ensures a well balanced distributionsystem for the means of production, efficient marketing ofsystem for the means of production, efficient marketing ofproduced commodities, maintaining stability of price and rapidproduced commodities, maintaining stability of price and rapid

industrialization. In the current context of globalization and marketindustrialization. In the current context of globalization and marketeconomy, there is a critical need for evolving a developed and welleconomy, there is a critical need for evolving a developed and wellknit transport and communication system that should be able toknit transport and communication system that should be able tointegrate Bangladesh with the international transport andintegrate Bangladesh with the international transport andcommunication network. Realizing this importance, the concernedcommunication network. Realizing this importance, the concernedministries and their agencies continue to exert their concertedministries and their agencies continue to exert their concertedefforts to develop the system. In the Revised Annual Developmentefforts to develop the system. In the Revised Annual DevelopmentProgramme (RADP) of FY 2004Programme (RADP) of FY 2004--05 there is an allocation of TK.05 there is an allocation of TK.4543.77 crore for transport and communication sector. In FY4543.77 crore for transport and communication sector. In FY20042004--05, the contribution of this sector to the GDP at constant05, the contribution of this sector to the GDP at constantprices is about 10.01 percent (provisional). The transport andprices is about 10.01 percent (provisional). The transport andcommunication network in Bangladesh has evolved with roads,communication network in Bangladesh has evolved with roads,railway, and water and air transport as well as postrailway, and water and air transport as well as posttelecommunication and information technology.telecommunication and information technology.


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Sustainable transportationSustainable transportation Sustainable transportation is about meeting or helping meet theSustainable transportation is about meeting or helping meet the

needs of the present without compromising the ability of futureneeds of the present without compromising the ability of futuregenerations to meet their own needs. But this is only a starting point.generations to meet their own needs. But this is only a starting point.

The concept of sustainable transportation is a reaction to some of theThe concept of sustainable transportation is a reaction to some of thethings that have one radically and visibly wrong with transportationthings that have one radically and visibly wrong with transportationpolicy, practice and performance over the last half of the twentiethpolicy, practice and performance over the last half of the twentieth

century in particular (unsustainable resource take, energy rofligacy,century in particular (unsustainable resource take, energy rofligacy,pollution, declining service levels despite increasing investments,pollution, declining service levels despite increasing investments,poor service or specific social and economic groups). Over most ofpoor service or specific social and economic groups). Over most ofthe century, it was assumed that adequate transportation structuresthe century, it was assumed that adequate transportation structuresneeded to be built since they provide an essential underpinning toneeded to be built since they provide an essential underpinning togrowth and economic health. Accordingly the main concern ofgrowth and economic health. Accordingly the main concern oftransport planners and policy makers was in the "supply" oftransport planners and policy makers was in the "supply" of

transportation, and specifically in ensuring that the supportingtransportation, and specifically in ensuring that the supportinginfrastructure was going to be adequate to support all projectedinfrastructure was going to be adequate to support all projectedrequirements. The dominant approach was, therefore, to forecast andrequirements. The dominant approach was, therefore, to forecast andthen build to meet. In public transport planning likewise it was thethen build to meet. In public transport planning likewise it was thesupply and efficient operation of vehicles that got the build ofsupply and efficient operation of vehicles that got the build ofattention. As a result, it is claimed by many analysts and observersattention. As a result, it is claimed by many analysts and observersthat most places have as a results heavily overbuilt their physicalthat most places have as a results heavily overbuilt their physical

transportationtransportation


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Existing Environment PolicyExisting Environment Policy

in Bangladesh:in Bangladesh: The Governments Environment Policy make the following statements onThe Governments Environment Policy make the following statements on

transport and communicationtransport and communication

The main sectoral strategies are as follows.The main sectoral strategies are as follows.

Choosing new projects on the basis of their economic viability.Choosing new projects on the basis of their economic viability.

