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After School Science and Technology

In-SchoolField Trips!

Summer Camps!Club SciKidz is the best place

under the sun for extraordinary summers!

Fun Topics Stimulate Students’ ImaginationTrained, Highly Quali�ed InstructorsConvenient Online RegistrationParental InvolvementHands-on Experiments

A fun, new way for each student to receive their own science lab in a box!

Featuring...

MINI LABClub SciKidz

MINI LABClub SciKidz

90-minute workshops connected to the New Generation National

Science Standards

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Vocabulary Words to KnowDrag is the force that acts in the opposite direction of motion. An example is putting your hand out of a car window or walking in the direction of strong winds. The feeling of your hand or body being pushed back while you try and move forward is drag. When applied to an aircraft in �ight, drag is measured parallel to the direction of air�ow. Fluid a substance (gas or liquid) that has no �xed shape and yields easily to changes in temperature and pressure.Lift is the key aerodynamic force that opposes weight and helps keep an aircraft in the air. Lift acts perpendicular to the direction of motion. When a plane �ies level, the lift equals the weight of the plane.Pressure is the force exerted upon a given area by the weight of the surrounding air.Thrust is the force that is generated by the engines of an aircraft that push or pull an aircraft through the air. Thrust acts against the force of drag.Weight is the force that works vertically by pulling all objects toward the center of the Earth. In order to fly, an aircraft needs something (Lift) to move it in the opposite direction of gravity. The weight of an object determines the necessary lift for �ying.

Welcome to Club SciKidz/Tech Scientific!Thank you for joining us! Club SciKidz was founded on the principle that children need exciting, challenging and life impacting science and technology enrichment experiences.

Club SciKidz is committed to science education, demonstrating how science and technology work in our world by providing activities in Astronomy, Biology, Chemistry, Engineering, Robotics, Medicine, Veterinary Science, Culinary Science, Video Gaming, Programming, 3D Printing, Oceanography, Paleontology and Special Effects.

In unit, you will be challenged to design a variety of aerospace vehicles as they study Bernoulli’s Principle while using science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM).

Once you complete all of the investigations, you will use the Experimental Design process to complete the STEM Challenge!

Please visit our science blog on www.clubscikidz.com for additional experiments on this STEM topic.

Next Generation Science StandardsScience and Engineering Practices• Ask questions and define problems based on observations• Develop models to investigate solutions• Plan and execute investigation• Record, analyze, and share observations• Use evidence to construct explanations and create solutionsDisciplinary Core Ideas• Engineering designs (K-5- ETS1)• Defining engineering problems and developing solutions • Forces and InteractionsCrosscutting Concepts• Patterns• Cause and effect relationships• Scientific discoveries lead to new technologies developed through engineering design process

Lab Safety For Scientists

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Come Fly With MeInvestigate:

What is Air?..........................………………....3

Bernoulli’s Principle...….........………………...7

Give Me a Lift......................……………........10

Thrust is a Must…...............……………….....13

What a Drag!…....................……………….....16

Build Your Dream Machine……………………..18

1. Read all instructions thoroughly for any experiment.

2. Always wear eye protection.

3. Clean all equipment after use.

4. Make sure all containers are fully closed and properly stored after use.

5. Wash hands after carrying out experiments.

6. Do not use any equipment that is not listed in the materials list of each experiment.

7. Do not eat or drink in the experiment area.

8. Do not allow chemicals to come in contact with eyes or mouth.

9. If foodstuffs are prescribed in the instructions for use: Do not replace foodstu�s in the original container. Ask an adult for help if you need something from the kitchen!

10. Immediately wipe up any spilled liquids.

11. Chemicals that accidentally ge onto your skin must be rinsed o� immediately under running water.

12. Have a first aid kit nearby.

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INSTRUCTOR DEMONSTRATION

WHAT IS AIR?Air is made up of approximately 78% nitrogen molecules and 21% oxygen.. The rest is carbon dioxide, argon, neon, methane, and helium. You can’t see air but you can feel it when it is moving (for example; wind is moving air). Air is a �uid because, like water it �ows, and does not have a de�nite shape but takes the shape of whatever contains it. Air is everywhere. It �lls your house, your parents’ car, and your empty juice bottles. It may look like nothing, but air actually takes up a lot of space.

Air even has a weight! It weighs about 1.25 grams per liter, while helium weighs only 0.18 grams per liter. That is why a helium-�lled balloon �oats – because it is lighter than air!

HYPOTHESIZE: What happens when you heat the air inside a bottle and block the mouth of the bottle with a water balloon?

