7 cryonano probe design & development with ......cryosurgery is low temperature application to...

Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (JMET) ISSN 2347-3924 (Print),

ISSN 2347-3932 (Online), Volume 1, Issue 1, July -December (2013)

73

CRYONANO PROBE DESIGN & DEVELOPMENT WITH

CRYOGENIC TECHNIQUES APPLICATION

1M.CHANDRAN,

Research scholar,

Sathyabama university, Department of mechanical engineering,

Chennai, India

2Dr.P.SENTHIL KUMAR

Research Supervisor, PROFESSOR & HEAD, Department of mechanical engineering,

KSR College of engineering, Thiruchengode Erode, India.

ABSTRACT

Cryoprobe technology was used to design the cryogenic probe, and the same was

analyzed. Penne’s Bioheat equations are used to solve heat transfer mechanism. To

optimize the freezing and to enhancement in the freezing heat transfer and to increase

freezing effects and more ice nucleation and there by minimize the surrounding healthy

tissues being frozen the nanoparticles are loaded, which are very much required for the

successes cryosurgery. This was done with the help of a device called cryospray or cryojet

with different types of cryoprobes, till ice ball is formed. Various caliber probes gives better

ice volume and surface area of heat transfer .Cryosurgery techniques and equipment was

successfully applied in the fields of engineering and and in many branches of medicine such

as Cardiology, Oncology, dermatology, gynecology, urology, neurology, pulmonary

medicine. It is also used in veterinary medicine.

1. INTRODUCTION

Cryosurgery is an important ablation technique for tumors and destroys tumors by

cycles of freezing and thawing .Cryosurgery's destructive effects on tumors are due to two

major mechanisms, one immediate, the other delayed. Cryosurgery is low temperature

application to treat cancer and is often used to treat cancer because of its minimal pain,

scarring and cost. Cryosurgery is used to treat several types of cancer, and some precancerous

or non-cancerous conditions. Cryosurgery is also used to treat some types of low-grade

JOURNAL OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING AND

TECHNOLOGY (JMET)

ISSN 2347-3924 (Print)

ISSN 2347-3932 (Online)

Volume 1, Issue 1, July-December (2013), pp. 73-79

© IAEME: http://www.iaeme.com/JMET.asp

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© I A E M E



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cancerous and non-cancerous tumors of the bone. The mechanisms of cryosurgery are the

effect of cooling, the effect of freezing, thawing and warming .Cryo surgery is accepted and

approved by many countries. Applications of cryogenic techniques have been used in cryo

surgery

The Mechanisms of Cryosurgery

The effect of cooling.

The effect of freezing.

Thawing and warming

2. LOW TEMPERATURE SURGERY (FREEZING)

Cryoabalation is a surgical technic that employs freezing at cryogenic temperatures to

destroy undesirable tumor cells. cryosurgery is effected by means of a cryosurgery device

called cryoprobes either by placing its continuously cooled tip on or into the tissues to be

destroyed . . The technique is used to treat tumors where conventional surgery would be

difficult . The Cryosurgery has a typical success rates compared to those of traditional

open surgery.

3. THE JOULE-THOMSON PRINCIPLE

The joule-thomson principle is used in cryoprobe technology .Freezing of the

cryoprobe’s tip is achieved with the Joules- Thomson effect: liquid nitrogen during triggering

by cryogun generates immediate cooling of the tip of the probe, theoretically to -89°C.

4. NANOTECHNOLOGY

Nanomedeicine is the medical application of nanotechnology. Nano medicine ranges

from the medical applications of nanometer’s to nonelectric biosensors, and even possible

future applications of molecular technology Nanotechnology has the potential impact to

surgical practice. Molecular nanotechnology is speculative subfield of nanotechnology.

Molecular nanotechnology is highly theoretical one. The proposed elements of molecular

nanotechnology is molecular assemblers and nano robot. Ithas wider applications in all the

field and one of its important application of nontechnology is Cryonics .

5. NANOPARTICLES

Nanoparticles are promising tools for advancement of drug delivery, medical imaging

and as diagnostic sensors .Nanoparticles are stable, solid colloidal particles consisting of

biodegrade polymer or lipid materials Nanoparticles are sized between 100 and 1 nanometers

and they’re used to treat cancer. The small size of nanoparticles endows them with properties

that canbe very useful inoncology, particularly in imaging. Quantum dots (nanoparticles with

quantum confinement properties, such as size-tunable light emission), when used in

conjunction with MRI (magnetic resonance imaging ) a successes of cryogenic engineering,

can produce exceptional images of tumor.

Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (JMET) ISSN 2347

ISSN 2347-3932 (Online), Volume 1, Issue 1, July

6. GOVERNING (BIO HEAT )

Cf=C ft(1- ɳ) +C p ɳ

Cu=C ut(1- ɳɳɳɳ) +Cp ɳɳɳɳ

Where f is frozen mixture and u is unfrozen mixture..

= + b Cbɷb(Tb-T)+q

7. OBJECTIVE OF DESIGNING THE CRYOPROBE

The primary objective of designing the cryoprobe is

a) To obtain a low cryogenic temperature of range

b) Diameter as small as possible to have minimal invasive surgery

METHODOLOGY

A new thermal model probe was designed and ana

cryogenic surgery. To increase the tissue conductivity , significant freezing effects and more

efficient ice formation., alumina alpha (Al2 O3)

administrating the cryonano surgery Cryosurgical treatment is performed with mini cryogun

or cryojet (model lnc-196) liquid nitrogen storage devices adapted to different types of

cryoprobes used in the cryosurgery till ice ball is formed..

