7.0 risk assessment and disaster...

Environmental Impact Assessment for Proposed Iron Ore Mine of NINL

at Sundargarh/Keonjhar Districts, Orissa

Chapter-7

Risk Assessment and Disaster Management Plan

VIMTA Labs Limited, Hyderabad C7-1

7.0 RISK ASSESSMENT AND DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLAN

7.1 Introduction

The complete mining operation shall be carried out under the management

control and direction of a qualified mine manager holding a First Class Manager’s

Certificate of competency to manage a metalliferous mine granted by the

Directorate General of Mines Safety (DGMS), Dhanbad. The DGMS have been

issuing a number of standing orders, model standing orders and circulars to be

followed by the mine management in case of disaster, if any. Moreover, mining

staff shall be sent to refresher courses from time to time to keep them alert.

However, following natural/industrial hazards may occur during normal

operations.

• Accident due to explosives;

• Accident due to heavy mining equipment; and

• Sabotage in case of magazine.

In order to take care of above hazard/disasters the following control measures

shall be adopted:

• All safety precautions and provisions of Metalliferous Mine Regulation, 1961

shall be strictly followed during all mining operations;

• Entry of unauthorized persons into mine and plant areas shall be prohibited;

• Provision of fire fighting and first-aid provisions in the mines office complex

and mining area;

• Provisions of all the safety appliances such as safety boot, helmets, goggles

ear plugs etc. shall be made available to the employees and regular check for

their use;

• Training and refresher courses for all the employees working in hazardous

premises;

• Working of mine, as per approved plans and regularly updating the mine

plans;

• Cleaning of mine faces shall be regularly done;

• Handling of explosives, charging and blasting shall be carried out by

competent persons only;

• Provision of magazine at a safe place with fencing and necessary security

arrangement;

• Regular maintenance and testing of all mining equipment as per

manufacturer’s guidelines;



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• Suppression of dust on the haulage roads;

• Adequate safety equipment shall be provided at explosive magazine; and

• Increasing the awareness of safety and disaster through competitions, posters

and other similar drives and celebrating annual safety week.

For any type of above disasters, a rescue team shall be formed by training the

mining staff with specialized training.

7.2 Identification of Hazards and Risk Assessment

There are various factors, which can cause disaster in the mines. These hazards

are as follows:

• Blasting;

• Waste Rock Dumps;

• Heavy Machinery; and ore dressing plant

• Explosives storage; and

• Fuel Storage

The mining activity has several disaster prone areas. The identification of various

hazards in open cast mining is depicted in Figure-7.1.

7.2.1 Blasting

Most of the accidents from blasting occur due to the projectiles, as they may

some times go even beyond the danger zone, mainly due to overcharging of the

shot holes as a result of certain special features of the local ground. Flying rocks

are encountered during initial and final blasting operations. Vibrations also lead to

displacement of adjoining areas. Dust and noise are also problems commonly

encountered during blasting operations.

7.2.2 Waste Rock Dumps

The waste rock dumps may cause landslides. High rock dumps created at the

quarry edge may cause sliding of the dump or may cause failure of the pit slope

due to excessive loading, thereby causing loss of life and property. Siltation of

surface water may also cause run-off from waste rock dumps.

7.2.3 Heavy Machinery

Most of the accidents during transport of dumpers, trucks, poclains, ripper dozers

and other heavy vehicles are often attributable to mechanical failures and human

errors.

7.2.4 Storage of Explosives

The explosive are planned to store a 4 Ton capacity magazine. In the proposed

mining area, the blasting operations will be carried out once or twice in a week.

The main hazard associated with the storage, transport and handling of



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explosives is fire and explosion. The Rules as per the Indian Explosive Act 1884

and Rules 2008 shall be followed strictly for handling of explosives.

The storage, transportation and use of explosives shall be carried out with

complete safety, in accordance with rules and regulations. The magazines shall be

kept guarded round the clock by security personnel. The entire magazine area

shall be fenced by high chain link with barbed wire at top. Security watchtower

and morchas will be provided for surveillance of the area around magazines. The

storage and maintaining of stock records for all the magazines shall be done by

an authorized magazine in-charge under the guidance of Blasting engineer. The

magazines will be kept under lock and key and are guarded by Security

personnel.

Suitable explosive vans duly licensed by the controller of explosives will be

utilized for daily transportation of explosives between magazine and blasting site

both for bringing and returning the explosives. Necessary foolproof arrangements

will be made for transportation/bringing of detonators in separate vehicles to the

blasting site. It will be ensured that high explosives and detonators/detonating

fuse will not be transported in the same compartment of explosive van in order to

avoid any possible accidents.

During monsoon season and cloudy weather, no charging of explosives in the

field will be carried out. Necessary precautions such as keeping the detonating

fuse properly covered with drill cuttings/stemming material will be taken during

onset of rains/stormy weather in order to prevent any possible premature firing

due to lighting.

• Type of Explosives

Types of explosives proposed to be used in mines at the proposed iron ore mines

are given below and the same will be utilized for the proposed mines;

1. Nitroglycerin based gelatinous explosive; and

2. Ammonium Nitrate Fuel Oil (ANFO).

The above explosives will be kept separately.

Storage of Explosives

The explosives will be stored in a licensed project magazines 4 T capacity

magazine, which strictly conform to the specifications laid down in Indian

Explosives Act and Rules made there under. Transportation of the explosives from

the magazines to the site of use shall be done prior to the actual charging

operation in approved licensed explosive vans.



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FIGURE-7.1

IDENTIFICATION OF HAZARDS IN OPEN CAST MINES

OPEN CAST MINE

DRILLING AND BLASTING

WASTE ROCK REMOVAL AND

DUMPING

ORE SCREENING

PLANT

EXPLOITATION OF ORE

TRANSPORTATION OF ORE TO

CRUSHING PLANT

ORE CRUSHING PLANT

LOADING PLANT

ECOLOGICAL RISK

(LAND, AIR, WATER)

DUST NOISE



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7.3 Safety Measures at the Deposit

The NINL should ensure implementation of all the possible safety measures in the

course of its endeavour to mine iron ore from the mine face. All the efforts should

be made towards enhancement of safety pays rich dividends in terms of higher

productivity and reduction of losses.

7.3.1 Mine Layout

To overcome the problem due to complex geological structure of the deposit and

to ensure safe and stable working benches, following measures shall be taken.

• The deposit shall be opened up from the top of the hill, to enable slicing

method of open cast working pattern to be followed. This ensures that there

are no left over benches above the working benches, which can cause

unstable workings;

• The benches shall be kept sufficiently wide for greater stability as well as for

easy movement of the Heavy Earth Moving Machinery; and

• The height of the benches shall be kept commensurate with the digging height

of the excavators.

7.3.2 Blasting

To ensure safe blasting the following shall be adopted.

• The use of Non Electric System of Initiation of the Blast Holes by using Excel

detonators and connectors. It ensures bottom hole initiation of the explosive

charge, thereby reducing the ground vibration and fly rock problem;

• Use of ground vibration and air blast monitoring instruments to monitor the

blasts. The instrument reveals efficiency of the blasting activity;

• Complete evacuation of the area falling within 300 m of the blast site by

sounding siren and by sending guards to avoid any exposure of the human

beings and other animals to the danger associated with blasting;

• All the blasts shall be carefully planned and executed by experienced blasters

under proper supervision of qualified and experienced mining engineers to

ensure effective utilization of the explosive material towards breaking of the

rock;

• The explosive material shall be stored properly in an approved magazine, and

shall be guarded by security personnel round the clock; and

• No secondary blasting is envisaged. All the big boulders shall be broken using

a Hydraulic Rock Breaker, thereby eliminating the risk of flying fragments

associated with secondary blasting.



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7.3.3 Ripping and Dozing

The Dozers shall be utilized especially to excavate mineral from the areas having

close proximity to structures, likely to be affected by blasting. This machine

completely minimizes the blasting activity, thereby ensuring safety at the critical

locations.

