7.0 flora and fauna7.0 flora and fauna 7.1 introduction this section of the eis has been prepared by...
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Environmental Impact Statement 7 - 1
Lagan Cement Ltd, Killaskillen, Co. Meath
7.0 FLORA AND FAUNA
7.1 INTRODUCTION
This section of the EIS has been prepared by Openfield Ecological Services.
Assessing impacts on Flora and Fauna is an integral component of the EIA
process (Morris & Therivel, 2001). This report examines the potential impacts in
accordance with current best practice and guidelines.
7.1.1 Methodology
This assessment was carried out in accordance with the following
methodologies and guidelines:
The EPA‟s „Advice Notes on Current Practice (in the preparation of
Environmental Impact Statements) Section 2, chapters on Flora and
Fauna (EPA, 2003).
„Quarries and Ancillary Activities: Guidelines for Planning Authorities‟,
Section 3.5: Natural Heritage, from the Department of the Environment,
Heritage and Local Government (DOEHLG, 2004).
The „Guidelines for Ecological Impact Assessment in the United Kingdom‟
by the Institute of Ecology and Environmental Management (IEEM, 2006).
„Methods of Environmental Impact Assessment‟ by Morris and Therivel
(Morris & Therivel, 2001).
Other methodologies were employed as appropriate and are referenced in
the relevant sections of this report.
7.1.2 Zone of Influence
The principle zone of influence is the site itself and the habitats in the
immediate vicinity. A minimum radius of 2 km is suggested as an appropriate
zone of influence for non-linear developments (IEA, 2001). However, potential
emissions of dust, noise, and air pollutants from point sources have the
potential to impact upon habitats and species beyond this distance and
extraction of groundwater can impact on water dependant habitats some
distance from the point of removal. For this reason it is appropriate to
examine an area roughly 10 km square centred on the site. This area is shown
in Figure 7.1 and indicates the presence of any sites designated for nature
conservation.
7.1.3 Stakeholders and Consultees
7.1.3.1 Identification of Stakeholders
The primary stakeholders on this site were judged to be: the landowner; Meath
County Council; National Parks and Wildlife Service (NPWS), the Eastern
Regional Fisheries Board (ERFB) and the Irish Peatland Conservation Council
(IPCC). The IPCC are an environmental non-governmental organisation who
have been campaigning for the conservation of Ireland‟s peatlands for the
past 25 years. Both the NPWS and the ERFB are statutory consultees.
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Lagan Cement Ltd, Killaskillen, Co. Meath
Figure 7.1: Zone of Influence – Approximate 10 km square centred on the proposed
development site showing the locations of all designated sites (from www.npws.ie)
Due to the uncertainties surrounding the final boundaries of new areas to be
quarried, limited stakeholder consultation took place. However, consultation
from the following stakeholders is desirable:
Stakeholder (Name/Organisation)
1 Development Application Unit, NPWS
2 Mr Noel McGloin, ERFB
3 Dr Catherine O‟Connell, Director of the IPCC
Location of Lagan
Cement site
Ordnance Survey Ireland Licence No. EN0053907
© Ordnance Survey Government of Ireland
Blackcastle Bog
pNHA
Molerick Bog
pNHA
Royal Canal pNHA
Mount Hevey Bog
SAC and pNHA
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Lagan Cement Ltd, Killaskillen, Co. Meath
7.1.3.2 Consultation Outcomes
Mr Noel McGloin of the ERFB confirmed the presence of Atlantic salmon
Salmo salar in the Kinnegad river and indicated that spawning has been
known to take place upstream of the site near the castle to the south of the
M4.
Mr Maurice Eakin of the NPWS confirmed that no designated site for nature
conservation is located on the site of the proposed development. He stated
that while the removal of semi-natural habitats is undesirable, this can be
compensated for by enhancing habitat elsewhere on the site. He
emphasised the important role that quarries can play in acting as new
habitats for important wildlife when operations have ceased.
7.1.4 Existing Legislation, Plans and Proposals
7.1.4.1 Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD)
The protection of biodiversity is enshrined in the Convention on Biological
Diversity (CBD) to which Ireland is a signatory (UN, 1992). As part of its
commitment to this international treaty, Ireland, as part of a wider European
Union initiative, is committed to the halt in loss of biodiversity by the year 2010.
The National Biodiversity Plan (DAGI, 2002), published in 2002, states that
“each local authority [is] to prepare a local biodiversity action plan”. Meath
County Council is currently in the process of drawing up its first Biodiversity
Action Plan. The contents of this document however are not available.
7.1.4.2 Meath County Development Plan, 2007 – 2013 (MCC, 2007)
Chapter 8 of the County Development Plan focuses on protection of the
natural heritage and Section 8.2.1 emphasis the importance of biodiversity to
the county. This should include both designated and non-designated areas
to include protected species, peatlands and hedgerows. It is therefore stated
policy under the Plan:
“To protect, conserve and enhance the county’s biodiversity
and natural heritage including wildlife (flora & fauna), habitats,
landscapes and/or landscape features of importance to wildlife
or which play a key role in the conservation and management
of natural resources such as water.” [HER POL 1]
Section 8.2.7: „Habitats and Species Outside Designated Sites‟ states the
importance of maintaining ecological corridors:
“…the Planning Authority will encourage the management of
features of the landscape which are of major importance for
wild fauna and flora. Such features are those which, by virtue of
their linear and continuous structure (such as rivers with their
banks or the traditional systems for the marking of field
boundaries) or their function as stepping stones (such as ponds
or small woods), are essential for the migration, dispersal and
genetic exchange of wild species…”
The policy of Meath County Council is outlined as follows:
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Lagan Cement Ltd, Killaskillen, Co. Meath
“To recognise that nature conservation is not just confined to
designated sites and to acknowledge the need to protect non-
designated habitats and landscapes and to conserve the
biological diversity of the county. The natural heritage of the
county includes a variety of diverse habitats including lakes,
rivers, streams, woodland, trees, hedgerows, stone walls, the
coastline, estuaries and associated wildlife.”
[HER POL 14]
Further to this, the County Development Plan states as follows:
“To conserve, protect and enhance where possible wildlife
habitats such as rivers, streams, canals, lakes, and associated
wetlands including reed-beds and swamps, ponds, springs,
bogs, fens, trees, woodlands and scrub, hedgerows and other
boundary types such as stone walls and ditches which occur
outside of designated areas providing a network of habitats
and corridors essential for wildlife to flourish.” [HER POL 15]
The importance of peatland habitats, particularly at the county level is stated
in section 8.2.9: Peatlands:
“County Meath represents the eastern limit of raised bogs in
Ireland and the Council recognises the importance of raised
bogland as a major natural and archaeological resource. The
Council will promote a policy of seeking the conservation of a
representative sample of peatlands and the protection of
peatland habitats.”
The County policy in this regard only refers to nationally and internationally
designated sites.
7.1.4.3 National Sustainable Development Strategy
The 2002 document: „Making Ireland‟s Development Sustainable‟ (DoEHLG,
2002) highlights “respect for ecological integrity and biodiversity” as a core
theme, while the associated principle is that “the diversity of wildlife, habitats
and species should be maintained and improved”.
7.1.4.4 Long-Term Strategy of the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
In 2007 the EPA published „2020 Vision: Protecting and Improving Ireland‟s
Environment‟ (EPA, 2007) and identified the protection of soil and biodiversity
as one of six environmental goals.
7.1.4.5 Site Designations at a National and European Level
There are a number of different designations associated with the zone of
influence. These designations imply variations in the ecological importance of
the sites and the species/habitats contained therein. Figure 7.1 shows the
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Environmental Impact Statement 7 - 5
Lagan Cement Ltd, Killaskillen, Co. Meath
boundaries of these sites in the study area where they exist. They are as
follows:
Mount Hevey Bog SAC and pNHA (Site Code: 2342);
Black Castle Bog NHA (Site Code: 0570);
Molerick Bog pNHA (Site Code: 1582);
Royal Canal pNHA (Site Code: 2103);
The River Boyne (main channel) Salmonid Water.
SACs are designated under the EU‟s Habitat‟s Directive (Council Directive
92/43/EEC) to protect species (other than birds) and habitats and are
therefore of international importance (NRA, 2006).
NHAs are designated under national legislation and are considered to be of
national importance (NRA, 2006). In many instances the designation process
has not been fully completed, hence the prefix „p‟ for „proposed‟. Black
Castle bog NHA is an exception to this rule. Most NHAs are consequently
protected under the policies and objectives of Local Authority County
Development Plans.
Salmonid waters are designated under the EU Freshwater Fish Directive
(Council Directive 78/659/EEC) and implies a level of protection to ensure the
conservation status of salmonid fish (in this case Atlantic salmon and Trout
Trutta trutta).
7.1.4.6 North Western International River Basin District Management Plan
Under the Water Framework Directive (Council Directive 2000/60/EC) all Irish
waters must achieve „good ecological status‟ by 2015. The Eastern River Basin
District encompasses the Kinnegad region and the river Boyne. The report,
„Water Matters‟ (ERBD, 2007) suggests that lowering of the water table as part
of quarry operations can pose a threat to the water resource, affecting
nearby wet areas and altering water chemistry by transferring groundwater to
surface water.
7.1.5 Literature Review
Previous ecological surveys have been prepared as part earlier Environmental
Impact Statements. These are valuable in detailing site-specific information as
well as providing baseline data against which changes can be measured. In
addition to this, information is available from NPWS regarding the known
presence of protected species in the general area, while the EPA carry out
biological and chemical monitoring at stations along the Kinnegad river. The
IPCC maintain a register of all known peatland sites of conservation
importance in Meath and provide historical data regarding peatland cover in
the county.
7.1.5.1 Previous Environmental Impact Statements
In 1998 an initial EIS was submitted prior to commencement of quarry
operations (Goodwillie, 1998). The baseline survey identified the presence of
Bats, Badgers and Irish hare on the site, all species protected under the
Wildlife (Amendment) Act 2000. It suggests that other protected species such
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Lagan Cement Ltd, Killaskillen, Co. Meath
as the Kingfisher, Otter, Irish stoat, Hedgehog and Pigmy shrew may also use
the site but this was not confirmed. No rare or protected plant species was
found while the cutover bog, a townland boundary hedgerow and the
Kinnegad river are stated to be the most important ecological receptors. It
states that habitat removal will occur as will changes to the hydrological
balance of the Kinnegad River however no significant, adverse impacts were
identified in the study.
A supplementary report in 1999 (Goodwillie, 1999), accompanied by a
detailed analysis of the aquatic environment (Conservation Services, 1999)
elaborated on the original report. This assessment concluded that no adverse
impacts on salmonid fish populations in the Kinnegad River would arise from
changes to flow, temperature, suspended solids and oil concentrations, or pH
in the aquatic environment. While it identifies the “significant potential for
contamination of the Kinnegad River and its tributaries”, these are expected
to be adequately offset through abatement and preventative measures.
Significant salmonid nursery and spawning habitat was found along the
western tributary however analysis of macroinvertebrate communities showed
that these water courses were moderately polluted and this would limit the
potential for spawning to occur. In reference to the remnant raised bog to the
south of the site, it is stated that “it has little value as a raised bog habitat”
however Sphagnum moss species were noted to be growing in areas
(Sphagnum mosses are the chief „bog-building‟ mosses and are indicators of
a bog‟s health and ability to regenerate). No adverse impact was predicted
on this habitat.
In 2005, an EIS was prepared to examine the impact of a change of fuel in the
cement kiln to meat and bone meal (Tom Philips & Ass., 2005). Section 8
(Flora and Fauna) concluded that this change would have a negligible
impact on the status of habitat and species on the site and there would be no
potential impacts on aquatic ecology.
7.1.5.2 NPWS
The NPWS web site (www.npws.ie) contains a mapping tool that indicates the
known presence of legally protected species within a selected Ordnance
Survey (OS) 10 km grid square. The Lagan Cement site zone of influence is
located within squares N53, N54, N63 and N64 and 5 species of protected
mammal and flowering plant are highlighted. These species are detailed in
Table 7.1.
Table 7.1: Legally protected species known to be located within OS grid
squares N53, N54, N63 and N64 (taken from www.npws.ie)
Species Habitat (Mitchell et al.,
1999) Status
Otter Lutra lutra Rivers, streams, lakes,
wetlands and coasts.
Annex II Habitats Directive
Wildlife (Amendment)
Act, 2000
Red Data Book:
Internationally Important
Pigmy Shrew
Sorex minutus A wide range of habitats
Wildlife Amendment Act,
2000 Pine Marten
Martes martes
Broad-leaved and
coniferous forest.
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Red Squirrel
Sciurus vulgaris Forests, parks and gardens.
Red Hemp Nettle
Galeopsis
angustifolia
Arable land, waste places
and open ground on
calcareous substrates
Flora Protection Order
Red Data Book:
Vulnerable
It must be noted that this list cannot be seen as exhaustive as suitable habitat
is in all likelihood available for other important and protected species.
