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reland is challenging Scotland for its posi-tion as the final resting place of the Holy

Grail, said to be the cup from which Jesusdrank at the Last Supper and believed bysome scholars to have been in the possessionof the Knights Templar. The argument fromthe Irvine Herald newspaper is that instead

of Scotland’s Rosslyn chapel, the abbey atKilwinning makes more sense. According toJamie Morton, authority on Freemasonry,and an Irishman as well, there were moreKnights Templar in Ireland than ever inScotland. He has compiled, in a new book,his case that after the fall of the Templars in1307, Kilwinning was the final repository of the Grail.

If the new book leads to an upsurge of tourism to Ireland, comparable to what hashappened at Rosslyn following release of thebook and movie of The Da Vinci code, then,so be it.

I

EARLYRAYS

mysterious 2,000-year-old “ritual” cuphas been discovered by archaeologists in

Jerusalem. Unlike similar cups which haveturned up, this one has 10 lines of Aramaic

or Hebrew text inscribed within it. So far,the scholars have been unable to translatethe message, but they see the Hebrew wordfor God, YHWH, or Yahweh. The messageappears to be deliberately cryptic.

The cup was found near the Zion gate bya team led by two University of North Caro-lina archaeologists Shimon Gibson andJames Tabor. The length of the inscription isunprecedented they say. Usually there are no words in such cups, or, at most, one line.

AExcavated nearby was a ritual bath.

The cup apparently predates the sackingof Jerusalem in 70 A.D. by Titus, a Romangeneral who would eventually become

emperor.Translation of the inscription, it is hoped,

will shed light on the last days of the secondtemple of Jerusalem which had been built toreplace the original lost temple of Solomon,of Old Testament and Masonic fame. The eso-teric significance of such a cup and message,not unlike the Dead Sea Scrolls, is likely tobe hotly debated by scholars for years tocome.

Cr ypt ic Ar amaic M essageFound in Ancient Ritual Cup

Ir eland LiningUp for Gr ai l

Tour ism Bucks

Aramaic text in cup

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ver five thousand years ago, the re-gion between India and Pakistan

was home to a relatively advanced civil-ization which built complex cities withsophisticated planning and indoorplumbing. That much is undisputed,but could its people read and write?

Some researchers believe the Indus Valley civilization was, in fact, mucholder and was one of the last standingremnants of an anti-diluvian civiliza-tion which once surrounded the an-cient but now vanished SarisvatiRiver—mentioned in ancient Hinduscriptures—and extending into what isnow the Gulf of Cambay off India’s westcoast. That culture, it is said, may havebeen the original source of Vedic civili-zation. All of this, of course, is hotlydisputed by mainstream archaeology which has long viewed the Indus Valleycivilization as essentially pre-literate.

Central to the argument has been amysterious and, so far, unreadablescript found on artifacts throughoutthe region. In fact, the hieroglyphs of the script have been found as far awayas Easter Island. The question was: were the symbols part of a written lan-

guage or merely the primitive picto-graphs of a pre-literate people. Nowdramatic new research using advancedstatistical analysis makes the case thatthe Indus Valley script was indeed a written language. The research pro- vides powerful support to the proposi-tion that the Indus Valley civilization was much more advanced than previ-ously believed.

A joint American and Indian studyled by a University of Washington re-searcher used computers and mathe-matics to extract patterns from thescript and show that the placement and

distribution of the symbols bear theunmistakable characteristics of lan-guage. The resulting statistical modelis consistent with the fundamentalgrammar of a written language. “Sucha model,” says lead author Rajesh Rao,a UW associate professor of computerscience, “can be valuable for decipher-ment, because any meaning ascribed toa symbol must make sense in the con-text of other symbols that precede orfollow it.” The study was published inthe journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