Development a transport network, which does not conflict with overall waterDevelopment a transport network, which does not conflict with overall water

management, polices.management, polices. Promoting increased participation of the private sector.Promoting increased participation of the private sector.

Coordinating transport polices within national land use planning.Coordinating transport polices within national land use planning.

Increasing the efficiency and use of existing facilities through tariffIncreasing the efficiency and use of existing facilities through tariffadjustments, which take into account maintenance costs, and transportationadjustments, which take into account maintenance costs, and transportationeconomics..economics..

Ensure that road, rail, air and inland water transport systems do not polluteEnsure that road, rail, air and inland water transport systems do not pollutethe environment or degrade the resources.the environment or degrade the resources.

Ensure that people and transport using road, rail, air and inland waterways doEnsure that people and transport using road, rail, air and inland waterways donot pollute the environment and take steps to protect the health of the workersnot pollute the environment and take steps to protect the health of the workersthat run them.that run them.

Control those activities in inland ports and dockyards, which cause pollution ofControl those activities in inland ports and dockyards, which cause pollution ofwater and the local environment.water and the local environment.

Reduce and discourage the use of those fuels that pollute the environmentReduce and discourage the use of those fuels that pollute the environmentand encourage the use of these fuels that are environmentally sound and lessand encourage the use of these fuels that are environmentally sound and less

harmful.harmful.


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Key Issues:Key Issues:

NEMAP identifies the following environment issues in the transport andNEMAP identifies the following environment issues in the transport andcommunication sector as important:communication sector as important:

Widespread unchecked water pollution arises from inland and coastalWidespread unchecked water pollution arises from inland and coastalshipping. Facilities to receive and treat ship wastes are lacking.shipping. Facilities to receive and treat ship wastes are lacking.

Air pollution in localised urban areas and along major roads due toAir pollution in localised urban areas and along major roads due toincomplete combustion of fuel is a major cause for concern.incomplete combustion of fuel is a major cause for concern.

Regulatory control and monitoring of waste disposal from ships and trains isRegulatory control and monitoring of waste disposal from ships and trains isinsufficient.insufficient.

Poor vehicle maintenance and inadequate enforcement of legalPoor vehicle maintenance and inadequate enforcement of legalrequirements results in much unnecessary pollution and fuel wastage.requirements results in much unnecessary pollution and fuel wastage.

Urban transport planning and management appears inadequate for theUrban transport planning and management appears inadequate for thevolume of traffic in many urban areas, resulting in traffic jams which wastevolume of traffic in many urban areas, resulting in traffic jams which wasteboth time and fuel.both time and fuel.

Inappropriate shallow borrow excavation (eg.along the Asian Highway)Inappropriate shallow borrow excavation (eg.along the Asian Highway)removes much more topsoil than conventional deep borrow pots, thusremoves much more topsoil than conventional deep borrow pots, thusaffecting agriculture production.affecting agriculture production.

Road and rail construction lead to permanent loss of agriculture land thoughRoad and rail construction lead to permanent loss of agriculture land thoughoffers possibilities for social forestry along route corridors, and foroffers possibilities for social forestry along route corridors, and foraquaculture in borrow pits.aquaculture in borrow pits.

Cont........Cont........


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The socioThe socio--economic costs and benefits of bridge construction and theeconomic costs and benefits of bridge construction and theresultant replacement of ferries need to be considered in projectresultant replacement of ferries need to be considered in projectappraisal. Many livelihoods are diminished when ferry crossing becomesappraisal. Many livelihoods are diminished when ferry crossing becomesredundant.redundant.

Inadequate attention to natural drainage patterns often leads toInadequate attention to natural drainage patterns often leads toinadequate culvert provisions.inadequate culvert provisions.

Siltation of inland waterways and their closure due to FCD/I structuresSiltation of inland waterways and their closure due to FCD/I structuresadversely affects private boat owners and forces a shift from river to roadadversely affects private boat owners and forces a shift from river to roadtransport.transport.

