70 arne jouttijarvi, jern
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TRANSCRIPT
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Korrosion, slagger og hammerskæl
Arne Jouttijärvi
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Korrosion i svejsninger og slagger
Grønnebæk, HAM 8252
Galsted, HAM 2908x321
FO204798 BFO204798 B
Galsted, HAM 2908x150
FO211499 A
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Intergrannular korrosion
FO204798 B
FO201321 A
1,7 % P
1,1 % P
• Medium fosforindhold• Ekstremt store korn
• Ses normalt kun i rustfri stål
• Kan provokeres i fosforholdigt jern ved behandling i kalciumnitrat ved 60 oC
Ca(NO3)2, Norgessalpeter
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Selektiv korrosion af stål
FO208249FO203595 B
FO215230 B
HEM 20/50
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Manglende stål
HOM2247x1707
FO208272
FO208250
Büssow 14 2007/134,10
Büssow 142007/134,116
MHM 1355 x738
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Fosfor og korrosion
0,6 % P
7,9 % P
2,0 % P
3,0 % P
1,2 % P0,3 % P
1,7 % P
1,1 % P 1,4 % P
3,0 % P
3,5 % P
1,1 % P
4,3 % P
1,8 % P0,9 % P
7,7 % P
1,3 % P
0,8 % P
1,8 % P
2,1 % P
3,6 % P
1,2 % P
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75,0
77,5
80,0
82,5
85,0
87,5
90,0
92,5
95,0
97,5
60 65 70 75,0 80 85 90 95,0 100,0
Slag inclusions
FeO
FeO
+ S
iO2
n=1862
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Tietgenbyen, Odense. Viking Age
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75,0
77,5
80,0
82,5
85,0
87,5
90,0
92,5
95,0
97,5
60 65 70 75,0 80 85 90 95,0 100,0
Welds in Viking Age
x372 1 x378
x601 x372 2
x449 welds
x455 x492
x339 A x278
FeO
FeO
+ S
iO2
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Copenhagen. 14th to 17th century
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75,0
77,5
80,0
82,5
85,0
87,5
90,0
92,5
95,0
97,5
60 65 70 75,0 80 85 90 95,0 100,0
Welds 14th to 17th century
FO203833FO204834 CFO203567 aFO201913FO209356 AFO209356 AFO202942FO203595 BFO212448 CFO204838 B aFO204798 BFO203016 DFO215486FO203821FO203013FO204834 BFO212212 CFO203493 CFO203567 bFO203567 cFO204838 B b
FeO
FeO
+ S
iO2
• Most slag inclusions are remnants of smelting slag
• Welding will leave some inclusions
• Hammerscale might be trapped in the welding process
• The flux used changes from Iron Age/Viking Age to the Late Middle Ages. Probably a switch from local sand to well defined quartz sand or burned flint
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The origin of hammerscale
Process
• Primary smithing • Secondary smithing
(formimg) • Welding
Source
• Smelting slag in the iron • Oxidation of the iron
surface• Oxidation + flux (sand,
silica)
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• Primary smithing
0
2
46
8
10
12
1416
18
20
0
10
0
20
0
30
0
40
0
50
0
60
0
70
0
80
0
90
0
10
00
11
00
12
00
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
0
10
0
20
0
30
0
40
0
50
0
60
0
70
0
80
0
90
0
10
00
12
00
• Secondary smithing
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75,0
77,5
80,0
82,5
85,0
87,5
90,0
92,5
95,0
97,5
60 65 70 75,0 80 85 90 95,0 100,0
Hamerscale
FeO
FeO
+ S
iO2
75,0
78,5
82,0
85,5
89,0
92,5
96,0
99,5
75,5 78 80,5 83 85,5 88 90,5 93 95,5 98
0,0
5,0
10,0
