75217422 respiration chapter 7 biology form 4
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RESPIRATION
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LEARNING OUTCOMES:
State that all living processes require energy
Identify the main substrate for producing energy
State 2 types of respiration Explain what cellular respiration is
Explain energy production from glucose during
the process ofaerobic respiration
State the conditions leading to anaerobicrespiration in cells
Explain the process ofanaerobic respiration in
yeast and human muscles
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LEARNING OUTCOMES.
Write the chemical equations for aerobic and
anaerobic respiration
Compare and contrast aerobic respiration andanaerobic respiration
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1. Respiration is important living process that
occurs in 2 main stages:
a) External respiration / breathing
b) Internal respiration / cellular respiration
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2. External respiration ??
Is a mechanical process of taking air intothe lungs and vise versa
3. Internal respiration ??
Is a biochemical process that occurs inliving cells to release energy in the form ofATP
4. Respiration is a process to obtain energy byorganisms / living things
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5. All living processs that take place in the
body
6. Required energy for ???
muscular contraction active transport of biochemical
substances
transmission of nerve impulse
synthesis proteins
cell division
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7. Main substrate produce ATP is GLUCOSE
8. Green plants capture & store energy of
sunlight in GLUCOSE through photosynthesis
9. For human and animals, GLUCOSE obtainedfrom digestion of Carbohydrate
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1. Is the process of oxidising glucose
molecules to CO2, water and energy in form
of ATP
2. Energy is released during cellularrespiration.
3. 2 types of cellular respiration:
AEROBIC RESPIRATION
ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION
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Require O2
Chemical equation:
C6H12O6 + 6O2
6CO2 +6H2O + E Occurs in mitochondria (muscle)
Most of energy released,used to synthesise ATP
from ADP and phosphate.
ADP + phosphate + energy ATP
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ATP, consists of phosphate bond can easily
broken down to release energy when required by
the body
ATP ADP + phosphate + energy
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Not require O2
During vigorous activities such as running,
swimming and cycling we need more O2 to be
delivered to the muscle cells to produce more
energy
When the muscle cells used all the available O2
supply, muscle cells carry out anaerobic
respiration
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Anaerobic respiration is a process used to
produce energy stored in glucose without using
O2.
Occurs in cytoplasm
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Prolonged physical activities such as running, rate of
respiration and rate of heartbeat increase
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Muscles are in a state of oxygen deficiency or
oxygen debt
So glucose molecules breakdown partially to
lactic acid
Due to incomplete breakdown of glucose, energy
released is much less compared aerobic
respiration. WHY??
Most of energy is still trapped within the
molecules of lactic acid
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Chemical equation for anaerobic respiration:
For every glucose molecules, only 2 ATP or 150
KJ of energy produced compared to 38 ATP or
2889 KJ energy produced in aerobic respiration
C6H12O6 2C3O6O3 + ENERGY (150 KJ / 2 ATP )
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High conc of lactic acid may cause muscular
cramps and fatique So body need rest and recover by doing fast and
deep breathing.
Excess O2 is used to oxidized lactic acid to CO2
and water. Oxidation takes place in liver. Thus, oxygen demand is the amount of oxygen
needed to recover the lactic acid.
Oxygen debt is paid off when all the lactic acid
eliminated
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Yeast is able to undergo both aerobic and
anaerobic respiration It carries out aerobic respiration in the presence
of O2
Yeast carried out anaerobic respiration when
there is a lack of O2 in the environment Anaerobic respiration in yeast is known as
fermentation
Yeast ferments in warm condition to produce
CO2
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CO2 bubbles are trapped in the dough and when
baked, the CO2 bubbles give the bread a spongytexture
This anaerobic reaction catalysed by enzyme
zymase.