For designated areas (SACs and NHAs) „site synopsis‟ reports are available.
These are presented in full as Appendices 7.1 – 7.4 to this report.
Mount Hevey Bog SAC and pNHA (Site Code: 2342)
This site contains three Annex I habitats, rhynchosporion, degraded raised bog
and the priority active raised bog.
Black Castle Bog NHA (Site Code: 0570)
This is one of the most easterly raised bogs in the country and is of
conservation significance as a site with important habitats and species, such
as the Irish hare.
Molerick Bog pNHA (Site Code: 1582)
This is another example of a raised bog in Meath with some active areas of
previously cutover bog. It contains some distinctive „midlands‟ bog species
such as bog rosemary Andromeda polifolia. Threats to this bog include
burning and turf cutting, both of which degrade the habitat. There is also a
small area of deciduous woodland on the site.
Royal Canal pNHA (Site Code: 2103)
This man made habitat was a major transport artery linking Dublin with the
Shannon until its closure in 1961. It is now of considerable amenity value. The
pNHA section of the canal is known to be home to Otters, a Habitats Directive
Annex II species, as well as the protected opposite-leaved pondweed
Groenlandia densa.
The River Boyne Salmonid Water
The River Boyne of which the Kinnegad river is a tributary, is a designated
Salmonid river under the European Communities (Quality of Salmonid Waters)
Regulations 1988 (S.I. No. 293, 1988). This designation required the protection
or enhancement of water bodies for fish populations.
7.1.5.3 EPA Water Quality Data
The EPA collect data on water quality and have identified „sensitive areas‟
under the Water Framework Directive (WFD). These data are presented in the
EPA‟s „ENVision‟ GIS programme to be found at www.epa.ie. Figure 7.2 shows
this information.
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Lagan Cement Ltd, Killaskillen, Co. Meath
Figure 7.2: River water quality data and WFD sensitive areas within the zone of
influence (from www.epa.ie). Note RPA = Registered Protected Area
Source: EPA monitoring results within the zone of influence of the Lagan cement site
Figure 7.2 shows that with the exception of two monitoring stations at the
Yellow river and the Boyne, water quality is either of moderate or poor status –
Q3-4 or less. These data are from 2003, the most recent year for which
information is available. The closest water sensitive area is the River Boyne,
which is also an SAC for much of its length.
7.1.5.4 NGO Shadow List
In 2000 a group of environmental non-governmental organisations (eNGOs)
produced a critique of the government‟s implementation of the EU‟s Habitats
Directive (Dwyer, 2000). As part of this process, a list of sites that were felt
should be designated as SACs was published. None of the listed sites fall
within the site of this development. The IPCC compile a list of peatland sites in
county Meath and no sites on this list are within this boundary. The nearest site
of conservation importance is Bogtown (Grid Ref: N600 430) (Foss et al., 2001).
Site Location
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7.2 THE RECEIVING ENVIRONMENT
7.2.1 Introduction
7.2.1.1 Scope of the Baseline Survey
This survey set out to identify all habitats within the study area and to
determine the presence of protected species of flora and fauna as far as this
is possible. It encompasses both the terrestrial and aquatic environments.
7.2.1.2 Methodology
For the terrestrial environment a habitat map was produced in accordance
with Fossitt‟s „Guide to Habitats in Ireland‟ (Fossitt, 2000) and in accordance
with the Heritage Council‟s „Draft Habitat Survey Guidelines‟ (Heritage
Council, 2002). Habitats were mapped with the aid of a Garmin GPS 60 and a
Trimble GeoXM handheld GIS system with inbuilt GPS and loaded with ArcPad
7.0 software. Data collected in the field was later uploaded to ArcView 9.2 to
produce the final habitat map. Species lists were made for each habitat and
target notes were taken where they indicate the presence of protected or
notable species, or interesting ecological features.
For the aquatic environment Fossitt‟s guide was also used to identify broad
habitat types. The suitability of stream stretches for supporting salmonid fish
was assessed with the aid of „Ecology of the Atlantic Salmon‟ (Hendry &
Cragg-Hine, 2003). This publication describes in detail the habitat
requirements for spawning salmon, juveniles and adults. Macroinvertebrates
are frequently used as indicator organisms to determine the overall health of
aquatic environments. Macroinvertebrate samples were therefore taken to
determine water quality along the study stretches. This was done in
accordance with ISO 7828, ISO 5667 and samples were subsequently
analysed in accordance with the EPA‟s Q-Value methodology (Toner et al.,
2005). The NRA guidelines suggest that impacts on rivers from development
projects can be significant for distances up to 1 km downstream of the site
(NRA, 2006). For this reason, 1 km stretches of river downstream of potential
sources of impact were chosen. Habitats along these stretches were assessed
and macroinvertebrate samples were taken at upstream and downstream
locations.
Initially, two site visits were carried out on Monday, 3rd December and on
Friday, 7th December 2007. Following expansion of the proposed quarry area,
an additional site visit took place on Tuesday, 23rd September 2008.
7.2.1.3 Constraints
December lies outside the optimal period for general habitat survey (NRA,
2006) and so plant species present on the site may be unrecorded.
Nevertheless, sufficient foliage remains at this time of year to classify all
habitats present. September meanwhile, when the second stage of site
survey took place, lies within the optimal period.
Species lists are used to identify broad habitat types and can not been seen
as a comprehensive inventory of ecological communities. This is particularly
so when site surveys take place outside of optimal season, as annual plants
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Lagan Cement Ltd, Killaskillen, Co. Meath
die back and distinguishing features of perennials, such as flowers and leaves,
can be difficult to identify.
During a brief series of site visits such as this it cannot be expected to ascertain
the presence of all protected animals. Most mammals are nocturnal and
reclusive and so their presence is generally confirmed by proxy techniques,
such as by identifying prints and droppings, as well as through literature review
and the presence of suitable habitat. Birds that breed on the site may not use
it during the winter months and in many cases will have migrated to warmer
climates. Indeed, most groups of animals, such as bats or insects, require
separate, specialist survey work to determine their presence or conservation
status at any given site.
In the aquatic environment no one survey will provide an accurate picture of
ecological features. Rivers change greatly in character not only from year to
year and season to season, but also from day to day – for instance where
there are periods of flood or drought. Winter is not an ideal time for carrying
out macroinvertebrate surveys (NRA, 2006). Colder water temperatures mean
that invertebrates are under less stress then during the summer, when water
temperatures are higher, and therefore dissolved oxygen levels are lower.
Due to these pressures, sampling in summer gives a better picture of the true
characteristics of the river. Due to the difficulty of access onto private land
the full stretches of river habitats could not be surveyed. Instead, assessment
of rivers was made at publicly accessible locations, at road crossings for
instance, or at locations where rivers form the boundary of the site itself.
7.2.2 Flora
Twelve habitats, classified according to the Fossitt scheme, can be found on
the site. A habitat map is shown in Figure 7.3. No species listed in the Flora
Protection Order 1999 (S.I. 94, 1999) or the Red Data list of plants (Curtis &
McGough, (1988) was found to be growing on the site. A full species list for
each habitat can be found in Appendix 7.5 of this report. Habitats are
presented here in order of size.
1. Active Quarries and Mines – ED4 Extent: 46.24 ha
This habitat covers the greater part of the study area and includes the
working quarry face, roads, the remaining old farm buildings and earthen
banks. Areas where the ground has been disturbed in advance of quarrying
activities is also included. The vegetation in this habitat is confined to the
earth banks and screens where pioneer species have colonised the bare soil.
Species composition varies but generally includes Thistles Cirsium sp., grasses
Common bent Agrostis capillaris. and Yorkshire fog Holcus lanatus. Along the
boundaries of the site, between the Treelines and the earth banks, narrow
ribbons of improved agricultural grassland (GA1) habitat remain and are
characterised by the aforementioned grasses as well as Ribwort Plantain
Plantago lanceolata, Ragwort Senecio jacobaea and Dandelion Taxaracum
sp.
This habitat is currently of little conservation significance although post
operations quarries are known to become important sites for wildlife.
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2. Arable Crops – BC1 Extent: 21.20 ha
This is an intensively farmed habitat and so is of low biodiversity value. Some
persistent weeds survive within the crops e.g. Doc Rumex sp. or Thistle but
these are exceptional. Species diversity rises sharply along the field margins
where ground is frequently disturbed and this includes Tall fescue Festuca
arundinacea, Selfheal Prunella vulgaris, Scarlet pimpernel Anagallis arvensis
and Sweet vernal-grass Anthoxanthum odoratum.
3. Improved Agricultural Grassland – GA1 Extent: 18.12 ha
This habitat consists of grassland that has been „improved‟ through the use of
industrial fertilisers. This nutrient enrichment of the soil decreases species
diversity and so these areas are dominated by grasses such as Perennial
Ryegrass Lolium perenne and Yorkshire Fog. Some areas of GA1 in the study
area show the early signs of abandonment with scrub encroachment,
particularly by Gorse Ulex europaeus. Grassland of this type is of low
biodiversity value.
4. Cutover Bog – PB4 Extent: 15.5 ha
Historically, this area formed part of a raised bog, a habitat that itself formed
over perhaps 10,000 years as a lake slowly filled with dying vegetation. The
peat ultimately rises, like bread in a baking tin, giving this type of bog its name
and its unique domed shape. Intact raised bogs are characterised by
Sphagnum moss species, known as the bog-builders, which create the acidic
environment of the bog. This acidity severely retards decomposition, famously
preserving pine wood and even bodies (Rydin & Jeglum, 2006). Raised bogs
once dotted the midland counties, including Meath, but drainage and turf
harvesting has reduced much of this resource. The original cover of raised
bog in Meath was in excess of 6,000 ha (Foss et al., 2001) but today only 7.9%
of this area remains intact. No raised bog in Ireland is totally intact but despite
this many retain some conservation value. Indeed, raised bog, both intact
and degraded, are priority habitats under the EU Habitats Directive (DG
Environment, 2003). Not only do they support a unique diversity of flora and
fauna, but they act as carbon sinks, regulate surface water hydrology, and
are a valuable palaeoecological archive (historical changes in climate and
land use can be chartered by analysis of pollen deposits laid down in the
peat over time). Most of the remaining sites of conservation importance in
Meath have now been designated as either SAC or NHA. The IPCC list two
additional sites in Meath, one of which, Bogstown, is approximately 3 km to
the east of the Lagan cement site.
Areas of bog that have been extensively worked for extraction of turf are
known as cutover bog. The hydrology of these bogs has been drastically
altered and they are no longer laying down peat layers – in other words they
are inactive. Where vegetation is present, there is frequently a mosaic of
habitats depending on variations in topography, hydrology and current land
use.
The peatland in the study area is a part of a larger habitat that is now cutover
bog. The area within the site boundary is composed of a mosaic of habitats,
each with distinctive vegetation cover. The remaining area of „high bog‟ is
dominated by Ling Heather Calluna vulgaris and tussocks of Deer grass
Trichophorum cespitosum. Under the heather, only bare peat is present with
very little cover of moss or lichen. There is no pool or hummock formations
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and Sphagnum mosses are absent with the exception of very small patches in
wetter areas to the south of this habitat.
A deep drain, up to 2 m deep in places runs east – west through the centre of
the bog. However this is just one of innumerable drains that have been dug
throughout the area and make navigating the terrain by foot a difficult task.
For this reason drainage ditches do not appear on the habitat map.
In general, the peat surface is dry, and only in small patches to the south are
there significant wet areas. These are never large and are characterised by
mats of Bogbean Menyanthes trifoliata and very occasional Bulrush Typha sp.
To the east of the high bog, the level of the ground is several metres lower
and this area is dominated with Purple Moor-grass Molinea caerulea. Ling
heather is occasional close to the high bog, while Gorse grades from
occasional to dominant when moving west to east.
To the south of the cutover bog, scrub encroachment becomes more evident
with the advance of Gorse, Birch Betula sp. and Willow Salix sp.
The conservation value of this area is low as it does not have any areas of
active bog (i.e. areas where new peat is being formed) and its hydrology is so
altered as to preclude any chance of regeneration. It is however a habitat
that supports faunal species of conservation importance (see section 7.2.3).
5. Scrub – WS1 Extent: 6.91 ha
The area surrounding the cutover bog is known as the lag zone and is a
transitional band between what was once high bog and the surrounding
mineral soil. Due to drainage, and subsequent drying out of peat, this zone is
much wider than it would be under undisturbed conditions. This favours the
advance of scrub and particularly Gorse, Birch and Willow. It is predominantly
a dense and impenetrable area although the trees themselves are rarely
taller than 5 m.
Other areas of scrub are located to the east of the site and are present as a
result of land abandonment. While the species here are the same as those
along the bog edges, this habitat is much more transitional and is part of a
process known as succession, where by the land reverts back to the „climax‟
vegetation, which in Ireland is predominantly Oak woodland.
