7. dr mansyur romi

8/3/2019 7. dr Mansyur Romi

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Human Anatomy 1:

Skeletal System

(Osteology)

M. Mansyur RomiDepartment of Anatomy, Embryology & Anthropology


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Foundation of Medicine

Basic Medical Sciences:

Anatomy Histology Physiology

Biochemistry Genetics


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Introduction to Anatomy

Brief History Relevance

Approaches to Studying Anatomy Skeletal System (Osteology)


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Brief History


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Brief History of Anatomy

one of the oldest basic medical sciences written on papyruses (3000 2500 BC)

first studied formally in Egypt ( + 500 BC) Hippocrates (460-377 BC) in Greece: thenature of the body is the beginning of medicalscience

Aristotle (384-322 BC): the 1st to use termanatome:cutting up or taking apart

( = dissecare. Lt)


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Cadaver dissection


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Relevance of Anatomy

clinical purposes: regional topography cadaver dissection: essential to

understand the basic architecture of thebody

concern with the dynamic processes the

structure of the living rather than the dead computer-controlled imaging techniques

3-dimensional living structures


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Approaches to Studying

AnatomyAnatomy: the frame (structure) in which

the events (functions) of life occur

True understanding results when structureand function are considered together Three main approaches:

Systemic Regional Clinical


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Systemic Anatomy

Principal systems of human body:

Block 1.1

Skeletal (+ articular) system

Muscular system Block 1.2 Circulatory (cardiovascular & lymphatic)

Respiratory system Block 1.3 Digestive (alimentary) system


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Systemic Anatomy

Principal systems of human body: Block 1.4

Urinary system

Reproductive system Block 1.5

Nervous system

Endocrine system Integumentary system


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Clinical / Applied Anatomy

emphasizes aspects of bodily structureand function important in the practice of

medicine and allied health sciences

plays important role in solving clinical

problems


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Anatomical variations

common among human every person has unique character

may influence: physical examination,

diagnosis and

treatment


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Human

skeleton


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Skeletal System (Osteology)

is composed of: cartilage and bone

Cartilages

Provide more flexibility Smooth, low-friction, gliding surfacesAvascular,


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Bones

General functions:

Support the body and its vital cavities

Protection for vital structures Mechanical basis for movement (leverage) Storage for mineral salts (e.g. calcium)A supply of new blood cells (hemopoesis)


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Structure and Physical Properties

Bone is the hardest structures of the animalbody;

it possesses a certain degree of toughnessand elasticity.

it is composed of two kinds of tissue: is dense in texture, like ivory, and is

termed compact tissue;

the other consists of slender fibers andlamell, which join to form a reticularstructure; this, from its resemblance tolattice-work, is called cancellous tissue


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Bone is permeated by vessels, and is enclosed in

a fibrous membrane (the periosteum) by whichmany of these vessels reach the hard tissue.

If the periosteum be stripped from the surface ofthe living bone, small bleeding points are seen

which mark the entrance of the periostealvessels;

on section during life every part of the boneexudes blood from the minute vessels which

ramify in it.


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The periosteum adheres to the surface of eachof the bones in nearly every part, but not to

cartilaginous extremities. When strong tendons or ligaments are attached

to a bone, it is incorporated with them. It consists of two layers closely united together,

the outer one formed chiefly of connectivetissue, containing occasionally a few fat cells;the inner one, of elastic fibers of the finer kind,forming dense membranous networks.

Fine nerves and lymphatics, which generallyaccompany the arteries, may also bedemonstrated in the periosteum.


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The interior of long bones of the limbspresents a:

cavity filled with marrow (medullary cavity)

lined by a highly vascular areolar structure(medullary membrane).

The marrow not only fills up the cylindrical cavitiesin the bodies of the long bones, but alsooccupies the spaces of the cancellous tissue andextends into the larger bony canals (Haversiancanals) which contain the bloodvessels.


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Marrow.It differs in composition in differentbones.

Medulla ossium flava

In the bodies of the long bones the marrow is ofa yellowcolor, and

contains, in 100 parts, 96 of fat, 1 of areolartissue and vessels, and 3 of fluid with extractivematter;

it consists of a basis of connective tissuesupporting numerous blood vessels and cells,most of which are fat cells but some are

marrow cells, such as occur in the red marrowto be immediately described.


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bonemarrow.gif


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Medulla ossium rubra

In the flat and short bones, in the articular ends of the long bones, in the bodies of the vertebr, in the cranial diplo, and

in the sternum and ribs

the marrow is of a redcolor, and contains,in 100 parts, 75 of water, and 25 of solid matterconsisting of cell-globulin, nucleoprotein,extractives, salts, and only a small proportion of fat.


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Medulla Ossium (bone marrow)

bonemarrow.gif


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The red marrow consists of a small quantity ofconnective tissue, bloodvessels, and numerouscells (Fig), some few of which are fat cells, but

the great majority are roundish nucleated cells,the true marrow cells ofKlliker.
http://www.bartleby.com/107/illus72.htmlhttp://www.bartleby.com/107/illus72.htmlhttp://www.bartleby.com/107/illus72.html


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Bone development

Intramembranous ossification(membranous bone formation):

mesenchymal model direct ossification Endochondral ossification (cartilaginous

bone formation): mesenhyme cartilage

model bone replaces the cartilage


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Bone growth


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Clinical aspect

Topograhy Skeletopy

Bone marrow puncture


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Further Readings

Drake RL, Vogl W, Mitchell AWM.Grays Anatomy for Student, Churchill

Livingston, 2004 Moore KL. Clinically Oriented Anatomy. 5th

ed. Williams & Wilkins, 2006

Dorlands Medical Dictionary Nomina Anatomica


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THE STRENGTH OF BONE COMPARED WITHOTHER MATERIALS

Ultimate strength.

Pounds per square inch. 49065,00060,00040,000

1701,50015,0002,000

Oak, white 4612,500 127,0004,000 13Compactbone (low)11913,20018,00011,800 Compactbone (high)17,70024,0007,150
http://www.bartleby.com/107/18.htmlhttp://www.bartleby.com/107/18.htmlhttp://www.bartleby.com/107/18.htmlhttp://www.bartleby.com/107/18.html


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Substance. Weight inpounds percubic foot.

Tension. Compression Shear.

Mediumsteel

Granite


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Developmental Anatomy

How adult body achieves its final form? Why variations/deformities in structure appear?

How the body regulates its microscopicarrangement in normal and regenerating tissuesand organs?

Experimental embryology

Cell & tissue cultures Molecular biology Molecular genetics


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Developmental Anatomy


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Quotations

There can be no effective science until there iseffective, lasting communication of information(Gardner)

...at least 50% of the general English vocab. and75% of the scientific element are of Greek andLatin derivations (Daly)

It is popularly believed that the study of Latin atleast, if not also Greek, is prerequisite for studyof medicine


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Some propositions concerning man(I.Q.):

That man is distinguished from othercreatures in appearance and shape.

That man was not created withoutproper.

That man is indivisible whole

composite of soul, mind and body.

7. dr mansyur romi

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