7 World Trade Center 1

7 World Trade Center

7 World Trade Center

The current 7 World Trade Center(view from southeast)

General information

Type Office

Location 250 Greenwich StreetNew York City, New York, United States

Coordinates 40°42′48″N 74°00′43″W

Construction started 2002

Completed 2006

Opening May 23, 2006

Height

Architectural 743 ft (226 m)[1]

Roof 741 ft (226 m)

Top floor 679 ft (207 m)[1]

Technical details

Floor count 49[1]

Floor area 1,681,118 sq ft (156,181 m2)[1]

Lifts/elevators 29[1]

Design and construction

Architect David Childs (SOM)[1]

Developer Silverstein Properties[1]

Structural engineer WSP Cantor Seinuk[1]

References

7 World Trade Center 2

[1]

7 World Trade Center is a building in New York City located across from the World Trade Center site in LowerManhattan. It is the second building to bear that name and address in that location. The original structure wascompleted in 1987 and fell after the Twin Towers collapsed in the September 11 attacks. The current 7 World TradeCenter opened in 2006 on part of the site of the old 7 World Trade Center. Both buildings were developed by LarrySilverstein, who holds a ground lease for the site from the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey.The original 7 World Trade Center was 47 stories tall, clad in red exterior masonry, and occupied a trapezoidalfootprint. An elevated walkway connected the building to the World Trade Center plaza. The building was situatedabove a Consolidated Edison (Con Ed) power substation, which imposed unique structural design constraints. Whenthe building opened in 1987, Silverstein had difficulties attracting tenants. In 1988, Salomon Brothers signed along-term lease, and became the main tenants of the building. On September 11, 2001, 7 WTC was damaged bydebris when the nearby North Tower of the World Trade Center collapsed. The debris also ignited fires, whichcontinued to burn throughout the afternoon on lower floors of the building. The building's internal fire suppressionsystem lacked water pressure to fight the fires, and the building collapsed completely at 5:21:10 pm.[2] The collapsebegan when a critical internal column buckled and triggered structural failure throughout, which was first visiblefrom the exterior with the crumbling of a rooftop penthouse structure at 5:20:33 pm.Construction of the new 7 World Trade Center began in 2002 and was completed in 2006. The building is 49 storiestall (plus one underground floor), making it the 28th-tallest in New York.[1] It is built on a smaller footprint than theoriginal, allowing Greenwich Street to be restored from TriBeCa through the World Trade Center site and south toBattery Park. The new building is bounded by Greenwich, Vesey, Washington, and Barclay streets. A small parkacross Greenwich Street occupies space that was part of the original building's footprint. The current 7 World TradeCenter's design emphasizes safety, with a reinforced concrete core, wider stairways, and thicker fireproofing of steelcolumns. It also incorporates numerous green design features. The building was the first commercial office buildingin New York City to receive the U.S. Green Building Council's Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design(LEED) certification, where it won a gold rating. It was also one of the first projects accepted to be part of theCouncil's Pilot Program for Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design – Core and Shell Development(LEED-CS).[3]

The original 7 World Trade Center (1983–2001)

Original 7 World Trade Center, the red-tinted building behind and to the left of the Twin Towers. (View from southwest.)

7 World Trade Center 3

The original 7 World Trade Center from the WTC observation deck, August 14, 1992.

The original 7 World Trade Center was a 47-story building, designed by Emery Roth & Sons, with a red granitefacade. The building was 610 feet (190 m) tall, with a trapezoidal footprint that was 330 ft (100 m) long and 140 ft(43 m) wide.[4][5] Tishman Realty & Construction managed construction of the building, which began in 1983.[4] InMarch 1987, the building opened, becoming the seventh structure of the World Trade Center.The building was constructed above a Con Edison substation that had been on the site since 1967.[6] The substationhad a caisson foundation designed to carry the weight of a future building of 25 stories containing 600,000 sq ft(56,000 m2).[7] The final design for 7 World Trade Center was for a much larger building than originally plannedwhen the substation was built.[8] The structural design of 7 World Trade Center therefore included a system ofgravity column transfer trusses and girders, located between floors 5 and 7, to transfer loads to the smallerfoundation.[9] Existing caissons installed in 1967 were used, along with new ones, to accommodate the building. The5th floor functioned as a structural diaphragm, providing lateral stability and distribution of loads between the newand old caissons. Above the 7th floor, the building's structure was a typical tube-frame design, with columns in thecore and on the perimeter, and lateral loads resisted by perimeter moment frames.[7]