Scrub areas tend to be poor in species diversity and do not have established
communities of flora at the ground level. However they are frequently rich
habitats for birds as they provide cover for roosting and nesting, as well as
food resources.
6. Artificial Lakes and Ponds – FL8 Extent: 2.36 ha
Balancing ponds used to attenuate particulate matter in surface runoff from
the quarry can form semi-natural habitats. This habitat is composed of two
ponds. The smaller one, closer to the quarry, has very gradual banks and so a
wide diversity of wetland plants have colonised these margins while open
water exists in the centre. The larger pond has steeper banks and so has a
lower diversity and extent of marginal vegetation. Species here include
Bulrush, Hard Rush Juncus inflexus, Nettle Urtica dioica, and Willow.
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7. Treelines – WL2 Extent: ~6.3 km
Treelines dominate the field boundaries in the agricultural grassland to the
south-east of the site and the arable fields to the south. This habitat differs
from hedgerows in that the trees are generally greater than 5 m in height.
They were probably at one time stock-proof hedgerows, but lack of
management has resulted in large gaps appearing at the base, a loss of floral
diversity in the herb layer and a dominance of mature trees. In some
instances, particularly along roadsides, there is still a dense component below
5 m. However the predominance of tall, mature trees even in these stretches
means they still qualify as treelines. A range of species can be found
including, Hawthorn Crataegus monogyna, Blackthorn Prunus spinosa, Ash
Fraxinus excelsior, Sycamore Acer pseudoplatanus, Scots Pine Pinus sylvestris
and Spindle Euonymus europaeus.
They are important habitats for a range of common, countryside species and
are especially significant as wildlife corridors, allowing species to disperse and
forage. They may also be home to important species such as Badger Meles
meles and Bats, as well as a large variety of birds.
8. Wet Grassland – GS4 Extent: 1.8 ha
This is a small area that is in the transitional zone between the cutover bog
and the arable cropland. It may have been „improved‟ at some point but
does not appear to have been grazed for some time and is dominated with
species associated with wet ground. These include a large proportion of
Meadowsweet Filipendula ulmaria and rushes Juncus sp. There is some scrub
encroachment with numerous Willow saplings and emergent Gorse, although
these do not dominate. Other species present include Wild angelica Angelica
sylvestris, Devil‟s-bit scabious Succisa pratensis and Silverweed Potentilla
anserina.
9. Bog Woodland – WN7 Extent: 1.72 ha
This small area to the south of the site has developed in an area of cutover
bog. It consists of mature Birch and Hazel Corylus avellana with climbing Ivy
Hedera helix and Honeysuckle Lonicera periclymenum. There is Holly Ilex
aquifolium and Bramble Rubus fruticosus in the shrub layer and a well
developed ground flora (so far as this can be determined in Winter) consisting
of Wood Sorrel Oxalis acetosella, Hard Fern Blechnum spicant and Herb
Robert Geranium robertianum and mosses.
Bog woodland is a priority habitat under the EU Habitats Directive (code:
91D0) although this only applies to woodland where the water level is
permanently high (DG Environment, 2003). This habitat is exceedingly rare in
Ireland (Fossitt, 2000) and its range does not extend to within the zone of
influence of the Lagan Cement site (NPWS, 2008).
The significance of this woodland lies in the fact that it is dominated by native
Irish tree species and is a habitat that is infrequent at a county level.
10. Drainage Ditches – FW4 Extent: ~850 m
This habitat is present along portions of the arable fields. While drainage
channels are also present in the cutover bog, these are too numerous and
difficult to see (most are overgrown with vegetation) and so are not mapped.
These have been colonised by a range of species that are typical of shallow,
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stagnant water including Bulrush, Horsetails Equisetum sp., Water mint Mentha
aquatica and even occasional Common reed Phragmites australis. Because
of their artificial nature they are colonised only by the smallest of fish, although
they are likely to provide suitable breeding habitat for Common frog Rana
temporaria.
11. Hedgerow – WL1 Extent: 500 m
There is a relatively small length of true hedgerow in the study area. It is stock-
proof and consists of Hawthorn, Ash and Blackthorn.
12. Dense Bracken – HD1 Extent: 0.26 ha
This small area to the south of the electricity station is characterised by >50%
cover of Bracken Pteridium aquilinum. It is adjacent to the Bog Woodland
and Scrub habitats and so some Gorse and Birch are also present. The
Bracken is at its tallest in late summer but dies back in Winter leaving
distinctive brown mats of dead vegetation.
Bracken was originally a woodland species but despite being native to Ireland
it is invasive when outside this habitat. It forms dense blankets of vegetation
that excludes all other species. It is therefore of low biodiversity value.
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Figure 7.3: Habitat Map of Proposed Quarry Extension
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7.2.3 Fauna
The habitats present in the study area are likely to provide resources for a
number of species of fauna some of which are protected.
Mammals
A mammal trail, most likely a Badger‟s Meles meles was found along the
northern boundary, running along the hedgerow habitat (WL1). This evidence
was augmented by the presence of badger droppings along the fringes of
the smaller balancing pond, see figure 16. The badger is protected under the
Wildlife Act and is listed in the Red Data Book as Internationally Important
(Whilde, 1993).
An Irish hare Lepus timidus hibernicus was observed in the Cutover bog
habitat (PB4). During the September survey a specimen was also observed
foraging within the Active quarry (ED4). The hare is protected under the
Wildlife Act as well as Annex V of the Habitats Directive, and is listed in the Irish
Red Data Book as being Internationally Important (Whilde, 1993). The decline
in number of the Irish hare has been a cause of concern and in 2007 an all-
Ireland Species Action Plan was published by NPWS (Reid et al., 2007). The
reason for this decline is not well understood but loss of habitat is of prime
concern. While they are adaptable to a wide range of habitats they are
known to avoid areas of intensive agriculture (Harris & Yalden, 2008).
Evidence of a bird kill was found near the smaller balancing pond and this
was most likely the result of a Fox Vulpes vulpes. The fox is not a protected
species.
While the presence of other species cannot be confirmed, it is likely that
Pigmy Shrew Sorex minutus, Irish stoat Mustela ermine and Hedgehog
Erinaceus europaeus use the site due the availability of suitable habitat and
their known geographic distribution (Mitchell-Jones et al., 1999).
The presence of Bats on the site is likely and the old farm buildings in particular
are possible roost sites. All bat species in Ireland are protected under the
Wildlife Act and Annex IV of the Habitats Directive. There may be additional
bat roosts in the Treelines and it is highly likely that this habitat is used for
foraging.
Birds
A number of bird species were observed during the site survey. Many of these
are common hedgerow species such as Goldfinch Carduelis carduelis, Wood
Pigeon Columba palumbus, Blackbird Turdus merula, Hooded Crow Corvus
corone, Rook Corvus frugilegus, Jackdaw Corvus monedula and Starling
Sturnus vulgaris. Small numbers of Teal Anas Crecca and Snipe Gallinago
gallinago were observed at rest in the balancing ponds. Both of these
species are on the Amber list of „Birds of Conservation Concern in Ireland‟
(Lynas et al., 2007), i.e. of medium conservation concern. A small flock of
Reed Buntings Emberiza schoeniclus was identified flying over the cutover bog
habitat and a Heron Ardea cinerea was seen in the Drainage Ditch. It is likely
that other bird species, not observed during the site visits, are using the site.
During the September survey additional species encountered were Song
Thrush Turdus philomelos, Stonechat Saxicola torquata, and Meadow pipit
Anthus pratensis while Skylark Alauda arvensis and Raven Corvus corax were
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observed flying overhead. Of these the Skylark is Amber listed while the others
are all Green listed (of low conservation concern).
Amphibians
Neither Frogs (Rana temporaria) nor Newt (Triturus vulgaris) were observed
during either the December or September field surveys although suitable
habitat exists particularly in the cutover bog and the balancing ponds. Both
species are protected under the Wildlife (Amendment) Act 2000, while the
frog is also listed under Annex V of the Habitats Directive and regarded as
Internationally Important in the Red Data Book (Whilde, 1993).
Invertebrates
Only one insect in Ireland is protected under law: the Marsh Fritillary butterfly
Euphydryas aurinia. It has not been recorded from this site (Asher et al., 2001)
however food plant for its caterpillar (the Devil‟s-bit Scabious plant, Succisa
pratensis) is present in significant quantity to the south of the Cutover bog and
in the Wet grassland habitat (GS4). This plant is common and widespread
(Web et al., 1996) while the butterfly is very restricted in its range and is
declining. While the Lagan Cement site falls within the species‟ range it is
unlikely that it is present (NPWS, 2008).
While all habitats on the site are likely to harbour numerous invertebrate
species, few are in evidence during the Winter months. During the September
survey, despite fine, sunny weather at the time, the site was noted for its lack
of butterfly activity. Two species were encountered along the Treelines: Small
tortoiseshell Aglais urticae and Speckled wood Pararge aegeria, both of
which are considered „not threatened‟ (Asher et al., 2001).
7.2.4 Aquatic Environment
Three stretches of river were surveyed. These were chosen based on the
sources of potential impact, of which there are three: two point emission
sources, SW1 on the Kinnegad River and SW2 on the western tributary; and a 1
km stretch of the eastern tributary closest to the excavation pit. The latter
stretch is potentially at greatest risk from lowering of the water table from
groundwater extraction (based on its distance from the point of extraction).
Figure 7.4 shows licensed discharge points, locations of macroinvertebrate
samples and the location of surveyed stretches in relation to the site
boundary.
7.2.4.1 Ecological Status
Macroinvertebrates are frequently used as indicator organisms to determine
the overall ecological health of river systems. The location of these samples is
shown in Figure 7.4 and the associated Q-Values are given in Table 7.2. Full
analysis data is presented in Appendix 7.6.
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Ordnance Survey Ireland Licence No. EN0053907 © Ordnance Survey Ireland Government of Ireland
Figure 7.4: Freshwater Sampling Locations and Results
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Table 7.2: Q-Values at Selected Sampling Locations
Upstream Downstream
Kinnegad River Q3 Q3
Eastern Tributary Q3 Q3
Western Tributary Q3 Q3
All sampling points were determined to be Q3 – Moderately Polluted. This
assessment was made in on the basis of the population structure of
macroinvertebrates, the presence of in-stream vegetation and physical
parameters, particularly the level of sedimentation. All river stretches were
heavily canalised and so have lost their natural morphology (see Section
7.2.4.2). The EPA methodology states that “macroinvertebrate criteria do not
apply to rivers …effected by significant…canalisation” (Toner et al., 2005). As
a result, greater emphasis was placed on other parameters.
7.2.4.2 Suitability of Habitat for Salmonid Fish
The three stretches of river chosen showed a highly modified morphology, i.e.
their natural, meandering shape has been removed through a process of
canalisation. This results in deep, straight river channels with a more or less
uniform flow profile – unlike the riffle/pool/glide sequence to be found in
unmodified rivers. Each stretch was characterised on the basis of its
morphology, flow characteristics, in-stream species, riparian species,
percentage summer shading, and substrate. These factors were used to
determine the overall suitability of the rivers as habitats for Atlantic salmon at
their spawning, juvenile and adult stages. This was gauged as to whether
suitable habitat was either present or absent. Table 7.3 summarises the results
for each stretch of river and full survey results are presented in Appendix 7.7.
Table 7.3: Presence of Suitable Habitat for Salmon
Kinnegad River Eastern Tributary Western Tributary
Spawning Absent Absent Absent
Juvenile Absent Absent Absent
Adult Present Absent Absent
1. The Kinnegad River from the site boundary upstream of SW1 to ~1 km
downstream of the discharge point.
The section of the river near SW1 is straight and deep and is characterised by
an absence of tall riparian vegetation and abundant macrophyte growth,
particularly Watercress Nasturtium officinale. The absence of a riffle/pool
sequence and siltation of the river bed has removed any potential for
spawning or juveniles. The deep water however does provide adequate
access for adults migrating to spawning grounds further upstream.
2. The Eastern Tributary from SW2 to ~1 km downstream of this point.
This stream is small, perhaps only 1m wide on average. The southern section is
overgrown with abundant riparian vegetation, particularly Bramble Rubus
fruticosus and during summer shading could be close to 100%. Total shading
such as this is known as „tunnelling‟ and contributes to bank-side erosion and
a deterioration of habitat for Salmon of all life stages (O‟Grady, 2006). Further
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to the north there is a total absence of riparian vegetation and excessive
growths of Watercress are present. This stretch has been straightened and so
the river‟s natural contours have been removed. These factors result in a lack
of suitable habitat for Salmon at any of its life stages.