15,0
20,0
25,0
30,0
35,0
40,0
45,0
50,0
45,0-50,0
40,0-45,0
35,0-40,0
30,0-35,0
25,0-30,0
20,0-25,0
15,0-20,0
10,0-15,0
5,0-10,0
0,0-5,0
• The dominant process is secondary smithing
• The composition oh hammerscale makes it possible to determine the processes used in a workshop
n=1791
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Simple smithies
75,0
80,0
85,0
90,0
95,0
100,0
60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100FeO
FeO
+ S
iO2
Fors 28, Sweden, 18th century
75,0
80,0
85,0
90,0
95,0
100,0
60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100FeO
FeO
+ S
iO2
Rødbøl, Norway, iron Age
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Workshops for primary smithing
75,0
80,0
85,0
90,0
95,0
100,0
60,0 65,0 70,0 75,0 80,0 85,0 90,0 95,0 100,0FeO
FeO
+ S
iO2
SIM48/2009, Thorning, medieval
75,0
80,0
85,0
90,0
95,0
100,0
60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100FeO
FeO
+ S
iO2
Klosterbakken, medieval
• Different forges for different purposes
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75,0
80,0
85,0
90,0
95,0
100,0
60,0 65,0 70,0 75,0 80,0 85,0 90,0 95,0 100,0FeO
FeO
+ S
iO2
75,0
80,0
85,0
90,0
95,0
100,0
60,0 65,0 70,0 75,0 80,0 85,0 90,0 95,0 100,0FeO
FeO
+ S
iO2
Secondary smithing and
welding
HAM1598, Stagebjerggård, medieval
Guldager, medieval
• Primary smithing diappears almost completly after 1500 AD
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Søndersø fall/winter 1022/23• Vitrified clay• Hammer scale & slag spheres• Movement in the workshop• The shadow of the blacksmith
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The mapping of smelting slags
• The slag resulting from a smelting system will contain oxides from ore, furnace material and charcoal ashes.
• Alle of these will be influenced by the local geology.
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0,0
0,5
1,0
1,5
2,0
2,5
3,0
3,5
4,0
50,0 60,0 70,0 80,0 90,0 100,0
Al2O3K2OP2O5
Analytical variation
• The main reason for variation is differences in FeO content
• Does not apply in the same way to phosphorous
0,0
0,2
0,4
0,6
0,8
1,0
1,2
1,4
1,6
1,8
2,0
0,0 1,0 2,0 3,0 4,0 5,0 6,0 7,0
Al2O3
K2O
FO203606FO200760FO200978FO215477
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
0 5 10 15 20 25
Al2O3 *
K2
O *
FO203606FO200760FO200978FO215477
• Can be minimized by only looking at the gangue (eliminating FeO from the analyses)
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Work done so far• A total of 2310 analyses of well documented smelting
slags from app. 370 sites have been analysed• Bivariate plots are used for visualisation of important
differences
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The mapping of smelting slags
0,1
1,0
10,0
1,0 10,0 100,0
K2O
Al2O3
North European Plain
Norway/Sweden/Central Europe
0,1
1
10
1 10 100
Al2O3
K2O
Serie15
n=2310
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1,0
10,0
100,0
0,10 1,00 10,00
CaO
MgO
B1
C1
C3
B4
B3
The North European Plain
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Denmark
1,0
10,0
100,0
0,10 1,00 10,00
CaO
MgO
B1
C1
• The younger moraine north and west of the ice front contains more lime
• The older material to the south west is depleted of lime
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0,1