O

Study SaysAncient

Indus Sc r iptIs a W r i t ten

Language

he debate over the true age of the Shroud of Turin has taken

new twist. Thierry Castex, aench scientist, has reportedding traces of words on the

oth in Aramaic spelled with He-ew letters. Vatican researcher,rbara Frale, told Vatican Radioer the summer that her own re-arch suggests that the lettersere written more than 1800

ars ago.The new discoveries come

en as the carbon dating of theroud undertaken in the 1980ss been called into question. The

udy which declared a medievalte for the Shroud’s creation hasen shown to be based on a sec-n which had been woven as a

pair into the original linen at aer date.Frale recently made news with

r discovery of evidence thatring the 13th and 14th centu-s the Shroud was in the cus-

dy of the Knights Templar. Theters on the Shroud, though,d nothing to do with the Tem-ars, she says, and were probablyrtions of the phrase “The Kingthe Jews.”The Shroud of Turin will gopublic display next year.

8 0 0 -Year -

Old W or dsDiscover edon Shr oud

of Tur in

e Shroud of Turin

Three Ancient Tablets with Indus Valley Script

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Continued on Page 59

apanese researchers have recently

proven that the body emanates light.A man sits in a darkened room infront of a highly sensitive camera. The

image showing on the screen in the nextroom shows visible light emitting from theman’s body, especially from the face andneck. The light being recorded is definitelynot infrared radiation but is visible light. It isat its lowest in the morning and seems topeak in the afternoon. It may be linked tothe metabolic rhythms of the body.

This research has created quite a buzz inthe media. It has been taken by some toprove that there is such a thing as thehuman aura—a field of energy or light that

is purported to exist around living beings.Skeptics are being careful to say that theamount of light the body emits is approxi-mately 1000 times less than that which thehuman eye is capable of perceiving.

Does this new research prove that aurasexist? I think a person has to be very clear onwhat he is talking about when asking thisquestion. The dictionary defines an aurathree ways: one, as an invisible breath, ema-nation, or radiation; two, as an intangiblequality that seems to surround a person orthing, an atmosphere; or three, as sensation,as of a cold breeze or a bright light , that pre-

Jcedes the onset of certain disorders, such as

an epileptic seizure or an attack of migraine.In the New Age metaphysics, the aura relatesto the first two definitions but also repre-sents a perceivable manifestation of uni-versal energy. It can be ‘read’ or decoded andcan even be healed or ‘cleaned’ if dirty. It isthis popular perception of what the aura rep-resents, and that it can even be perceived,that irks skeptics.

This current Japanese research wouldseem to confirm the first two definitions; aninvisible or intangible radiation and an in-tangible quality that is, in this case, around aperson. Skeptics are quick to point out howit doesn’t confirm the existence of the meta-

physical aura, especially since the light is fartoo subt le to be perceived by the human eye.

As Charles Tart point ed out many yearsago, there are so many different variables in-volved in what we call the aura that it mightbe hard to determine if it is ‘real’. Is the auraphysical or something projected in the psy-chological sense? Is it real if it is perceivableby scientific instruments, people, or ani-mals? Is it real if it informs you in some way?

Speaking to the physical aura, it has beenshown by scientific means that there aremany different kinds of emanations comingfrom the human body. Along with the light

we now can measure, our bodies also gen-

erate infrared radiation, creating a heat gra-dient around us. With sweat and other bodychemical reactions, we also create a field of electrical ions. Any living being also gener-ates some sound waves that pulse outwardsfrom the body. All of these energies create amixture of perceivable auras around a livingbody.

But there is also the whole realm of elec-trical and magnetic radiation. The energyfield of the heart was the first to be well doc-umented with the electrocardiogram. Then itwas also discovered that th e brain emitt ed itsown electrical fields. These fields have beenshown to travel throughout the body and

even extend beyond. These bioelectric fieldsalso produce biomagnetic fields, which alsotravel outside the body. These more subtleenergies are detectable by modern, andsometimes quite expensive, equipment .