3. The Western tributary from the site boundary to a point ~1.8 km upstream.
At the point near the site boundary this stream was heavily silted with bank-
side erosion clearly in evidence. Riparian vegetation was more favourable
along this stretch with tall trees on one bank with Hawthorn, Ash and
Sycamore Acer pseudoplatanus. The flow characteristic was uniform with no
riffle/pool sequence. Further to the east, the stream narrows to no more than
50 cm on average and recent hedge-cutting has filled the water with wood
chippings, branches and twigs. These factors, particularly the lack of any
clean gravel substrate would not provide suitable habitat for spawning or
juvenile salmon. The small size of the river and the level of obstruction (i.e.
emergent macrophyte vegetation and woody debris) would not allow the
passage of adult fish.
7.2.4.3 Other Protected Species in the Aquatic Environment
Otter Lutra lutra and Lamprey (River lamprey Lampetra fluviatilis, Brook
lamprey, L. planeri and Sea lamprey Petromyzon marinus) are protected
under Annex II of the Habitats Directive while the Kingfisher Alcedo atthis is
listed in Annex I of the Birds Directive. Each of these species depend on
freshwater habitats and could be expected to inhabit the rivers surrounding
the Lagan Cement facility, particularly the main channel of the Kinnegad
river. The Lamprey was subject to an extensive survey within the Boyne
catchment in 2006 and this confirmed the presence of this fish in the Kinnegad
river (O‟Connor, 2006). No evidence of either Otter or Kingfisher was found
although their presence is indicated through published distribution data for
these species (Mitchell-Jones et al., 1999; Gibbons et al., 1993).
7.2.5 Determination of Value
Appendix 7.3 of the NRA guidelines (NRA, 2006) outlines a „site evaluation
scheme‟ that is designed to assign value to ecological features. Because
flora and fauna are intrinsically tied to their habitat it is most appropriate to
evaluate each of the habitat „parcels‟ that were identified on the site in
association with the species that were found there. Table 7.4 shows how this
scheme was applied to the Lagan Cement site.
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Table 7.4: Evaluation of ecological features in accordance with NRA
guidelines ranked in ascending order of value
Habitat Justification Value Rating
Cutover
Bog (PB4)
Site containing semi-natural habitat
types with high biodiversity in a local
context and a high degree of
naturalness.
Habitat for nationally protected
species (Irish hare)
High value,
locally
important
C
Bog
Woodland
(WN7)
Site containing semi-natural habitat
types with high biodiversity in a local
context and a high degree of
naturalness.
High value,
locally
important
C
The
Kinnegad
river and its
tributaries
Small water bodies with known
salmonid populations or with good
potential salmonid habitat
Farm
Buildings
Potentially significant populations of
Annex IV protected species (bats)
Hedgerow
(WL1)
Site containing some semi-natural
habitat
Moderate
value, locally
important
D
Scrub
(WS1)
Artificial
Lakes and
Ponds (FL8)
Treelines
(WL2)
Wet
Grassland
(GS4)
Drainage
Ditches
(FW4)
Artificial and highly modified habitat
with low species diversity and low
wildlife value
Low value,
locally
important
E
Dense
Bracken
(HD1)
Improved
Agricultural
Grassland
(GA1)
Active
Quarries
(ED4)
Arable
crops
(BC1)
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7.2.6 ‘Do-nothing’ Scenario
In the absence of the current development proposals little change can be
expected to take place in the ecological features in the short- to medium-
term.
The cutover bog habitat is extensively drained and since there is already
almost complete vegetation cover the conservation status of the bog is highly
unlikely to change. The absence of the bog-building Sphagnum moss means
that the generation of peat has ceased and only major intervention on the
site would reverse this. A warming climate may result in greater drying out of
the peat and a consequent expansion of scrub on the site, particularly Birch
and Gorse.
In the absence of agricultural management, the previously farmed land to
the south east would revert to scrub through a process of succession. This can
already be observed in some of these fields. Where current agricultural
practices continue, scrub encroachment will not occur and gaps in the
existing treelines will continue to widen. Species diversity will decline as
individual trees die off without any regeneration of seedlings.
The scrub and dense bracken to the south of the electricity station will slowly
develop through succession as tree species from the bog woodland colonise
these areas. The habitats would ultimately merge into one.
The ecology of the ponds would change slowly as particulate matter in water
pumped from the quarry floor settles out and eventually fills in the pond
basins. Their value to the wildfowl would remain as long as open water exists.
The small stretch of hedgerow to the north of the study area is already
developing into a treeline through lack of management.
The status of the rivers is likely to improve over time. due to the on-going
implementation of the Water Framework Directive. Of particular relevance is
the impact of the seriously canalised river morphology which can continue
indefinitely in the absence of intervention to restore the river‟s natural
morphology (O‟Grady, 2006).
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7.3 PREDICTED IMPACT OF THE PROPOSED DEVELOPMENT
7.3.1 Construction Phase
No impact is predicted on designated nature conservation sites.
The proposed extension of quarrying activities will directly remove areas of
Cutover bog, Scrub, Dense bracken, Treelines, Improved Agricultural
Grassland, Artificial lakes, Arable crops, Drainage ditches, Wet grassland and
Bog woodland, as well as the old farm buildings.
Since the quarry expansion is not adjacent to any water courses, there is no
potential for impacts on the aquatic environment during the construction
phase.
Clearing ground and creating the screening earth banks in advance of
quarry operations will therefore have 5 impacts.
1. Removal of the C ranking habitats (Cutover bog, Bog woodland, Farm
buildings).
2. Removal of D ranking habitats (Hedgerow, Scrub, Artificial lake, and Wet
grassland).
3. Removal of E ranking habitats (Improved Agricultural Grassland, Drainage
ditches, Dense bracken and Arable crops).
4. Reduction in population of protected or rare species including Badger,
Bats, Hare, Common frog, Smooth newt, Teal, Skylark and Snipe.
5. Disturbance to wildlife in general through land clearance and creation of
earth screens.
The nature of these impacts is assessed in Table 7.5.
Table 7.5: The characteristics of potential impacts from the construction phase
of the quarry expansion
Impact Direct/
Indirect
Cumulative Time Scale Permanent/
Temporary
Positive/
Negative
1 Direct Yes Short-term Permanent Negative
2 Direct Yes Short-term Permanent Negative
3 Direct Yes Short-term Permanent Negative
4 Direct Yes
Short to
medium-
term
Permanent Negative
5 Direct No Short-term Temporary Negative
Impacts are quantified where possible, both in absolute terms and as a
proportion of the whole resource. This is presented in Table 7.6.
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Table 7.6: Scale and likelihood of potential impacts from the construction
phase of the quarry expansion
Impact Magnitude As proportion of on-site
resource Likelihood
1 -17.2 ha 100% Certain
2
-11.1 ha (Scrub and
Wet grassland)
3.84 km of Treeline
850 m of Drainage
ditch
~100%
61% (the remainder are
boundary trees)
100%
Certain
3 - 39.6 ha 100% Certain
4
Unknown but includes
populations of Bats,
Badgers, Irish hare,
Common frog,
Smooth newt, Skylark,
Teal and Snipe
Unknown Likely
5 Not possible to
quantify
Unknown but could be
locally significant given the
scale of land clearance
Possible
depending
of the
timing of
works
Appendix 4 of the NRA Guidelines (NRA, 2006) provides guidance on assessing
impact significance. This is done by combining the magnitude of the impact
(from tables 5 & 6 with the value of the ecological resource as assessed in
section 7.2.5, Table 7.4).
Table 7.7: Impact significance during the construction phase of the quarry
expansion
Impact Significance
1 Major Negative – Permanent impact on a large part of a C
ranking site
2 Moderate Negative – Permanent impact on a large part of a D
ranking site
3 Minor negative – Permanent impact on a large part of an E
ranking site
4 Moderate Negative – Permanent impact on C ranking species
5 Minor Negative – Temporary impact on a large part of the site.
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7.3.2 Operation Phase
Evidence gathered during the field survey suggests that current surface water
emissions from the site are having no negative impact on ecology in the
aquatic environment.
The operation of the expanded quarry will result in 6 potential impacts on flora
and fauna.
1. Potential impact on the flow patterns in the aquatic environment as a
result of quarrying below the water table.
2. Damage to vegetation as a result of greater emission of dust.
3. Disturbance of wildlife in general through blasting and site noise.
4. Potential impact to the remaining areas of cutover bog habitat adjacent
to the site through lowering the water table and drying out the peat.
5. Potential impact to the aquatic environment through changes in water
quality, temperature and flow characteristics through surface water
discharges from licensed emission points.
The nature of these impacts is assessed in Table 7.8. Note that „Permanent‟
according to the NRA Guidelines is considered to be an impact that is greater
than 1 year in duration.
Table 7.8: The characteristics of potential impacts from the operational phase
of the quarry expansion
Impact Direct/
Indirect
Cumulative Time
Scale
Permanent/
Temporary
Positive/
Negative
1 Indirect No
Medium
to long-
term
Permanent Unknown
2 Indirect Yes
Medium
to long-
term
Permanent Negative
4 Direct No Long-term Temporary Negative
5 Direct Yes Unknown Permanent Negative
6 Direct Yes
Medium
to long-
term
Permanent Unknown
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Impacts are quantified where possible, both in absolute terms and as a
proportion of the whole resource. This is presented in Table 7.9.
Table 7.9: Scale and likelihood of potential impacts from the operational
phase of the quarry expansion
Impact Magnitude As proportion of on-site
resource Likelihood
1 Unknown
Unknown but is likely to impact
on different areas in different
ways.
Likely since
quarrying will be
taking place
below the water
table
2 Unknown
Not possible to quantify but will
impact the immediate
boundary zone greatest.
Not likely to be
greater than that
already occurring
3 Not possible
to quantify
Will be confined to the
immediate boundary zone.
Not likely to be
greater than that
already occurring
4 Not possible
to quantify
Difficult to quantify but will
impact the area closest to the
closest to the quarry face
greatest
Unknown
5 Unknown
Water quality and temperature
will be similar to the current
conditions. The impact of
altered flow patterns is
currently unknown.
Unknown
By combining the magnitude of the impact with the value of the ecological
resource the significance of the impact can be assessed (as in section 7.3.1.1).
This is shown in Table 7.10.
Table 7.10: Impact significance during the operational phase of the quarry
expansion
Impact Significance
1
Unknown
2
Minor Negative – permanent impact on a small part of the site
3
Neutral – no impact
4
Moderate Negative – permanent impact on a small part of the site
5
Neutral – no impact. Note that the significance of this impact may
change as further hydrological information comes to light
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7.4 MITIGATION MEASURES
According to accepted methodologies (EPA, 2003; IEEM, 2006) mitigation is
required where there are likely, significant, negative impacts. The NRA
guidelines do not define at what level an impact becomes significant. IEEM
guidance (Appendix 7.1) states that an impact is significant if it is „Major
Negative‟ or greater. By this standard, the proposed development will result in
one significant, negative impact (removal of Cutover bog and Bog woodland
habitat). However current best practice advocates the principle of „no net
loss‟ and where possible enhancement of ecological resources. Mitigation
measures are therefore proposed to ensure that these principles are
incorporated into this development.
7.4.1 Quarry Extension
Five negative impacts were identified in Section 7.3.
1. Removal of C Ranking Habitats (cutover bog and bog woodland)
This will result in loss of habitat for a range of species but of particular
significance is the impact on Irish hare, Common frog, Skylark and Smooth
newt. It is not possible to mitigate for the direct loss of habitat and so
compensation is the only alternative.
Recommendation 1:
Post-operation, quarries are well known to provide suitable habitat for a range
of rare and protected species (Gilbert & Anderson, 1998). It is therefore
recommended that the rehabilitation plan for the site includes a strong
emphasis on habitat creation for biodiversity. If sensitively carried through,
there is adequate scope to create resources for the species identified above,
as well as for additional species that may not currently use the site.
Compensation may be made through other areas of the site that have
recently, or may soon be worked out. This would minimise short term impacts
to these species.
While short term impacts remain on key species, implementing this
recommendation would secure their long term survival on the site and
ultimately reduce this impact from Major negative to Neutral.
2. Removal of D Ranking Habitats (scrub, wet grassland, artificial pond and
treelines)
Removal of the Smaller Artificial Pond:
This impact can be offset through the enhancement of the remaining pond to
make it more biodiversity friendly.
Recommendation 2:
It is recommended that the shape of the larger pond, which is currently of low
biodiversity value, be altered to create gradually sloping edges. This greatly
encourages colonisation by tall reeds and other wetland plants and the
resultant vegetation not only creates valuable wildlife habitat but actively
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enhances the capacity of the pond to remove particulate matter thereby
improving the quality of surface water emissions.
Removal of Treeline Habitat:
The removal of semi-natural habitat can be mitigated by creating similar
habitat elsewhere. This is known as compensation. This process is an inexact
science as habitats are a unique result of the soil, geology, climate and land-
use history in that location and so is not easily replicated. In the case of
wooded habitats it may take many years for trees to reach maturity and so
come close to replicating the ecological value of the original. Nevertheless,
approximations can sometimes be made. In this instance, the total area of
habitat to be lost is approximately 1.5 ha (3.84 km long by approximately 4m
wide).