1,0
10,0
1,0 10,0 100,0K2
O
Al2O3
North European Plain
Norway/Sweden/'Central Europe
Snorup
Snorup
• The variation within one site can equal the variation within the entire geographical area
• Differentiation between individual semlting sites can not be expected
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1,0
10,0
100,0
0,10 1,00 10,00
CaO
MgO
B1
C1
Snorup
Snorup
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0,1
1
10
1 10 100
TiO
2
Al2O3
A1
A2
A6
A7
A8
Groups outside the North European Plain
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A2,2
08
A2,1
37
A2,2
09
A2,1
38
A2,2
10
A2,1
39
A2,4
31
A2,4
30
A2,3
62
A2,3
61
A2,4
54
A2,4
53
A2,3
71
A2,3
58
A2,2
92
A2,2
89
A2,2
86
A2,2
85
A2,3
51
A2,3
49
A2,4
03
A2,4
02
A2,3
73
A2,3
63
A2,3
69
A2,3
68
A2,3
70
A2,2
94
A2,2
87
A2,4
04
A2,3
94
A2,4
01
A2,3
81
A2,4
08
A2,4
07
A2,1
28
A2,9
8
A2,8
7
A2,8
6
A2,3
87
A2,2
93
A2,3
89
A2,4
45
A2,4
34
A2,2
88
A2,4
42
A2,4
26
A2,4
13
A2,4
11
A2,3
85
A2,3
79
A2,2
27
A2,2
25
A2,3
59
A2,4
00
A2,3
88
A2,3
90
A2,3
86
A2,4
14
A2,3
66
A2,4
15
A2,3
96
A2,4
18
A2,3
74
A2,3
77
A2,3
76
A2,3
84
A2,3
40
A2,2
57
A2,2
48
A2,2
84
A2,2
53
A2,3
78
A2,1
26
A2,1
01
A2,3
31
A2,1
19
A2,4
12
A2,3
60
A2,4
52
A2,4
46
A2,4
44
A2,3
29
A2,2
51
A2,1
18
A2,3
36
A2,1
17
A2,1
11
A2,3
92
A2,4
21
A2,4
05
A2,3
45
A2,3
42
A2,4
25
A2,3
72
A2,2
49
A2,3
93
A2,3
80
A2,1
24
A2,3
30
A2,2
61
A2,2
52
A2,3
99
A2,4
20
A2,3
38
A2,4
19
A2,2
59
A2,2
58
A2,2
74
A2,4
33
A2,3
64
A2,3
75
A2,3
50
A2,4
51
A2,4
16
A2,4
09
A2,3
98
A2,1
06
A2,1
03
A2,4
22
A2,2
44
A2,3
95
A2,1
36
A2,1
20
A2,4
06
A2,4
10
A2,4
28
A2,4
27
A2,6
8
A2,2
60
A2,1
02
A2,8
4
A2,3
97
A2,4
23
A2,2
50
A2,3
26
A2,3
23
A2,3
35
A2,1
74
A2,3
83
A2,3
82
A2,4
41
A2,4
38
A2,3
91
A2,3
34
A2,2
26
A2,1
75
A2,4
48
A2,2
46
A2,4
37
A2,4
35
A2,4
36
A2,3
33
A2,2
63
A2,2
31
A2,4
40
A2,2
90
A2,2
91
A2,3
32
A2,9
9
A2,1
00
A2,4
32
A2,2
22
A2,6
9
A2,2
45
A2,2
29
A2,1
9
A2,2
42
A2,4
17
A2,2
54
A2,3
37
A2,3
25
A2,1
7
A2,3
28
A2,3
67
A2,2
64
A2,2
0
A2,4
56
A2,4
47
A2,1
31
A2,2
43
A2,6
7
A2,1
6
A2,2
76
A2,2
30
A2,1
05
A2,4
43
A2,1
32
A2,1
14
A2,1
16
A2,2
66
A2,2
19
A2,4
39
A2,3
65
A2,1
15
A2,4
57
A2,8
5
A2,4
49
A2,1
33
A2,3
43
A2,3
41
A2,3
46
A2,2
21
A2,2
56
A2,2
55
A2,2
23
A2,1
10
A2,3
39
A2,7
0
A2,1
04
A2,1
27
A2,1
21
A2,2
28
A2,4
50
A2,1
08
A2,1
22
A2,1
35
A2,1
34
A2,1
13
A2,1
07
A2,3
47
A2,3
27
A2,3
24
A2,1
12
A2,4
29
A2,2
47
A2,2
20
A2,1
23
A2,1
30
A2,1
29
A2,4
24
A2,1
09
A2,2
24
A2,1
54
A2,1
53
A2,1
25
A2,3
44
A2,3
48 0
10
• Further division of the Central European group will be possible
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0-0,4 % C
0,7-0,8 % C
Dejbjerg wagon, 1st century bc
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200-400 AD
• Western Denmark
• Eastern Denmark
A2
B2
C1
C3
A1
A1B1
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
IMPORT LOKALT UKENDT
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800 – 1200 AD
A2
B2
C1
C3
A1
A1B1
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
IMPORT LOKALT UKENDT
A2
B2
C1
C3
A1
A1
B1
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
IMPORT LOKALT UKENDT
• Western Denmark
• Eastern Denmark
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The end
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