7.3.4 Transport of Mineral

To ensure safe working of the rear dump trucks, which transport the mineral from

the quarry to the crusher, following measures shall be taken:

• The haul roads shall be kept sufficiently wide to ensure free and easy

movement;

• The curves on the roads shall be given proper super elevation;

• Drains along the roads shall be designed to carry away rainwater without

causing damage to the road;

• The valley side of the road shall be clearly demarcated either by erecting

stone walls or by fixation of drums; and

• Proper illumination of the roads shall be done to facilitate work in the night

hours.

7.4 Identification of Major Hazardous Units

7.4.1 Classification of Major Hazardous Substance

Hazardous substances may be classified into three main classes: Flammable

substances, Unstable substances and Toxic substances. The ratings for a large

number of chemicals based on flammability, reactivity and toxicity have been given

in NFPA Codes 49 and 345 M. The details of the fuel storages in the proposed mine

is given in Table-7.1. Hazardous characteristics of the major flammable materials

and chemicals that are employed in different processes are listed in Table-7.2.

TABLE-7.1

CATEGORYWISE SCHEDULE OF PROPOSED STORAGE TANKS

Sr.

No

Product No. of

Tanks

Classification Design Capacity

(KL)

1 HSD 1 B 20 A: Dangerous Petroleum B: Non- Dangerous Petroleum C: Heavy Petroleum



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TABLE-7.2

PROPERTIES OF FUELS/CHEMICALS USED AT MINES

Chemical Codes/Label TLV FBP MP FP UEL LEL

°C %

HSD Flammable

liquid

5 mg/m3 369 -- 32 7.5 0.6

TLV : Threshold Limit Value FBP : Final Boiling Point

MP : Melting Point FP : Flash Point

UEL : Upper Explosive Limit LEL : Lower Explosive Limit

7.4.2 Identification of Major Hazard Installations Based on GOI Rules, 1989 (amended in

2000)

Following accidents in the chemical industry in India over a few decades, a specific

legislation covering major hazard activities has been enforced by Govt. of India in

1989 in conjunction with Environment Protection Act, 1986. This is referred here as

GOI rules 1989 (amended in 2000). For the purpose of identifying major hazard

installations the rules employ certain criteria based on toxic, flammable and

explosive properties of chemicals.

A systematic analysis of the fuels and their quantities of storage has been carried

out, to determine threshold quantities as notified by GOI Rules and the applicable

rules are identified. The results are summarized in Table-7.3.

TABLE-7.3

APPLICABILITY OF GOI RULES TO FUEL/CHEMICAL STORAGE

Threshold Quantity (T)

for Application of

Rules

Sr.

No.

Chemical/

Fuel

Listed in

Schedule

Total Quantity

KL

5,7-9,13-15 10-12

1 HSD 3(1) 1 X 20 25 MT 200 MT

7.4.3 Fire Explosion and Toxicity Index (FE&TI) Approach

Fire, Explosion and Toxicity Indexing (FE & TI) is a rapid ranking method for

identifying the degree of hazard. The application of FE&TI would help to make a

quick assessment of the nature and quantification of the hazard in these areas.

However, this does not provide precise information. Respective Material Factor (MF),

General Hazard Factors (GHF), Special Process Hazard Factors (SPH) are computed

using standard procedure of awarding penalties based on storage handling and

reaction parameters. For each separate process, which contains flammable or toxic

substances, a fire and explosion index F and/or a toxicity index T may be

determined in a manner derived from the method for determining a fire and

explosion index developed by the Dow Chemical Company.



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7.4.3.1 FE and TI Methodology

Dow's Fire and Explosion Index (F and E) is a product of material factor (MF) and

hazard factor (F3) while MF represents the flammability and reactivity of the

substances, the hazard factor (F3), is itself a product of general process hazards

(GPH) and special process hazards (SPH). An accurate plot plan of the Mine, a

process flow sheet and Fire and Explosion Index and Hazard Classification Guide

published by Dow Chemical Company are required to estimate the FE & TI of any

process or a storage unit.

7.4.3.2 Computations and Evaluation of Fire and Explosion Index

The Fire and Explosion Index (F&EI) is calculated from -

)()(& SPHGPHMFEIF ××=

The degree of hazard potential is identified based on the numerical value of F&EI as

per the criteria given below:

F&EI Range Degree of Hazard

0-60

61-96

97-127

128-158

159-up

Light

Moderate

Intermediate

Heavy

Severe

7.4.3.3 Toxicity Index (TI)

The toxicity index is primarily based on the index figures for health hazards

established by the NFPA in codes NFPA 704, NFPA 49 and NFPA 345 m.

7.4.3.4 Classification of Hazard Categories

By comparing the indices F&EI and TI, the unit in question is classified into one of

the following three categories established for the purpose are presented in Table-

7.4.

TABLE-7.4

FIRE EXPLOSION AND TOXICITY INDEX

Category Fire and Explosion Index

(F&EI)

Toxicity Index (TI)

I F&EI < 65 TI < 6

II 65 < or = F&EI < 95 6 < or = TI < 10

III F&EI > or = 95 TI > or = 10

Certain basic minimum preventive and protective measures are recommended for

the three hazard categories.



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7.4.3.5 Results of FE and TI for Storage/Process Units

Based on the GOI Rules, the hazardous fuels used in the proposed mine capacity

expansion project were identified. Fire and Explosion are the likely hazards, which

may occur due to the fuel storages. Hence, Fire and Explosion index has been

calculated for storage in mine. Detailed estimates of FE&TI are given in Table-7.5.

TABLE-7.5

FIRE EXPLOSION AND TOXICITY INDEX FOR STORAGE FACILITIES

Sr. No.

Chemical

Total Quantity F&EI Category TI Category

1 HSD 1 X 20 KL 0.1 Light - -

7.5 Hazard Assessment and Evaluation

7.5.1 Introduction

Preliminary hazards analysis is based on the philosophy "PREVENTION IS BETTER

THAN CURE". How safe are the operations? Safety is relative and implies freedom

from danger or injury. But there is always some element of danger or risk in

anything we do or build. When a chemical process facility is considered safe? This

calls for identification of hazards, quantification of risk and further suggest hazard

mitigating measures, if necessary.

7.5.2 Methodology

An assessment of the conceptual design is conducted for the purpose of identifying

and examining hazards related to feed stock materials, major process components,

utility and support systems, environmental factors, proposed operations, facilities

and safeguards.

7.5.3 Preliminary Hazard Analysis (PHA)

A preliminary hazard analysis is carried out initially to identify the major hazards

associated with storages of the existing mine. This is followed by consequence

analysis to quantify these hazards. Finally the vulnerable zones are plotted for which

risk reducing measures are deduced and implemented.

7.5.3.1 Fuel Storage

A HSD storage tank will be provided at proposed mine site. In case of tank or fuel

released in the dyke area catching fire, a steady state fire will ensure. Failures in

pipeline may occur due to corrosion and mechanical defect. Failure of pipeline due

to external interference is not considered as this area is licensed area and all the

work within this area is closely supervised with trained personnel.



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TABLE-7.6

PRELIMINARY HAZARD ANALYSIS FOR STORAGE AREAS

Blocks/Areas Capacity/Quantity Hazards Identified

HSD Tank Farms 1x20 KL Fire

7.5.4 Maximum Credible Accident Analysis (MCAA)

Hazardous substances may be released as a result of failures or catastrophes,

causing possible damage to the surrounding area. This section deals with the

question of how the consequences of the release of such substances and the

damage to the surrounding area can be determined by means of models. Major

hazards posed by flammable storage can be identified taking recourse to MCA

analysis. MCA analysis encompasses certain techniques to identify the hazards

and calculate the consequent effects in terms of damage distances of heat

radiation, toxic releases, vapor cloud explosion, etc. A host of probable or

potential accidents of the major units in the complex arising due to use, storage

and handling of the hazardous materials are examined to establish their

credibility. Depending upon the effective hazardous attributes and their impact on

the event, the maximum effect on the surrounding environment and the

respective damage caused can be assessed.