I hypothesize that the water balloon will…

MATERIALS:• 1 Glass Mason jar• 1 small water balloon• A small strip of paper• A lighter

PROCEDURE:• Fill up the balloon with water. The filled balloon should be a little bigger in size than the mouth of the bottle. Tie it shut.• Rub some water around the mouth of the bottle.• Have an adult help with this step: light a strip of paper on fire and put the burning strip into the bottom of the bottle.• Quickly place the water balloon on top of the bottle and observe!

I observed that the �re…

I observed that the balloon…

I think this happened because…

DID YOU KNOW?Air molecules are always moving. When you heat air molecules they move faster and vibrate. This increase in movement causes air molecules to bounce around faster creating more space between each molecule, therefore taking up even more space.

• The heat generated from the burning paper made the air inside the bottle warm.• Warm air takes up more space than cool air.• When you put the balloon on top of the bottle, the fire goes out. • Without the fire, the air cools down and takes up less room.• That makes space inside the bottle for the balloon.• The pressure of the air from outside now pushes the balloon down into the bottle.

Come Fly With MeUNIT 1

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Class & Take Home Project #1: Paper Ball and Balloon in the Bottle Challenges

HYPOTHESIZE: How difficult do you think it will be to blow a piece of paper into the bottle?

I hypothesize that the…

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PAPER BALL CHALLENGEMATERIALS: • A 16 ounce bottle• Latex balloon• 1 rubber cork• 1 straw• Small piece of paper

PROCEDURE: • Lay your bottle on its side and make sure the rubber stopper is plugging the hole.• Place a small wad of paper ball right on the edge of the bottle opening.• Now to blow the paper ball into the bottle using a straw. Did it work? Think about what we learned in this unit about air and modify the experiment.

I observed that…


Intermediate Challenge: Can you come up with at least 2 different modi�cations to the experiment that could make it easier to get the paper in the bottle?

BALLOON IN A BOTTLE CHALLENGEPROCEDURE: • Take your bottle and remove any paper balls inside. Make sure the rubber stopper is plugged into the hole.• Put a balloon into the bottle leaving the neck of the balloon outside and stretch the open neck of the balloon over the opening of the bottle (see diagram). • Now figure out how to blow the balloon inside the bottle. Were you successful? If not, explain why? Try another approach.

I observed that the balloon…


Intermediate Challenge: Can you blow a water balloon in the bottle? Draw a diagram and describe the methods you used?

Remember:• Air is all around us. Your bottle is not empty but actually filled with air. • Air molecules are in constant motion. Movement and bumping of air molecules in the bottle creates pressure. • Go ahead and try these experiments with your family and friends!

BOTTLE BALLOON

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HYPOTHESIZE: What happens when you blow into the space between two balloons?

I hypothesize that the balloons will…

MATERIALS:• 2 large balloons• 2 equal lengths of string• 1 drinking straw

PROCEDURE:• Blow up two balloons and attach a piece of string to each.• Tape strings to a table edge so that the balloons are six inches apart.• Use the straw to blow into the space between the balloons.• Vary the speed and force of the airflow and compare the results.

I observed that the balloons…

Intermediate challenge: What happens if you replace the balloons with 2 di�erent objects (for example, 2 similar rocks, or 2 soda cans)? Do you expect the same results as the balloons? Try it out!

DID YOU KNOW?The balloons came together because when you blew air more forcefully between the two suspended balloons, it created an area of low pressure.

Since the air pressure between the two balloons was not as great as the air pressure around the rest of each balloon, the balloons move toward each other because high pressure pushes toward low pressure.

THINK ABOUT IT: How did Bernoulli Principle work in these experiments?


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Bernoulli’s principle:Pressure is the force exerted by an object or fluid over a surface area. Remember that air is a fluid!

Bernoulli’s Principle states that the faster a fluid moves, the lower the pressure of the �uid. The slower a �uid moves, the greater the pressure of the �uid.

When air is still, it pushes equally down on all sides of an object). For example, if you place your pencil on a flat surface, there is equal pressure surrounding the pencil, even underneath it, therefore it does not move. If you blow a fan over the pencil, you reduce the pressure pushing down on the pencil since it is quickly moving over the surface of the pencil. The pressure underneath the pencil is now greater, causing the pencil to move.

HYPOTHESIZE: What happens when you blow into a paper tent?

I hypothesize that the tent will…

MATERIALS:• Piece of 8 ½” X 11” paper

PROCEDURE:• Fold a piece of paper (lengthwise) in half and make a paper tent.• Put your mouth up to the tent and blow through it.

I observed that the tent…

DID YOU KNOW?The tent flattens because the air moving through the inverted V has less pressure, so the higher air pressure on the outside of the paper tent �attens the paper.