Ethanol can be used in wine and beer production
C6H12O6 2C2O5OH+ 2 CO2 + ENERGY (210 KJ)
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SIMILARITIES
Form cellular respiration
Produce oxidation of glucose
Involve in breakdown of glucose
Produces energy
Catalysed by enzymes
Occurs in animals amd plants
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DIFFERENCES
AEROBIC
RESPIRATION
ITEMS ANAEROBIC
RESPIRATION
Almost every living
things
Work by Certain plant cell ,yeast , bacteria and
muscle
Required Oxygen requirement Not required
Complete oxidation Oxidation of glucose Incomplete oxidation
CO2 , water and
energy
Product Lactic acid & energy(muscle)
Ethanol , CO2 &
energy (yeast)
Large amount Energy released Small amount
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DIFFERENCES
AEROBIC
RESPIRATION
ITEMS ANAEROBIC
RESPIRATIONMitochondria Site Cytoplasm
C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2+ 6H2O + 2898 KJ
Chemical equation In muscle cellC6H12O6 2C3H6O3 +
150 KJ
In yeastC6H12O6 2C2H5OH
+2CO2 + 210 KJ
38 molecules No of ATP 2 molecules
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LEARNING OUTCOMES:
State the respiratory structures in humans and
some animals
Describe the characteristics of respiratory
surfaces in humans and other organisms
Describe breathing mechanisms in human and
other organisms
Compare and contrast the human respiratory
system with other organisms
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1. Respiratory structures involve in gaseous
exchange:
a) Across plasma membrane
b) Tracheal system - insects
c) Gills - fish
d) Skin
e) Lungs
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2. To ensure adequate gaseous exchange,
respiratory structures of most organisms
have common characteristics:
a) The respiratory surface is moist
b) Cells lining the respiratory surface are thin
c) Respiratory structures has a large surface
area
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Small aquatic organisms such as amoeba and
paramecium does not require specialized
respiratory system
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The respiration of amoeba and paramecium
occurs across the plasma membrane.
Plasma membrane is moist and thin enough
to allow diffusion of gases
Diffusion of gases take place easily because
amoeba and paramecium have a large
surface area compared to the volume of
their bodies
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1. Respiratory system of insects is tracheal
system.
2. Tracheal system of insect consists of
spiracle, trachea, air sac and tracheoles
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3. Tracheal system consists of air tubes called
tracheae
4. Air enters the tracheae through spiracles
5. Spiracles have valves which allow air, go in and
out of the body
6. Tracheae reinforced with rings of chitin which
prevent them from collapsing
7. Trachea split into numerous finer tubes called
tracheoles
8. Large number of tracheoles provides large
surface area for diffusion of gases
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9. Tracheoles :
So tiny, can channel O2 directly to the cells
in the different parts of body
Are numerous , increase total surface area
Have thin and moist wall at the end of tip ,make it easy for respiratory gases to be
dissolved
10. Larger insects like grasshoppers have air sacs
in their tracheal system to speed up movement
of gases to and from the insects tissue
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1. Amphibians such as frog live on land and in
water
2. Gaseous exchange occur through skin and lungs
3. Adaptation of the skin for gaseous exchange:
o
skin is thin and highly permeable allow theabsorption of respiratory gases into the blood
capillaries
o beneath the skin is a network of blood
capillaries to receive O2 and transport it to
body cells
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o skin is moist by secretion of mucus
facilitate rapid and efficient exchange of gases
between the skin and the environment
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4. Adaptation ofthe lung for gaseous exchange:
Surface area for gases exchange is increased by
numerous inner partition facilitate the
efficient diffusion of respiratory gases in and
out rapidly
Covered with a rich network of blood
capillaries to receive O2 and transport it to
body cells
Membrane of the lungs are thin and moist
Increase the surface area for gases exchange
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1. Respiratory structures of fish gills
2. Bony fish hv 4 pairs of gills which are protected
by operculum
3. Gill consist of filaments which supported by gill
arch
4. Filament s hv a thin
wall called lamellae
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1. Structural adaptation of the gills:
Thin membranes allow the absorption of
respiratory gases into the blood capillaries
Rich of blood capillaries efficient and
transport of respiratory gases
Surrounded by water enable respiratory
gases to be dissolve