It has also been discovered that all tissuesand organs produce specific magnetic pulsa-tions, or biomagnetic fields. The traditionalelectrical recordings, such as the electrocar-diogram and electroencephalogram, are nowbeing complemented by biomagnetic record-ings, called magnetocardiograms and magne-toencephalograms. Proponents of energy

• BY PATRICK MARSOLEK

ALTERNATIVESCIENCE

Research Casts New Light on Some Very Old Emanations

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ashington’s Monument, arguablythe most enigmatic testament toAmer ica’s hope and vision for thefuture, also contains a powerful

reference to its past: “ Holiness to the Lord. Deseret,” it states , meaning ‘Holiness to the

Lord, the Honeybee.’ The word ‘Deseret’translates as Honeybee in the language of the Jaredites, a mysterious tribe that is be-lieved to have migrated to the Americasduring the time of the construction of theTower of Babel, according to Mormon tradi-tion. The existence of this peculiar dedica-tion to a bee, let alone its meaning, haslargely been forgotten; but those with eyes tosee know that it hails from a time when civil-izations that understood itscontribution flourished andthose who did not perished.

Quite simply, the bee isEarth’s most industrious polli-nator of plants and trees, avital function for sustaininglife on Earth. They also provideimportant ritualistic, medic-inal, and health food by-products, such as honey. Tounderstand the bee’s impor-tance is to appreciate how cru-cial these essent ials were—stillare—to any advanced society. When we look to the dawn of civilization and trace the ven-eration of the bee over time, only then do werealize how this diminutive creature mayrepresent the greatest lost tradition inhistory.

Incredibly, bees over 100 million years

old have been discovered in amber, frozen intime, as if immortalized in their own honey.The Greeks called amber Electron , asso-ciated with the Sun God Elector, who wasknown as the awakener , a term also given tohoney—which resembles amber—a regener-ative substance revered across the ancientworld. This association led to the bees’ illus-trious status amongst ancient man, exaltingtheir fossilized remains over the preservedvestiges of all other insects.

Prehistory is full of clues that hint at an-cient man’s obsession with bees. In the Caveof the Spider near Valencia in Spain, a15,000-year-old painting depicts a deter-

mined looking figure risking his life to ex-tract honey from a precarious, cliff-side bee-hive. Honey hunting represents one of man’searliest hunter / gatherer pursuits—its verydifficulty hinting at the genesis of the bee’sadoration in prehistory. And, of course, itwas the bee that led ancient shamans to theplants whose hallucinogens transportedtheir consciousness into the spirit world of the gods. Curiously, recent research has re-vealed that the sound of a bee’s hum hasbeen observed during moments of change inthe state of human consciousness, includingindividuals who have experienced alleged

W


• BY ANDREW GOUGH

of prehistoric satellite navigation.So, society had discovered the immense

value that bees provide, ten thousand yearsago or more, back in the mist of prehistory.As life along the River Nile evolved and Dy-nastic rule in ancient Egypt slowly devel-oped, the seeds of bee veneration h ad alreadybeen sown. But the tradition was about to beembraced like never before, or since.

The Bee Goddess in Ancient EgyptEgyptologists, such as David Rohl, believe

that Sumerian culture migrated across theEastern Egyptian Desert and into the NileValley. This desolate expanse of Wadis is re-nowned for its pre-dynastic rock art de-picting exalted-looking figures with exagger-

ated plume-like decorations. The unusuallines extending upwards from the main fig-ures’ heads recall the antenna of the beewhile hinting at the shape of the plumes thatwould characterize the headdress of Egyp-tian Kingship for thousands of years tocome. The images also depict the DancingGoddess motif, a woman with her handsbowed over her head just as the ‘dancing’ beeGoddess had been depicted in Sumerian andCentral European reliefs thousands of yearsearlier. The icon is widespread in Egyptianmythology and appears to have originatedfrom an understanding of the bee’s uniqueability to communicate through ‘dance.’

Another clue to the bee’s artistic influ-ence can be found in ceremonial Egyptiandress, which has certain stylistic similaritieswith the bee, namely the headdress, ornemes, which consists of alternating yellowand dark horizontal stripes. This visual syn-chronicity is discernible in many reliefs andsculptures but is perhaps best illustrated inthe death mask of the 18th Dynasty Pharaoh,Tutankhamen, which famously depicts thePharaoh adorned in alternating black andyellow stripes or bands, just like a bee.