Transfer trusses used on the 5–7th floors to redistribute load to the foundation

A shipping and receiving ramp, whichserved the entire World Trade Centercomplex, occupied the eastern quarter of the7 World Trade Center footprint. Thebuilding was open below the 3rd floor,providing space for truck clearance on theshipping ramp.[7] The spray-on fireproofingfor structural steel elements wasgypsum-based Monokote which had atwo-hour fire rating for steel beams, girdersand trusses, and a three-hour rating forcolumns.[2]

Mechanical equipment was installed onfloors four through seven, including12 transformers on the 5th floor. Severalemergency generators installed in the building were used by the Office of Emergency Management, Salomon SmithBarney, and other tenants.[2] In order to supply the generators, 24,000 gallons (91,000 L) of diesel fuel were storedbelow ground level.[10] Fuel oil distribution components were located at ground level, up to the ninth floor.[11] Afterthe World Trade Center bombings of February 26, 1993, New York City mayor Rudy Giuliani decided to situate theemergency command center and associated fuel tanks at 7 World Trade Center. Although this decision was criticizedin light of the events of 9/11, the fuel in the building is today not believed to have contributed to the collapse of the

7 World Trade Center 4

building.[12][13][14][15][16][17][18] The roof of the building included a small west penthouse and a larger eastmechanical penthouse.[6]

Each floor had 47,000 sq ft (4,400 m2) of rentable office space which made the building's floor plans considerablylarger than most office buildings in the City.[19] In all, 7 World Trade Center had 1,868,000 sq ft (173,500 m2) ofoffice space.[2] Two pedestrian bridges connected the main World Trade Center complex, across Vesey Street, to thethird floor of 7 World Trade Center. The lobby of 7 World Trade Center had three murals by artist Al Held: TheThird Circle, Pan North XII, and Vorces VII.[20][21]

Tenants

The position of Building 7 in relation to the otherWTC buildings before September 11, 2001

In June 1986, before construction was completed, Silverstein signedDrexel Burnham Lambert as a tenant to lease the entire 7 World TradeCenter building for $3 billion over a term of 30 years.[22] In December1986, after the Boesky insider-trading scandal, Drexel BurnhamLambert canceled the lease, leaving Silverstein to find other tenants.[23]

Spicer & Oppenheim agreed to lease 14 percent of the space, but formore than a year, as Black Monday and other factors adverselyaffected the Lower Manhattan real estate market, Silverstein wasunable to find tenants for the remaining space. By April 1988,Silverstein had lowered the rent and made other concessions.[24]

In November 1988, Salomon Brothers withdrew from plans to build alarge new complex at Columbus Circle in Midtown and agreed to a20-year lease for the top 19 floors of 7 World Trade Center.[25] Thebuilding was extensively renovated in 1989 to accommodate the needs of Salomon Brothers. This led to thealternative naming of the building as the Salomon Brothers building.[26] Most of three existing floors were removedas tenants continued to occupy other floors, and more than 350 tons (U.S.) of steel were added to construct threedouble-height trading floors. Nine diesel generators were installed on the 5th floor as part of a backup power station."Essentially, Salomon is constructing a building within a building – and it's an occupied building, which complicatesthe situation," said a district manager of Silverstein Properties. The unusual task was possible, said Larry Silverstein,because it was designed to allow for "entire portions of floors to be removed without affecting the building'sstructural integrity, on the assumption that someone might need double-height floors."[26]

At the time of the September 11, 2001 attacks, Salomon Smith Barney was by far the largest tenant in 7 World TradeCenter, occupying 1,202,900 sq ft (111,750 m2) (64 percent of the building) which included floors 28–45.[2][27]

Other major tenants included ITT Hartford Insurance Group (122,590 sq ft/11,400 m²), American Express BankInternational (106,117 sq ft/9,900 m²), Standard Chartered Bank (111,398 sq ft/10,350 m²), and the Securities andExchange Commission (106,117 sq ft/9,850 m²).[27] Smaller tenants included the Internal Revenue Service RegionalCouncil (90,430 sq ft/8,400 m²) and the United States Secret Service (85,343 sq ft/7,900 m²).[27] The smallest tenantsincluded the New York City Office of Emergency Management,[28] National Association of InsuranceCommissioners, Federal Home Loan Bank, First State Management Group Inc., Provident Financial Management,and the Immigration and Naturalization Service.[27] The Department of Defense (DOD) and Central IntelligenceAgency (CIA) shared the 25th floor with the IRS.[2] Floors 46–47 were mechanical floors, as were the bottom sixfloors and part of the seventh floor.[2][29]

