Europe after the Reformation

Review Quiz

• Give two facts for each• Renaissance in Florence• Renaissance in Rome• Renaissance in Northern Europe• Reformation in Germany, England, and Switzerland• Nation States grow in Spain, England, France and Russia• Art everywhere• Humanism, Individualism, Classicalism everywhere• Catholic Counter Reformation• Decline of the power of the Catholic Church in Europe

Preview 1550-1648

• Scientific Revolution• Exploration of the New World• Religious and Civil Wars

– Spain– England– France– Germany

• Constitutional government in England and Netherlands

• Absolutist government everywhere else

The Scientific Revolution1543-1660

Things Aren’t Always What They Seem

Aristotle

• 4 Elements • Objects move in straight

lines • Specific Gravity

– Earth down, fire up

• Heavens move in perfect circle

• Ether • Unchanging • Heavier objects fall faster

Nicholas Copernicus(1473-1543)

Tycho Brahe (1546-1601)Danish Royal

Astrologer

http://es.rice.edu/ES/humsoc/Galileo/Images/Arch/Uraniburg/uraniborg.painting.gif

Johannes Kepler

(1571-1630)

Galileo Galilei (1564-1642)

Galileo Galilei

• Tests gravity on Tower of Pisa – Tests on ramp – 32 ft/sec/sec

• Telescope – Moons of Saturn visible

• Compatibility of Science & Religion

• Galileo's Formulation • Agrees with Aquinas • Puts primacy on sense experience • Humans are fallible and cannot

know God • Humans can trust senses

Conflict with the Church: Pope Urban

VIII

Isaac Newton (1642-1727)

The Principia

To sum up:

• Copernicus “Revolutions” solves the sun/earth problem]

• Tyco Brahe gathers data• Kepler solves the planet problem• Galileo “The Starry Messenger” invents the

telescope and to solve the investigation problem• Galileo’s experiments open up the gravity problem• Newton solves the gravity problem with the • 3 Laws of Motion in “Principia”

Newton, Sir Isaac (1642-1727)

• Brings everything together• Ties up the loose ends of Kepler and Galileo• 3 Laws of Motion • By 25, had invented optics, Calculus, defined

gravity• Spent most of his life after 25 trying to figure out

the ultimate question – who is God and what does He want?

Sir Francis Bacon (1561 - 1626)

• Preferred inductive reasoning

• Critical of Descartes • Gave primacy to

senses & direct experience

• Scientific Method

Rene Descartes (1595-1650)

• Deductive Logic • Cogito ergo sum

– I think, therefore I am

• Deduced existence of God

• Invented Cartesian geometry– Points and graphs on

xy axis

• Rise of the “Scientific Community”

• The Modern Scientific Method

• Universe ordered according to Natural Laws

• Laws can be discovered by Human Reason

• “De-Spiritualized” the Universe

• Mechanical View of the Universe

• Deistic View of God

IV. Consequences of the Scientific Revolution

Age of Exploration(Western European

Expansion)in the late 1400s & early

1500s

Western Europe’s Exploration Motivations

• “God,” (Missionary Enterprise)

• “Glory,” (National & Personal)

• “Gold,” (Spices, Silk, etc from Asia; Gold etc. from the “New World”

(N. & S.America)

•

Spain & Portugal • Led the Age of Exploration

Prince Henry the Navigator of Portugal

New Navigational instruments

• Cross staff &• Astrolabe• Used for determining

latitude

Bartholmew Diaz

• Overcame concerns about sailing around Africa to reach Asia.

• Reached the “Cape of Good Hope” (Southern tip of Africa), and then returned to Portugal.

Vasco da Gama

• Reached India by sailing aroundAfrica. He lost 2 of his ships & 1/3 of his men.

• Returned with a cargo of spices that was sold for an enormous profit (60 times the cost of the trip).

Vasco da Gama

Christopher Columbus

Christopher Columbus’ ships

• Nina, Pinta, & Santa Maria

Columbus landing in the New World

Ferdinand Magellan’s voyage

Magellan’s death in the Philippines

Conquistadors

• “Conquering Christians” who in the 1500s ruthlessly conquered native Americans in the name of Christianity and for the benefit of the Spanish empire.

• By the 1600s other Western European countries competed in this kind of empire building.

Hernando Cortez

Mexico City (Tenochtitlan)

Mexico surrenders to Cortez

Battle for Cuzco after the execution of Atahualpa

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• Crossed the Isthmus of Panama & was the first European to see the Pacific Ocean.

Ponce de Leon

• Explored Florida and made claims for Spain in North America.

John Cabot

• Sailed for England and made the first British claims in North America.

• Later England would dominate Canada and the Eastern Coast of what is now the USA.

John Cabot

Made claims for England in North America.

Sir Francis Drake

• British Pirate who preyed upon Spanish ship.

• He contributed to the decline of Spain and rise of England in the Age of Exploration.

The Civil Wars over Religion • The period from approximately 1560 to 1648 witnessed continuing

warfare, primarily between Protestants and Catholics.

• Though religion was not the only reason for the wars – occasionally Catholics and Protestants were allies – religion was the dominant cause of the bloodshed.

• The other cause was Lust for Power. Many Princes and Kings used Religion as an Excuse to gain Political Power

• In the latter half of the 16th century, the fighting was along the Atlantic seaboard between Calvinists and Catholics; after 1600, the warfare spread to Germany where Calvinists, Lutherans, and Catholics fought.

The Wars

• French Civil Wars (War of 3 Henry’s:1556-89)– Protestant Henry VI wins and becomes Catholic

• Netherlands War for Independence from Spain (1560-90s) – Protestant Netherlands win and split from Spain– Catholic Belgium divides from Netherlands and remains part of Catholic

Spain • Spain ( C) vs. England (E) (Spanish Armada, 1588)

– England wins• 30 Years War (1618-1648)

– 4 stages Protestants win 3 of 4 but Catholics win the war– The French fight the least and win the most

• English Civil War (1660s)– Calvinists win; Catholic king gets head cut off

How Should We Govern People?

Choice A

• Total Freedom = Social Anarchy

• Often Called the State of Nature

• No one advocates this until the mid-1800s but many people lived in this environment all over Europe because of the total breakdown of law and political power during the Age of Religious and Civil War

Choice B: Divine Right Absolutism

• God Rules the World and appoints a King to be His Representative

• The King has Absolute Power over everyone in all ways and can do as He wishes because he is God’s representative

• Bossuet's “Work on Kingship” • Thomas Hobbes “Leviathan”

Choice C: Constitutionalism

• Rule by Law: Constitutionalism• A Social Contract is the

foundation for society• The State creates a set of Laws

that all must follow and the penalties are set by the state as well

• John Locke, Jean-Jacque Rousseau, Thomas Jefferson are advocates

• The Second Treatise of Government – Locke

• The Social Contract - Rousseau

• Absolutists

• France: Louis XIII, Louis XIV

• England: James I, Charles I, James II, Charles II

• Russia: Peter the Great

• Prussia: Frederick the Great

• Constitutionalists

• England: – Parliament

– Puritans

– Oliver Cromwell

• Netherlands:– Dutch Parliament

– Dutch Merchants