ANCIENTWISDOM Today’s Threat tothe Honey Bee—

a Reminder of Forgotten Wisdom?

Today’s Threat tothe Honey Bee—








UFO abductions, apparitions,and near death experiences.

Was this phenomenon knownby the ancients and believed tohave been one of the elementsthat made the bee special?

Honey Huntin g in SpainIn Anatolia, a 10,000-year-

old statue of the Mother God-dess adorned in a yellow and orange Beehive-style tiara has led scholars to the conclusionthat the Mother Goddess had begun tomorph into the Queen Bee, or bee goddess,around this time. At the Neolithic settlementof Catal Huyuk, rudimentary images of beesdating to 6540 BC are painted above the

head of a Goddess in the form of a halo; andbeehives are stylistically portrayed on thewalls of sacred temples. Not surprisingly, itwas the Sumerians who soon emerged as theforefathers of organized bee keeping. Meso-potamia—modern day Iraq—flourished fromthe early sixth century BC and is known asthe cradle of civilization; and it is here thatthe Sumerians invented Apitherapy , or themedical use of bee products such as honey,pollen, royal jelly, propolis, and venom.

Sumerian reliefs depicting the adorationof extraordinary winged figures have oftenbeen interpreted by alternative historywriters as proof of extraterrestrial interven-

tion. In the context of the benefits of bee-keeping, it is more likely they depict th e ven-eration of bees. Significantly, the Sumerianimages gave rise to the dancing goddessmotif, a female dancer with her arms archedover her head that scholars believe repre-sents a bee goddess priestess or shaman. Themotif, which would become central to Egyp-tian symbolism, appears to allude to thebee’s unique ability to communicate throughdance, the waggle dance as it is known, orthe ability to locate food up to three milesfrom home and return to communicate itswhereabouts to the hive through dance, sort

Honey Hunting

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he order of the Knights Templarwould survive for less than two cen-turies. In the period between 1108and 1307 it would have a spectacular

rise and a devastating fall. The order’s historyis based equally on legend and fact, in partbecause the order wanted it that way. Manyof the order’s secrets remain as secrets eventoday. Written records remain concealed;others have been destroyed; but still othersremain in plain sight for those who under-stand enough to recognize what they actually

mean.One of these secrets left in plain sight is

the depiction of maize and aloe carved instone in Rosslyn Chapel. The journey of SirHenry Sinclair to the New World in 1398 canaccount for the depiction of maize, a corn va-riety known to Native American peoples inNew England [See “Return to Oak Island,” A.R. #76]. Aloe, however, is a product grownmuch further south. While aloe itself couldcome from Africa’s tropics, the aloe cactus isdistinctly American and originates far sout hof New England where Sir Henry left hismark.

T

The Baptism ofJesus, Leonardo

da Vinci

UNTOLDHISTORY

• BY STEVEN SORACould the Templars have reached

Mexico? There is much evidence from theSpanish explorer Hernando Cortes that theAztecs and the Templars had some commonhistory. The Aztec civilization, like that of the Templars, also had only a brief history.Compared to the other ancient peoples of Mexico and Peru, the Aztecs were modern.Despite the historical portrayal that com-pares them to the Mayans and Incas, like theTemplars, their power lasted for only for twocenturies. The Aztecs then encoun tered theSpanish who ended their control. Aztecpower lasted for a much shorter period than

that of either the Incas or the Mayans. Coin-cidentally, the rise of the Aztecs occurred atthe same time as the demise of the Templarorder in Europe. Or was it merecoincidence?

Our knowledge of the Aztecs was substan-tially reduced by the Spanish Catholicbishops who destroyed as much of the Aztecliteratu re as could be found. Bishop Diego deLanda would record that the Spanish found alarge number of books. Since the bishopscould not read them they decided it was allsuperstition—the work of the devil—andburned them.

All of Mexicoshared bound

books of bark andskins, and pos-

sibly three orfour survived.

The so-called Madrid codex is decorated andinscribed on both sides of all 56 pages whichgave instructions for raising crops, rain-making, beekeeping, weaving, and hunting.