7 World Trade Center 5

9/11 and collapse

7 World Trade Center on fire after the collapse ofthe Twin Towers on 9/11

As the North Tower collapsed on September 11, 2001, heavy debris hit7 World Trade Center, damaging the south face of the building[30] andstarting fires that continued to burn throughout the afternoon.[9] Thecollapse also caused damage to the southwest corner between Floors 7and 17 and on the south face between Floor 44 and the roof; otherpossible structural damage included a large vertical gash near thecenter of the south face between Floors 24 and 41.[9] The building wasequipped with a sprinkler system, but had many single-pointvulnerabilities for failure: the sprinkler system required manualinitiation of the electrical fire pumps, rather than being a fullyautomatic system; the floor-level controls had a single connection tothe sprinkler water riser; and the sprinkler system required some powerfor the fire pump to deliver water. Also, water pressure was low, withlittle or no water to feed sprinklers.[31][32]

After the North Tower collapsed, some firefighters entered 7 WorldTrade Center to search the building. They attempted to extinguishsmall pockets of fire, but low water pressure hindered their efforts.[33] Over the course of the day fires burned out ofcontrol on several floors of 7 World Trade Center, the flames visible on the east side of the building.[34][35] Duringthe afternoon, fire was also seen on floors 6–10, 13–14, 19–22, and 29–30.[30] In particular, the fires on floors 7through 9 and 11 through 13 continued to burn out of control during the afternoon.[36] At approximately 2:00 pm,firefighters noticed a bulge in the southwest corner of 7 World Trade Center between the 10th and 13th floors, a signthat the building was unstable and might collapse.[37] During the afternoon, firefighters also heard creaking soundscoming from the building.[38] Around 3:30 pm FDNY Chief Daniel Nigro decided to halt rescue operations, surfaceremoval, and searches along the surface of the debris near 7 World Trade Center and evacuate the area due toconcerns for the safety of personnel.[39] At 5:20:33 pm EDT the building started to collapse, with the crumble of theeast mechanical penthouse, and at 5:21:10 pm EDT it collapsed completely.[2][40] There were no casualtiesassociated with the collapse.

In May 2002, the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) issued a report on the collapse based on apreliminary investigation conducted jointly with the Structural Engineering Institute of the American Society ofCivil Engineers under leadership of Dr. W. Gene Corley, P.E. FEMA made preliminary findings that the collapsewas not primarily caused by actual impact damage from the collapse of 1 WTC and 2 WTC but by fires on multiplestories ignited by debris from the other two towers that continued unabated due to lack of water for sprinklers ormanual firefighting. The report did not reach conclusions about the cause of the collapse and called for furtherinvestigation.[18]

7 World Trade Center 6

Plan view of collapse progression, with structural failure initiating on lower floors, on theeast side of the building and vertical progression up to the east mechanical penthouse

Subsequently, the National Institute ofStandards and Technology (NIST) wasauthorized to lead an investigation intothe structural failure and collapse ofthe World Trade Center Twin Towersand 7 World Trade Center.[36] Theinvestigation, led by Dr S. ShyamSunder, drew upon in-house technicalexpertise as well as the knowledge ofseveral outside private institutions,including the Structural EngineeringInstitute of the American Society ofCivil Engineers (SEI/ASCE), theSociety of Fire Protection Engineers(SFPE), the National Fire ProtectionAssociation (NFPA), the American

Institute of Steel Construction (AISC), the Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat (CTBUH), and theStructural Engineers Association of New York (SEAoNY).[41][42]

The bulk of the investigation of 7 World Trade Center was delayed until after reports were completed on the TwinTowers.[36] In the meantime, NIST provided a preliminary report about 7 World Trade Center in June 2004, andthereafter released occasional updates on the investigation.[30] According to NIST, the investigation of 7 WorldTrade Center was delayed for a number of reasons, including that NIST staff who had been working on 7 WorldTrade Center were assigned full-time from June 2004 to September 2005 to work on the investigation of the collapseof the Twin Towers.[43] In June 2007, Shyam Sunder explained, "We are proceeding as quickly as possible whilerigorously testing and evaluating a wide range of scenarios to reach the most definitive conclusion possible. The7 WTC investigation is in some respects just as challenging, if not more so, than the study of the towers. However,the current study does benefit greatly from the significant technological advances achieved and lessons learned fromour work on the towers."[44]