Involvement of women in road construction and maintenance is limited,Involvement of women in road construction and maintenance is limited,thus depriving many rural womenthus depriving many rural women--headed households of incomeheaded households of incomegeneration.generation.

The level of road safety is extremely poor leading to loss of life andThe level of road safety is extremely poor leading to loss of life andvehicles through accidents.vehicles through accidents.

Noise pollution from vehicles horns and air traffic is significant in manyNoise pollution from vehicles horns and air traffic is significant in manyareas, affecting health and disrupting commerce and administration.areas, affecting health and disrupting commerce and administration.

Permanent loss of land to road and rail construction decreases agriculturePermanent loss of land to road and rail construction decreases agricultureproduction and affects the long terms livelihoods of displaced farmers.production and affects the long terms livelihoods of displaced farmers.

Key Issues:Key Issues:


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Infrastucture developmentInfrastucture development

on public transport inon public transport in

BanglaeshBanglaesh Over the last thirtyOver the last thirty--four years, a huge road network of 2four years, a huge road network of 2

lakh 71 thousands km has been build what was onlylakh 71 thousands km has been build what was only4000 km after independence. Beside the Roads and4000 km after independence. Beside the Roads and

highways and the Local Government Engineeringhighways and the Local Government EngineeringDepartment is also playing a vital role in theDepartment is also playing a vital role in theDevelopment of transport infrastructure. According to aDevelopment of transport infrastructure. According to areport of R and HD, there were a total of 21571 km.report of R and HD, there were a total of 21571 km.roads, 3790 Bridge having the length of 130 km. androads, 3790 Bridge having the length of 130 km. and

10981 culverts with 54 km. length under this10981 culverts with 54 km. length under thisDepartment until the middle of 2005. This departmentDepartment until the middle of 2005. This departmentis implementing a number of programs for building vitalis implementing a number of programs for building vitalroads and bridges throughout the country for socioroads and bridges throughout the country for socio--economic development.economic development.


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Measures adopted inMeasures adopted in

Road SectorRoad Sector 1. Private sector involvement has been ensured in1. Private sector involvement has been ensured in

developing road network of the country.developing road network of the country.

2. A road maintenance fund is being established to2. A road maintenance fund is being established to

ensure proper maintenance of the roadensure proper maintenance of the road network.network.

3. Poverty Reduction Strategy Roads and Highways3. Poverty Reduction Strategy Roads and HighwaysDepartment is preparing is investment programmedDepartment is preparing is investment programmed

consistent with PRS

P. In this process, women areconsistent with PRS

P. In this process, women arebeing given higher priorities in district and other roadbeing given higher priorities in district and other roadconstruction projects to ensure higher growth in womenconstruction projects to ensure higher growth in womenemployment in rural economy.employment in rural economy.


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Measures adopted inMeasures adopted in

Road SectorRoad Sector 1. Private sector involvement has been ensured in1. Private sector involvement has been ensured in

developing road network of the country.developing road network of the country.

2. A road maintenance fund is being established to2. A road maintenance fund is being established to

ensure proper maintenance of the roadensure proper maintenance of the road network.network.

3. Poverty Reduction Strategy Roads and Highways3. Poverty Reduction Strategy Roads and HighwaysDepartment is preparing is investment programmedDepartment is preparing is investment programmed

consistent with PRS

P. In this process, women areconsistent with PRS

P. In this process, women arebeing given higher priorities in district and other roadbeing given higher priorities in district and other roadconstruction projects to ensure higher growth in womenconstruction projects to ensure higher growth in womenemployment in rural economyemployment in rural economy


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Jamuna Multipurpose BridgeJamuna Multipurpose Bridge