Recommendation 3:
Create an area of native broad-leaved woodland on the site to be
composed of species consistent with the surrounding landscape and to cover
a minimum area of 3 ha. This additional area is arbitrary but can compensate
for the fact that trees take a long time to reach maturity.
Removal of Scrub and Wet Grassland
Compensation for these habitats could be made through management of
existing areas on the Lagan cement site for biodiversity. This could take the
form of a Biodiversity Action Plan for the site and could incorporate other
recommendations made in this report.
Such an initiative would not only reduce this impact from Moderate negative
to Neutral but would actively enhance biodiversity on the site and result in an
overall Positive impact.
Recommendation 4:
Lagan Cement Ltd have given a commitment to develop a Biodiversity
Action Plan for the site to incorporate measures recommended in this report.
A baseline survey is the starting point for this plan and since many species of
plant and animal are not apparent throughout the year, the timing of this
survey is crucial. If the Planning Authority were to insert a pre-
commencement condition as part of the planning permission, this survey will
take place during the growing season (April – September).
3. Removal of E Ranking Habitats
These habitats are of low biodiversity value and their removal will have Minor
negative impacts. If the compensation measures described above were to
be implemented, they would more than make up for this loss.
4. Reduction in Population of Protected or Rare Species (moderate negative
impact)
The area in which the Badger trail was found will not be impacted directly
and the removal of existing habitat does not contain any setts. Therefore,
only a small portion of the Badger‟s foraging area will be removed and this
impact can be considered neutral.
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Impacts to the Irish Hare, Common frog, Smooth newt and Skylark will result
upon removal of the Cutover bog habitat. Compensation for this loss has
already been discussed and would involve rehabilitating the site post-
operation to provide habitat for these species.
The presence of Bats on the site has been confirmed through previous studies.
The quarry expansion will remove not only foraging territory but potential
roosting sites in the old farm buildings. In addition there may be roosting sites
along the stretches of Treeline that are to be removed.
The Teal and the Snipe will not be impacted in the short term through the
removal of the smaller of the two balancing ponds. However the
enhancement of the larger balancing pond, which currently has little
vegetation cover, will offset this loss.
Recommendation 5:
Lagan Cement Ltd given a commitment to carry out a bat survey of the areas
for proposed quarry expansion. All bat species are protected by law and it is
a criminal offence to destroy their roosting places, knowingly or otherwise.
However the timing of such a survey is critical as bats are only active during
certain times of the year. It is therefore suggested that the Planning Authority
insert a pre-commencement condition as part of the planning permission that
a bat survey should be carried out during the recommended survey period of
April – September (NRA, 2006). Compensatory, avoidance or mitigation
measures may be possible and, if available, will be included in this report.
5. Disturbance to wildlife in general through land clearance and creation of
earth screens (minor negative)
This impact can be mitigated by ensuring that clearance of hedges and trees
only takes place outside of nesting season for birds (March – August inclusive).
Indeed, it is an offence under the Wildlife (Amendment) Act 2000 to carry out
clearance of vegetation during these months unless for reasons of health and
safety.
Recommendation 6:
Carry out site clearance work only from September 1st to the last day in
February [42].
6. Damage to vegetation as a result of greater emission of dust (minor
negative impact)
The deposition of dust on leaf surfaces can stunt plant growth, block the
stomata through which respiration takes place and leave the plant more
vulnerable to disease (Bell & Treshow, 2002). The emission of dust from the site
is controlled under condition 6.10.4 of Lagan Cement‟s IPPC licence and
abatement measures, including a monitoring protocol are already in place.
Continuing adherence to this condition will ensure that impacts to vegetation
are avoided.
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7. Potential impact to the cutover bog habitat through lowering the water
table and drying out the peat (moderate negative)
This impact is highly uncertain. The bog is already dry from extensive drainage
and so it is not known whether quarry extraction will contribute to additional
drainage. Indeed, peat retains water so well that if this impact is realised it
may be limited to only of portion of the habitat close to the quarry. A
previous EIS for this site suggested that an impermeable marl layer underneath
the peat would prevent extensive drying out occurring (Goodwillie, 1998)
however bringing the quarry so close may disrupt that seal.
Recommendation 7:
An earth bank should be constructed to provide a buffer between the bog
and the quarry face. This will retard drainage from the bog sufficiently to
allow rainfall to maintain the current hydrology of the site.
8. Impacts to the Aquatic Environment
The impacts to the aquatic environment through changes in the flow regime
in the Kinnegad River as well as adjacent tributaries are currently unknown. It
is therefore not possible to suggest mitigation measures at this time.
Recommendation 8:
Review the impacts to the aquatic environment as information comes to light
regarding the potential changes to hydrology within the zone of influence.
9. Potential Enhancement of Ecological Resources
There is enormous potential to enhance wildlife within the existing Lagan
Cement site due to its size and the range of habitats, both natural and man-
made, that already exist there. Such measures would contribute positively to
the sustainability of Lagan Cement‟s operation, promote good relations with
neighbours through raising awareness, and enhance the company‟s image
both within the wider corporation and nationally.
7.4.2 Monitoring
Where residual impacts remain after mitigation, monitoring is required.
Impacts to bat populations are not fully understood at this stage and so
monitoring may be required once further studies are completed.
The moderate negative impact to the Irish hare, Common frog, Smooth newt
and Skylark was quantified in terms of area of habitat lost. Monitoring will be
required to determine the effectiveness of rehabilitating the site, or particular
parts of it, for these species. This would be best achieved through the
recommended Biodiversity Action Plan for the site.
7.5 RESIDUAL IMPACT
One significant, negative impact is predicted as a result of this development
proposal. Several moderate and minor negative impacts were identified and
mitigation measures have been recommended. The scope for enhancement
of the ecological resource has also been outlined and a recommendation
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made. The implementation of these measures would result in a significant
gain for flora and fauna on this site.
The potential for quarries to become important sites for wildlife when
operations have ceased is well known (Gilbert & Anderson, 1998). It can be
expected that such will be the case in the long-term, when the quarry on this
site is exhausted.
Addressing all of these issues holistically through a Biodiversity Action Plan for
the site would ensure that residual impacts are addressed. Indeed, if all
recommendations from this report are implemented, the long-term residual
impact from this development can be seen as positive overall.
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7.6 REFERENCES
Asher J. et al. 2001. The Millennium Atlas of Butterflies in Britain and Ireland.
Oxford University Press.
Bell J.N.B. & Treshow M. 2002. Air Pollution and Plant Life. 2nd Edition. Wiley.
Conservation Services. 1999. Assessment of Potential Impacts on the Aquatic
Environment from the Proposed Cement Manufacturing and Quarry
Development at Killaskillen, near Kinnegad.
Council Directive 92/43/EEC of 21 May 1992 on the conservation of natural
habitats and of wild fauna and flora
Council Directive 97/11/EEC of 3rd March 1997 amending Directive
85/337/EEC on the assessment of the effects of certain public and private
projects on the environment
Council Directive 2000/60/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council
establishing a framework for the Community action in the field of water policy
– more commonly known as the Water Framework Directive
Croft P.S. 1986. A Key to the Major Groups of British Freshwater Invertebrates‟.
Field Studies Council.
Curtis T.G.F.& McGough H.N. 1988. The Irish Red Data Book 1: Vascular Plants.
Stationary Office.
Department of the Environment, Heritage and Local Government, 2004.
Quarries and Ancillary Activities – Guidelines for Planning Authorities
Department of Environment, Heritage and Local Government, 2002. Making
Ireland’s Development Sustainable
Department of Environment, Heritage and Local Government and Environment
and Heritage Service Northern Ireland. 2005. All-Ireland Species Action Plans.
DG Environment. 2003. Interpretation Manual of European Union Habitats.
European Commission.
Dúchas. 2002. National Biodiversity Action Plan. Department of the Arts,
Heritage, Gaeltacht and the Islands.
Dwyer R.B. 2000. Protecting Nature in Ireland. The NGO’s Special Areas of
Conservation Shadow List. A report prepared for An Taisce, BirdWatch Ireland,
Coastwatch Ireland, Irish Peatland Conservation Council, and the Irish Wildlife
Trust. Irish Peatland Conservation Council.
EPA, 2003. Advice Notes on Current Practice (in the preparation of
Environmental Impact Statements)
EPA, 2007. 2020 Vision: Protecting and Improving Ireland’s Environment
Eastern River Basin District. 2007. Water Matters – Have your say!
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Elliott J.M., Humpesch U.H., & Macan T.T. 1988. Larvae of the British
Ephemeroptera. Freshwater Biological Association.
Elliott J. M. & Mann K.H. 1979. A Key to the British Freshwater Leeches.
Freshwater Biological Association.
Fitter R., Fitter A. & Farrer A. 1984. Grasses, sedges, rushes and ferns of Britain
and Northern Europe. Collins.
Foss P.J., O’Connell C.A. & Crushell P.H. 2001. Bogs & Fens of Ireland
Conservation Plan 2005. Irish Peatland Conservation Council.
Fossitt J. 2000. A Guide to Habitats in Ireland. Heritage Council.
Gibbons D.W., Reid J.B. & Chapman R.A. 1993. The New Atlas of Breeding Birds
in Britain and Ireland: 1988 – 1991. T&AD Poyser.
Gilbert O.L. & Anderson P.A., 1998. Habitat Creation and Repair, Oxford
University Press
Goodwillie R. 1998. Environmental Impact Statement.
Goodwillie R. 1999. Environmental Impact Statement.
Greenhalgh M. & Ovenden D. 2007. Freshwater Life. Collins.
Harris S. & Yalden D.W. 2008. Mammals of the British Isles: Handbook, 4th
Edition. The Mammal Society.
Hendry K. & Cragg-Hine D. 2003. Ecology of the Atlantic Salmon. Conserving
Natura 2000 Rivers Ecology Series No. 7. English Nature, Peterborough.
Heritage Council. 2002. Draft Habitat Survey Guidelines. The Heritage Council.
Hickie D. 2004. Irish Hedgerows: Networks for Nature. Networks for Nature.
IEEM. 2006. Guidelines for Ecological Impact Assessment in the United
Kingdom. Institute of Ecology and Environmental Management.
Institute of Environmental Assessment, 1995. Guidelines for Baseline Ecological
Assessment‟
International Standards Organisation, 1985. ISO 7828. Water Quality – Methods
of biological sampling – Guidance no Handnet sampling of aquatic benthic
macro-invertebrates
International Standards Organisation, 2004. I.S. EN ISO 5667-3:2004: Water
Quality – Sampling – Part 3: Guidance on the Preservation and Handling of
Water Samples
Johnson O. & More D., 2004. Tree Guide‟, Collins
Kurz I. & Costello M.J. 1999. An outline of the biology, distribution and
conservation of Lampreys in Ireland. Irish Wildlife Manual no. 5. Dúchas, The
Heritage Service.
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Lynas P., Newton S.F., & Robinson J.A. 2007. The Status of birds in Ireland: an
analysis of conservation concern 2008 – 2013. Irish Birds: Volume 8; Number 2.
Macan T.T. 1977. British Fresh- and Brackish-Water Gastropods. Freshwater
Biological Association.
Meath County Council. 2007. Meath County Development Plan 2007 – 2013.
Merryweather J. 2007. The Fern Guide. Field Studies Council.
Mitchell-Jones A.J., Amori G., Bogdanowicz W., Krystufek B., Reijnders P.J.H.,
Spitzenberger F., Stubbe M., Thissen J.B.M., Vohralik V & Zima J. 1999. The Atlas
of European Mammals. T&AD Poyser.
Morris P. & Therivel R., 2001. Methods of Environmental Impact Assessment,
Spon Press.
National Parks and Wildlife Service. 2008. The Status of EU Protected Habitats
and Species in Ireland. Department of Environment, Heritage and Local
Government.
National Parks and Wildlife Service. 2005. All Ireland Species Action Plans.
Department of Environment, Heritage and Local Government.
NRA. 2006. Guidelines for Assessment of Ecological Impacts of National Road
Schemes. National Roads Authority.
O’Connor W. 2006. A survey of juvenile lamprey populations in the Boyne
Catchment. Irish Wildlife Manuals, No. 24 National Parks and Wildlife Service,
Department of Environment, Heritage and Local Government, Dublin, Ireland.
O’Grady M.F. 2006. Channels & Challenges. Enhancing Salmonid Rivers. Irish
Freshwater Fisheries Ecology and Management Series: Number 4. Central
Fisheries Board, Dublin, Ireland.
Olsen L., Sunesen J. & Pedersen B.V. 2001. Small Freshwater Creatures. Oxford
University Press.
Otte M.L. 2003. Wetlands of Ireland. University College Dublin Press.
Preston C.D., Pearman D.A. & Dines T.D. 2002. New Atlas of the British & Irish
Flora. Oxford University Press.