Give Me a Lift:An airplane in �ight is always in the middle of a tug-of-war with four basic forces: weight, lift, thrust and drag. These forces all act upon the aircraft in di�erent directions, and �ight can only be achieved when they are balanced.

• Weight pulls a plane towards the Earth.• Lift counteracts weight by keeping the plane airborne.• Thrust moves it forward.• And drag holds it back.

INVESTIGATE: Lift is the key aerodynamic force that keeps objects in the air and opposes the weight of the aircraft.

Lift is created by the shape of the aircraft wing, which makes the air pressure above the plane’s wing less than that of the pressure below. This causes the plane to lift upward. When the lift is greater than gravity, the plane goes up.

The shape of an airplane’s wing, called an airfoil, splits the air above and below the wing. These two streams of air pass above and below at di�erent speeds, reaching the same endpoint along the trailing edge of the wing at the same time. Because the air over the top of the wing must move farther and faster to catch up, it generates less pressure. That means that the greater pressure of air underneath pushes up, creating lift!

MATERIALS:• Straw• Strips of heavy index paper• Scissors• Scotch tape

PROCEDURE:• Cut 2 strips of heavy paper. One strip should be 1/2 inch wide and 9 inches long. The second strip should be 1/2 inch wide and 7 inches long.

• Tape the ends together on both the 9-inch and the 7-inch strip of paper.

• Place the straw inside the first loop and tape it about inch from the end of the straw.

• Tape the smaller loop about 1 inch from the front of the straw making sure both loops are taped to the same side of the straw. This is very important because the planes will not �y as well if they do not sit up straight on the straw.

• If you have trouble taping the loops to the straw, you can also overlap the 9 inch strip 1 inch and tape the ends together so that a straw can slip in between the overlapped edges. Repeat these steps with the strip that is 7 inches long.

• Place your pointer finger over the back end of straw after getting the loops securely fastened to your loop airplane.

• The back end of the airplane is where the largest loop is located. Hold the straw between your thumb and another �nger.

• Push your finger forward with a quick motion to make your plane fly.

DID YOU KNOW?The arrangement of your loops creates the shape of an airfoil that generates lift. Try moving the loops closer together or further apart and see how long you can get your loop airplane to �y!

AIR PRESSURE

BLOWBLOW

NormalPressure

NormalPressure

NormalPressure

NormalPressure

NormalPressure

LOWPRESSURE

LOWPRESSURE

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Class & Take Home Project #2: Windbag

MATERIALS:• A windbag• A helper

PROCEDURE:• Pull out your windbag• Stretch the windbag out, and get a friend or family member to hold the closed end of the bag while you hold the open end.

How many breaths does it take you to blow up the windbag?

Intermediate Challenge: Can you use Bernoulli’s principle to blow the windbag with 1 breath? Where is the air in the windbag coming from?

















LIFT

LIFTAIRFOILAIRFOIL

AIR FLOW

AIR FLOW






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INVESTIGATE: Thrust is a MustThrust is the force that propels an aircraft in the direction of motion. The Wright brothers used a propeller for thrust in their original airplane. Modern planes use jet engines to create thrust.

DID YOU KNOW?First, it takes a force, or thrust, to get an airplane moving. That’s Newton’s first law at work, which states that an object at rest remains at rest while an object in motion remains in motion, unless acted upon by an external force.

HYPOTHESIZE: What happens when you change the distance between the loops?

I observed that my plane �ew furthest when the loops were…

THINK ABOUT IT:• How does the design of the plane affect lift?• What features of the plane kept it aloft the longest?• What features of the plane kept the plane from staying aloft?

INTERMEDIATE CHALLENGE: Now try to create a larger or smaller loop plane. If time permits, can you create some wings that are shaped like a square? How do these wings affect the flight of the plane?

AIRFLOWAIRFLOW

THRUSTTHRUST

MATERIALS:• Full size foam plate• Scissors• Tape• Large paper clips• Rubber bands• Non-bendable straws• Rulers

PROCEDURE:• Fold back the top 3 centimeters of the straw and insert the rubber band into the fold.• Fold the straw over the rubber band and secure the end with masking tape. This creates the launcher for the �yer.

• Cut an equilateral triangle out of the flat side of the plate. A good size to start with is 12 cm x 12 cm x 12 cm.• Tape the paper clip to the top of the foam wings. Then tape the wings to the top of the launcher so that it extends slightly over the tip.

• Hook the rubber band around the tip of your thumb and pull back on the opposite end of the flyer. Release the straw to propel the flyer.

HYPOTHESIZE: What happens to the distance your paper plane �ies when you increase the force of thrust by increasing the initial stretch of the rubber band?