All of Mexico shared a calendar as well.That calendar was much more accurate thanEurope’s Gregorian. The natives were adeptat mathematics and possessed the use of the

zero that Europeans had somehow missed.They were watchers of the sky and reveredVenus as much as the Egyptians had. TheTemplar Knights, also had kept their secretshidden, not from the illiterate populace, butfrom th e Church.

Mexico had first been populated mostlyby Mayans who peaceably farmed thesouthern regions of that country and otherareas in Central Amer ica. Around 1200 BCthey met up with the cultu re historians label“Olmec,” whose origin has never been ex-plained. The Olmec may have been the firstcivilizing force to elevate an agriculturally

Were the Spanish Conquistadorsthe First Europeans to

Meet the Aztecsor Not?


HernanCortes

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s there, flowing across the world, asingle planetary energy system, long for-gotten t o modern humanity? And hereand th ere along the energy pathways, did

a prehistoric global civilization once tap intoits power by building vast transmission andreceiving stations, using various forms of monumental architecture?

Have today’s historians been so out of touch with the obvious interconnections of all of these remains that they have tried toexplain the silent sentinel ruins as nothingmore than “primitive” construction projectshaving little meaning or purpose beyond lo-calized superstit ious needs?

Were such mysterious sites as Stone-henge in England, or Machu Picchu in Peru,or the Pyramids of the Sun and Moon nearMexico City, or the megaliths of Malta, or thestone heads of Easter Island, or SerpentMound in Ohio, or thousands upon thou-sands of other structures scattered across theglobe, simply a matter of chance arrange-

ment or design? Have the modern theories,whatever they may be, fallen far short of ex-plaining what really once was?

Is it true that these great monumentaledifices were deliberately fixed into the geo-metric configuration of an “enchanted” en-ergy landscape? And did they together createa gigantic, intricate, web-like pattern, themeaning and purpose of which has defied themost scholarly of modern archaeologists andhistorians to fully explain? What is themissing element that interlinks everythinginto a single fabric and weave, of which theprehistoric linear patterns among the silentstructures are but th e threads?

IIs there a universal energy source, once

known but lost to us today which springs,from the Earth? Was it distributed along thesacred lines and pathways and broadcast outof the temples situated at the focal points?Is this the mythic hidden “power” of magicand healing at one time shared by everyone,in a forgotten golden age in the distantpast? How was such a system lost, and can itbe understood and restored again today?

Several leading, modern researchers inthe fields of ancient mysteries and earth en-ergies have gleaned from ancient sourceswhat may be new answers to these ques-tions regarding the true nature of the planetand its power systems, as well as how thesehave effected not only climatic and geologicchanges in the Earth, but also significantphysical-emotional-mental-spiritual trans-formations among peoples and nations.

What is also being realized is that on-going shifts and alterations in personal andplanetary energy fields have subtle yet pro-

found influences on world events. Only aswe can learn more concerning earth ener-gies—how they were once used and can berediscovered again today—will we find animportant key to the potential directions of the future.

Memor ies of a Broken Web of P ower

Among ancient and modern indigenouspeoples the world over are very similar tra-ditions of earth energy patterns and howthey were once utilized. In England, align-ments among standing stones and stone cir-cles are called leys, along which flowed thelife force that fertilized the landscape. In

Ireland they are remembered as fairy pathsand in Germany as holy lines. The Greeksknew them as the Sacred Roads of Hermes,while the ancient Egyptians regarded themas the Pathways of Mim .

The Chinese today still measure theLung Mei or “dragon currents” which affectthe balance of the land, as practiced throughthe ancient art of feng shui. Much in thesame fashion as the application of acupunc-ture needles in Chinese medicine helps theflow of Chi or life force in the human body,so the placement of pagodas, stones, trees,temples, and houses in the environment wasregarded as a way to “heal” the earth.

Likewise, the Native Australians still goon walkabouts or pilgrimages down theirdream paths, crisscrossing the desert in aneffort to seasonally reenergize the life cen-ters of the region. They work with boardscalled Turingas which map out the dreamlines; and by meditating on them, they areable to predict the approach of storms and

the location of game animals as they interactwith the line systems.