The reason and purpose of consequence analysis are many folds like:

•••• Part of Risk Assessment

•••• Mine Layout/Code Requirements

•••• Protection of surroundings

•••• Protection of the public

•••• Emergency Planning

•••• Design Criteria (e.g. loading on Control Room)

The results of consequence analysis are useful for getting information about all

known and unknown effects that are of importance when some failure scenario

occurs in the Mine and also to get information as how to deal with the possible

catastrophic events. It also gives the workers in the Mine and people living in the

vicinity of the area, an understanding of their personal situation.

7.5.4.1 Damage Criteria

The fuel storage and the supply pipelines may lead to fire and explosion hazards.

The damage criteria due to an accidental release of any hydrocarbon arise from fire

and explosion. Contamination of soil or water is not expected as these fuels will

vaporize slowly and would not leave any residue. The vapors of these fuels are not

toxic and hence no effects of toxicity are expected.

• Fire Damage

A flammable liquid in a pool will burn with a large turbulent diffusion flame. This

releases heat based on the heat of combustion and the burning rate of the liquid. A

part of the heat is radiated while the rest is convected away by rising hot air and

combustion products. The radiations can heat the contents of a nearby storage or



Chapter-7



process unit to above its ignition temperature and thus result in a spread of fire. The

radiations can also cause severe burns or fatalities of workers or fire fighters located

within a certain distance. Hence, it will be important to know beforehand the

damage potential of a flammable liquid pool likely to be created due to leakage or

catastrophic failure of a storage or process vessel. This will help to decide the

location of other storage/process vessels, decide the type of protective clothing the

workers/fire fighters need, the duration of time for which they can be in the zone,

the fire extinguishing measures needed and the protection methods needed for the

nearby storage/process vessels. Tables-7.7 and7.8 tabulate the damage effect on

equipment and people due to thermal radiation intensity.

TABLE-7.7

DAMAGE DUE TO INCIDENT RADIATION INTENSITIES

Sr. No

Incident Radiation (kW/m2)

Type of Damage Intensity

Damage to Equipment Damage to People

1 37.5 Damage to process equipment 100% lethality in 1 min. 1% lethality in 10 sec.

2 25.0 Minimum energy required to ignite wood at indefinitely long exposure without a flame

50% Lethality in 1 min. Significant injury in 10 sec.

3 19.0 Maximum thermal radiation intensity allowed on thermally unprotected adjoining equipment

--

4 12.5 Minimum energy to ignite with a flame; melts plastic tubing

1% lethality in 1 min.

5 4.5 -- Causes pain if duration is longer than 20 sec, however blistering is un-likely (First degree burns)

6 1.6 -- Causes no discomfort on long exposures

Source: Techniques for Assessing Industrial Hazards by World Bank.

The effect of incident radiation intensity and exposure time on lethality is given in

Table-7.8.

TABLE-7.8

RADIATION EXPOSURE AND LETHALITY

Radiation Intensity

(kW/m2) Exposure Time

(seconds) Lethality (%) Degree of Burns

1.6 -- 0 No Discomfort even after long exposure

4.5 20 0 1 st

4.5 50 0 1 st

8.0 20 0 1 st

8.0 50 <1 3 rd

8.0 60 <1 3 rd

12.0 20 <1 2 nd

12.0 50 8 3 rd

12.5 -- 1 --

25.0 -- 50 --

37.5 -- 100 --



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7.5.5 Scenarios Considered for MCA Analysis

7.5.5.1 Modeling Scenarios

Based on the storage and consumption of HSD the following failure scenarios in the

mine have been identified for MCA analysis and the scenarios are discussed in

Table-7.9.

TABLE-7.9

SCENARIOS CONSIDERED FOR MCA ANALYSIS (EXISTING)

Fuel/Chemical Total Storage Quantity (KL) Pool Fire

Failure of HSD tank 1 X 20 3

7.5.5.2 Methodology

A perusal of Table-7.9 clearly indicate that the storage is flammable liquids. Fires

could occur due to presence of ignition source at or near the source of spill. Tanks

fires may occur due to the following:

• Ignition if rim seal leak leading to rim seal fire and escalating to full-fledged tank

fire. Lighting is a major source of ignition of tank fires.

• Overflow from tank leading to spillage, vapor cloud formation and its subsequent

ignition, which flashes back to the tank leading to tank fire. The chance of

overflow should be less unless operator has grossly erred in receiving naphtha

into the same tank. Spillage due to overflow may result in a dyke fire if ignition

occurs after sufficiently long period.

• Sinking of floating roof: This may occur due to mechanical defect or due to

accumulation of rainwater in the roof, which is not drained.

For the present study, the scenarios under consideration assume that the peak level

of radiation intensity will not occur suddenly. Based on the past experience, it is

found that 20-30 minutes time will be required before a tank fire grows to full size.

For radiation calculations, pool fire has been considered. From the above

considerations, the criteria of 4.5 kW/m2 have been selected to judge acceptability

of the scenarios. The assumptions for calculations are:

• It is not continuous exposure;

• It is assumed that No fire detection and mitigation measures are initiated

• There is not enough time available for warning the public and initiating

emergency action;

• Secondary fire at public road and building is not likely to happen;

• The effect of smoke on reduction of source radiation intensity has not been

considered; therefore hazard distances calculated tend to be conservative; and



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• Shielding effect of intervening trees or other structures has not been considered.

No lethality is expected from this level of intensity although burn injury takes

place depending on time of exposure.

Based on the above assumptions each storage facility have been assessed with

respect to Pool fires. The following assumptions are made for evaluating the risk on

the Mine and personnel due to the failure scenarios.

7.5.5.3 Details of Models Used for MCA Analysis

• Pool Fire Model

Heat Radiation program RADN has been used to estimate the steady state radiation

effect from various storage of fuel and chemicals at different distances. The model

has been developed by VIMTA based on the equations compiled from literatures by

Prof.J.P.Gupta, Department of Chemical Engineering, IIT Kanpur. The equations

used for computations are described below:

• The Rate of Burning

The main assumptions made in the calculations are:

- Pool area is circular;

- Observer is at ground level;

- Atmospheric absorption of thermal radiation is negligible; and

- Negligible wind in the vicinity of the flame; thus, uniform thermal radiation

field radially and no flame tilt.

The burning velocity of a liquid pool is the rate at which the pool level decreases

with time. The mass burning rate is a related term, being a product of the burning

velocity and the fuel liquid density. Extensive burn rate measurements have shown

a definite relationship between the burning velocity and thermo chemical fuel

properties, such as the ratio of the net heats of combustion and vaporization. The

single most readily available property that best co-relates with these heats is the

normal boiling point. Therefore, a simple expression for the burning velocity was

obtained, covering a wide range of boiling points. It is important to note that the

correlation developed is independent of the pool size, though in practice, it increases

slightly with the pool size. In effect, it is assumed that there is large, turbulent

diffusion flame behaving as an optically thick gray body. This condition is satisfied

for most pool fires exceeding above 10 ft (3 m) in diameter. The equation to

estimate the burning velocity is:

6*

10*M*e*6.92y

7w

)BT0043.0(

ρ

−−

= (1)

where;

y = Burning velocity or rate (m/s)

Mw = Molecular weight (kg/kgmol)

r = Liquid specific gravity

TB = Normal boiling point (degrees F).