I observed that my plane…
















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THINK ABOUT IT:• How does thrust affect the flight of the plane?• What other factors affected how the plane flew?• Was your flight successful or unsuccessful?• How is the thrust of your plane different from the thrust of a real plane?

INTERMEDIATE CHALLENGE: Create a plane that uses your current design and point the tips of the wings upward. How does that affect the flight of the plane?

MATERIALS:• Full size foam plate• Scissors• Tape• Large paper clips• Rubber bands• Non-bendable straws• Rulers

PROCEDURE:• Fold back the top 3 centimeters of the straw and insert the rubber band into the fold.• Fold the straw over the rubber band and secure the end with masking tape. This creates the launcher for the �yer.

• Cut an equilateral triangle out of the flat side of the plate. A good size to start with is 12 cm x 12 cm x 12 cm.• Tape the paper clip to the top of the foam wings. Then tape the wings to the top of the launcher so that it extends slightly over the tip.

• Hook the rubber band around the tip of your thumb and pull back on the opposite end of the flyer. Release the straw to propel the flyer.

HYPOTHESIZE: What happens to the distance your paper plane �ies when you increase the force of thrust by increasing the initial stretch of the rubber band?


INVESTIGATE: What a Drag!Drag is the force that that slows an object down by acting in the opposite direction of motion. In order for drag to occur, an object must be moving through some kind of fluid. For example, you may have experienced drag while walking in a swimming pool.

When a plane �ies through the sky, it also experiences drag. While in air, the plane collides with air molecules that slow its progress because it rubs against them (creating friction) and pushes them aside as it moves.

MATERIALS:• 1 plastic grocery bag with handles• 1 clothespin

PROCEDURE:• Bring the handles of a grocery bag together and secure with a clothespin.• Drop the parachute from a height with the grocery bag crumpled up.• Next, open up the parachute fully and drop it from the same height.• Observe the descent of the clothespin in both cases.

HYPOTHESIZE: Which clothespin descends slower, the one with crumbled grocery bag or the one with the opened bag? Why?



Class & Take Home STEM Challenge: Build Your Dream Machine Helicopter

PROCEDURE:• Fit the 6” hook-nose propeller snugly onto the craft stick.

• Bend the inside bent piece up from the rest of the paper clip.

• Hold the paperclip flat against the craft stick with the tip of the thumb, then tightly wrap with craft or masking tape.

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THINK ABOUT IT:• How does a parachute create drag for a falling object?• What is the direction of the “drag force” acting on a parachute?• How does drag affect the flight of an airplane?• What is the direction of the “drag force” on a horizontally flying airplane?• Would increased weight require a larger parachute? Why?

Helicopters achieve flight by spinning rotor blades shaped as airfoils at high speed. The rotor blades direct air over their curved upper surfaces and throw air beneath them, producing lift.

Although the lift produced by the rotor propels the helicopter upward, the pilot can tilt the rotor blades to make the helicopter �y in a particular direction. Although most of the lift force still points upward, some of it now also points to the front, back, left, or right, tilting the entire helicopter and pushing it in that direction.

You can create your own helicopter using a pre-fabricated propeller and rubber band propelled engine.

MATERIALS:• 6” hook-nose propeller• Craft or popsicle stick• Paper clip• 2 heavy duty rubber bands• Card-stock helicopter cutout, 6” length by 1.5” width

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WATCH OUT:• Hold the helicopter away from your face when launching.• Spinning propellers can cut your face or hand, or get caught in long hair.• Stay far away from buildings, trees and fences!

DID YOU KNOW?Energy is stored in the rubber band by winding the propeller. When released, the rubber band transfers this energy by unwinding, which turns both the propeller blade and the paper cutout.

As the propeller spins rapidly, it begins to create lift by pushing air downward. With enough energy, the helicopter will �y in whatever direction it is pointing.

THINK ABOUT IT:• Was your flight successful? Why or why not?

Try this in class or at home!• How can you change your helicopter design or launch technique to make your flight longer and/or higher?

• Here are some ideas you might want to try!

• Attach the cutout on the opposite side of the exposed paperclip - this will help ensure that the rubber band won’t rub against it.

• Tape the middle of the helicopter cutout to the craft stick.

• Stretch two rubber bands from the propeller hook to the paper clip hook.

• Twist the rubber bands until they are completely coiled, and keep going! Tension will build up until the rubber bands double up on themselves as you twist.

• To fly your helicopter, hold the top of the propeller and the bottom of the craft stick near the paperclip. You must let go of the top �rst and then the bottom within half of a second of each other. A helpful trick is to say, “top bottom,” as you let go of the top and then the bottom of the helicopter.

With practice, you can throw the helicopter as it is being released for additional height!

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