Reid, N., Dingerkus, K., Montgomery, W.I., Marnell, F., Jeffrey, R., Lynn, D.,
Kingston, N. & McDonald, R.A. 2007. Status of hares in Ireland. Irish Wildlife
Manuals, No. 30. National Parks and Wildlife Service, Department of
Environment, Heritage and Local Government.
Rose F., 2006. The Wild Flower Key, Penguin Books.
Rydin H. & Jeglum J. 2006. The Biology of Peatlands. Oxford University Press.
Scannell M.J.P. & Synnott D.M. 1987. Census catalogue of the Flora of Ireland.
Stationary Office.
Statutory Instrument No. 94 of 1999. Flora (Protection) Order
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Tom Philips & Associates. 2005. Environmental Impact Statement.
Toner P., Bowman J., Clabby K., Lucey J., McGarrigle M., Concannon C.,
Clenaghan C., Cunningham P., Delaney J., O’Boyle S., MacCárthaigh M.,
Craig M. & Quinn R. 2005. Water Quality in Ireland 2001 – 2003. Appendix 1:
Biological and Physico-Chemical Surveillance and Water Quality Assessment
of Rivers. EPA.
Treweek J., 1999. Ecological Impact Assessment‟, Blackwell Science.
United Nations. 1992. Convention on Biological Diversity.
Webb D.A., Parnell J. & Doogue D. 1996. An Irish Flora. Dundalgan Press.
Whilde A. 1993. Threatened Mammals, Birds, Amphibians and Fish in Ireland.
Irish Red Data Book 2: Vertebrates. Belfast: HMSO.
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Appendices
Appendix 7.1: Site Synopsis report for Mount Hevey Bog SAC (Site Code: 2342)
Appendix 7.2: Site Synopsis report for Black Castle Bog NHA (Site Code: 0570)
Appendix 7.3: Site Synopsis report for Molerick Bog NHA (Site Code: 1582)
Appendix 7.4: Site Synopsis report for Royal Canal pNHA (Site Code: 2103)
Appendix 7.5: Species Lists for Habitats
Appendix 7.6: Q-Value analysis of river sampling locations.
Appendix 7.7: River habitat surveys.
Acronyms
eNGO Environmental Non-Governmental Organisation
EPA Environmental Protection Agency
ERFB Eastern Regional Fisheries Board
GIS Geographic Information System
GPS Global Positioning System
IEEM Institute of Ecology and Environmental Management
IPCC Irish Peatland Conservation Council
NPWS National Parks and Wildlife Service
NRA National Roads Authority
pNHA Proposed Natural Heritage Area
RPA Registered Protected Area
SAC Special Area of Conservation
WFD Water Framework Directive
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Appendix 7.1
NPWS Site Synopsis for Mount Hevey Bog SAC
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SITE SYNOPSIS
SITE NAME : Mount Hevey Bog SAC
SITE CODE : 2342
Mount Hevey Bog is situated approximately 4 km north-east of Kinnegad, in the
townlands of Cloncrave, White Island, Aghamore, Kilwarden and Kilnagalliagh. The
Meath-Westmeath county boundary runs through the centre of the bog. The site
comprises a raised bog that includes both areas of high bog and cutover bog. The
Dublin-Sligo railway runs through the northern part of the bog isolating two northern
lobes. The northern lobes are adjacent to the Royal Canal.
The site is a candidate Special Area of Conservation selected for active raised bog,
degraded raised bog and Rhynchosporion, habitats that are listed on Annex I of the
E.U. Habitats Directive. Active raised bog comprises areas of high bog that are wet
and actively peat-forming, where the percentage cover of bog mosses (Sphagnum
spp.) is high, and where some or all of the following features occur: hummocks, pools,
wet flats, Sphagnum lawns, flushes and soaks. Degraded raised bog corresponds to
those areas of high bog whose hydrology has been adversely affected by peat
cutting, drainage and other land use activities, but which are capable of
regeneration. The Rhynchosporion habitat occurs in wet depressions, pool edges
and erosion channels where the vegetation includes White Beak-sedge
(Rhynchospora alba) and/or Brown Beak-sedge (R. fusca), and at least some of the
following associated species, Bog Asphodel (Narthecium ossifragum), Sundews
(Drosera spp.), Deergrass (Scirpus cespitosus), Carnation Sedge (Carex panicea).
The site consists of a long narrow bog separated into four sub-sections; the larger
eastern section supports a wet quaking area with hummock/hollows and pool
complex. Hummock/hollow complex also occurs in the south-west lobe and the
north-west lobe of the site. An infilled lake is now a soak system. Forestry occurs on
the most easterly section of the site. There is abandoned cutover all around this bog
and particularly on the western section. There is some wet and actively regenerating
areas of the cutover along the southern margins of the western lobe and along the
railway.
Much of the high bog has vegetation typical of the Midlands Raised Bog type. The
vegetation consists of Ling Heather (Calluna vulgaris), Cottongrass (Eriophorum
angustifolium and E. vaginatum), Bog Asphodel, White Beak-sedge and midland
indicator species Bog-rosemary (Andromeda polifolia) and the bog moss Sphagnum
magellanicum. The wet quaking area in the eastern section of the bog has pools
that support the bog moss Sphagnum cuspidatum with White Beak-sedge,
Cottongrass and Ling Heather at the edges. The hummock/hollow complex supports
a range of hummock-forming bog mosses, including Sphagnum imbricatum and S.
fuscum, as well as other species such as S. capillifolium, S. magellanicum and S.
papillosum.
Other plants found in the hummock/hollow complexes are Bog-rosemary,
Crossleaved Heath (Erica tetralix), Bog Asphodel and Deergrass. The infilled lake is
wet and quaking and the vegetation is dominated by Purple Moorgrass (Molinia
caerulea), Bog-myrtle (Myrica gale) and Downy Birch (Betula pubescens) with bog
mosses Sphagnum palustre and S. papillosum. The birch trees appear to be between
20 and 30 years old and the Bog Myrtle is over 150 cm high.
The edge of the former lake is clearly marked by robust plants of Ling Heather. Some
areas of old abandoned cutover bog on the site are very wet and regenerating well,
with a good cover of bog mosses, including such species as Sphagnum cuspidatum,
S. papillosum, S. capillifolium, S. auriculatum and S. subnitens.
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Current landuse on the site consists of limited mechanised peat-cutting, mostly on the
eastern end of the high bog. There are areas of old peat cuttings all around the site
with some very old abandoned regenerating cutover along the edge of the railway.
The area to the east of the site has been afforested. Areas of cutover have been
reclaimed for agricultural purposes. Damaging activities associated with these
landuses include drainage throughout the site (both old and recent) and burning of
the high bog. These are all activities that have resulted in loss of habitat and
damage to the hydrological status of the site, and pose a continuing threat to its
viability.
Mount Hevey Bog is a site of considerable conservation significance comprising as it
does a raised bog, a rare habitat in the E.U. and one that is becoming increasingly
scarce and under threat in Ireland. The site supports a good diversity of raised bog
microhabitats, including hummock/hollow complexes, pools, flushes and
regenerating cutover, as well as a number of scarce plant species. Active raised bog
is listed as a priority habitat on Annex I of the E.U. Habitats Directive. Priority status is
given to habitats and species that are threatened throughout the E.U. Ireland has a
high proportion of the total E.U. resource of this habitat type (over 60%) and so has a
special responsibility for its conservation at an international level.
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Lagan Cement Ltd, Killaskillen, Co. Meath
Appendix 7.2
NPWS Site Synopsis for Black Castle Bog NHA
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Environmental Impact Statement 7 - 41
Lagan Cement Ltd, Killaskillen, Co. Meath
SITE SYNOPSIS
SITE NAME: Black Castle Bog NHA
SITE CODE: 0570
Black Castle Bog NHA is situated approximately 8 km north-west of Edenderry, mainly
in the townlands of Clonmore, Ballyheashill and Ballymacwilliam in County Meath.
The site comprises a raised bog that includes both areas of high bog and cutover
bog. The north-western margins of the site are bounded by roads and those on the
south-east are bounded mainly by scrub and woodland.
The site consists of one crescent-shaped lobe, which is quite flat. There is an absence
of permanent pools on the high bog. The raised bog is of particular interest as it is
one of the most easterly remaining raised bogs in the country. The peripheral area of
abandoned cutover bog has developed into a range of different habitats.
Much of the high bog vegetation is typical of the Midland Raised Bog type, consisting
of Ling Heather (Calluna vulgaris), Cross-leaved Heath (Erica tetralix) and White Beak-
sedge (Rhynchospora alba). The bog moss (Sphagnum spp.) cover is quite high,
especially in the central areas of the bog. Bog-rosemary (Andromeda polifolia) and
Cranberry (Vaccinium oxycoccos) are also found on the bog, although not in
abundance. A number of species of lichen (Cladonia spp.) are recorded from this
site. There are a number of habitat types found on the cutover areas of the bog.
These include areas of wet grassland dominated by Soft Rush (Juncus effusus), Purple
Moor-grass (Molinia caerulea) and Yorkshire Fog (Holcus lanatus), areas with dense
Bracken (Pteridium aquilinum) cover, Gorse (Ulex europaeus) scrub, Downy Birch
(Betula pubescens) woodland and Ash (Fraxinus exelsior) dominated semi-natural
woodland.
Irish Hare, a Red Data Book species, has been recorded at the site.
Current landuse on the site consists of peat-cutting around the edge of the high bog,
and the drainage associated with this. Large portions of the bog have been burnt at
regular intervals. These activities have resulted in loss of habitat and damage to the
hydrological status of the site, and pose a continuing threat to its viability.
Black Castle Bog NHA is a site of considerable conservation significance, comprising
as it does, a raised bog, a rare habitat in the E.U. and one that is becoming
increasingly scarce and under threat in Ireland. It is especially important because of
its eastern location. This site also supports a wide range of habitats, especially
associated with the cutover areas. Ireland has a high proportion of the total E.U.
resource of raised bog (over 50%) and so has a special responsibility for its
conservation at an international level.
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Lagan Cement Ltd, Killaskillen, Co. Meath
Appendix 7.3
NPWS Site Synopsis for Molerick Bog NHA
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Lagan Cement Ltd, Killaskillen, Co. Meath
SITE NAME: MOLERICK BOG
SITE CODE: 001582
Molerick Bog NHA is situated approximately 4 km south-west of Longwood in the
townlands of Molerick, Anneville and Blackshade Co. Meath. The site comprises a
raised bog that includes both areas of high bog and cutover bog. The site is
bounded by the Dublin-Sligo railway line to the north and local roads to the east.
The site consists of a small basin bog with a dry surface. Cutover is found all around
the site, there is broadleaved woodland located to the south-west, wet woodland is
located to the north-west, scrub to the east, humid grassland to the south, a flush/fen
area to the west and humid grassland on mineral soil to the north-west.
Much of the high bog has vegetation typical of a Midland Raised Bog including Ling
Heather (Calluna vulgaris), Cross-leaved Heath (Erica tetralix), Deergrass (Scirpus
cespitosus), Common Cottongrass (Eriophorum angustifolium) and Sphagnum spp..
The Midland Raised Bog indicator species Bog-rosemary (Andromeda polifolia) is also
found on the bog. Downy Birch (Betula pubescens) is found growing in a wet part of
the high bog and is also invading the high bog margins from the cutover.
Active cutover bog occurs on the east and west margins of the high bog. Scrub
occurs to the north, east and south-east of the site. Dry, broadleaved semi-natural
woodland on cutover, comprising Ash (Fraxinus excelsior), Downy Birch and Willow
(Salix spp.) with some Hawthorn (Crataegus monogyna) and Elder (Sambucus nigra)
is located to the south-west of the site. A small area of wet woodland dominated by
Alder (Alnus glutinosa) is located to the north-west. Wet improved grassland occurs
to the south of the high bog, supporting Rushes (Juncus spp.), bog mosses
(Sphagnum spp.) and Common Cottongrass. There is also a fen/flush area to the
south-east margin of the site on cutover. Species found here include Marsh
Cinquefoil (Potentilla palustris,), Common Marsh-bedstraw (Galium palustre), Ragged
Robin (Lychnis flos-cuculi), Sedges (Carex spp.), Marsh Pennywort (Hydrocotyle
vulgaris) and several orchids, including Common Twayblade (Listera ovata).
Current landuse on the site includes extensive active peat-cutting on the east and
western margins, with old peat-cuttings all around the site. Areas of cutover have
been reclaimed for agricultural purposes to the south. Damaging activities
associated with these landuses include drainage and burning of the high bog. These
are all activities that have resulted in loss of habitat and damage to the hydrological
status of the site, and pose a continuing threat to its viability.
Molerick Bog NHA is a site of conservation significance comprising as it does a raised
bog, a rare habitat in the E.U. and one that is becoming increasingly scarce and
under threat in Ireland. This site is located in Co. Meath at the eastern extreme of
raised bogs in Ireland and is one of only four raised bogs in the county. Ireland has a
high proportion of the total E.U. resource of this habitat type (over 50%) and so has a
special responsibility for its conservation at an international level.