Large surface area of filaments andlamellae for efficient gases exchange
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2. Efficiency of gaseous exchange is further enhanced
by countercurrent exchange mechanism
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Water flows over the gills in one direction
Blood flows in the opposite direction through blood
capillaries in the lamellae
As deoxygenated blood enters the blood capillaries,
it encounters water with higher O2 content
Along the blood capillaries, conc gradient allows
the transfer of O2 into the blood
However, conc of CO2 in blood is hingher than in
water. So CO2 diffused from blood into water
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1. Gaseous exchange in humans take place in the lungs
2. Air enters lungs through :
trachea
bronchi
bronchioles
alveoli3. Trachea is supported by cartilage to prevent it from collapse
during inhalation
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A large number of alveoli in the lungs increase
the surface area for exchange of gases
Walls are made up of a single layer of cells
gases can diffuse easily across the thin walls
Walls secrete a thin lining of moisture gases can
dissolve in moisture and diffuse easily across
walls
Surrounded by a network of blood capillaries
can transport O2 to and CO2 away from the cells
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INHALATION EXHALATION
External intercostal muscles
contract
External intercostal muscles relax
Internal intercostal muscles relax Internal intercostal muscles contract
Rib cage move upwards andoutwards Rib cage move downwards andinwards
Diaphragm contracts and flattens Diaphragm relaxes and returns to
dome-shaped
Volume of thoracic cavity increase
resulting in reduced air pressure in
alveoli
Volume of thoracic cavity decrease
resulting in higher air pressure in
alveoli
Higher atmospheric pressure outside
causes air to rush in
Air is force out of lungs
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SIMILARITIES 1. Have large surface area to volume ratio
2. Cells lining the respiratory structures are thin
3. The surfaces for gaseous exchange are constantly moist
DIFFERENCESRespiratory organ
Network of blood capillaries
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Respiratory openings
p
Air passages
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LEARNING OUTCOMES:
Describe process of gaseous exchange across the
surface of alveolus and blood capillaries in lungs
Explain the transport of respiratory gaseous
Explain process of gaseous exchange between the
blood and body cells
Distinguish the composition of inhaled andexhaled air
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a) Transport of O2 from lungs to body cell
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a) Transport of CO2 from body cells to lungs
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LEARNING OUTCOMES:
Describe the change in the rate of respiration
after completing vigorous exercises
Correlate the rate of respiration with the O2 and
CO2 contents in the body
Explain regulatory mechanism of O2 and CO2
contents in the body
Explain human respiratory response and the rate
of respiration in different situations Correlate the rate of respiration with the rate of
heartbeat
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1. During vigorous exercise, muscles require more O2 andglucose to release E during cellular respiration. So, rate of
respiration increase.
2. Thus, to supply more O2, rate and depth of breathing
increase.
3. At the same time, the heartbeat increase to pump more blood
into circulation.
o this enable more O2 and glucose to be supplied for cellularrespiration and more CO2 removed from the cells.
o rate of ventilation increase.rate of ventilation is the rate
of gaseous exchange between alveoli and blood capillaries
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Ph value in the cerebrospinal fluid and blood drops
Detected by CENTRAL CHEMORECEPTORS
##respiratory centre is located inmedula oblongata
## central chemoreceptor is aspecific cell which is found in therespiratory centre
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Plant require energy from cellular respiration
During cellular respiration, plant cells take inO2 and produce CO2.
Photosynthesis only occur in the presence of
light.
In darkness, plants carry out respiration.
Plants need energy continuously to sustain
their living process
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1. Types of respiration in plants :
a) aerobic respiration
b) anaerobic respiration
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1. The similarities of photosynthesis and respiration are:
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1. The differences of photosynthesis and respiration are:
Graph shows CO2 uptake in plants related to light intensity
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Graph shows CO2 uptake in plants related to light intensity
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