The old Polynesians spoke of using the telapa or “lines of light” flowing in the oceanas a method of navigation. The stone headsof Easter Island and the sacred Ahu plat-forms of Hawaii were so positioned as to re-ceive their mane or life power along akathreads from over the watery horizons.

When the Spanish conquistadors enteredPeru in the sixteenth century, they foundthe entire Inca Empire organized aroundwacas or sacred centers situated along ceque

ALTERNATIVESCIENCE

A Broken Web of Power May Be Our Legacy

from the Distant Past








from the Distant Past • BY JOSEPH ROBERT JOCHMANS, Lit .D.• BY JOSEPH ROBERT JOCHMANS, Lit .D.


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UNTOLDHISTORY

Bust ofHenrySinclair

To: President Dwight D.EisenhowerFrom: Charles H. Hapgood

Professor of History

Re: THE PIRI RElS WORLD MAPOF 1513 AND THE LOST MAP OFCOLUMBUS

Memorandum

For several centuries scholarshave been searching for the lost mapof Christopher Columbus. The map isreferred to by Columbus’ contempo-raries, and by the historian Las

Casas, as one he used to navigate byto the New World.In 1929 a map was discovered in

the former Imperial Palace (The Sera-glio) in Constantinople, authored bya Turkish admiral of the 16th Cen-tury, Piri Reis. In the inscriptionswritten on this map the author statesthat the western part, showing theAmerican coasts, was copied from amap that had been in the possessionof Christopher Columbus, but whichhad fallen into the hands of Piri Reiswith the booty seized from eightSpanish ships captured by him in abattle off the coast of Valencia in

1501 or 1508.The Piri Reis map (a copy ofwhich accompanies this memo-randum) attracted the attention ofPresident Kemal Ataturk, and of theAmerican Secretary of State, HenryStimson, who, in 1932, asked theTurkish Government for a color fac-simile of the map, and for a search ofTurkish archives and collections tosee if the lost map of Columbusmight not be found. The facsimile ofthe map now hangs in the Map Divi-sion of the Library of Congress, butthe original Piri Reis worked from—Columbus’ own map (or a copy of

it)— was never found.We now have excellent reason tobelieve that the original map still ex-ists, and in the Spanish archives! Thereason that t his map has remained solong undiscovered appears to be,simply, that it is very different fromthe other contemporary maps and isnot at all what scholars would expectto find in a map of Columbus. It isnot a map Columbus himself made,but one he found in the Old World. Itshould resemble the western side ofthe Piri Reis map, if it can be found.Evidence of it s present w hereabouts

A 19 6 0 M emo to Pr esident Eisenhower Aimedat Locating the “ Lost W or ld M ap of Columbus”

Mallery’s statement was correct, but,desiring the most authoritative

checking of our conclu-sions, we submitted thedata to the cartographicstaff of the Strategic Air

Command. I attach a letterfrom Col. Harold Z. Ohl-

meyer, Commander of the8th Reconnaissance Tech-

nical Squadron, SAC, inconfirmation. Needless to

say this is a matter of enor-mous importance for car-tography and for history.

The Antarctic ice cap is atpresent one mile thick overthe areas shown on the Piri

Reis Map. Consultat ions

with geological specialistshave indicated beyondquestion the truth t hat the

data on the map is manythousands of years old. It

seems that the Antarctic icecap covered the queen

Maud Land coast not laterthan 6,000 years ago. The

map information must havebeen obtained earlier, either

by the Phoenicians or bysome earlier (and unknown)people.

If the Columbus mapcan now be found we shall

learn whether it containedthe Antarctic data, orwhether Piri Reis used an-

other source map. If theColumbus map did contain

the data, then we willknow he found the map inEurope, and that therefore

he had a good idea ofwhere he was going.

We have found, in ourlong study of the Piri Reismap, a number of errors

which explain, in ouropinion, Columbus’ confu-

sion as to whether Cuba was

the mainland, and his underes-timate of the distance toAmerica.