In November 2008, NIST released its final report on the causes of the collapse of 7 World Trade Center.[9] Thisfollowed NIST's August 21, 2008 draft report which included a period for public comments.[36] In its investigation,NIST utilized ANSYS to model events leading up to collapse initiation and LS-DYNA models to simulate the globalresponse to the initiating events.[45] NIST determined that diesel fuel did not play an important role, nor did thestructural damage from the collapse of the Twin Towers, nor did the transfer elements (trusses, girders, andcantilever overhangs). But the lack of water to fight the fire was an important factor. The fires burned out of controlduring the afternoon, causing floor beams near column 79 to expand and push a key girder off its seat, triggering thefloors to fail around column 79 on Floors 8 to 14. With a loss of lateral support across nine floors, column 79buckled – pulling the east penthouse and nearby columns down with it. With the buckling of these critical columns,the collapse then progressed east-to-west across the core, ultimately overloading the perimeter support, whichbuckled between Floors 7 and 17, causing the remaining portion of the building above to fall downward as a singleunit. The fires, fueled by office contents, along with the lack of water, were the key reasons for the collapse.[9]

7 World Trade Center 7

BMCC's Fiterman Hall was heavilydamaged from the collapse of

7 World Trade Center.

When the first 7 World Trade Center collapsed, debris caused substantial damageand contamination to the Borough of Manhattan Community College's FitermanHall building, located adjacent at 30 West Broadway, to the extent that thebuilding was not salvageable.[46] A revised plan called for demolition in 2009and completion of the new Fiterman Hall in 2012, at a cost of$325 million.[47][48] The adjacent Verizon Building, an art deco buildingconstructed in 1926, had extensive damage to its east facade from the collapse of7 World Trade Center, though it was able to be restored at a cost ofUS$1.4 billion.[49]

Files relating to numerous federal investigations had been housed in 7 WorldTrade Center. The files for thousands of SEC cases were destroyed, though theSEC has said most of the important files were backed up or could bereconstructed. Salomon Brothers, a subsidiary of Citigroup, lost files laterrequested by the SEC concerning its connection with the WorldCom scandal.[50]

The Equal Employment Opportunity Commission estimated over 10,000 of itscases were affected.[51] Investigative files in the Secret Service's largest field

office were also lost in the collapse, with one Secret Service agent saying, "All the evidence that we stored at 7World Trade, in all our cases, went down with the building."[52]

The NIST report found no evidence supporting conspiracy theories that 7 World Trade Center was brought down bycontrolled demolition. Specifically, the window breakage pattern and blast sounds that would have resulted from theuse of explosives were not observed.[9] The suggestion that an incendiary material such as thermite was used insteadof explosives was considered unlikely by NIST because of observations of the fire and the building's structuralresponse to the fire, and because it is unlikely the necessary quantity of material could have been planted withoutdiscovery.[36]

The old 7 World Trade Center was the first tall building known to have collapsed primarily due to uncontrolledfires.[36] Based on its investigation, NIST reiterated several recommendations it had made in its earlier report on thecollapse of the Twin Towers, and urged immediate action on a further recommendation: that fire resistance should beevaluated under the assumption that sprinklers are unavailable; and that the effects of thermal expansion on floorsupport systems be considered. Recognizing that current building codes are drawn to prevent loss of life rather thanbuilding collapse, the main point of NIST's recommendations was that buildings should not collapse from fire even ifsprinklers are unavailable.[9]

7 World Trade Center 8

The current 7 World Trade Center (2002–present)

The new 7 World Trade Center

The new 7 World Trade Center has 52 stories and is 741 ft (226 m) tall.[53][54]

The building has 42 floors of leasable space, starting at the 11th floor, and a totalof 1,700,000 sq ft (160,000 m2) of office space.[55] The first ten floors house anelectrical substation, which provides power to much of Lower Manhattan. Theoffice tower has a narrower footprint at ground level than its predecessor so thecourse of Greenwich Street could be restored to reunite TriBeCa and theFinancial District.[56]

Design

David Childs of Skidmore, Owings and Merrill worked in conjunction with glassartist and designer James Carpenter to create a design that uses ultra-clear,low-iron glass to provide reflectivity and light, with stainless-steel spandrelsbehind the glass to help reflect sunlight.[57] Stainless steel used in the building

façade is molybdenum-containing Type 316, which provides improved resistance to corrosion.[58] To enclose thepower substation and improve its aesthetics, the base of the building has a curtain wall with stainless steel louversthat provide ventilation for the machinery.[59] During the day, the curtain wall reflects light, while at night it isilluminated with blue LED lights.[60] The curtain wall around the lobby uses heavily laminated, heat-strengthenedglass that meets high standards for blast resistance.[61] At night, a large cube of light above the lobby also emanatesblue light, while during the day it provides white light to the lobby, and at dusk it transitions to violet and back toblue.[62] Inside the main lobby, artist Jenny Holzer created a large light installation with glowing text moving acrosswide plastic panels.[57] The entire wall, which is 65 ft (20 m) wide and 14 ft (4.3 m) tall, changes color according tothe time of day. Holzer worked with Klara Silverstein, the wife of Larry Silverstein, to select poetry for the artinstallation. The wall is structurally fortified as a security measure.[63]