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• The Pool Size

The diameter of the pool fire depend upon the release mode, release quantity (or

rate) and the burning rate. In addition, if the spill occurs on land, the frictional

resistance offered by the terrain will limit the spreading velocity of liquid. In the

case of Continuous Spill, the liquid spreads and increases the burning area until

the total burning equals the spill rate. This condition of equilibrium is represented by

an equilibrium diameter given by the following equation:

2/1eq ]

y

V[2Dπ

= (2)

where;

Deq = Steady state diameter of the pool for a continuous spill (m)

V = Liquid spill rate (m3/sec)

y = Liquid burning rate (m/s)

Equation-2 assumes that the dominant mode of transfer to the liquid pool comes

from the flame and the burning rate is constant. This is a valid assumption for all

liquid hydrocarbons whose boiling temperatures are above ambient. This is also true

for liquefied hydrocarbon spills on water where heat transfer from water to the pool

is relatively constant. This results in a higher burning rate. The equation, however,

ignores the time dependent heat transfer from substrate such as when spill occurs

on land where heat transfer from the land decreases with time. It is also assumed in

deriving this equation that the mass balance is maintained within the burning pool,

viz: burning rate = spill rate. Hence, the loss of liquid due to percolation through the

soil or dissolution in the water column are not included.

It is important to note that the equilibrium diameter does not represent the

maximum diameter of the pool. The excess volume spilled up to the time to reach

the equilibrium diameter spreads further. The maximum diameter in meters is given

by:

eqmax D*254.1D = (3)

The maximum pool diameter (meters) and the time (seconds) to reach that for an

Instantaneous Release is given by the following expressions:

11/25.0

d

2

max }]C

g[*

y

V{7892.1D = (4)

ondsecyg

CV5249.0t

11/1

72

2d

3

max

= (5)

where;

Cd = Ground friction coefficient, for general use it is 0.5.

V = Volume spilled (m3)

y = Burning velocity (m/s)



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g = Gravitational acceleration, 9.8 m/s2

It should be noted that an instantaneous unconfined pool fire grows in size until a

barrier is reached or until all the fuel is consumed.

• The Emissive Power of the Flame

The emissive power of a large turbulent flame is a function of the black body

emissive power and the flame emissivity. The black body emissive power, in turn,

can be computed using Planck's law of radiation, if the mean radiation flame

temperature is known. For incident flux calculations. However, it is more important

to estimate the effective emissive power of the flame, which accounts for shielding

by surrounding layers of smoke for liquid hydrocarbon fires. Based on observed

values of emissive powers reported in the literature and other available data, the

effective emissive power is correlated to the normal boiling point for selected fuels

by the expressions:

117T313.0E BFP +−= (6)

or

984.1065634.0E BCP +−= (7)

where;

Ep = Effective emissive power (kW/m2)

TBF = Normal boiling point (°F)

TBC = Normal boiling point (°C)

Materials with boiling point above 30oF typically burn with sooty flames. The

emissive power from the sooty portion, based on limited data, is of the order of 20

kW/m2. An effective sooty flame average emissive power can therefore be

estimated by assigning relative areas of sooty and unshielded flame and calculating

an area based average emissive power.

• The Heat Received at a Particular Location

The incident flux at any given location is given by the equation:

VF**EQ Pi τ= (8)

where;

Qi = Incident flux, kW/m2

t = Transmissivity

VF = Geometric view factor

Transmissivity coefficient, is mainly a function of the path-length (distance from

observer to flame surface), relative humidity and flame temperature. For the

calculation, it is set equal to 1 (more conservative) and the attenuation of thermal

flux due to atmospheric absorption is not taken into account. This assumption

provides a conservative hazard estimate, since the presence of water and carbon



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dioxide tends to reduce the incident flux at any given location. The view factor

defines the fraction of flame that is seen by a given observer. This geometric term

has been calculated as a function of distance from the center for an upright flame

approximated by a cylinder. It has also been assumed that the optimum orientation

between the observer and the flame that yields a maximum view factor prevails.

The resulting equation is as follows:

757.1

P

X

R143.1VF

= (9)

where,

X = Distance from flame center (m)

Rp = Pool radius (m)

Equation-8 for incident flux can be written as:

757.1

PP

X

RE143.1VF

= (10)

This gives the radiant flux intensity at any given distance 'X' measured from the

center of the pool. It can be used to calculate the water sprinkler load on the nearby

units so as to remove the heat flux received and keep the contents cool.

The equation 10 can be rewritten to determine the distance (or radius) 'X" for a

specified 'Qi':

P

757.1/1

i

P RQ

E143.1X

= (11)

P

57.0

i

P RQ

E079.1X

= (12)

This can be used to determine the distance between two storage/process units so

that the flux from a fire in one would be less than a specified value of 'Qi', which

could set the second fire.

7.5.5.4 Properties of Fuels Considered for Modeling Scenarios (Pool fire)

The chemical data for various fuels used for modeling is tabulated in Table-7.10

and are complied from various literature.



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TABLE-7.10

PROPERTIES OF FUELS CONSIDERED FOR MODELING

Fuel Molecular Weight

kg/kg.mol

Boiling Point oC

Density

kg/m3

HSD 114.24 369.0 840.0

7.5.6 Model Computations

7.5.6.1 Results and Discussion - Pool Fire

The results of MCA analysis are tabulated indicating the distances for various damages identified by the damage criteria. Calculations are done for radiation intensities levels of 37.5, 25, 19, 12.5, 4.5 and 1.6 kW/m2, which are presented in Table-7.11 for different scenarios. The distances computed for various scenarios are given in meters and are from the edge of the pool fire.

TABLE-7.11

OCCURRENCE OF VARIOUS RADIATION INTENSITIES- POOL FIRE

Radiation

Quantity Radiation Intensities (kW/m2)/Distances (m)

KL 37.5 25.0 19.0 12.5 4.5 1.6

Instantaneous Spill

Failure of HSD tank 1x20 2.9 3.6 4.2 5.4 9.6 17.4

7.5.6.2 Conclusions on Pool Fire

A review of modeling results clearly indicates that the maximum damage and

fatality would be occur at <10 m distance. The radiation intensities would envelop

the storage tank and will be confined in and around the storage area.

The radiation intensities of 37.5 kW/m2 and 25.0 kW/m2 represents 100% and 50%

lethality on people and complete damage to the process equipment and minimum

energy required to ignite wood (without a flame) and melting of plastic. The

equipment and the personal falling within the distance computed for 37.5 kW/m2

would be damaged and 100% fatality is likely to occur, which in-turn depends on

the number of people working within this vulnerable distance at that particular

time.

• A perusal of modeling results tabulated in Table-7.11 indicate that the

radiation intensity of 37.5 kW/m2 is likely to occur within a distance (range) of

2.9 m. About 100% lethality and complete damage to the equipment is likely to

occur within these distances.

• Similarly, the distances computed for radiation intensity of 25.0 kW/m2 fall in

range of 3.6 m. About 50% lethality and partial damage depending on the type

of equipment is likely to occur within these distances.

The radiation intensity of 12.5 kW/m2 represents 1% lethality on people and

minimum energy required to ignite wood (with a flame) and melting of plastic. The

equipment and the personal falling within the distance computed for 12.5 kW/m2



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would be partially damaged and 1% lethality is likely to occur, which in-turn

depends on the number of people working within this vulnerable distance at that

particular time.


radiation intensity of 12.5 kW/m2 is likely to occur within a distance of 5.4 in

mine. About 1% lethality and partial damage depending on the type of

equipment is likely to occur within these distances.

Similarly, the radiation intensity of 4.5 kW/m2 represents first degree burns on

people and has no effect on the equipment. The equipment and the personal falling

within the distance computed for 4.5 kW/m2 would experience first degree burns,

and in-turn depends on the number of people working within this vulnerable

distance at that particular time.


radiation intensity of 4.5 kW/m2 is likely to occur within a distance of 9.6 m.

First degree burns are likely to occur within this distance.