The most important step atthe present time is to push the

search in Spain for the map thatwas on the replica of the Santa

Maria during the summer of1893. Success in this search willmake it possible to rewrite, in afundamental way, the history of

the Discovery of America.

Very sincerely yours,Charles H. Hapgood

Keene Teachers College

Here, Verbatim, Is the Message Which Revived a Centuries-Old Quest


came to me through my oldfriend and scientific collabo-rator, James H. Campbell,who, together with his father,a professional geographer,actually saw t his map in1893. I am enclosing a sep-arate account of this inci-dent in Mr. Campbell’s ownwords. It seems that in1893, at the time of the Co-lumbian Exposition at Chi-cago, the Spanish Govern-ment built and sent toAmerica replicas of Co-lumbus’ three ships. The

caravels were sailedacross the Atlant ic, andthrough the Great Lakesto Chicago. It was therethat Mr. Campbell andhis father were invited,as he describes in detail,to see Columbus’ ownmap in the chart room ofthe Santa Maria!

In addition to the im-portant purpose ofclearing up many mysteriesrelating t o the Discovery ofAmerica, we have anotherpurpose in asking that a

search be made for themap now. Studies of themap by various scholarshave shown that it con-tains many details thatwere not known to geog-raphers in 1513. Theseindicate that the mapmust descend from mapsmade in very ancienttimes, and that naviga-tors (possibly of Phoeni-cian origin) discoveredand explored thecoasts or Americas per-haps a millennium be-

fore the Christian era.This, of course, tendsto give support to thetradition that Co-lumbus brought a mapfrom the Old World. Itseems thatColumbus left the OldWorld with quite agood map of America in his pocket!

The most remarkable detail of thePiri Reis map indicating its enormousage was pointed out by Captain Ar-lington H. Mallory some years ago.He stated that the lower part of this

map showed the sub-glacial topog-raphy of Queen Maud Land, Antarc-tica, and the Palmer Peninsula. Afterfour years of study of the map wecame to recognize that Captain

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rofessor Charles Hapgood’s memogot the President’s attention. He in-structed the American Ambassadorto Spain to use his influence to find

the ancient map that Columbus had onboard during his historic 1492 voyage acrossthe Atlantic.

Hapgood was seeking the holy grail of an-cient maps, the so-called mappa mundusthought to be the original map of the world.He believed the Piri Reis map was but a frag-ment of this much older complete and accu-rate document that predated the Age of Eu-ropean Discovery.

In November 1929, Halil Edhem, the Di-rector of Turkey’s National Museum, washunched over his solitary task of classifyingdocuments. He pulled towards him a mapdrawn on Roe deer skin. As Halil opened thechart to its full dimensions (two feet by threefeet wide or 60 X 90 cm) he was surprised byhow much of the New World was depicted ona map dated 1513.

P

Christopher Columbus(Painting by Carl von Piloty)

Did Charles Hapgood Enlist President Eisenhower in a Wild Goose Chase or Was It Something Much

More Astonishing?

ThePiriReisMapof 1513

• BY RAND & ROSE FLEM-ATH


drawings. In 1513 he created his famousmap. He relied on older source maps—including charts captured from ChristopherColumbus when the Turks raided one of hisships before the crew had a chance to throwthe charts overboard.

A Columbu s Contr oversyThe general public first learned of the

map’s existence in the 27 February 1932issue of the Illustrated London News. The ar-ticle, entitled, “A Columbus Controversy: America—And Two Atlantic Charts,” notedthat: ... Columbus got little further than the

mouth of the Orinoco, in Venezuela, in his voyage along the coast of South America in1498, so that the stretches of the South American coast given in the Piri Reis’s chartmust have been copied from other sources.

In the July 23 edition of the magazine, Akcura Yusuf , President of the Turkish His-torical Research Society, wrote a more de-tailed account.