8. RESULTS &DISCUSSION

Using various caliber probes or

placement of moreprobes and Using different cryogen also gives better results

diameter of cryoprobes and materials minimize the freezing/thawing cycle.

is very simple, flexible, ,indispensable and relatively comfortable and also gives better

results.


, Volume 1, Issue 1, July -December (2013)

75

) EQUATIONS

Where f is frozen mixture and u is unfrozen mixture..

T)+q

OF DESIGNING THE CRYOPROBE

The primary objective of designing the cryoprobe is

To obtain a low cryogenic temperature of range -80 to-100 c at the tip of the cryoprobe

) Diameter as small as possible to have minimal invasive surgery

probe was designed and analysed to solve the problems in

surgery. To increase the tissue conductivity , significant freezing effects and more

efficient ice formation., alumina alpha (Al2 O3) nanoparticle solution is loaded for

surgery Cryosurgical treatment is performed with mini cryogun

196) liquid nitrogen storage devices adapted to different types of

cryoprobes used in the cryosurgery till ice ball is formed..

various caliber probes or using different diameter probes or simultaneous

Using different cryogen also gives better results

diameter of cryoprobes and materials minimize the freezing/thawing cycle.. cryonanosurgery

very simple, flexible, ,indispensable and relatively comfortable and also gives better

3924 (Print),

c at the tip of the cryoprobe

to solve the problems in

surgery. To increase the tissue conductivity , significant freezing effects and more

nanoparticle solution is loaded for

surgery Cryosurgical treatment is performed with mini cryogun

196) liquid nitrogen storage devices adapted to different types of

obes or simultaneous

Using different cryogen also gives better results Different

. cryonanosurgery

very simple, flexible, ,indispensable and relatively comfortable and also gives better



76

parameter Unit value

Blood perfusionrate ml.s-1 ml ≤0.011

Metabolic heat generation KWm-3 33.8

latenheat MJ.m-3 250

specific heat of frozen tissue MJ.m-3°c-1 1.8

specific heat of unfrozen tissue MJ.m-3°c-1 3.6

Thermal conductivity of frozen w.m-1°c-1 0.5

Thermal conductivity of unfrozen w.m-1°c-1 2

Blood temperature °c 37

9. CONCLUSION

By increasing outputs or adding cryoprobesice ball can be expanded to kill nearly any

size of tumor any number of probes can be inserted and cooled simultaneously and the

process of cooling can be monitored with ultra sound which gives (hypo echoic) a dark

image when the tissue is frozen. It is just a beginning to investigate cryonanosurgery but a lot

of fundamental understanding of the mechanisms of tissue damage is required during

cryosurgery .many critical and complex factors still not clear are to be studied and

investigated ..Further study and investigations would be on both improved cryosurgical

device technology and mathematical cryosurgery optimization techniques Further study is to

develop improved imaging techniques It is anticipated that cryosurgery will become a

standard technique in the minimally invasive surgeon armamentarium.



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Lesions and Effectiveness

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

EFFECTIVENESS IN %

LESIONS



78

CRYOPROBE THERMAL DESIGN



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10. ACKNOWLEDGMENT

This work is partially supported by Professor of Surgery of A.C.S. Medical College

and Hospital, Director of Thai Moogambigai Dental College Hospital Chennai .we also thank

president of our DrMGR E&RI university.

11. REFERENCES

[1] M.Chandran, DrP.Senthil Kumar ‘‘A Pilot study of cryonano surgery and cryonics’’

in the International Conferences on Nano Science, Engineering nd Technology

(iconset 2011 ) on 28 -30 November , 2011 held at atSathyabama University

Jeppiaar,Nagar hennai-600119.india ISBN NO:978-1-4673-0072-8 (proceedings , page

547-549.)

[2] M.Chandran, DrP.SenthilKumar ‘‘ Heat transfer in cryonanosurgery’’ in the 2 nd

International Conference on advances in mechanical , manufacturing and building

sciences (icamb 2012) on 9 -11 January 2012 held at at VIT University Vellore Tamil

Nadu ,India-632014. (Proceedings page 855-858).

[3] M.Chandran, Dr.SenthilKumar Heat transfer in cryonanosurgery’’ in the International

Conference on recent trends in advanced materials (icram- 2012,sas) on 20 -

22February 2012 held at at VIT University Vellore Tamil Nadu ,India-632014

(proceedings page 147).

[4] M.Chandran, Dr.P. SenthilKumar A Pilot Study of Cryo Bio Remediation’’ in the

National Conference on Marine Environmental Challenges and Coastal Zone

Management Strategy (Marina- 2012,) on 13 -14 February

[5] M.Chandran,DrP.senthilkumar“cryonanoprobedesign& cryogenic techniques was

published in the, International Journal of International Journal of Mechanical

Engineering Research And Development (IJMERD), ISSN 2248 – 9347(Print) ISSN

2248 – 9355(Online), Volume 3, Number 2 April - May (2013), pp.01- 04

[6] Lakhwinder Pal Singh and Jagtar Singh, “Effects of Cryogenic Treatment on the

Cutting Tool Durability”, International Journal of Design and Manufacturing

Technology (IJDMT), Volume 3, Issue 1, 2012, pp. 11 - 23, ISSN Print: 0976 – 6995,

ISSN Online: 0976 – 7002.

7 cryonano probe design & development with ......cryosurgery is low temperature application to...

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