7. motivation and emotion - modern states · we will now study motivation and emotion. we will...
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7. Motivation and Emotion
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We will now study motivation and emotion. We will cover the different theories of motivation and emotion, their biological bases and their specific components.
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The sections in this unit are:
7.1. Theories of emotion
7.2. Theories of motivation
7.3. Biological bases of Hunger, thirst, sex, pain
7.4. Social motivation
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7.1 Theories of Emotion
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• Emotion – a psychological state involving
three distinct components:i. subjective experienceii. physiological responseiii. behavioral or expressive
feature
• Mood– prolonged, less explicit,
affective state– not usually determined by a
single event
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• James-Lange theory– stimulus causes arousal→ emotion– facial feedback hypothesis
• Cannon- Bard theory– relevant stimulus generate arousal– information sent to central nervous
system and cortex
• Two-factor theory– quality of emotional experience
depends on how arousal is labeled– excitation transfer
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7.2 Theories of Motivation
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What drives us? What makes us behave as we do?
• Motivation – Describes the wants or needs
that direct behavior towards a goal
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• Drive theory
– deviations from homeostasis create physiological needs to regain balance
– e.g., no food → blood sugar → hunger
– habit- likely to engage in previous behaviors that met need
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• Yerkes-Dodson law– optimal arousal levels depend on
complexity and difficulty of task– complex task→ low arousal– simple task→ high arousal
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• Maslow’s hierarchy of needs– physiological needs→ basic needs→
self-actualization – ongoing lifelong process
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7.3 Biological Bases: Hunger, Thirst, Sex, Pain
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•Hunger
– biological instinct for survival
– empty stomach→ hunger pains and chemicals that initiate hunger in brain
– glucose= blood sugar from food that provides energy for body
– insulin= helps reduce glucose levels thus impacting hunger
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•Hunger
– hypothalamus
– set-point- weight your body works to maintain
– Eating Disorders• social and cultural
pressures for ideal beauty
• anorexia, bulimia, binge eating disorder
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• Thirst
– Produced by depletion of fluid outside and within cells
– Peripheral and central nervous system• subfornical organ and
lateral hypothalamic nucleus
– Angiotensin- produced by the kidneys
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• Sexual behavior
– Sexual motivation• Limbic System– amygdala – nucleus accumbens
– Hormones produced in endocrine system– estrogen (women)– testosterone (both)
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– Dr. Alfred Kinsey
• Kinsey scale- used to categorize individual’s sexual orientation
– Masters and Johnson• sexual response
cycle- excitement, plateau, orgasm and resolution
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• Biology of Pain
• Nociception process– contact with stimulus
– reception- nerve ending sense stimulus
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– transmission-relayed to central nervous system
– pain center reception-brain further processes
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Types of Pain
• Physical pain
– physical characteristics, intensity and interpretation
– acute vs chronic
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• Social pain– pain of social
disconnection
• Psychological pain– depression and
other mental disorders
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7.4 Social Motivation
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• Human need to interact with others and be accepted by them
– extrinsic• receive something
from others
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– intrinsic• biological motives• sense of personal
satisfaction
• Albert Bandura– self-efficacy motivates
behavior