As the storage tank would be provided with dyke, the fire would be confined within

the dyke wall. The frequency of such a bund fire, taking place is very low and is of

the order of 1 in 2000 to 4000 years for one tank rupture. It may be noted that the

occurrence of pool fire is rather rare but such data/discussions are useful for

emergency planning. There will be adequate time to evoke emergency planning

and evacuate people by the time a small fire in tank area can grow into a full

fledge bund fire.

7.5.6.3 Effect of Thermal Radiation on Population

A perusal of Table-7.11 presented in above section indicates that 1.6 kW/m2

represents the safe radiation intensity for human population even for long

exposures.

A perusal of the above Table-7.11 reveals that in case of pool fire of HSD tank the

safe distance i.e. distance of occurrence of 1.6 kW/m2 is observed to be 17.4 m.

This indicates the population of the nearest settlement (mine office) will not be

affected.

7.5.6.4 Other Features

Automatic Fire Fighting Systems shall be provided for the critical equipment like

Excavators, Loaders etc. All the Heavy Earth Moving Equipment shall be

maintained in the efficient working order by a team of well experienced and

qualified personnel at the mine site. Personal checking of the following features

shall be done on daily basis.

• Brakes;

• Horns and auto reverse horns; and

• Lights.

All the staff shall be provided with essential personal protective equipment like

safety shoes, Helmets, Hand Gloves, Goggles, Apron, Guards, Ear muffs etc.



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Regular training shall be imparted to the related staff of the mines for safe and

proper operation and maintenance of the machines.

7.6 Emergency Measures

The following emergency measures are proposed to be taken up in case of

emergency like fire and accidents in the proposed mine site.

7.6.1 Standing Consultative Committee

This committee shall be formed with the following members.

1. Head of the Project

2. DGM (P)

3. Geology / Quality control Officer

4. Sr. Manager (T&S)

5. DMS Chaibasa

6. Head Security

7. DGM (M&S)

8. DGM (Plant)

9. Head Electrical

10. Head Civil

11. Head Mining

This committee will meet in the case of severe emergency, advise, and help the

project officer to deal with the situation.

7.6.2 Active Committee

This committee shall consist of following officers of the mine.

1. Mines Manager

2. Safety Officer

3. Head Security

4. Dy G.M (M&S)

5. DGM (Plant)

6. Sr. Manager

7. Head Electrical Plant

8. Head Mining

9. Head Civil

10. OHS Medical Officer

11. Manager Environment

12. Personal officer

13. Work Men’s Inspector

This committee, works under the guidance and control of the project office, shall

share working of emergency responding plan. This advice given by consultative

committee and action to be taken by action committee should be legibly entered

in the operating log book.



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7.6.3 Emergency Response Supervisors (ERS)

The persons named following will be Emergency Response Supervisors (ERS) and

will be responsible for notification of the emergency and for taking immediate

steps to control the situation until the action committee and other senior officers

take over.

While on duty the ERS member should wear a special sticker on their helmet for

easy identification.

1. Shift In-charge – Mining

2. Shift In-charge – Crushing Plant

3. Shift In-charge – Screening Plant

7.6.4 Emergency Information

All telephone numbers and quarter numbers of all rescue trained persons of the

mine and fire services shall be prominently displayed in all sections of the project.

1. Head Mining

2. Manager Mining

3. All Shifts In-charges

4. Fire Services

5. Fire Control

7.6.5 Fire Fighting Measures

• Security unit will be responsible for fire fighting in the project;

• The telephone numbers at which immediate information is to go in case of

fire, will prominently be displayed in all sections of the project. This will be the

primary responsibility of ERS in specific of all the persons working in areas in

general;

• Fully qualified fire officer, or the inspector (trained in a recognized institution)

shall be posted;

• All machinery operators, drivers, attendants and supervisory staff shall be

trained in the First Aid and fire fighting;

• Refresher training for fire fighting persons at the mine shall be arranged at

least once in a year;

• Dumpers shall be provided with automatic fire detection of the linear heat

sensing type and a integrated suppression system;

• Adequate numbers of Fire extinguishers (DCP, CO2, Foam type) shall be

provided at Dumper, Dozers, Graders, Shovels and other machinery.

Adequate numbers of Fire extinguishers shall also be provided at ore crushing

plants and screening plants;

• About 10% of the number of each type of fire extinguishers

measured/distributed in the mine shall be kept as standby in stores;

• Adequate number of fire buckets (9 lit capacity) shall be provided in work

shop, crushing plant, sub station etc. Sand dumps shall be maintained at such

locations;

• Water hydrants system shall be made available at mines dumper platform to

fill up the fire tenders with water;



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• Fire tenders in working condition shall be kept ready all the time; and

• Fire Hoses, couples of specified length in sufficient numbers shall be kept by

fire fighting wing, their maintenance and check and periodic inspection will be

carried out by security fire wing.

7.6.6 Communication

All the officers working in the mine, crushing plant and other important officers

working in office and security will be provided with the one or more following

types of communicate system:

• Walky – Talky system

• Telephone both as office and residence

• PA System in crushing plant

Important places like mining office, time office, dumper platform, crushing plant,

screening plant and all security check gates will be provided with high frequency

wireless sets.

Siren ringing in continuous raps will be given to communicate all the personal

regarding emergency. The attendance room/time office will have true update of

all the personnel and their telephone numbers.

7.6.7 Withdrawal of Workers

During the emergency, the respective ER supervisor will withdraw all the persons

in the area affected or from the area likely to be affected.

No person other than those permitted by the control room will remain in or enter

the affected area. For prompt identification in the field, the authorised persons

will be issued evergreen emergency badges instead of written authorisation.

Normal work will not be resumed in the affected area without the permission of

the mines manager.

7.6.8 Allocation of Rooms

To avoid continuous overcrowding at the time of emergency, the rooms

mentioned below will be used for the purposes indicated against each of them.

⇒ Operation of Control Room: Site office or time Office of the area concerned

⇒ Casualty room: Hospital

⇒ Public relation, Police, Press, Catering: Time Office/Canteen/Guest house

7.6.9 Control Room

The following items will always be available or they will be maintained in the

control room.

⇒ Emergency Response Plan

⇒ Fire Fighting Plan

⇒ Emergency Badges



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⇒ Duty Cards

⇒ Telephone log book

⇒ Operator log book

⇒ Copies of up to date information of emergency

7.6.10 Assistance from Outsides

Assistance from outside administration as indicated below can be taken in an

emergency.

• District Collector

• District Medical officer

• Nearest Police Station

7.6.11 Emergency Duties

The duty of key persons at the time of emergency will be described and the cards

containing the details of the duties are prepared and relevant portion of the

duties will be displayed prominently in the control room.

7.6.12 Disposal of Pollutants

The pollutants produced during the process of dealing with the emergency will be

disposed off in an environmentally friendly way.

7.6.13 Periodic Inspection and Maintenance

All important and emergency equipment like fire fighting tender, Portable fire

extinguishers, communication systems will be checked once in every fourteen

days for their efficiency. The result of every such inspection will be conserved in a

book maintained for the purpose. Fault detected/found if any, will be promptly

rectified.

7.6.14 Training in Emergency Response

Required and relevant training to workmen will be imparted for proper response

during emergency.

The mock rehearsals will be conducted periodically separately for the different

sections in order to assess the training undergone by the persons to act during

emergency.

7.6.15 Fire Fighting Plans

A fire fighting plan on a surface plan showing the following details will be

prepared and displayed in the projected places in the mine.

• Fire stations;

• Pumps with head and quality and their pipelines with control valves, water

transfer points/filling pumps;



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• Fire fighting pumps and system of pipeline, hydraulics and hoses, couplers

nozzles etc;

• Fire buckets and sand dumps;

• Fire extinguishers indicating locations, capacity and number thereof at each

location;

• An inset indication that the fire fighting equipment available in stores;

• Water lodges (tanker, ponds, reservoir etc) in colour form, from where the

water can be drawn to fight fires with quantities at each such places;

• First aid station route, dispensary, hospitals; and

• Gradient of wide roads, if steeper than in 16.