The building is being promoted as the safest skyscraper in the U.S.[64] According to Silverstein Properties, the ownerof the building, it "will incorporate a host of life-safety enhancements that will become the prototype for newhigh-rise construction".[65] The building has 2 ft (60 cm) thick reinforced-concrete and fireproofed elevator andstairway access shafts. The original building used only drywall to line these shafts.[66] The stairways are wider thanin the original building to permit faster egress.[66]

7 World Trade Center is equipped with Otis destination elevators.[67] After pressing a destination floor number on alobby keypad, passengers are grouped and directed to specific elevators that will stop at the selected floor (there areno buttons to press inside the elevators). This system is designed to reduce elevator waiting and travel times. Theelevator system is integrated with the lobby turnstile and card reader system that identifies the floor on which aperson works as he or she enters and can automatically call the elevator for that floor.[68]

Nearly 30 percent of structural steel used in the building consists of recycled steel.[69] Rainwater is collected andused for irrigation of the park and to cool the building.[57] Along with other sustainable design features, the buildingis designed to allow in plenty of natural light, power is metered to tenants to encourage them to conserve energy, theheating steam is reused to generate some power for the building, and recycled materials are used for insulation andinterior materials.[70][71]

7 World Trade Center 9

Construction

7 World Trade Center construction inOctober 2004.

Construction of the new 7 World Trade Center began on May 7, 2002 with theinstallation of a fence around the construction site.[72] Tishman ConstructionCorporation of New York began work at the new 7 World Trade Center in 2002,soon after the site was cleared of debris. Restoring the Con Ed electricalsubstation was an urgent priority to meet power demands of LowerManhattan.[56] Because 7 World Trade Center is separate from the main 16-acre(6.5 ha) World Trade Center site, Larry Silverstein required approval only fromthe Port Authority and rebuilding was able to proceed quickly.[73] BuildingSeven was not included in the original World Trade Center master plan byDaniel Libeskind, but was designed by Skidmore, Owings & Merrill under theleadership of David Childs, who largely redesigned One World Trade Center.

Once construction of the power substation was complete in October 2003, workproceeded on building the office tower. An unusual approach was used inconstructing the building; erecting the steel frame before adding the concretecore. This approach allowed the construction schedule to be shortened by a few months.[74] Construction wascompleted in 2006 at a cost of $700 million.[57] Though Silverstein received $861 million from insurance on the oldbuilding, he still had $400 million remaining in mortgage to pay off.[75] Costs to rebuild were covered by$475 million in Liberty Bonds, which provide tax-exempt financing to help stimulate rebuilding in Lower Manhattanand insurance money that remained after other expenses.[76]

A 15,000 sq ft (1,400 m2) triangular park was created between the extended Greenwich Street and West Broadwayby David Childs with Ken Smith and his colleague, Annie Weinmayr, of Ken Smith Landscape Architect. The parkcomprises an open central plaza with a fountain and flanking groves of sweetgum trees and boxwood shrubs.[77] Atthe center of the fountain, sculptor Jeff Koons created Balloon Flower (Red), whose mirror-polished stainless steelrepresents a twisted balloon in the shape of a flower.[78]

7 World Trade Center 10

Opening

Preliminary site plans for the World Trade Center rebuild.

New York Academy of Sciences office (lobby)on the 40th floor

The building was officially opened at noon on May 23,2006, with a free concert featuring Suzanne Vega,Citizen Cope, Bill Ware Vibes, Brazilian Girls,Ollabelle, Pharaoh's Daughter, Ronan Tynan (of theIrish Tenors), and special guest Lou Reed.[79] Prior toopening, in March 2006, the new 7 World Trade Centerfrontage and lobby were used in scenes for the moviePerfect Stranger with Halle Berry and Bruce Willis.[80]

Since the building opened, several unleased upper floorshave been used for events such as charity lunches,fashion shows, and black-tie galas. Silverstein Propertiesallowed space in the new building to be used for theseevents as a means to draw people to see the building.[81]

From September 8 to October 7, 2006, the work ofphotographer Jonathan Hyman was displayed in "AnAmerican Landscape", a free exhibit hosted by theWorld Trade Center Memorial Foundation at 7 WorldTrade Center. The photographs captured the response ofpeople in New York City and across the United Statesafter the September 11, 2001, attacks. The exhibit tookplace on the 45th floor while the space remainedavailable for lease.[82]

By March 2007, 60 percent of the building had beenleased.[83] In September 2006, Moody's signed a 20-yearlease to rent 15 floors of 7 World Trade Center.[84][85]