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Lagan Cement Ltd, Killaskillen, Co. Meath
Appendix 7.4
NPWS Site Synopsis for Royal Canal pNHA
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Environmental Impact Statement 7 - 45
Lagan Cement Ltd, Killaskillen, Co. Meath
SITE NAME: ROYAL CANAL
SITE CODE: 002103
The Royal Canal is a man-made waterway linking the River Liffey at Dublin to the River
Shannon near Tarmonbarry. There is a branch line from Kilashee to Longford Town.
The canal NHA comprises the central channel and the banks on either side of it. The
main water supply is from Lough Owel (also an NHA) via a feeder channel into the
canal at Mullingar. The Royal Canal was closed to navigation in 1961. The section of
canal west of Mullingar was allowed to dry out, and the eastern section silted up and
became overgrown. Restoration began in 1988, and is still in progress.
A number of different habitats are found within the canal boundaries - hedgerow, tall
herbs, calcareous grassland, reed fringe, open water, scrub and woodland.
The hedgerow, although diverse, is dominated by Hawthorn (Crataegus monogyna).
On the limestone soils of the midlands Spindle (Euonymus europaeus) and Guelder-
rose (Viburnum opulus) are present.
The vegetation of the towpath is usually dominated by grass species. Crested Dog's-
tail (Cynosurus cristatus), Quaking Grass (Briza media) and Sweet Vernal-grass
(Anthoxanthum odoratum) are typical species of the calcareous grasslands of the
midlands. Where the canal was built through a bog, soil (usually calcareous) was
brought in to make the banks. The contrast between the calcicolous species of the
towpath and the calcifuge species of the bog is very striking.
Otter spraints are found along the towpath, particularly where the canal passes over
a river or stream.
The Rare and legally protected Opposite-leaved Pondweed (Groenlandia densa)
(Flora Protection Order 1987) is present at one site in Dublin, between Locks 4 and 5.
Tolypella intricata (a stonewort listed in the Red Data Book as being Vulnerable) is
also in the Royal Canal in Dublin, the only site in Ireland where it is now found.
The ecological value of the canal lies more in the diversity of species it supports along
its linear habitats than in the presence of rare species. It crosses through agricultural
land and therefore provides a refuge for species threatened by modern farming
methods.
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Lagan Cement Ltd, Killaskillen, Co. Meath
Appendix 7.5
Species Lists for Surveyed Habitats
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Lagan Cement Ltd, Killaskillen, Co. Meath
Species nomenclature is taken from the Census Catalogue of the Flora of Ireland by
Scannell and Synnott (Stationary Office, 1987). Non-native species are indicated by
an asterisk, „*‟.
Active Quarries and Mines - ED4
Senecio jacobaea Common ragwort
Agrostis capillaris Common bent
Angelica sylvestris Wild angelica
Anthriscus sylvestris Cow parsley
Arrhenatherum elatius False oat-grass
Brassica nigra Black mustard
Centaurea nigra Common knapweed
Cirsium arvense Creeping thistle
Dactylis glomerata Cock's-foot
Epilobium hirsutum Great willowherb
Geum urbanum Wood avens
Holcus lanatus Yorkshire-fog
Hypericum perforatum Perforate St. John's-wort
Juncus effusus Soft rush
Juncus inflexus Hard rush
Plantago lanceolata Ribwort Plantain
Ranunculus repens Creeping buttercup
Rubus fruticosus Bramble
Rumex crispus Curled dock
Salix sp. Willow
Stellaria media Common chick-weed
Taraxacum sp. Dandelion
Ulex Europaeus Gorse
Urtica dioica Common nettle
Vicia sepium Buch vetch
Arable Crops - BC1
Anagallis arvensis Scarlet pimpernel
Anthoxanthum odoratum Sweet vernal-grass
Arrhenatherum elatius False oat-grass
Bellis perennis Daisy
Cirsium arvense Creeping thistle
Cynosurus cristatus Crested dog's-tail
Dactylis glomerata Cock's-foot
Festuca arundinacea Tall fescue
Filipendula ulmaria Meadowsweet
Holcus lanatus Yorkshire-fog
Plantago major Greater plantain
Polygonum persicaria Redshank
Potentilla anserina Silverweed
Ranunculus repens Creeping buttercup
Rumex crispus Curled dock
Sonchus arvensis Perennial sow-thistle
Stachys palustris Marsh woundwort
Veronica chamaedrys Germander speedwell
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Lagan Cement Ltd, Killaskillen, Co. Meath
Improved Agricultural Grassland - GA1
Agrostis capillaris Common bent
Cirsium arvense Creeping thistle
Dactylis glomerata Cock's-foot
Filipendula ulmaria Meadowsweet
Holcus lanatus Yorkshire-fog
Lolium perenne Perennial rye-grass
Rubus fruticosus Bramble
Stellaria media Common chick-weed
Taraxacum sp. Dandelion
Ulex Europaeus Gorse
Cutover Bog - PB4
Betula sp. Birch
Calluna vulgaris Ling heather
Cladonia sp. Lichens
Erica cinerea Bell heather
Erica tetralix Cross-leaved Heath
Hypericum
perforatum Perforate St. John's-wort
Juncus bufonius Toad rush
Juncus effusus Soft rush
Menyanthes trifoliata Bogbean
Molinia caerulea Purple moor-grass
Narthecium
ossifragum Bog Asphodel
Potamogeton sp. Pondweed
Potentilla erecta Tormentil
Potentilla palustris Marsh cinquefoil
Pteridium aquilinum Bracken
Salix sp. Willow
Scirpus cespitosus Deergrass
Succisa pratensis Devil's-bit scabious
Ulex Europaeus Gorse
Scrub - WS1
Agrostis capillaris Common bent
Angelica sylvestris Wild angelica
Anthoxanthum
odoratum Sweet vernal-grass
Betula sp. Birch
Calluna vulgaris Ling heather
Centaurea nigra Common knapweed
Cirsium arvense Creeping thistle
Cornus sanguinea Dogwood
Dactylis glomerata Cock's-foot
Epilobium angustifolium Rosebay willowherb
Filipendula ulmaria Meadowsweet
Fraxinus excelsior Ash
Holcus lanatus Yorkshire-fog
Hypericum perforatum Perforate St. John's- wort
Lolium perenne Perennial rye-grass
Molinia caerulea Purple moor-grass
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Lagan Cement Ltd, Killaskillen, Co. Meath
Potentilla erecta Tormentil
Pteridium aquilinum Bracken
Taraxacum sp. Dandelion
Ulex Europaeus Gorse
Artificial Lakes and Ponds - FL8
Juncus effusus Soft rush
Juncus inflexus Hard rush
Salix sp. Willow
Typha sp. Bulrush
Urtica dioica Common nettle
Treelines - WL2/Hedgerows - WL1
Acer pseudoplatanus* Sycamore
Aesculus
hipposcastanum* Horse-chestnut
Avena strigosa* Bristle oat
Blechnum spicant Hard Fern
Calystegia sepium Hedge bindweed
Corylus avellana Hazel
Crataegus monogyna Hawthorn
Euonymus europaeus Spindle
Fraxinus excelsior Ash
Galium aparine Cleavers
Geranium robertianum Herb-Robert
Hedera helix Ivy
Heracleum sphondylium Hogweed
Hypericum perforatum Perforate St. John's-wort
Ilex aquifolium Holly
Lonicera periclymenum Honeysuckle
Phyllitis scolopendrium Hart's tongue
Pinus sylvestris Scots pine
Potentilla anserina Silverweed
Prunus spinosa Blackthorn
Pteridium aquilinum Bracken
Ranunculus repens Creeping buttercup
Rosa canina Dog rose
Rubus fruticosus Bramble
Salix sp. Willow
Sambucus nigra Elder
Senecio jacobaea Common ragwort
Ulex Europaeus Gorse
Ulmus glabra Wych elm
Urtica dioica Common nettle
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Lagan Cement Ltd, Killaskillen, Co. Meath
Wet Grassland - GS4
Angelica sylvestris Wild angelica
Anthoxanthum odoratum Sweet vernal- grass
Arrhenatherum elatius False oat-grass
Briza media Quaking-grass
Carex flacca Glaucous sedge
Centaurea nigra Common knapweed
Cynosurus cristatus Crested dog's-tail
Dactylorhiza sp. Orchid
Filipendula ulmaria Meadowsweet
Juncus inflexus Hard rush
Molinia caerulea Purple moor-grass
Phleum pratense Timothy
Plantago lanceolata Ribwort Plantain
Potentilla anserina Silverweed
Potentilla erecta Tormentil
Rubus fruticosus Bramble
Salix sp. Willow
Sonchus arvensis Perennial sow-thistle
Stachys palustris Marsh woundwort
Succisa pratensis Devil's-bit scabious
Taraxacum sp. Dandelion
Trifolium pratense Red clover
Ulex Europaeus Gorse
Vicia sepium Buch vetch
Bog Woodland - WN7
Betula sp. Birch
Blechnum spicant Hard Fern
Corylus avellana Hazel
Geranium
robertianum Herb-Robert
Hedera helix Ivy
Ilex aquifolium Holly
Lonicera
periclymenum Honeysuckle
Oxalis acetosella Wood-sorrel
Rubus fruticosus Bramble
Drainage Ditches - FW4
Equisetum sp. Horsetail
Holcus lanatus Yorkshire-fog
Mentha aquatica Water mint
Nasturtium
officinale Water-cress
Phragmites australis Common reed
Sparganium
erectum Branched bur-reed
Tussilago farafara Colt's-food
Typha sp. Bulrush
Urtica dioica Common nettle
Veronica
beccabunga Brooklime
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Lagan Cement Ltd, Killaskillen, Co. Meath
Dense Bracken - HD1
Betula sp. Birch
Pteridium aquilinum Bracken
Ulex Europaeus Gorse
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Lagan Cement Ltd, Killaskillen, Co. Meath
Appendix 7.6
Q-Value Analysis of River Sampling Locations
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Lagan Cement Ltd, Killaskillen, Co. Meath
Eastern Tributary – upstream from licensed discharge point SW2
TAXA
Group
A TAXA
Group
C TAXA
Group
D
Total
Numbers
Relative
Abundance,
%
Abundan
ce
Category
Plecoptera Ephemeroptera Megaloptera Group
A 0 0 Absent
All ex. Leuctra spp. Baetis rhodani Sialidae
Ephemeroptera Caenidae Crustacea Group
B 0 0 Absent
Heptageniidae Ephemerellidae Assellus sp. 40
Siphlonuriidae Trichoptera Crangonyx sp. Group
C 10 20 Common
Ephemera danica Uncased spp. Gastropoda
Lamellibranchiata Hemiptera
Lymnaea peregra Group
D 41 80 Excessive Margaritifera
margaritifera
All except A. aestivalis
Coleoptera Physa sp.
TAXA
Group
B Diptera
Lamellibranchiata
Group
E 0 0 Absent
Plecoptera
Chrionomidae (excl.
Chironomus sp.) 9
Sphaeriidae
Leuctra spp. Simuliidae Hirudinea
Q-Value Determination – Q3: Moderately
Polluted
Ephemeroptera Tipulidae All except Piscicola sp. 1
Baetidae (excl. B.
rhodani)
Hydracarina
TAXA
Group
E
Leptophlebidae Crustacea Diptera Notes:
Moderate/high level of siltation.
Normal macrophyte growth.
Cladophora sp. absent.
Slime growths absent.
Canalised channel.
Trichoptera Gammarus spp. Chrionomus sp.
Cased spp. Austropotamobius pallipes Eristalis sp.
Hemiptera Gastropoda Oligochaeta
Aphelocheirus
aestivalis
(all excl. L. peregra &
Physa sp.) Tubificidae
Odonata Lamellibranchiata
Anodonta sp.
Hirudinea
Piscicola sp. 1
Platyhelminthes
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Lagan Cement Ltd, Killaskillen, Co. Meath
Eastern Tributary – 1km downstream of licensed discharge point SW2
TAXA
Group
A TAXA
Group
C TAXA
Group
D
Total
Numbers
Relative
Abundance,
%
Abundance
Category
Plecoptera Ephemeroptera Megaloptera Group
A 0 0 Absent
All ex. Leuctra spp. Baetis rhodani Sialidae
Ephemeroptera Caenidae Crustacea Group
B 0 0 Absent
Heptageniidae Ephemerellidae Assellus sp. 20
Siphlonuriidae Trichoptera Crangonyx sp. Group
C 4 17 Common
Ephemera danica Uncased spp. Gastropoda
Lamellibranchiata Hemiptera
Lymnaea peregra Group
D 20 83 Excessive Margaritifera
margaritifera
All except A. aestivalis
Coleoptera Physa sp.