7.7 Objectives of Disaster Management Plan

The Disaster Management Plan is aimed to ensure safety of life, protection of

environment, protection of installation, restoration of production and salvage

operations in some order of priorities. For effective implementation of the Disaster

Management Plan, it should be widely circulated and personnel training through

rehearsals/mock drills.

The objective of the Disaster Management Plan is to make use of the combined

resources of the mine and the outside services to achieve the following:

1. Effect the rescue and medical treatment of causalities;

2. Safeguard other people;

3. Minimize damage to property and the environment;

4. Initially contain and ultimately bring the incident under control;

5. Identify any dead;

6. Provide for the needs of relatives;

7. Provide authoritative information to the news media;

8. Secure the safe rehabilitation of affected area;

9. Preserve relevant records and equipment for the subsequent inquiry into the

cause and circumstances of the Emergency.

In effect, it is to optimize operational efficiency to rescue, rehabilitation and render

medical help and to restore normalcy.

7.8 Emergency Organization

Emergency Organization will be setup at the proposed mine site. In case of

emergency, a senior executive, General Manager (Production) who has control over

the affairs of the mine would be heading the Emergency Organization. He would be

designated as Site Controller. As per the General Organization chart, Mines Manager

would be designated as the Incident Controller. In the case of stores, utilities, open

areas, which are not under the control of the Production Heads, Senior Executive

responsible for maintenance of utilities would be designated as Incident Controller.

All the Incident Controllers would be reporting to the Site Controller.

Incident Controller organizes a team, responsible for controlling the incidence with

the personnel under his control. Shift In-charge would be the reporting officer, who

would bring the incidence to the notice of the Incidence Controller and Site

Controller.



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Emergency Co-ordinators would be appointed who would undertake the

responsibilities like fire fighting, rescue, rehabilitation, transport and provide

essential and support services. For this purposes, Security In-charge, Personnel

Department, Essential services personnel would be engaged. All these personnel

would be designated as Key personnel.

In each shift, electrical supervisor, electrical fitters, pump house in-charge, and

other maintenance staff would be drafted for emergency operations. In the event of

power or communication system failure, some of the staff members in the mine

offices would be drafted and their services would be utilized as messengers for quick

passing of communications. All these personnel would be declared as essential

personnel.

7.8.1 Emergency Communication

Whoever notices an emergency situation such as fire, growth of fire etc. would

inform his immediate superior and Emergency Control Center. The person on duty in

the Emergency Control Center, would appraise the Site Controller. Site Controller

verifies the situation from the Incident Controller of that area or the Shift In-charge

and takes a decision about an impending On Site Emergency. This would be

communicated to the Incident Controller, Emergency Co-ordinators. Simultaneously,

the emergency warning system would be activated on the instructions of the Site

Controller.

7.9 Emergency Responsibilities

The responsibilities of the key personnel are appended below:

7.9.1 Site Controller

On receiving information about emergency he would rush to Emergency Control

Center and take charge of ECC and the situation and:

⇒ Assesses the magnitude of the situation on the advice of incident Controller and

decides

• Whether the affected area needs to be evacuated,

• Whether personnel who are at assembly points need to be evacuated

⇒ Declares emergency and orders for operation of emergency siren;

⇒ Organizes announcement by public address system about location of

emergency;

⇒ Assesses which areas are likely to be affected, or need to be evacuated or are to

be alerted;

⇒ Maintains a continuous review of possible development and assesses the

situation in consultation with Incident Controller and other Key Personnel as to

whether shutting the mine operation required and if evacuation of persons is

required;

⇒ Directs personnel for Rescue, rehabilitation, transport, fire brigade, medical and

other designated mutual support systems locally available, for meeting

emergencies;



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⇒ Controls evacuation of affected areas, if the situation is likely to go out of control

or effects are likely to go beyond the mine boundary, informs to District

Emergency Authority, Police, Hospital and seeks their intervention and help;

⇒ Informs the statutory authorities;

⇒ Gives a public statement if necessary;

⇒ Keeps record of chronological events and prepares an investigation report and

preserves evidence;

⇒ On completion of On Site Emergency and restoration of normalcy, declares all

clear and orders for all clear warning.

7.9.2 Incident Controller

⇒ Assembles the incident control team;

⇒ Directs operations within the affected areas with the priorities for safety to

personnel, minimize damage to property and environment and minimize the loss

of materials;

⇒ Directs the shutting down of the operations and areas likely to be adversely

affected by the emergency;

⇒ Ensures that all key personnel help is sought;

⇒ Provides advise and information to the Fire and Security Officer and the Local

Fire Services of security as and when they arrive;

⇒ Ensures that all non-essential workers/staff of the affected areas evacuated to

the appropriate assembly points, and the areas are searched for casualties;

⇒ Has regard to the need for preservation of evidence so as to facilitate any

inquiry into the caused and circumstances, which caused or escalated the

emergency;

⇒ Co-ordinates with emergency services at the site;

⇒ Provides tools and safety equipment to the team members;

⇒ Keeps in touch with the team and advise them regarding the method of control

to be used; and

⇒ Keeps the Site Controller of the progress being made.

7.9.3 Emergency Coordinator – Rescue, Fire Fighting

⇒ On knowing about emergency, rushes to ECC

⇒ Helps the incident Controller in containment of the emergency

⇒ Ensure fire pumps in operating conditions and instructs pump house operator to

ready for any emergency with standby arrangement

⇒ Guides the fire fighting crew i.e. firemen, trained mine personnel and security

staff

⇒ Organizes the shifting of fire fighting facilities to the emergency site, if required

⇒ Takes guidance of the Incident Controller for fire fighting as well as assesses the

requirements of outside help

⇒ Arranges to control the traffic at the incident area

⇒ Directs the security staff to the incident site to take part in the emergency

operations under his guidance and supervision

⇒ Evacuates the people in the mine or in the nearby areas as advised by Site

Controller

⇒ Searches for casualties and arranges proper aid for them

⇒ Assembles search and evacuation team

⇒ Arranges for safety equipment for the members of this team



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⇒ Decides which paths the evacuated workers should follow

⇒ Maintains law and order in the area, and if necessary seeks the help of police

7.9.4 Emergency Coordinator - Medical, Mutual Aid, Rehabilitation, Transport and

Communication

⇒ In the event of failure of electric supply and thereby internal telephone, sets up

communication point and establishes contact with the Emergency Control Center

(ECC)

⇒ Organizes medical treatment to the injured and if necessary will shift the injured

to near by hospitals

⇒ Mobilizes extra medical help from outside, if necessary

⇒ Keeps a list of qualified first aiders and seek their assistance

⇒ Maintains first aid and medical emergency requirements

⇒ Makes sure that all safety equipment are made available to the emergency team

⇒ Assists Site Controller with necessary data and to coordinate the emergency

activities

⇒ Assists Site Controller in updating emergency plan, organizing mock drills

verification of inventory of emergency facilities and furnishing report to Site

Controller

⇒ Maintains liaison with Civil Administration

⇒ Ensure availability of canteen facilities and maintenance of rehabilitation center

⇒ He will be in liaison with Site Controller/Incident Controller

⇒ Ensure transportation facility

⇒ Ensures availability of necessary cash for rescue/rehabilitation and emergency

expenditure

⇒ Controls rehabilitation of affected areas on discontinuation of emergency

⇒ Makes available diesel/petrol for transport vehicles engaged in emergency

operation.

7.9.5 Emergency Coordinator - Essential Services

⇒ He would assist Site Controller and Incident Controller;

⇒ Maintains essential services like Diesel Generator, Water, Fire Water, power

supply for lighting;

⇒ Gives necessary instructions regarding emergency electrical supply, isolation of

certain sections etc to shift in-charge and electricians; and

⇒ Ensures availability of adequate quantities of protective equipment and other

emergency materials, spares etc.