Other tenants that had signed leases in 7 World TradeCenter, as of May 2007, include ABN AMRO,[86]

Ameriprise Financial Inc.,[87] Darby & Darby P.C.,[88]

Mansueto Ventures LLC, business publisher of FastCompany and Inc.,[89] and the New York Academy ofSciences.[90]

The space occupied by Mansueto Ventures has been designed to use the maximum amount of natural light and hasan open floor plan.[91] The space used by the New York Academy of Sciences on the 40th floor, designed by H3

Hardy Collaboration Architecture, works with the parallelogram shape of the building. Keeping with the greendesign of the building, the NYAS uses recycled materials in many of the office furnishings, has zoned heating andcooling, and lights that detect motion, coming on automatically only when people are present, and adjust accordingto incoming sunlight.[92]

Silverstein Properties also has offices in 7 World Trade Center, along with office space used by the architectural andengineering firms working on 1 World Trade Center, 150 Greenwich Street, 175 Greenwich Street, and 200Greenwich Street.[93][94] The building became fully leased on September 2011 when MSCI Inc. was reported to haveleased a 125,000 square foot space on the top floor.[95]

7 World Trade Center 11

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[3] "About the WTC" (http:/ / www. wtc. com/ about/ office-tower-7/ office-tower-7-green). Wtc.com. Archived (http:/ / web. archive. org/ web/20110528045715/ http:/ / www. wtc. com/ about/ office-tower-7/ office-tower-7-green) from the original on 28 May 2011. . Retrieved May14, 2011.

[4] Lew, H.S., Richard W. Bukowski, Nicholas J. Carino (September 2005). Design, Construction, and Maintenance of Structural and Life SafetySystems (NCSTAR 1-1). National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). p. 13.

[5] "Seven World Trade Center (pre-9/11)" (http:/ / www. emporis. com/ en/ wm/ bu/ ?id=114932). Emporis.com. . Retrieved May 7, 2006.[6] McAllister, T. P.; Gann, R. G.; Averill, J. D.; Gross, J. L.; Grosshandler, W. L.; Lawson, J. R.; McGrattan, K. B.; Pitts, W. M.; Prasad, K. R.;

Sadek, F. H.; Nelson, H. E. (August 2008). Structural Fire Response and Probable Collapse Sequence of World Trade Center Building 7(Volume 1). Federal Building and Fire Safety Investigation of the World Trade Center Disaster (NIST NCSTAR 1–9) (http:/ / www. nist. gov/manuscript-publication-search. cfm?pub_id=909256). National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). pp. 9–45. . Retrieved2011-09-01.

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[10] Milke, James (Spring 2003). "Study of Building Performance in the WTC Disaster" (http:/ / fpemag. com/ archives/ article.asp?issue_id=14& i=183& p=1). Fire Protection Engineering. Archived (http:/ / web. archive. org/ web/ 20080212014926/ http:/ / fpemag.com/ archives/ article. asp?issue_id=14& i=183& p=1) from the original on 12 February 2008. . Retrieved February 17, 2008.

[11] Grill, Raymond A., Duane A. Johnson (September 2005). "NIST NCSTAR 1-1J: Documentation of the Fuel System for Emergency Powerin World Trade Center 7" (http:/ / www. fire. nist. gov/ bfrlpubs/ fire05/ PDF/ f05137. pdf) (PDF). Final Reports of the Federal Building andFire Investigation of the World Trade Center Disaster. NIST. . Retrieved August 26, 2010.

[12] Glanz, James and Eric Lipton (December 20, 2001). "A Nation Challenged: The Trade Center; City Had Been Warned of Fuel Tank at 7World Trade Center" (http:/ / query. nytimes. com/ gst/ fullpage. html?res=9C02EEDD103EF933A15751C1A9679C8B63). The New YorkTimes. Archived (http:/ / web. archive. org/ web/ 20071128053719/ http:/ / query. nytimes. com/ gst/ fullpage.html?res=9C02EEDD103EF933A15751C1A9679C8B63) from the original on 28 November 2007. . Retrieved November 21, 2007.

[13] "Rudy Giuliani's 5 Big Lies About 9/11: On the Stump, Rudy Can't Help Spreading Smoke and Ashes About His Dubious Record," VillageVoice August 8–14, 2007, pp. 22–36.

[14] Ruddy, Christopher (May 24, 2004). "Replying to Giuliani" (http:/ / www. newsmax. com/ archives/ articles/ 2004/ 5/ 23/ 204909. shtml).NewsMax. Archived (http:/ / web. archive. org/ web/ 20070520093810/ http:/ / www. newsmax. com/ archives/ articles/ 2004/ 5/ 23/ 204909.shtml) from the original on 20 May 2007. . Retrieved June 12, 2007.