Authority (JMBA)Authority (JMBA) Jamuna Bridge is playing a vital role in road transportJamuna Bridge is playing a vital role in road transport

system. The Bridge has made the communicationsystem. The Bridge has made the communicationbetween eastern and northern region of the countrybetween eastern and northern region of the country

easier. As a result the producers are getting fair priceseasier. As a result the producers are getting fair pricesof their produces which are encouraging them toof their produces which are encouraging them toproduce more. This, in effect, is inducing increasedproduce more. This, in effect, is inducing increasedproduction. Beside, with the establishment of newproduction. Beside, with the establishment of newindustries economic activities in the north west zoneindustries economic activities in the north west zoneincreased manifold. Therefore there is an increasingincreased manifold. Therefore there is an increasing

trend toll collection. Because of construction of a dualtrend toll collection. Because of construction of a dualgauge railway across Tangail underJamuna Rail linkgauge railway across Tangail underJamuna Rail linkproject, it was possible to set up a direct railway linkproject, it was possible to set up a direct railway linkbetween the capital city Dhaka and Rajshahi andbetween the capital city Dhaka and Rajshahi andKhulna Division. Alongside setting up fail and electricityKhulna Division. Alongside setting up fail and electricityline gas line has been set up over the bridge.line gas line has been set up over the bridge.


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Other Projects forOther Projects for

Construction of BridgeConstruction of Bridge To provide support to the development ofTo provide support to the development of

transport infrastructure facilities intransport infrastructure facilities in

Metropolitan Area Dhaka Transport CoMetropolitan Area Dhaka Transport Co--ordination Board (DTCB) was establishedordination Board (DTCB) was established

in 2001 by and Act. Its main objectivesin 2001 by and Act. Its main objectives

are to develop a planned andare to develop a planned andenvironment friendly transport system inenvironment friendly transport system in

close cooperation between the public andclose cooperation between the public and

private sector.private sector.


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Bangladesh Road TransportBangladesh Road Transport

Corporation (BRTC)Corporation (BRTC) BRTC has a rich tradition as an entity. To establish aBRTC has a rich tradition as an entity. To establish a

sound transport system BRTC was established in 1961sound transport system BRTC was established in 1961by an Ordinance. Its main objectives are to:by an Ordinance. Its main objectives are to:

1. Ensure a cheap, speedy, secured, comfortable1. Ensure a cheap, speedy, secured, comfortableand modern transportation system.and modern transportation system.

2. Help develop non2. Help develop non--government transport system.government transport system.

3. Play an important role in controlling the transport3. Play an important role in controlling the transport

quality and transport fare.quality and transport fare. 4. Development skilled manpower in transport sector4. Development skilled manpower in transport sector

thorough training.thorough training.

5. Play a strategic intervention role for a sound and5. Play a strategic intervention role for a sound andorganized transport system.organized transport system.


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Bangladesh Railway andBangladesh Railway and

other servicesother services Bangladesh Railway is regarded as a cheap and ecoBangladesh Railway is regarded as a cheap and eco--

friendly mode of transport. In maritime trade, thefriendly mode of transport. In maritime trade, theChittagong Sea Port plays a major role. Beside the role orChittagong Sea Port plays a major role. Beside the role orMongla Sea port and Bangladesh Inland water TransportMongla Sea port and Bangladesh Inland water Transport

Authority is also important in transporting passengers andAuthority is also important in transporting passengers andfreights. Bangladesh Shipping Corporation is working tofreights. Bangladesh Shipping Corporation is working toprovide efficient shipping facilities on international waterprovide efficient shipping facilities on international waterroute. The Department orShipping performs its regulatoryroute. The Department orShipping performs its regulatoryrole by enforcing relevant maritime laws and also protectsrole by enforcing relevant maritime laws and also protectsthe interest of the crews. Public and private initiative isthe interest of the crews. Public and private initiative is

continuing in the infrastructure development of the landcontinuing in the infrastructure development of the landports established near the border areas or the country. Civilports established near the border areas or the country. CivilAviation Authority is responsible for establishment andAviation Authority is responsible for establishment anddevelopment of the infrastructure necessary for aircraftdevelopment of the infrastructure necessary for aircraftoperation and at present, it is maintaining 3 internationaloperation and at present, it is maintaining 3 internationaland 5 domestic airports.and 5 domestic airports.