7.9.6 General Responsibilities of Employees During an Emergency

During an emergency, it becomes more enhanced and pronounced when an

emergency warning is raised, the workers in-charge should adopt safe and

emergency shut down and attend any prescribed duty as essential employee. If no

such responsibility is assigned, he should adopt a safe course to assembly point and

await instructions. He should not resort to spread panic. On the other hand, he must

assist emergency personnel towards objectives of DMP.



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7.10 Emergency Facilities

7.10.1 Emergency Control Center (ECC)

Mine Office Block is envisaged as Emergency Control Center. It would have external

Telephone, Fax, Telex facility. All the Site Controller/ Incident Controller Officer,

Senior Personnel would be located here. Also, it would be at an elevated place. The

following information and equipment are to be provided at the Emergency Control

Center (ECC).

⇒ Intercom, telephone

⇒ P and T telephone

⇒ Safe contained breathing apparatus

⇒ Fire suit/gas tight goggles/gloves/helmets

⇒ Hand tools, wind direction/velocities indications

⇒ Public address megaphone, hand bell, telephone directories

⇒ Internal, P and T layout, site plan

⇒ Emergency lamp/torch light/batteries

⇒ Plan indicating locations of hazard inventories, sources of safety equipment,

work road plan, assembly points, rescue location vulnerable zones, escape

routes.

⇒ Hazard chart

⇒ Emergency shut-down procedures

⇒ Nominal roll of employees

⇒ List of key personnel, list of essential employees, list of Emergency coordinators

⇒ Duties of key personnel

⇒ Address with telephone numbers and key personnel, emergency coordinator,

essential employees.

⇒ Important address and telephone numbers including Government agencies,

neighboring industries and sources of help, out side experts, population details

around the proposed mine.

7.10.2 Assembly Point

Number of assembly depending upon the mine location would be identified wherein

employees who are not directly connected with the disaster management would be

assembled for safety and rescue. Emergency breathing apparatus, minimum

facilities like water etc. would be organized. In view of the size of mine, different

locations should be earmarked as assembly points. Depending upon the location of

hazard, the assembly points are to be used.

7.10.3 Emergency Power Supply

Mine facilities would be connected to Diesel Generator and would be placed in auto

mode. Thus water pumps, mine lighting and emergency control center,

administrative building and other auxiliary services are connected to emergency

power supply. In all the blocks flame proof type emergency lamps would be

provided.



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7.10.4 Fire Fighting Facilities

First Aid Fire Fighting equipment suitable for emergency would be maintained in

each operation areas of the mine as per statutory requirements.

7.10.5 Location Of Wind Sock

On the top of the Administration block, wind socks shall be installed to indicate

direction of wind for emergency escape.

7.10.6 Emergency Medical Facilities

Stretchers, gas masks and general first aid materials for dealing with chemical

burns, fire burns etc. would be maintained in the medical center as well as in the

emergency control room. Private medical practitioners help would be sought.

Government hospital would be approached for emergency help.

Apart from plant first aid facilities, external facilities would be augmented. Names of

Medical Personnel, Medical facilities in the area would be prepared and updated.

Necessary specific medicines for emergency treatment of Burns Patients and for

those affected by toxicity would be maintained.

Breathing apparatus and other emergency medical equipment shall be provided and

maintained. The help of near by industrial managements in this regard shall be

taken on mutual support basis.

7.10.7 Ambulance

An ambulance with driver availability in all the shifts, emergency shift vehicle shall

be ensured and maintained to transport injured or affected persons. Number of

persons would be trained in first aid so that in every shift first aid personnel would

be available.

7.11 Emergency Actions

7.11.1 Emergency Warning

Communication of emergency shall be made familiar to the personnel inside the

mine and people outside. An emergency warning system shall be established.

7.11.2 Evacuation of Personnel

In the event of an emergency, unconnected personnel have to escape to assembly

point. Operators have to take emergency shutdown procedure and escape. Time

Office maintains a copy of deployment of employees in each shift. If necessary,

persons can be evacuated by rescue teams.

7.11.3 All Clear Signal

Also, at the end of an emergency, after discussing with Incident Controller and

Emergency Co-ordinators, the Site Controller orders an all clear signal. When it



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becomes essential, the Site Controller communicates to the District Emergency

Authority, Police, Fire Service personnel regarding help required or development of

the situation into an Off-Site Emergency.

7.12 General

7.12.1 Employee Information

During an emergency, employees shall be warned by raising siren in specific

pattern. Employees would be provided with information related to fire hazards,

antidotes and first aid measures. Those who would be designated as key personnel

and essential employees would be given training to emergency response.

7.12.2 Co-ordination With Local Authorities

Keeping in view of the nature of emergency, two levels of coordination are

proposed. In the case of an On Site Emergency, resources within the organization

shall be mobilized and in the event of extreme emergency local authorities help shall

be sought.

In the event of an emergency developing into an off site emergency, local authority

and District Emergency Authority (normally the Collector) would be appraised and

under his supervision, the Off Site Disaster Management Plan shall be exercised. For

this purpose, the facilities that are available locally, i.e. medical, transport,

personnel, rescue accommodation, voluntary organizations etc. shall be mustered.

Necessary rehearsals and training in the form of mock drills shall be organized.

7.12.3 Mutual Aid

Mutual aid in the form of technical personnel, runners, helpers, special protective

equipment, transport vehicles, communication facility etc. shall be sought from the

neighboring industrial managements/government agencies.

7.12.4 Mock Drills

Emergency preparedness is an important on that of planning in Industrial Disaster

Management. Personnel shall be trained suitably and prepared mentally and

physically in emergency response through carefully planned, simulated procedures.

Similarly, the key personnel and essential personnel shall be trained in the

operations.

7.12.5 Important Information

Important information such names and addresses of key personnel, essential

employees, medical personnel, transporters address, address of those connected

with Off Site Emergency such as Police, Local Authorities, Fire Services, District

Emergency Authority would be prepared and maintained.

The on-site emergency organization chart for various emergencies is shown in

Figure-7.2.



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FIGURE-7.2

ON-SITE EMERGENCY PLAN

SITE CONTROLLER EMERGENCY CONTROL ROOM

SAFETY OFFICER INCIDENT CONTROLLER (Production)

EMERGENCY COORDINATOR

(Rescue, Fire Fighting)


(Medical, Mutual aid, Rehabilitation, Transport

& Communication)


(Essential Services)

SHIFT IN-CHARGE SHIFT IN-CHARGE

INCIDENT CONTROLLER (Utilities, Stores

etc)

SHIFT IN-CHARGE

OPERATOR OPERATOR ELECTRICIAN, PUMP OPERATOR

ELECTRICIAN, PUMP OPERATOR

FIRST AID, TRANSPORT-DRIVER,

TELEPHONE-OPERATOR



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7.13 Off-Site Emergency Preparedness Plan

The task of preparing the Off-Site Emergency Plan lies with the district collector.

However, the off-site plan should be prepared with the help of the local district

authorities. The proposed plan should be based on the following guidelines.

7.13.1 Introduction

Off-site emergency plan follows the on-site emergency plan. When the

consequences of an emergency situation go beyond the mine boundaries, it

becomes a off-site emergency. Off-site emergency is essentially the responsibility of

the public administration. However, the mine management shall provide the public

administration with the technical information relating to the nature, quantum and

probable consequences on the neighboring population.

The off-site plan in detail should be based on those events which are most likely to

occur, but other less likely events which have severe consequence shall also be

considered. Incidents which have very severe consequences yet have a small

probability of occurrence would also be considered during the preparation of the

plan. However, the key feature of a good off-site emergency plan is flexibility in its

application to emergencies other than those specifically included in the formation of

the plan.