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External links• World Trade Center SilversteinProperties.com (http:/ / www. wtc. com/ )• Silverstein Properties (http:/ / www. silversteinproperties. com/ )• 7 World Trade Center (http:/ / skyscrapercenter. com/ new-york-city/ 7-world-trade-center/ ) on CTBUH

Skyscraper Center• Video of the final portion of the Collapse (http:/ / www. ny1. com/ content/ special_reports/ a_day_in_time/

96836/ 9-11--a-day-in-time---5-25-p-m-/ ?ap=1& Flash) from NY1

Article Sources and Contributors 16

Article Sources and Contributors7 World Trade Center  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=538614815  Contributors: AE911Truth, Aaronbrick, Aausterm, Abayley2, Aboluay, Acroterion, Addshore, Ageekgal,AlasdairGreen27, Albanaco, Alexander.stohr, Alexandria, Alfonslof, Allreet, AlphaEta, Amalthea, Andrewpmk, Andyjsmith, Antandrus, Anthony717, Apricot50, Arbero, ArnoldReinhold, ArthurRubin, ArtifexMayhem, Artrix, Assfarm, Aswn, Atakuzier, Atlien2422, Aude, AumakuaSatori, Avaya1, Avicennasis, AxelBoldt, BCube, Babajobu, Badger Drink, Badgersaresexy, Batman tas,Beagle17, Before My Ken, Ben5082, Bender235, Between My Ken, Beyond My Ken, BigMacSC99, Bjenks, Bletch88, Bluemoose, Bobblewik, Bongwarrior, Boothy443, Bov, Bovlb, Bowserloves beer, Boysana, Brian Kendig, Brighterorange, Bs91rp, CChrisner, CWY2190, Cacophony, Cadiomals, Calicore, Caltas, Calton, Cam, Camembert, CameronReekie, Canadian-Bacon,Capitalcrime, CarinaT, Carnildo, Carstensen, Catgut, Causepower, Cbxzcm, Cdynas, Centuriono, Cg-realms, Chendy, Chessgrand, Chewy shewy, Choihonlam, Chris CII, Coastwise, Coching,Colonies Chris, CoolGuy, Cooleflat, Cs32en, Csigabi, Cubetriangle, Cwoyte, D, D6, DAMurphy, DCAnderson, DHeyward, DMacks, DVD R W, DagnyB, Dahveed323, Dalton, Dan Tony G,Dark Kubrick, Darts777, Dave6, Davemcarlson, David Barba, David Battle, Dawka, DeadEyeArrow, Decidus, Delldot, Demosfoni, DerHexer, Desertsky85450, Dexter2007, Digiterata, Dirkbb,Dirtgirl, Dispenser, Dkasak, Dkatten, Dkendr, Dman727, DocendoDiscimus, Doctor9, Dogears, Dogru144, Doradus, Dougweller, Drs68, Duiarmia, Dukeruckley, Durin, Dysepsion, Dzarkhan,Eagleamn, Ed g2s, Ekotekk, El C, ElAmericano, ElKevbo, ElectricMandarine, Eliz81, Erebus555, Evanh2008, Everyking, EyesAllMine, F1fan1000, Fanatix, Fatal616, Flying Canuck, For greatjustice., Fourthords, Fragglet, Fred Bradstadt, Fresheneesz, Freunde, Frimi, FrostyBytes, Fusionmix, Fvw, Fyyer, GCarty, GGT, GRedner, Gamgee, Geoff NoNick, Georgequizbowl08,Georgette2, Geyer.david93, Ginga123, Gjd001, GlobeGores, Goethean, Gogo Dodo, Golbez, GoodDamon, Goofeewalden, Graaaronber, Grandmaster e, Grenavitar, Grim-Gym, Gurch, HJKeats,Hadseys, Hairy Dude, HalfShadow, Helgihg, Henkbein, Hestemand, Hmains, Honeymanl, Hughcharlesparker, Hullaballoo Wolfowitz, Hut 8.5, Hydrogen Iodide, Hyperbole, Hyperion924,IHelix, IanBallard, Idaltu, Igdrasa, Infinity11, Iordanis 777, Itb3d, Ivan2012, J Milburn, JDoorjam, JONJONAUG, Jackspinner, Jakew, Janus8463, Jason M, Jason One, Jay32183, Jaylaca,Jazz2006, Jbruin152, Jigsy, Jim.henderson, JimWae, Jimbobsween, Jiminezwaldorf, Jj137, Jllm06, Jnestorius, Joefromrandb, John, John Nevard, John254, JohnLeonard, Johnchitty, Jonahtrainer,Jontomkittredge, Jordgette, Joseph Solis in Australia, JoshuaZ, Jp347, Jpkoester1, Jprg1966, Jrog042003, Junior Brian, Justin Meadors, Kaimiddleton, Kaisershatner, Karn, KennethSides,Kernow, Kevin23, KevinOKeeffe, KevinRay, Kewp, Kimchi.sg, Kmsom, Knightskye, KnowledgeOfSelf, Knowledgebycoop, Knowledgekid87, Kozuch, Kpkiller85, Kriss1357, Kubigula,Kukini, Kurykh, L Kensington, Laikalynx, Lakinekaki, Latitude0116, Legoktm, Levineps, LonelyBeacon, Lookunderneath, LordsOFAcid, Lotje, Lovelight, Lukehashj, Lukeward, Lumidek, LunaSantin, Lygophile, MER-C, MONGO, MXL52, Macaddct1984, Malleus Fatuorum, Mangoe, Marc