TAXA
Group
B Diptera
Lamellibranchiata
Group
E 2 0 Absent
Plecoptera
Chrionomidae (excl.
Chironomus sp.)
Sphaeriidae
Leuctra spp. Simuliidae Hirudinea
Q-Value Determination – Q3: Moderately Polluted Ephemeroptera Tipulidae All except Piscicola sp.
Baetidae (excl. B.
rhodani)
Hydracarina
TAXA
Group
E
Leptophlebidae Crustacea Diptera Notes:
Excessive substratum siltation.
Excessive macrophyte growth.
Cladophora sp. absent.
Slime growths absent.
Canalised channel.
Trichoptera Gammarus spp. 4 Chrionomus sp.
Cased spp. Austropotamobius pallipes Eristalis sp.
Hemiptera Gastropoda Oligochaeta
Aphelocheirus
aestivalis
(all excl. L. peregra &
Physa sp.) Tubificidae
Odonata Lamellibranchiata
Anodonta sp.
Hirudinea
Piscicola sp.
Platyhelminthes
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Lagan Cement Ltd, Killaskillen, Co. Meath
Kinnegad River – Upstream of licensed discharge point SW1
TAXA
Group
A TAXA
Group
C TAXA
Group
D
Total
Numbers
Relative
Abundance,
%
Abundance
Category
Plecoptera Ephemeroptera Megaloptera Group
A 0 0 Absent
All ex. Leuctra spp. Baetis rhodani Sialidae
Ephemeroptera Caenidae Crustacea Group
B 0 0 Absent
Heptageniidae Ephemerellidae Assellus sp. 6
Siphlonuriidae Trichoptera Crangonyx sp. Group
C 48 76 Excessive
Ephemera danica Uncased spp. Gastropoda
Lamellibranchiata Hemiptera
Lymnaea peregra 9 Group
D 15 24 Numerous Margaritifera
margaritifera
All except A. aestivalis
Coleoptera 1 Physa sp.
TAXA
Group
B Diptera
Lamellibranchiata
Group
E 0 0 Absent
Plecoptera
Chrionomidae (excl.
Chironomus sp.)
Sphaeriidae
Leuctra spp. Simuliidae Hirudinea
Q-Value Determination – Q3: Moderately Polluted Ephemeroptera Tipulidae All except Piscicola sp.
Baetidae (excl. B.
rhodani)
Hydracarina
TAXA
Group
E
Leptophlebidae Crustacea Diptera Notes:
Excessive substratum siltation.
Luxuriant macrophyte growth.
Cladophora sp. absent.
Slime growths absent.
Canalised channel.
Trichoptera Gammarus spp. Chrionomus sp.
Cased spp. Austropotamobius pallipes Eristalis sp.
Hemiptera Gastropoda Oligochaeta
Aphelocheirus
aestivalis
(all excl. L. peregra &
Physa sp.) 47 Tubificidae
Odonata Lamellibranchiata
Anodonta sp.
Hirudinea
Piscicola sp.
Platyhelminthes
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n pur
pose
s only
.
Conse
nt of
copy
right
owne
r req
uired
for a
ny ot
her u
se.
EPA Export 26-07-2013:19:26:53
Environmental Impact Statement 7 - 56
Lagan Cement Ltd, Killaskillen, Co. Meath
Kinnegad River – ~1km downstream of licensed discharge point SW1
TAXA
Group
A TAXA
Group
C TAXA
Group
D
Total
Numbers
Relative
Abundance,
%
Abundance
Category
Plecoptera Ephemeroptera Megaloptera Group
A 1 0.5 Present
All ex. Leuctra spp. 1 Baetis rhodani Sialidae
Ephemeroptera Caenidae Crustacea Group
B 1 0.5 Present
Heptageniidae Ephemerellidae Assellus sp. 21
Siphlonuriidae Trichoptera Crangonyx sp. Group
C 115 67 Dominant
Ephemera danica Uncased spp. Gastropoda
Lamellibranchiata Hemiptera
Lymnaea peregra 33 Group
D 55 32 Numerous Margaritifera
margaritifera
All except A. aestivalis
Coleoptera 4 Physa sp.
TAXA
Group
B Diptera
Lamellibranchiata
Group
E 0 0 Absent
Plecoptera
Chrionomidae (excl.
Chironomus sp.)
Sphaeriidae 1
Leuctra spp. Simuliidae Hirudinea
Q-Value Determination – Q3: Moderately Polluted Ephemeroptera Tipulidae 1 All except Piscicola sp.
Baetidae (excl. B.
rhodani)
Hydracarina
TAXA
Group
E
Leptophlebidae Crustacea Diptera Notes:
Excessive substratum siltation.
Luxurient macrophyte growth.
Cladophora sp. absent.
Slime growths absent.
Canalised channel.
Trichoptera Gammarus spp. Chrionomus sp.
Cased spp. 1 Austropotamobius pallipes Eristalis sp.
Hemiptera Gastropoda Oligochaeta
Aphelocheirus
aestivalis
(all excl. L. peregra &
Physa sp.) 110 Tubificidae
Odonata Lamellibranchiata
Anodonta sp.
Hirudinea
Piscicola sp.
Platyhelminthes
For
insp
ectio
n pur
pose
s only
.
Conse
nt of
copy
right
owne
r req
uired
for a
ny ot
her u
se.
EPA Export 26-07-2013:19:26:53
Environmental Impact Statement 7 - 57
Lagan Cement Ltd, Killaskillen, Co. Meath
Western Tributary – Adjacent to main site entrance
TAXA
Group
A TAXA
Group
C TAXA
Group
D
Total
Numbers
Relative
Abundance,
%
Abundance
Category
Plecoptera Ephemeroptera Megaloptera Group
A 0 0 Absent
All ex. Leuctra spp. Baetis rhodani Sialidae
Ephemeroptera Caenidae Crustacea Group
B 1 1 Present
Heptageniidae Ephemerellidae Assellus sp. 56
Siphlonuriidae Trichoptera Crangonyx sp. Group
C 20 26 Numerous
Ephemera danica Uncased spp. Gastropoda
Lamellibranchiata Hemiptera
Lymnaea peregra Group
D 56 73 Dominant Margaritifera
margaritifera
All except A. aestivalis
Coleoptera 1 Physa sp.
TAXA
Group
B Diptera
Lamellibranchiata
Group
E 0 0 Absent
Plecoptera
Chrionomidae (excl.
Chironomus sp.) 8
Sphaeriidae
Leuctra spp. Simuliidae Hirudinea
Q-Value Determination – Q3: Moderately Polluted Ephemeroptera Tipulidae 3 All except Piscicola sp.
Baetidae (excl. B.
rhodani)
Hydracarina
TAXA
Group
E
Leptophlebidae Crustacea Diptera Notes:
Excessive substratum siltation.
Excessive macrophyte growth.
Cladophora sp. absent.
Slime growths absent.
Canalised channel.
Trichoptera Gammarus spp. 8 Chrionomus sp.
Cased spp. 1 Austropotamobius pallipes Eristalis sp.
Hemiptera Gastropoda Oligochaeta
Aphelocheirus
aestivalis
(all excl. L. peregra &
Physa sp.) Tubificidae
Odonata Lamellibranchiata
Anodonta sp.
Hirudinea
Piscicola sp.
Platyhelminthes
For
insp
ectio
n pur
pose
s only
.
Conse
nt of
copy
right
owne
r req
uired
for a
ny ot
her u
se.
EPA Export 26-07-2013:19:26:53
Environmental Impact Statement 7 - 58
Lagan Cement Ltd, Killaskillen, Co. Meath
Western Tributary – ~1.8km upstream of Lagan Cement site
TAXA
Group
A TAXA
Group
C TAXA
Group
D
Total
Numbers
Relative
Abundance,
%
Abundance
Category
Plecoptera Ephemeroptera Megaloptera Group
A 0 0 Absent
All ex. Leuctra spp. Baetis rhodani Sialidae
Ephemeroptera Caenidae Crustacea Group
B 0 0 Absent
Heptageniidae Ephemerellidae Assellus sp. 56
Siphlonuriidae Trichoptera Crangonyx sp. Group
C 8 89 Excessive
Ephemera danica Uncased spp. Gastropoda
Lamellibranchiata Hemiptera
Lymnaea peregra Group
D 0 0 Absent Margaritifera
margaritifera
All except A. aestivalis
Coleoptera Physa sp.
TAXA
Group
B Diptera
Lamellibranchiata
Group
E 1 11 Present
Plecoptera
Chrionomidae (excl.
Chironomus sp.)
Sphaeriidae
Leuctra spp. Simuliidae Hirudinea
Q-Value Determination – Q3: Moderately Polluted Ephemeroptera Tipulidae All except Piscicola sp.
Baetidae (excl. B.
rhodani)
Hydracarina
TAXA
Group
E
Leptophlebidae Crustacea Diptera Notes:
Excessive substratum siltation.
No macrophyte growth.
Cladophora sp. absent.
Slime growths absent.
This stream was full of woody debris and
chippings which may account for the low
numbers of specimens overall.
Trichoptera Gammarus spp. Chrionomus sp.
Cased spp. Austropotamobius pallipes Eristalis sp.
Hemiptera Gastropoda Oligochaeta
Aphelocheirus
aestivalis
(all excl. L. peregra &
Physa sp.) 8
Tubificidae 1
Odonata Lamellibranchiata
Anodonta sp.
Hirudinea
Piscicola sp.
Platyhelminthes
For
insp
ectio
n pur
pose
s only
.
Conse
nt of
copy
right
owne
r req
uired
for a
ny ot
her u
se.
EPA Export 26-07-2013:19:26:53
Environmental Impact Statement 7 - 59
Lagan Cement Ltd, Killaskillen, Co. Meath
Appendix 7.7
River Habitat Surveys
For
insp
ectio
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pose
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EPA Export 26-07-2013:19:26:53
Environmental Impact Statement 7 - 60
Lagan Cement Ltd, Killaskillen, Co. Meath
River Habitat Assessment
Location:
Western Tributary
Grid Ref Start: 256226, 242675
Grid Ref End: 255930, 343388
Morphology
~1m wide on average.
Moderate/high levels of siltation.
Substrate predominantly small stones ~5cm diameter
Chanel runs straight along field boundaries.
Riffle/pool sequences absent.
Flow
Characteristics Low flow, perhaps only 10cm deep in places.
In stream species Varying from none to luxuriant growths of Nasturtium officinale.
Riparian species Acer psuedoplatanus, Fraxinus excelsior, Craetegus monogyna,
Hedera helix, Angelica sylvestris, Salix sp.
~%age of cover
during summer Varying from 100% where „tunnelling‟ is evident to 0%
Salmonid Adult
Habitat Absent
Salmonid Nursery
Habitat Absent
Salmonid
Spawning Habitat Absent
For
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ectio
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pose
s only
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EPA Export 26-07-2013:19:26:53
Environmental Impact Statement 7 - 61
Lagan Cement Ltd, Killaskillen, Co. Meath
Location:
Kinnegad River
Grid Ref Start: 257117, 244637
Grid Ref End: 258258, 244330
Morphology
Canalised
~4m wide on average
Straight and deep – no riffle/pool sequence
Difficult to assess substrate condition due to the depth of the
water but thought to be silted due to general morphology and
abundance of in-stream vegetation.
Flow
Characteristics
Uniform
Fast moving
In stream species Luxuriant growths of N. officinale.
Riparian species Holcus lanatus, Dyctalis glomerata, Ulex europeaus, Urtica
dioecia, Epilobium montanum, Crataegus monogyna.
~%age of cover
during summer 0%
Salmonid Adult
Habitat Present
Salmonid Nursery
Habitat Absent
Salmonid
Spawning Habitat Absent
For
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ectio
n pur
pose
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EPA Export 26-07-2013:19:26:53
Environmental Impact Statement 7 - 62
Lagan Cement Ltd, Killaskillen, Co. Meath
Location:
Eastern Tributary
Grid Ref Start: 257726, 243826
Grid Ref End: 258520, 242552
Morphology
Very narrow channel, only 50cm in places.
The channel runs straight along field boundaries.
Riffle/pool sequence absent.
Heavy erosion is evident in places while the river substrate is
heavily silted. Elsewhere, cutting of riparian hedges has filled the
river with cuttings and woody debris.
Flow
Characteristics Low flow.
In stream species Excessive growths of N. officinale
Riparian species
Hedgerow species – Salix sp., Fraxinus excelsior, Rubus fruticosis,
Crateagus monogyna, with rushes and grasses, Juncus effussus
and Dyctalis glomerata.
~%age of cover
during summer Consistently ~50% along the full length of this stretch.
Salmonid Adult
Habitat Absent
Salmonid Nursery
Habitat Absent
Salmonid
Spawning Habitat Absent
For
insp
ectio
n pur
pose
s only
.
Conse
nt of
copy
right
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r req
uired
for a
ny ot
her u
se.
EPA Export 26-07-2013:19:26:53