Cont.......Cont.......


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Bangladesh Telecommunication RegulatoryBangladesh Telecommunication RegulatoryCommission is engaged in ensuring development ofCommission is engaged in ensuring development oftelecommunication services in Bangladesh and totelecommunication services in Bangladesh and to

regulate it all over the country. Bangladesh telephoneregulate it all over the country. Bangladesh telephoneand Telecommunication Board is the only Governmentand Telecommunication Board is the only Governmenttelecommunication system and the postal Departmenttelecommunication system and the postal Departmentis the only Government Department providing postalis the only Government Department providing postalservice. In the context of globalization and marketservice. In the context of globalization and market

economy, the present government releasing theeconomy, the present government releasing theimportance of development of information technologyimportance of development of information technologyhas taken a number of steps for the development ofhas taken a number of steps for the development ofthis sector.this sector.

Bangladesh Railway andBangladesh Railway and

other servicesother services


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Measures to ControlMeasures to Control

Pollution ofEnvironmentPollution ofEnvironment There exist a good number of laws and regulations in theThere exist a good number of laws and regulations in the

country to confront air pollution. The Department of has beencountry to confront air pollution. The Department of has beenimplementing a number of projects to control air pollution. Inimplementing a number of projects to control air pollution. Inview of the heightened awareness of the dangers of leadview of the heightened awareness of the dangers of leadpollution the Government executed the decision of providingpollution the Government executed the decision of providingonly leadonly lead--free gasoline in July 1999. To control air pollution thefree gasoline in July 1999. To control air pollution theGovernment has amended Environment Conservation RulesGovernment has amended Environment Conservation Rules1997 with new rule under which the use of catalytic converter,1997 with new rule under which the use of catalytic converter,oxidation catalyst and diesel particulate filter has been madeoxidation catalyst and diesel particulate filter has been mademandatory respectively in petrol, diesel and CNG drivenmandatory respectively in petrol, diesel and CNG drivenvehicles. Plying of bus, minibus, microbus, taxi, which is morevehicles. Plying of bus, minibus, microbus, taxi, which is more

than twenty years old and truck, mini truck, tank lorry and vanthan twenty years old and truck, mini truck, tank lorry and vanwhich are more than twenty five years old has been bannedwhich are more than twenty five years old has been bannedsince 1st January 2002. Plying of twosince 1st January 2002. Plying of two--stroke three wheeler hasstroke three wheeler hasbeen banned in Dhaka City since 1st January 2003. Thebeen banned in Dhaka City since 1st January 2003. TheGovernment has introduced CNG driven four stroke threeGovernment has introduced CNG driven four stroke threewheelers and encouraging CNG driven automobile.wheelers and encouraging CNG driven automobile.

Cont........Cont........


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A continuous Air Quality Monitoring Station has been setA continuous Air Quality Monitoring Station has been set--upupin the premises ofNational Parliament under the Air Qualityin the premises ofNational Parliament under the Air QualityManagement project with the financial assistance of theManagement project with the financial assistance of theWorld Bank. From this station vehicular emission is beingWorld Bank. From this station vehicular emission is being

monitored regularly against different parameters to getmonitored regularly against different parameters to getvarious information on the status of the air quality of Dhakavarious information on the status of the air quality of DhakaCity. Initiatives have been undertaken to setup a continuousCity. Initiatives have been undertaken to setup a continuousair quality monitoring station in the Chittagong City. Underair quality monitoring station in the Chittagong City. Underthis programmes a number or satellite air quality monitoringthis programmes a number or satellite air quality monitoringstations will be setstations will be set--up in other cities. In addition,up in other cities. In addition,

procurement of two mobile air quality monitoring station isprocurement of two mobile air quality monitoring station isunderway to monitor local air quality regularly. A Websterunderway to monitor local air quality regularly. A Websterhas been opened for giving information and createshas been opened for giving information and createsawareness to the people about air pollution. A draftawareness to the people about air pollution. A draftvehicular emission standard has been formulated. Beside,vehicular emission standard has been formulated. Beside,draft air pollution standard and air pollution index have beendraft air pollution standard and air pollution index have been

formulated.formulated.