The roles of the various parties who will be involved in the implementation of an off-

site plan are described below. Depending on local arrangements, the responsibility

for the off-site plan would be either rest with the works management or, with the

local authority. Either way, the plan would identify an emergency co-ordinating

officer, who would take the overall command of the off-site activities. As with the

on-site plan, an emergency control center would be setup within which the

emergency coordinating officer can operate.

An early decision would be required in many cases on the advice to be given to

people living "within range" of the accident - in particular whether they should be

evacuated or told to go indoors. In the latter case, the decision can regularly be

reviewed in the event of an escalation of the incident. Consideration of evacuation

may include the following factors:

a. In the case of a major fire but without explosion risk, only houses close to

the fire are likely to need evacuation, although a severe smoke hazard may

require this to be reviewed periodically;

b. If a fire is escalating and in turn threatening a store of hazardous material, it

might be necessary to evacuate people nearby, but only if there is time; if

insufficient time exists, people should be advised to stay indoors and shield

themselves from the fire.

7.13.2 Aspects Proposed to be Considered in the Off-Site Emergency Plan

The main aspects which would be included in the emergency plan are:



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• Organization

Details of command structure, warning systems, implementation procedures,

emergency control centers.

Names and appointments of incident controller, site main controller, their deputies

and other key personnel.

• Communications

Identification of personnel involved, communication center, call signs, network, lists

of telephone numbers.

• Specialized knowledge

Details of specialist bodies, firms and people upon whom it may be necessary to call

e.g. those with specialized knowledge of fire control.

• Voluntary organizations

Details of organizers, telephone numbers, resources etc.

• Chemical information

Details of the hazardous substances stored or procedure on each site and a

summary of the risk associated with them.

• Meteorological information

Arrangements for obtaining details of whether conditions prevailing at the time and

whether forecasts.

• Humanitarian arrangements

Transport, evacuation centers, emergency feeding treatment of injured, first aid,

ambulances, temporary mortuaries.

• Public information

Arrangements for:

a] dealing with the media press office; b] informing relatives, etc.

• Assessment

Arrangements for: (a) collecting information on the causes of the emergency;

(b) reviewing the efficiency and effectiveness of all aspects of the emergency plan.



Chapter-7



7.13.3 Role of the Emergency Co-ordinating Officer

The various emergency services would be coordinated by an emergency

coordinating officer (ECO), who will be designated by the district collector. The ECO

would liaise closely with the site main controller. The ECO would inform the DGMS

authorities in case of accidents as per the statutory requirement. Again depending

on local arrangements, for very severe incidents/accidents with major or prolonged

off-site consequences, the external control would be passed to a senior local

authority administrator or even an administrator appointed by the central or state

government.

7.13.4 Role of the Local Authority

The duty to prepare the off-site plan lies with the local authorities. The Emergency

Planning Officer (EPO) appointed would carry out his duty in preparing for a whole

range of different emergencies within the local authority area. The EPO would liaise

with the project authorities, to obtain the information to provide the basis for the

plan. This liaison would ensure that the plan is continually kept upto date.

It will be the responsibility of the EPO to ensure that all those organizations, which

will be involved off site in handling the emergency, know of their role and are able

to accept it by having for example, sufficient staff and appropriate equipment to

cover their particular responsibilities. Rehearsals for off-site plans would be

organized by the EPO.

7.13.5 Role of Police

Formal duties of the police during an emergency include protecting life and property

and controlling traffic movements. Their functions would include controlling

bystanders evacuating the public, identifying the dead and dealing with casualties,

and informing relatives of death or injury.

7.13.6 Role of Fire Authorities

The control of a fire would be normally the responsibility of the senior fire brigade

officer who would take over the handling of the fire from the site incident controller

on arrival at the site. The senior fire brigade officer would also have a similar

responsibility for other events, such as explosions. Fire authorities in the region

would be apprised about the location of all stores of flammable materials, water

supply points and fire-fighting equipment. They would be involved in on-site

emergency rehearsals both as participants and, on occasion, as observers of

exercises involving only site personnel.

7.13.7 Role of Health Authorities

Health authorities, including doctors, surgeons, hospitals, ambulances, and so on,

would have a vital part to play following a major accident, and they would form an

integral part of the emergency plan.



Chapter-7



For major fires, injuries would be the result of the effects of thermal radiation to a

varying degree, and the knowledge and experience to handle this in all but extreme

cases may be generally available in most hospitals.

Major off-site incidents are likely to require medical equipment and facilities

additional to those available locally, and a medical "mutual aid " scheme would exist

to enable the assistance of neighboring authorities to be obtained in the event of an

emergency.

7.13.8 Role of Government Safety Authority

There will be the factory inspectorate available in the region. Inspectors are likely to

want to satisfy themselves that the organization responsible for producing the off-

site plan has made adequate arrangements for handling emergencies of all types

including major emergencies. They may wish to see well documented procedures

and evidence of exercise undertaken to test the plan.

In the event of an accident, local arrangements regarding the role of the factory

inspector will apply. These may vary from keeping a watching brief to a close

involvement in advising on operations.

The off-site emergency organization chart for major disaster is shown in Figure-

7.3.



Chapter-7



FIGURE-7.3

OFF-SITE EMERGENCY PLAN

ACTION PLAN FOR HANDLING OFF SITE EMERGENCY

POLICE

FIRE BRIGADE

MEDICAL / AMBULANCE

TECHNICAL

REHABILITATION

RESPONSIBILITIES

(LOCAL AUTHORITIES/ D

ISTRICT

ADMINISTRATION)

1.

PROVIDE EMERGENCY

CONTROL CENTER IN

THE

AREA W

ITH FACILITIES FOR

DIRECTING COORDINATING

EMERGENCY CONTROL

ACTIVITIES.

2.

ARRANGE FOR

REHABILITATION OF

PERSONS IN

JURED AND

ARRANGE FOR FOOD,

MEDICAL, H

YGIENIC

REQUIREMENTS.

3.

ARRANGE FOR

TRANSPORTATION FOR

EVACUATION FROM

RESIDENTIAL LOCATION

WHEN REQUIRED.

4.

MAINTAIN COMMUNICATION

FACILITIES II CONDITIONS

WITH THE HELP OF THE

TELEPHONE DEPARTM

EN

T

RESPONSIBILITIES

(FACTORY IN

SPECTORATE,

POLLUTION CONTROL BOARD,

TECHNICAL EXPERTS FROM

INDUSTRY RESEARCH AND

TRAINING IN

STITUTIONS)

1.

FURNISH ALL TECHNICAL

INFORMATION TO

EMERGENCY SERVICES AS

REQUIRED.

2.

INVESTIGATE CAUSES OF

DISASTER.

3.

SUGGEST THE PREVENTIVE

MEASURES FOR FUTURE

ACTION.

RESPONSIBILITIES

1.

FIRST AID TO THE PERSON

AFFECTED.

2.

PROVIDE MEDICAL

TREATMENT.

RESPONSIBILITIES

1.

CONTAIN THE FIRE AND

PREVENT THE SPREAD.

2.

PLUGGING THE LEAKS GAS

CHEMICALS REDUCING THE

EFFECTS OF TOXIC GASES

AND FUMES.

3.

RESCUE AND SAVAGE

OPERATION.

RESPONSIBILITIES

1.

COMMUNICATE THE

INFORMATION ABOUT THE

MISHAP TO OTHER

AGENCIES.

2.

PROVIDE SUPPORT TO

OTHER AGENCIES AS

REQUIRED.

3.

TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT BY

CORDONING OFF THE AREA.

4.

ARRANGE THE EVACUATION

OF PEOPLE ON ADVICE

FROM SITE

CONTROLLER/E.P.O.

5.

BROADCAST TO THE

COMMUNITY AS ADVISED BY

E.P.O.

6.

INFORM RELATIVES OF

CASUALTIES.

EPO

WILL CONTROL AND COORDINATE THE PLAN

7.0 risk assessment and disaster...

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