Shepherd, Mariacer Cervantes, MartinSpacek, Master Deusoma, Matt.whitby, Mattisse,Maurilbert, Max rspct, Maxim, Meco, Medvedenko, Meltingwood, Mentifisto, Mgiganteus1, Miami33139, Midgley, Mirage5000, Mmeinhart, Modster, Moncrief, MorganaFiolett, Morriswa,Morton devonshire, Moxy, Mr. Billion, Mschel, Mshecket, My76Strat, N5iln, NYCRuss, NYKevin, Nach0king, Nadiatalent, NameIsRon, NameThatWorks, NapoliRoma, NawlinWiki,Nednil1994, Nellis, Netkinetic, NickABusey, Night Gyr, Nightscream, Nn123645, Noahcs, NuclearWarfare, Nunh-huh, Nwbeeson, OhanaUnited, Ohconfucius, Ombudsman, Onewiseman,Orimono, Orlady, OttoMäkelä, Owenman, Oxymoron83, PM Poon, PTR, Pablothegreat85, PalmMP3, Pars.dextrum, PasabaPorAqui, Patrick, Patsw, Paul Benjamin Austin, Paul Conners, Pearle,Pedant, Pensil, Perscurator, Petdance, Petri Krohn, Pgecaj, PhilHibbs, Pilot850, Plasticup, Plastikspork, Postdlf, Preservefreedom, Preslethe, Prester John, ProhibitOnions, PrometheusX303,PsyberS, PureLogic, Pwt898, Qaless, Quadpus, Quasipalm, RG2, RVJ, Raul654, Rbaish, Rbs, RealityElk, Rebeccashalom, Rebroad, Redking123, RegularGuy, RexNL, Reywas92, Rhobite,Ribonucleic, Rich Farmbrough, Richard D. 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Image Sources, Licenses and ContributorsFile:7 World Trade Center.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:7_World_Trade_Center.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors:SweeneyrImage:Wtc arial march2001.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Wtc_arial_march2001.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported Contributors: JeffmockImage:Wtc7 from wtc observation deck.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Wtc7_from_wtc_observation_deck.jpg  License: GNU Free Documentation License Contributors: Aude, Gamgee, Gryffindor, Timeshifter, 1 anonymous editsFile:Wtc7 transfer trusses.png  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Wtc7_transfer_trusses.png  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Aude, TimeshifterImage:WTC Building Arrangement and Site Plan (building 7 highlighted).jpg  Source:http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:WTC_Building_Arrangement_and_Site_Plan_(building_7_highlighted).jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Clindberg, Fresheneesz,Liftarn, Ma-Lik, StYxXx, 2 anonymous editsFile:Wtc7onfire.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Wtc7onfire.jpg  License: unknown  Contributors: Anonymous. Courtesy of the Prints and Photographs Division.Library of Congress.File:Wtc7 collapse progression.png  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Wtc7_collapse_progression.png  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Aude, TimeshifterFile:Fiterman hall damage.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Fiterman_hall_damage.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Adambro, Aude, Fletcher6, StYxXx,Trycatch, XnatedawgxFile:wtc7-lookingup.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Wtc7-lookingup.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported  Contributors: ZarxosFile:Construction 7wtc.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Construction_7wtc.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 2.5  Contributors: User:AudeFile:WTC Building Arrangement in preliminary site plan.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:WTC_Building_Arrangement_in_preliminary_site_plan.svg  License:Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported  Contributors: WTC_Building_Arrangement_and_Site_Plan.svg: MesserWoland derivative work: Mangoman88 (talk)File:Nyas lobby wtc7.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Nyas_lobby_wtc7.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0  Contributors: Aude

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