Measures to ControlMeasures to Control

Pollution ofEnvironmentPollution ofEnvironment


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Actions RequiredActions Required Peoples concerns in this sector relate to indiscriminate and unplannedPeoples concerns in this sector relate to indiscriminate and unplanned

rural road infrastructure construction, resettlement issue related withrural road infrastructure construction, resettlement issue related withtransport infrastructure construction, silting up of water ways, accidentstransport infrastructure construction, silting up of water ways, accidentson roads and water ways, pollution due emission of smoke and dischargeon roads and water ways, pollution due emission of smoke and dischargeof oil by mechanized vehicles etc.of oil by mechanized vehicles etc.

Preparation and implementation of guideline for rural roads, providingPreparation and implementation of guideline for rural roads, providing

proper and quick compensation to the project affected people, pollutionproper and quick compensation to the project affected people, pollutioncontrol, coordination among different agencies etc are the suggestedcontrol, coordination among different agencies etc are the suggestedsolutions made by the people.solutions made by the people.

Although the secretarial policy aims to develop transport network inAlthough the secretarial policy aims to develop transport network incoordination with the national water management and landaus policies, itcoordination with the national water management and landaus policies, itis not explicit about incorporating environmental concerns or coordinatingis not explicit about incorporating environmental concerns or coordinatingit with the environment policy, which has outline the frame work toit with the environment policy, which has outline the frame work toincorporate environmental concerns in the planning and development inincorporate environmental concerns in the planning and development in

the transport sector.the transport sector. The planning interventions in this sector would incorporate guidelineThe planning interventions in this sector would incorporate guideline

preparation for rural roads and infrastructure development, reviewingpreparation for rural roads and infrastructure development, reviewingresettlement policy for delivering compensation packages, institutionalresettlement policy for delivering compensation packages, institutionalarrangement to coordinate with other agencies which affect developmentarrangement to coordinate with other agencies which affect developmentin this sector, reinforcement of policy for the abatement of pollution fromin this sector, reinforcement of policy for the abatement of pollution fromvehicular emission and discharge.vehicular emission and discharge.


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Concluding Remarks:Concluding Remarks:

Sustainable transport is about finding ways to move people,Sustainable transport is about finding ways to move people,goods and information in ways that reduce its impact on thegoods and information in ways that reduce its impact on theenvironment, the economy, and society. Some optionsenvironment, the economy, and society. Some optionsinclude:include:

Using transport modes that use energy more efficiently,Using transport modes that use energy more efficiently,

such as walking or cycling and public transport improvingsuch as walking or cycling and public transport improvingtransport choice by increasing the quality of public transport,transport choice by increasing the quality of public transport,cycling and walking facilities, services and environmentscycling and walking facilities, services and environments

Improving the efficiency of our car use, such as using moreImproving the efficiency of our car use, such as using morefuel efficient vehicles, driving more efficiently, avoiding coldfuel efficient vehicles, driving more efficiently, avoiding coldstarts, and car poolingstarts, and car pooling

Using cleaner fuels and technologiesUsing cleaner fuels and technologies

Using telecommunications to reduce or replace physicalUsing telecommunications to reduce or replace physicaltravel, such as teletravel, such as tele--working or teleworking or tele--shoppingshopping

Planning the layout of our cities to bring people and theirPlanning the layout of our cities to bring people and theirneeds closer together, and to make cities more vibrant andneeds closer together, and to make cities more vibrant and

walkablewalkable

7_mohammad abdul malke

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