“Piri Reis himself explains, in one of themarginal notes on his map, how he preparedit:

This section explains the way the map wasprepared. It is the only chart of its kind ex-isting now. I, personally, drew and prepared

it. In preparing the map I used about twentyold charts and eight Mappa Monde (i.e. thecharts called Jaferiye by the Arabs, and pre-pared at the time of Alexander the Great, in which the whole inhabited world is shown);the charts of the West Indies; and the newmaps made by four Portuguese, showing theSind, Indian, and Chinese Seas geometricallyrepresented. I also studied the chart thatChristopher Columbus drew for the West. Byreducing all these charts to a single scale, Icompiled the present map. My map is as

The document was the legacy of a pirateturned Turkish Admiral, Piri Reis (circa1470-1554). He was born in Gallipoli, a navalbase on the Marmara Sea and was thenephew of Kemal Reis, a pirate who had rein- vented himself as a Turkish Admiral adven-turer who made his name in naval warfare.Piri Reis sailed with his famous uncle from1487 to 1493. It was during these voyagesthat he was introduced to the lucrative spoilsof piracy. The fleet fought pirates and cap-tured and plundered enemy ships. In 1495,Kemal Reis’ skill in the art of battle earnedhim an invitation to join the ImperialTurkish Fleet. His nephew accompanied himto his new assignment.

The pirates had transformed into respect-able Admirals.

After Kemal was killed during a navalbattle in 1502, Piri Reis turned his back onthe seafaring life and began a second careeras a map maker. A perfectionist—Piri Reis would not tolerate the slightest error in his

The Secr et Sear ch for t he

Missing Map of Columbus









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cholars, convinced our continent washermetically sealed off from the out-side world before the arrival of Chris-topher Columbus, have been struck a

heavy blow. A map long branded a hoax, be-cause it indicates European awareness of America prior to 1492, has been found to begenuinely pre-Columbian.

Last July, world-class experts in docu-ment authentication at the Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts presented the results of their study at Copenhagen’s InternationalConference on the History of Cartography. According to Rene Larsen, director of theSchool of Conservation, “We have so farfound no reason to believe that the VinlandMap is the result of a modern forgery. All thetests that we have done over the past five years—on the materials and other aspects —do not show any signs of fraud.”

The document in question does far morethan prove old-world Europeans beat Co-

S

• BY FRANK JOSEPH


LOSTHISTORY

The Vinland Map Is for Real New Study Makes the Case that the Vikings Were Here Before Columbuslumbus across the Atlantic Ocean. Bound ina mid-15th Century history of the Mongols,the so-called “Vinland Map” was re-drawnfrom a two-hundred-year older compilationof several, earlier maps indicating extensiveknowledge of what is now the eastern UnitedStates going back a thousand years. The landmass portrayed farthest to the left, identifiedas Vinilanda Insula, encompasses an areafrom Maine in the north to the Carolinas in

the south; from the Atlantic Seaboard to theSusquehanna River in central Pennsylvania.

Although compressed—directions, as well as some proportions, are skewered—details are less distorted than geographicallycorrect. An overlay of the Vinland sectionforms a template for virtually every twist andturn of Maine’s northern boundary at theSaint John River, just as the east coast downto Charleston, South Carolina, is clearly de-fined. Chesapeake Bay, undiscovered until1586, and Lake Ontario, first visited byJesuit missionaries seventy-five years later,are explicitly portrayed. The large region

represented here must have been experi-enced by many Norse explorers over a pro-tracted period of time. No single discoverercould have undertaken such extensive jour-neys during the course of one lifetime. More-over, the strange combination of dispropor-tion and accuracy does indeed suggest a latercompilation of many maps made by differenttravelers on separate journeys over time. Ananonymous medieval cartographer endeav-

ored to combine them into a single map en-compassing all areas of North America ex-plored and known from 1000 AD.

The creation of these individual maps alsoimplies that relations between Scandinavian visitors and tribal native Americans must nothave been as contentious as some Nordicsagas have portrayed them. History recordsthat the Vikings were as adept at commerceas they were at war, and more commonly en-gaged in trade than pillage. The geographicalinformation that went into the Vinland Map

Vinland Map

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http://www.atlantisrising.com/mm5/merchant.mvc?Screen=CTGY&Store_Code=AR&Category_Code=magcd

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